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  • C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds which are modulators of cannabinoid receptor CB1 and which suppress the normal signalling activity of such receptors.
• the invention further relates to compositions and methods using said compounds for the treatment of diseases or conditions which are mediated by CB1 receptor signalling activity, such as treatment of obesity and overweight, prevention of weigh gain, treatment of diseases and conditions directly or indirectly associated with obesity and overweight such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysfunctions in obese, overweight or normoweight individuals, metabolic diseases or disorders, cancers, liver diseases and other secondary diseases referred to below, as well as for the treatment of some disorders not necessarily related to obesity and overweight, such as eating disorders, addictive disorders, mental disorders, neurological disorders, sexual dysfunctions, reproductive dysfunctions, liver diseases, fibrosis-related diseases and other clinical indications referred to below.
• the invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of the invention, and to the use of the compounds in combination with other treatments for such disorders.
• the "identifiable signs and symptoms" of obesity include an excess accumulation of fat or adipose tissue, an increase in the size or number of fat cells (adipocyte differentiation), insulin resistance, increased glucose levels (hyperglycemia), increased blood pressure, elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein.
• Obesity is associated with a significantly elevated risk for type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, various types of cancer and numerous other major illnesses, and overall mortality from all causes (Must et al, 1999, JAMA 282:1523-1529, CaIIe et al, 1999, N. Engl. J. Med. 341 :1097-1105).
• metabolic syndrome X A cluster of metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes is often referred to as metabolic syndrome, syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome.
• the major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess abdominal fat (also known as visceral, male-pattern or apple-shaped adiposity), atherogenic dyslipidemia (decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)), elevated triglycerides), hypertension, hyperglycaemia (diabetes mellitus type 2 or impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or insulin resistance), a proinflammatory state and a prothrombotic state.(cf. AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556).
• apolipoprotein B concentrations include increased apolipoprotein B concentrations, low adiponectin plasma levels, small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, hyperuricaemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/hepatic steatosis, elevated liver transaminases, gamma-glutamyl- transferase and microalbuminuria.
• LDL small dense low-density lipoprotein
• a primary aim of treatment for obesity, and obesity-related disorders is weight loss.
• treatments are based on diet and lifestyle changes augmented by therapy with pharmacological therapies.
• pharmacological therapies While physical exercise and reductions in dietary intake of calories can improve the obese condition, compliance with this treatment is very poor because of sedentary lifestyles and excess food consumption, especially high fat containing food.
• treatment with the available pharmacological therapies to facilitate weight loss fail to provide adequate benefit to many obese patients because of experienced side effects, contraindications, or lack of positive response.
• anti-obesity agents such as i) central nervous system agents that affect neurotransmitters or neural ion channels (e.g. antidepressants (bupropion), noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (GW320659), selective 5HT 2c receptor agonists, antiseizure agents (topiramate, zonisamide), some dopamine antagonists, cannabinoid CB-1 receptor antagonists (rimonabant); ii) leptin/insulin/central nervous system pathway agents (e.g.
• leptin analogues leptin transport and/or receptor promoters
• CNTF Axokine
• NPY antagonists AgRP antagonists
• POMC promoters CART promoters
• MSH analogues MSH analogues
• MC4 receptor agonists agents that affect insulin metabolism/activity [PTP-1 B inhibitors, PPAR receptor antagonists, short-acting D2 agonist (ergoset), somatostatin agonists (octreotide), and adiponectin/Acrp30 (Famoxin or Fatty Acid Metabolic OXidation INducer)]) ; iii) gastrointestinal-neural pathway agents (e.g.
• agents that increase CCK and PYY activity agents that increase GLP-1 activity (extendin 4, liraglutide, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor), agents that decrease ghrelin activity, amylin (pramlinitide), neuropeptide Y agonists) ; iv) agents that may increase resting metabolic rate (beta-3 agonists, UCP homologues, thyroid receptor agonists); and v) other more diverse agents, such as for example including (MCH) melanin concentrating hormone antagonists, phytostanol analogues, functional oils, P57, amylase inhibitors, growth hormone fragments, synthetic analogues of DHEAS (fluasterone), antagonists of adipocyte 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity, CRH agonists, carboxypeptidase inhibitors, inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis (cerulenin and C75), indanones/indanols, aminosterols (trodusquemine),
• Drugs effective in obesity treatment may act by various mechanisms such as by: a reduction of food intake (e.g. by inducing satiety or satiety signals), altering metabolism (e.g. by modifying the absorption of nutrients e.g. by inhibition of fat absorption), increasing energy expenditure (e.g. increase thermogenesis), inhibition of lipogenesis or stimulation of adipocyte apoptosis.
• a reduction of food intake e.g. by inducing satiety or satiety signals
• altering metabolism e.g. by modifying the absorption of nutrients e.g. by inhibition of fat absorption
• increasing energy expenditure e.g. increase thermogenesis
• inhibition of lipogenesis or stimulation of adipocyte apoptosis e.g., lipogenesis or stimulation of adipocyte apoptosis.
• drugs for reviews, see Gadde and Allison, 2006, Circulation, 114, 974-984; Weigle, 2003, J Clin Endocrinol Meta
• Sibutramine is a centrally acting mixed inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine presynaptic re-uptake.
• Orlistat is an inhibitor of gastrointestinal lipases which reduces fat absorption in the gut.
• Rimonabant SR141716, Acomplia ®
• Rimonabant is a centrally and peripherally acting cannabinoid CB1 modulator (antagonist and inverse agonist) that recently has been approved for treatment of obesity (for a review see Pagotto et al, 2006, Endocrine Reviews, 27, 73-100; for reports on phase III clinical trials see despres et al, 2005, N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 212; van Gaal et al, 2005, Lancet, 16, 1389; Pi-Sunyer et al, 2006, JAMA, 295, 761 ).
• CB1 cannabinoid receptor 1
• CB2 a peripheral receptor found principally in cells related to the immune system.
• CB1 antagonists e.g.
• rimonabant are able to modulate energy homeostasis and that CB1 antagonists are able to modulate food intake as well as peripherally block lipogenic processes (Pagotto et al, 2006, Endocrine Reviews, 27, 73-100; Tucci et al, 2006, Curr. Med. Chem. 13, 2669-2680; Lange and Kruse, 2004, Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Dev., 7, 498-506).
• the peripheral effects of CB1 antagonists can be mediated by several target organs and mechanisms, e.g.
• liver block of de novo lipogenesis
• muscles increase in glucose uptake
• adipose tissue stimulation of expression and/or secretion of adiponectin, inhibition of lipogenic enzymes, stimulation of GLUT4, generation of futile cycles
• pancreas insulin regulation
• v) gastrointestinal tract stimulation of satiety signals.
• Rimonabant (Acomplia ®) is approved as an adjunct to diet and exercise for treatment of obesity. While the effects on body weight and metabolic parameters (plasma triglyceride levels, HDL cholesterol levels, plasma insulin levels, HbAIc [glycosylated haemoglobin] levels, insulin resistance, and adiponectin levels) are very encouraging, there are also undesirable side effects, possibly centrally mediated (psychiatric and nervous system disorders), such as anxiety, depressive disorders, sleep disorders, nausea, and vomiting (cf. http://emc.medicines.org.uk: http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/acomplia/AcompliaEparScientificD- en.pdf). Accordingly, there still exists a need for alternative CB1 receptor antagonists associated with differing pharmacokinetic, pharmacological, and side-effect profiles.
• the CB1 receptor has been invoked in many disease states (cf. review by Pacher et al, 2006, Pharmacol. Rev, 58, 389-462).
• Modulators of CB1 receptor activity can be useful in the treatment of diseases and conditions associated with CB1 receptor regulation such as obesity and overweight, prevention of weight gain (e.g. induced by medications or smoking cessation), and in the treatment of diseases and conditions directly or indirectly associated with obesity (cf. Bray, 2004, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 2583-9; Manson, et al, 1995, N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 677-85; Grundy, 2004..J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
• syndrome X insulin resistance syndrome
• cardiovascular diseases e.g. aneurysms, angina, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), cerebrovascular disease, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, myocarditis, valve disease, coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, diastolic dysfunction, endocarditis, high blood pressure (hypertension), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its associated arrhythmias and dizziness, mitral valve prolapse, myocardial infarction (heart attack), venous thromboembolism, varicose veins and pulmonary embolism, proinflammatory state, increased tendency to thrombosis (prothrombotic state), and intracranial hypertension,
• aneurysms e.g. aneurysms, angina, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), cerebrovascular disease, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, myocarditis, valve disease
• metabolic dysfunctions in obese, overweight or normoweight individuals e.g. dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, low HDL and/or high LDL cholesterol levels, hypertriglycerideemia, low adiponectin levels, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, increase in HbAI c [glycosylated haemoglobin] levels, diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, reduced metabolic activity
• - metabolic diseases or disorders conditions in which there is a deviation from or caused by an abnormal metabolic process; can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver.
• cancers e.g. colorectal cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, colon cancer
• liver diseases e.g. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, steatohepatitis, steatosis, hepatic fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis
• non-alcoholic fatty liver disease steatohepatitis, steatosis, hepatic fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis
• the CB1 receptor has been invoked in many disease states diseases not necessarily related to obesity and overweight such as eating disorders,
• addictive disorders e.g. addiction to marijuana, psychostimulants, nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, and opiates
• reproductive dysfunctions e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome, infertility
• liver diseases e.g., viral hepatitis, liver dysfunction in other infectious diseases, inflammatory liver diseases (e.g. autoimmune hepatitis), alcoholic liver disease, toxic liver disease, liver tumors (such as liver cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma of liver, Kupffer cell sarcoma, other sarcomas of liver), steatohepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease hepatic fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis, cirrhotic portal hypertension, metabolic liver diseases (such as haemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, Gilbert's syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor's syndrome)),
• fibrosis-related diseases such as cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and lungs, endomyocardial fibrosis, idiopathic myocardiopathy, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis of the lung, diffuse parenchymal lung disease, mediastinal fibrosis, myleofibrosis, post- vasectomy pain syndrome, retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis, proliferative fibrosis, neoplastic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia may cause enlargement and ultimately fibrosis of the spleen) ,
• cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and lungs endomyocardial fibrosis, idiopathic myocardiopathy, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis of the lung, diffuse parenchymal lung disease, mediastinal fibrosis, myleofibrosis, post- vasectomy pain syndrome, retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis
• cardiovascular hypertension, congestive cardiomyopathy, varicosities, pulmonary embolism, coronary heart disease [CHD], neurological (stroke, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, meralgia parethetica), ii) respiratory (dyspnea, obstructive sleep apnea, hypoventilation syndrome, Pickwickian syndrome, asthma), iii) musculoskeletal (immobility, degenerative osteoarthritis, low back pain), iv) skin (striae distensae or "stretch marks," venous stasis of the lower extremities, lymphedema, cellulitis, intertrigo, carbuncles, acanthosis nigricans, skin tags), v) gastrointestinal (gastro-esophageal reflux disorder, non-alcoholic
• CB1 modulator It is also useful to combine a CB1 modulator with medications used for treatment of diseases which may be unrelated to obesity such as eating disorders, addictive disorders, mental disorders, neurological disorders, sexual dysfunctions, reproductive dysfunctions, liver diseases, fibrosis-related diseases, and other clinical indications which may be unrelated to obesity.
• the present invention makes available a class of pyrazole compounds which modulate the activity of the cannabinoid receptor CB1.
• the following publications relate to other pyrazole compounds having CB1 modulatory activity:
• WO1997021682 WO1997019063, WO2000046209, WO2001058869, WO200129007, WO2003088968, WO2003020217, WO2004052864, , WO2005080343, WO2006067443, WO2006087480, WO 2006133926, EP00576357, EP00658546, US20030199536, US20040119972, US20040192667, US20050261281 , US20050624941 , US2006028084, US20060509367, J. Med. Chem. 1999 42, 769-776, Biochem. Pharmacol, 2000, 60, 1315- 1323, J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 642-645, Bioorg & Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 2393-2395, Current Med. Chem. 2005, 12, 1361-1394.
• the compounds of the invention are useful for the treatment of obesity and overweight, prevention of weight gain, and in the treatment of diseases and conditions discussed above which benefit from suppression of the normal signalling activity of CB1 receptors.
• diseases and conditions include obesity and overweight and those directly or indirectly associated with obesity and overweight (e.g. metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, cancers, liver diseases.and other secondary diseases) as well as some which may be unrelated to obesity (e.g. eating disorders, addictive disorders, mental disorders, neurological disorders, sexual dysfunctions, reproductive dysfunctions, liver diseases, fibrosis-related diseases and other clinical indications).
• They are useful for modulating body weight and energy consumption in mammals and for modulating plasma parameters involved in the metabolic syndrome such as low HDL and/or high LDL cholesterol levels and/or small dense LDL particles, high triglyceride levels, low adiponectin levels and high HbAIc [glycosylated haemoglobin] levels and for modulating other characteristics of the metabolic syndrome such as impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, excessive fat tissue in and around the abdomen, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, steatohepatitis, steatosis, hepatic fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis, liver tumors, metabolic liver diseases and high blood pressure.
• plasma parameters involved in the metabolic syndrome such as low HDL and/or high LDL cholesterol levels and/or small dense LDL particles, high triglyceride levels, low adiponectin levels and high HbAIc [glycosylated haemoglobin] levels and for modulating other characteristics of the metabolic syndrome such as impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, excessive
• the compounds of the invention display varying physicochemical properties and are useful for modulating peripheral CB1 receptors and to varying degree central CB1 receptors. Those compounds of the invention associated with a lowered central action on CB1 receptors may have a reduced propensity to induce psychiatric and nervous system side-effects.
• a 1 is hydrogen, -COOH, or tetrazolyl
• a 2 is hydrogen, -COOH, tetrazolyl, -CN, -CF 3 , - COR 6 , -SO 2 R 6 , -OR 7 , -NR 7 R 8 , -NHCOR 6 , or -NR 7 SO 2 R 8 provided that one of A 1 and A 2 is either -COOH or tetrazolyl;
• p is O or 1 and A 3 is phenyl or cycloalkyl, either of which is optionally substituted with R 4 and/or R 5 ;
• q O or 1 ;
• R 1 is a bond, or -(CH 2 ) a Bi(CH 2 ) b - wherein a and b are independently O, 1 , 2 or 3 provided that a+b is not greater than 4, and B 1 is -CO-, -0-, -S-, -SO-, -SO 2 -, -CH 2 -, -CHOH- or -NR 7 -.
• R 2 is a bond, -(CH 2 ) a Bi(CH 2 ) b - or -[(CH 2 ) a B 1 (CH 2 )b]n-A4-[(CH2)cB 2 (CH2)d] m - wherein a, b, and B 1 are as defined for R 1 ; B 2 is as defined for B 1 , c and d are independently 0,1 , 2 or 3; with the proviso that a+b+c+d is not greater than 6, n and m are independently O or 1 and A 4 is a monocarbocyclic or monoheterocyclic ring, having 3 to 8 ring atoms, optionally substituted with one or more of -F, -Cl, -Br, -CN, -CF 3 , C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, -OR 9 , oxo or -NR 7 R 8 ;
• R 3 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, -CF 3 , -OR 9 , -NR 7 R 8 , -(CH 2 ) S COR 6 , -(CH 2 ) S SO 2 R 6 , -(CH 2 ) S NR 7 COR 6 , -(CH 2 ) s NR 7 COOR 8 , -(CH 2 ) S NR 7 SO 2 R 6 , wherein s is 1 , 2, 3 or 4;
• R 4 and R 5 independently -R 9 , -CN, -F, -Cl, -Br, -OR 9 , -NR 7 R 8 , -NR 7 COR 6 , -NR 7 SO 2 R 6 , -COR 6 , -SR 9 , -SOR 9 , -SO 2 R 6 , -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)OR 9 , -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)NR 7 R 8 , -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)NR 7 COR 6 , -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)NR 7 COOR 8 , -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)NR 7 SO 2 R 6 , -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)COR 6 , -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)SO 2 R 6 , -NR 7 COOR 8 , or -[N-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)]-t
• R 6 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, -CF 3 or -NR 7 R 8 ;
• R 7 and R 8 are independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl or cycloalkyl
• R 9 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, fully or partially fluorinated C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
• the compounds with which this invention is concerned differ in structure from those of PCTEP2005/005726 principally in the identity of the -R 1 - radical and/or -N(Rs)-R 2 -A 2 group.
• Ai is hydrogen, -COOH, or tetrazolyl
• a 2 is hydrogen, -COOH, or tetrazolyl, provided that one of Ai and A 2 is either -COOH or tetrazolyl;
• p is O or 1 and A 3 is phenyl or cycloalkyl, either of which is optionally substituted with R 4 and/or R 5 ;
• q O or 1 ;
• R 3 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, -CF 3 , or -OR 9 ;
• R 4 and R 5 independently -R 9 , -CN, -F, -Cl, -Br, -OR 9 , -NR 7 R 8 , -NR 7 COR 6 , -NR 7 SO 2 R 6 , -COR 6 , -SR 9 , -SOR 9 , or -SO 2 R 6 ;
• R 6 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, -CF 3 or -NR 7 R 8 ;
• R 7 and R 8 are independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl or cycloalkyl ;
• R 9 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, fully or partially fluorinated C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
• R 1 is a divalent radical selected from -C(R 10 )(R 11 )-*, -C(Ri 0 )(Ri i)-0- * , -C(Ri 0 )(Ri 1 )CH 2 -*, -C(R 10 )(R 11 )CH 2 -O-*, -CH 2 C(R 10 )(R 11 )-*, -CH 2 C(Ri 0 )(Rn)-O-*, -CH 2 -0-C(Rio)(Rii)-* and -C(R 10 )(Rn)-O-CH 2 - * , wherein the bond indicated by an asterisk is attached to the pyrazole ring, and
• Rio is hydrogen and Rn is (C r C 3 )alkyl or -OH; or R 10 and R 11 are both (C r C 3 )alkyl; or Ri 0 and R 11 taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a (C 3 - C 5 )cycloalkyl ring; and
• R 2 is a bond, -(CHs) 3 B 1 (CH 2 )..- or -[(CHz) 3 B 1 (CH 2 ) b ] n -A 4 -[(CH 2 ) 0 B 2 (CH 2 ) d ] m - wherein a and b are independently 0, 1 , 2 or 3 provided that a+b is not greater than 4, and B 1 and B 2 are independently is -CO-, -O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO 2 -, -CH 2 -, -CHOH- or -NR 7 -; c and d are independently 0,1 , 2 or 3; with the proviso that a+b+c+d is not greater than 6, n and m are independently 0 or 1 and
• a 4 is (i) a monocyclic carbocyclic ring, having 3 to 8 ring atoms, optionally substituted with one or more of -F, -Cl, -Br, -CN, -CF 3 , C r C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, -OR 9 , oxo or -NR 7 R 8 ; or (ii) a monocyclic heterocyclic ring, having 4 to 8 ring atoms, optionally substituted with one or more of -F, -Cl, -Br, -CN, -CF 3 , C 1 -C 4 alkyl, cycloalkyl, -OR 9 , oxo or - NR 7 R 8 .
• Another aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a salt, hydrate, solvate or N-oxide thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
• a method for the treatment of diseases or conditions which are mediated by CB1 receptor signalling activity comprises administering to a subject suffering such disease or condition an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a salt, hydrate, solvate or N- oxide thereof.
• a compound of formula (I) or a salt, hydrate, solvate or N- oxide thereof comprises administering to a subject suffering such disease or condition an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a salt, hydrate, solvate or N- oxide thereof.
• (C a -C b )alkyl wherein a and b are integers refers to a straight or branched chain alkyl radical having from a to b carbon atoms.
• a 1 and b is 6, for example, the term includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl and n-hexyl.
• Carbocyclic refers to a mono-, bi- or tricyclic radical having up to 16 ring atoms, all of which are carbon, and includes aryl and cycloalkyl.
• cycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic saturated carbocyclic radical having from 3-8 carbon atoms and includes, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
• aryl refers to a mono-, bi- or tri-cyclic carbocyclic aromatic radical, and includes radicals having two monocyclic carbocyclic aromatic rings which are directly linked by a covalent bond.
• Illustrative of such radicals are phenyl, biphenyl and napthyl.
• heteroaryl refers to a mono-, bi- or tri-cyclic aromatic radical containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, N and O, and includes radicals having two such monocyclic rings, or one such monocyclic ring and one monocyclic aryl ring, which are directly linked by a covalent bond.
• Illustrative of such radicals are thienyl, benzthienyl, furyl, benzfuryl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, thiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, isothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, isoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, benztriazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, indolyl and indazolyl.
• heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic” includes “heteroaryl” as defined above, and in addition means a mono-, bi- or tri-cyclic non-aromatic radical containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, N and O, and to groups consisting of a monocyclic non-aromatic radical containing one or more such heteroatoms which is covalently linked to another such radical or to a monocyclic carbocyclic radical.
• radicals are pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, piperidinyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, indolyl, morpholinyl, benzfuranyl, pyranyl, isoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, ethylenedioxyphenyl, maleimido and succinimido groups.
• substituted as applied to any moiety herein means substituted with up to four compatible substituents, each of which independently may be, for example, (C r C 6 )alkyl, (C r C 6 )alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxy(C r C 6 )alkyl, mercapto, mercapto(C r C 6 )alkyl, (CrC 6 )alkylthio, halo (including fluoro, bromo and chloro), fully or partially fluorinated (C r C 3 )alkyl, (C r C 3 )alkoxy or (C r C 3 )alkylthio such as trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, and trifluoromethylthio, nitro, nitrile (-CN), oxo, phenyl, phenoxy, monocyclic heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy with 5 or 6 ring atoms
• R A and R B are independently hydrogen or a (C r C 6 )alkyl group or, in the case where R A and R B are linked to the same N atom, R A and R B taken together with that nitrogen may form a cyclic amino ring, such as a morpholine, piperidinyl or piperazinyl ring.
• substituent is phenyl, phenoxy or monocyclic heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy with 5 or 6 ring atoms
• the phenyl or heteroaryl ring thereof may itself be substituted by any of the above substituents except phenyl, phenoxy, heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy.
• An “optional substituent” may be one of the foregoing substituent groups.
• salt includes base addition, acid addition and quaternary salts.
• Compounds of the invention which are acidic can form salts, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, with bases such as alkali metal hydroxides, e.g. sodium and potassium hydroxides; alkaline earth metal hydroxides e.g. calcium, barium and magnesium hydroxides; with organic bases e.g. N-methyl-D-glucamine, choline tris(hydroxymethyl)amino-methane, L-arginine, L-lysine, N-ethyl piperidine, dibenzylamine and the like.
• bases such as alkali metal hydroxides, e.g. sodium and potassium hydroxides; alkaline earth metal hydroxides e.g. calcium, barium and magnesium hydroxides; with organic bases e.g. N-methyl-D-glucamine, choline tris(hydroxymethyl)amino-methane, L-arginine, L-lysine, N-ethyl pipe
• hydrohalic acids such as hydrochloric or hydrobromic acids, sulphuric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid and the like
• organic acids e.g. with acetic, tartaric, succinic, fumaric, maleic, malic, salicylic, citric, methanesulphonic, p-toluenesulphonic, benzoic, benzenesunfonic, glutamic, lactic, and mandelic acids and the like.
• 'solvate' is used herein to describe a molecular complex comprising the compound of the invention and a stoichiometric amount of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvent molecules, for example, ethanol.
• solvent molecules for example, ethanol.
• 'hydrate' is employed when said solvent is water.
• Compounds with which the invention is concerned which may exist in one or more stereoisomeric form, because of the presence of asymmetric atoms or rotational restrictions, can exist as a number of stereoisomers with R or S stereochemistry at each chiral centre or as atropisomeres with R or S stereochemistry at each chiral axis.
• the invention includes all such enantiomers and diastereoisomers and mixtures thereof.
• the compounds of the invention include compounds of formula (I) as hereinbefore defined, including all polymorphs and crystal habits thereof, prodrugs and isomers thereof (including optical, geometric and tautomeric isomers) as hereinafter defined and isotopically-labeled compounds of formula (I).
• So-called 'pro-drugs' of the compounds of formula (I) are also within the scope of the invention.
• certain derivatives of compounds of formula (I) which may have little or no pharmacological activity themselves can, when administered into or onto the body, be converted into compounds of formula (I) having the desired activity, for example, by hydrolytic cleavage.
• Such derivatives are referred to as 'prodrugs'.
• Further information on the use of prodrugs may be found in Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems. Vol. 14, ACS Symposium Series (T. Higuchi and V.J. Stella) and Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, Pergamon Press, 1987 (ed. E. B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association; CS. Larsen and J. ⁇ stergaard, Design and application of prodrugs, In Textbook of Drug Design and Discovery, 3 rd Edition, 2002, Taylor and Francis ).
• Prodrugs in accordance with the invention can, for example, be produced by replacing appropriate functionalities present in the compounds of formula (I) with certain moieties known to those skilled in the art as 'pro-moieties' as described, for example, in Design of Prodrugs by H. Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985).
• metabolites of compounds of formula (I) that is, compounds formed in vivo upon administration of the drug.
• Ai and A 2 are either -COOH or tetrazolyl
• Ai is hydrogen, - COOH, or tetrazolyl.
• a 1 is tetrazolyl is often preferred.
• a 3 is phenyl or cycloalkyl such as cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with R 4 and/or R 5 .
• R 4 and/or R 5 are phenyl or cycloalkyl such as cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with R 4 and/or R 5 .
• R 4 and/or R 5 have been defined above, but currently preferred are cases where they are independently selected from hydrogen, -F, -CN and -Cl,
• the indices p and o are independently 0 or 1 , but currently preferred are cases where p and q are each 0.
• R 1 has been defined above in relation to formula (I) 1 .
• Ri 0 may be hydrogen and Rn may be methyl or ethyl; or Ri 0 and R 11 may each independently be methyl or ethyl; or R 10 and Rn taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached may form a cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl ring.
• divalent radical R- examples include -CH 2 -, -CH 2 O- * wherein the bond indicated by an asterisk is attached to the pyrazole ring, and -CH 2 OCH 2 -.
• a 1 and A 2 are either -COOH or tetrazolyl
• a 2 is hydrogen, - COOH, or tetrazolyl.
• A-i is hydrogen is often preferred.
• the radical R 2 has been defined above in relation to formula (I), and may be, for example, a bond, or -(CH 2 ) 1-5 -, or the radical -R 2 A 2 may be
• a 2 being in, for example, the 4-position of the phenyl ring.
• a 4 when present in R 2 may be, for example, a divalent piperidine, piperazine, piperazine optionally substituted by methyl on one of the ring nitrogens, morpholine, cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, or 2-oxo-pyrrolidine radical, or a divalent phenylene or monocyclic heteroarylene radical having from 5 or 6 ring atoms, optionally substituted with R 4 and/or R 5 as defined in relation to formula (I), and B 1 and/or B 2 when present may be, for example, -CH 2 -.
• radical R 2 in such cases, m may be 0 while n is 0, or m may be 1 while n is 0, or n may be 1 while m is 0, or n may be 1 while m is 1. Also in radical R 2 in such cases, a and b may each independently be 1 or 2; or c and d may each independently be 1 or 2; or a, b, c and d may each independently be 1 or 2.
• R 3 The possibilities for R 3 are as defined above in relation to formula (I). However R 3 is often hydrogen.
• the compounds of the present invention act on central and peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB1. Some compounds distribute to a lesser extent to the central nervous system, i.e. the compound less readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and will be associated with fewer central nervous system mediated side-effects.
• the compounds of the invention modulate the cannabinoid receptor CB1 by suppressing its natural signalling function.
• the compounds are therefore CB1 receptor antagonists, inverse agonists, or partial agonists.
• CB1 antagonist or "cannabinoid receptor CB1 antagonist” refers to a compound which binds to the receptor, or in its vicinity, and lacks any substantial ability to activate the receptor itself.
• a CB1 antagonist can thereby prevent or reduce the functional activation or occupation of the receptor by a CB1 agonist such as for example the endogenous agonist N- Arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide). This term is well known in the art.
• CB1 inverse agonist or "cannabinoid receptor CB1 inverse agonist” refers to a compound which binds to the receptor and exerts the opposite pharmacological effect as a CB1 receptor agonist does.
• Inverse agonists are effective against certain types of receptors which have intrinsic activity without the acting of a ligand upon them (also referred to as 'constitutive activity'). This term is well known in the art. It is also well known in the art that such a CB1 inverse agonist can also be named a CB1 antagonist as the general properties of both types are equivalent. Accordingly, in the context of the present invention the term “CB1 antagonist” in general is understood as including both the "CB1 antagonist” as defined above and the "CB 1 inverse agonist”.
• CB1 partial agonist or “cannabinoid receptor CB1 partial agonist” refers to a compound which acts upon the same receptor as the full agonist but that produces a weak maximum pharmacological response and has a low level of intrinsic activity. This term is well known in the art.
• the "CB1 modulator” or “cannabinoid receptor CB1 modulator” is a CB1 antagonist or inverse agonist compound.
• the compounds of the invention are useful for the treatment of diseases or conditions which are mediated by CB1 receptor signalling activity.
• diseases and conditions and treatments therefor have been listed above. Without limitation, they include obesity and overweight, prevention of weight gain, treatment of diseases and conditions directly or indirectly associated with obesity (e.g. metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic dysfunctions in obese, overweight or normoweight individuals, metabolic diseases or disorders, cancers, liver diseases and the other secondary diseases referred to above), and in the treatment of diseases and conditions not necessarily related to obesity (e.g. eating disorders, addictive disorders, mental disorders, neurological disorders, sexual dysfunctions, reproductive dysfunctions, liver diseases, fibrosis-related diseases and other clinical indications referred to above).
• obesity e.g. metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic dysfunctions in obese, overweight or normoweight individuals, metabolic diseases or disorders, cancers, liver diseases and the other secondary diseases referred to above
• diseases and conditions not necessarily related to obesity e.g. eating disorders, addictive disorders, mental disorders, neurological disorders, sexual dysfunctions, reproductive
• the compounds of the invention display varying physicochemical properties and are useful for modulating peripheral CB1 receptors and to varying degree central CB1 receptors. Those compounds of the invention associated with a lowered central action on CB 1 receptors may have a reduced propensity to induce psychiatric and nervous system side-effects.
• the compounds of the invention may be combined with another therapeutic agent used in treatment of obesity acting by a different mode of action such as central action on satiety or hunger signals, craving mechanisms, appetite regulation, leptin/insulin/central nervous system pathways, gastrointestinal-neural pathways, metabolic rate, energy expenditure, food intake, fat storage, fat excretion, gastrointestinal motility, lipogenesis, glucose transport, glucogenolysis, glycolysis, lipolysis, etc including modulators (inhibitors, agonists, antagonists, analogues) of monoaminergic (NA (noradrenaline), 5-HT (serotonin), DA (dopamine)) receptors or transporters, neural ion channels, leptin or leptin receptor, neuropeptide Y receptors, PP (pancreatic polypeptide), PYY, Protein YY3-36, ghrelin or ghrelin receptor, motilin or motilin receptor, orexins or orexin receptors, bombesin or bombe
• the compounds of the invention may be combined with another therapeutic agent used in treatment of metabolic syndrome or obesity-related diseases such as cardiovascular (hypertension, congestive cardiomyopathy, varicosities, pulmonary embolism, coronary heart disease [CHD], liver cirrhosis), neurological (stroke, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, meralgia parethetica), respiratory (dyspnea, obstructive sleep apnea, hypoventilation syndrome, Pickwickian syndrome, asthma), musculoskeletal (immobility, degenerative osteoarthritis, low back pain, osteoporosis), skin (striae distensae or "stretch marks," venous stasis of the lower extremities, lymphedema, cellulitis, intertrigo, carbuncles, acanthosis nigricans, skin tags), gastrointestinal (gastro-esophageal reflux disorder, nonalcoholic fatty liver/steatohepatitis, cholelithiasis, herni
• the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing treatment. Optimum dose levels and frequency of dosing will be determined by clinical trial, as is required in the pharmaceutical art.
• the total daily dose of the compounds of the invention may typically be in the range 1 mg to 1000 mg depending, of course, on the mode of administration.
• oral administration may require a total daily dose of from 10 mg to 1000 mg, while an intravenous dose may only require from 1 mg to 500 mg.
• the total daily dose may be administered in single or divided doses and may, at the physician's discretion, fall outside of the typical range given herein.
• These dosages are based on an average human subject having a weight of about 60kg to 100kg.
• the physician will readily be able to determine doses for subjects whose weight falls outside this range, such as infants and the elderly, and especially obese patients.
• the compounds with which the invention is concerned may be prepared for administration by any route consistent with their pharmacokinetic properties.
• the orally administrable compositions may be in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, granules, lozenges, liquid or gel preparations, such as oral, topical, or sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions.
• Tablets and capsules for oral administration may be in unit dose presentation form, and may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, for example syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, or polyvinylpyrrolidone; fillers for example lactose, sugar, maize-starch, calcium phosphate, sorbitol or glycine; tabletting lubricant, for example magnesium stearate, talc, polyethylene glycol or silica; disintegrants for example potato starch, or acceptable wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulphate.
• the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in normal pharmaceutical practice.
• Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
• Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, for example sorbitol, syrup, methyl cellulose, glucose syrup, gelatin hydrogenated edible fats; emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters such as glycerine, propylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol; preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid, and if desired conventional flavouring or colouring agents.
• suspending agents for example sorbitol, syrup, methyl cellulose, glucose syrup, gelatin hydrogenated edible fats
• emulsifying agents for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia
• non-aqueous vehicles which may include edible oils
• almond oil fractionated coconut oil
• oily esters such as glycerine, propylene
• the active ingredient may also be administered parenterally in a sterile medium.
• the drug can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle.
• adjuvants such as a local anaesthetic, preservative and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.
• the compounds of Formula I may be obtained by introduction of the -N(Rs)R 2 -A 2 moiety to a corresponding carboxylic acid or a protected form of the depicted carboxylic acid as outlined in the following scheme:
• the HN(R 3 )R 2 -A 2 * moiety contains a nucleophilic nitrogen center and the remaining part could include the final substituent, a protected version of the substituent (e.g. an ester) or a group which can be converted to the final substituent using standard procedures known to those skilled in the art (e.g. conversion of nitrile to tetrazole).
• compounds of Formula I may either be obtained directly following the procedure in scheme 1 or after standard conversions such as removal of protecting groups.
• the carboxylic acids can be in activated forms (e.g. acid chlorides or active esters) or alternatively the conversion can be made directly from the acid using suitable coupling reagents such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), and promoters such as 1- hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT).
• suitable coupling reagents such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), and promoters such as 1- hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT).
• Compounds of Formula (I) can also be obtained by following a related procedure to that described above whereupon a carboxylic acid derivative (e.g. nitrile, ester or amide), or other suitable precursor is converted into the group A 1 after the amide formation.
• a carboxylic acid derivative e.g. nitrile, ester or amide
• suitable precursor e.g. nitrile, ester or amide
• Such a procedure may include for instance conversion of a nitrile group to a tetrazole under standard conditions (e.g. by treatment with sodium azide and a weak acid such as dimethylamine hydrochloride in a polar solvent such as DMF) or the conversion of a nitrile group to a carboxylic acid.
• This latter conversion may either be achieved directly (e.g. by hydrolysis under acidic or basic conditions) or in a two step process involving initial formation of an ester or imidate (e.g. by treatment with an alcohol and anhydrous hydrogen chloride) followed by hydrolysis under standard conditions (e.g. with aqueous sodium hydroxide).
• R 1 * moiety contains a nucleophilic oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen or carbon
• X represents an appropriate leaving group (e.g. bromo) and the group A/ could either represent the final substituent or a precursor to the final substituent such as a nitrile or ester group.
• This conversion could for instance be accomplished by using a strong base such as lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), in an aprotic solvent (e.g. THF) and in the presence of suitable cofactors (e.g. TMEDA) according to procedures well known to those skilled in the art.
• LDA lithium diisopropylamide
• THF aprotic solvent
• TMEDA suitable cofactors
• Compounds of formula (1) could hence be obtained by conversion of the nitrile group to a tetrazole or carboxylic acid following previously described procedures.
• compounds of formula (1) may be obtained from other compounds of formula (1 ) by functional group interconversion as the final step.
• the substituents R 4 and R 5 can be introduced at a final stage in the phenyl ring or the A 3 moiety as exemplified in the following scheme:
• this may involve reacting a bromo compound with zinc cyanide in the presence of a metal catalyst such as a palladium(O) complex, to give a compound of formula (1 ) where
• R 4 is cyano
• Such a conversion may also be made on an intermediate that can be converted to the compounds of Formula I or on a protected version of the intermediates.
• substituents may also be introduced in the R 2 moiety at the final stage of the reaction sequence.
• Pyrazole derivatives of formula [A] may be obtained by well known methods (J. Med. Chem, 1999, 42, 769-776).
• Compounds were tested in the functional Cannabinoid Receptor-1 assay described below, and their IC 50 values for antagonizing a CB1 receptor agonist were assessed.
• Compounds [1.1] had IC 50 value lower than 0.30 ⁇ M.
• Compound [1.2] had IC 5 Q value between 3.0 ⁇ M and 10 ⁇ M
• the cDNA encoding the human CB1 (Cannabinoid Receptor-1 ) receptor was cloned from a human adipose tissue cDNA library and cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen).
• Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO-K1 ) stably expressing recombinant human CB1 were generated by transfecting the plasmid containing the coding sequence of the human CB1 receptor in CHO-K1 cells, using lipofectamin, according to the manufacturer instructions. Resistant clones were selected in the presence of 600 ⁇ g/ml G418 (Life technology). Stably transfected CHO-K1 cells were maintained in Ham's F-12 culture medium (Invitrogen), supplemented with 10 % fetal calf serum (Invitrogen), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin (Life Technology), and 600 ⁇ g/ml G418.
• CP55940-induced [ 35 S]GTP ⁇ S binding to membranes prepared from CHO-K1 cells expressing the human CB1 receptor (described in Transfection and Cell Culture).
• CP55940 is a well known non-selective CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist (e.g Felder et al., 1995, Molecular Pharmacology, (48) 443-50).
• Membranes were prepared by a standard procedure. Briefly, cells were harvested using 10 mM EDTA and collected by centrifugation.
• Pelleted cells were homogenized in ice-cold 20 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 10 mM EDTA and protease inhibitors (Complete protease inhibitor cocktail tablet, Roche) using an Ultra Turrax Homogenizer. The homogenate was centrifuged at 14 000 rpm for 45 min. at 4 0 C. The resultant pellet was resuspended in the same buffer but with only 0.1 mM EDTA and was again centrifuged at 14 000 rpm for 45 min. at 4 0 C.
• the resulting pellet (membranes) was resuspended in 20 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM MgCI 2 and protease inhibitors and protein concentration was determined by Micro BCA Protein Assay Reagent Kit (Pierce Biotechnology) according to the manufacturer instructions.
• the [ 35 S]GTP ⁇ S SPA (Scintillation Proximity Assay) binding assay was performed by incubating 5 ⁇ g/well hCB1 -membranes with 1 nM [ 35 S]GTP ⁇ S (Perkin Elmer - NEG 030H) in the presence of 3 nM of CP55940 and various concentrations of the test compounds at room temperature for 1hr in 96-well microtiter plates. 0.4mg/well SPA beads (PVT-WGA; RPNQ0001 Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) were then added and the incubation continued for further 30 min. on an orbital shaker.
• the assay buffer contained 5OmM HEPES (pH 7.5), 50 mM NaCI, 2.5 mM MgCI 2 , 0.1% BSA, 1 ⁇ M GDP and 100 ⁇ g/ml Saponin.
• Microtiter plates were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min. and radioactivity was read immediately using a Topcounter (PerkinElmer Life Sciences). Data were analyzed and IC50 values determined by non-linear regression using the Prism software (GraphPad Software, San Diego).

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