Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
  • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
  • A61K31/568—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
  • A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
  • A61K47/40—Cyclodextrins; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
  • A61K9/006—Oral mucosa, e.g. mucoadhesive forms, sublingual droplets; Buccal patches or films; Buccal sprays
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2121/00—Preparations for use in therapy

Definitions

• the invention relates to the field of male and/or female sexual dysfunction.
• the invention specifically relates to the on demand use of 3-alpha- androstanediol, preferably in combination with a type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitor.
• PDE5 type 5 phosphodiesterase
• MSD Male Sexual Dysfunction
• ISD inhibited sexual desire
• ED erectile dysfunction
• PE impotence and premature ejaculation
• anorgasmia ED
• PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil.
• Current successful treatment for PE includes anaesthetic creams (like lidocaine, prilocaine and combinations) that reduce sensation on the penis and SSRI antidepressants such as paroxetine, fluoxetine and sertraline.
• SSRI antidepressants such as paroxetine, fluoxetine and sertraline.
• Female Sexual Dysfunction refers to various disturbances or impairments of sexual function, including a lack of interest in sexual activity, repeated failure to attain or maintain sexual excitement, inability to attain an orgasm following sufficient arousal.
• 3-alpha-androstanediol is described in US 6,242,436 Bl as an alternative to androgen repletion therapy and for androgen decrease/depletion related problems in humans.
• the described purpose of this substitution lies in the replenishment of subphysiological serum concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) via 3-alpha-androstanediol administration.
• DHT dihydrotestosterone
• the mechanism of effect of decreasing androgen decrease/depletion related problems lies in the replenishment of (DHT), according to US 6,242,436 Bl.
• Androgen depletion can decrease sexual motivation. However, decreased sexual motivation is often not caused by abnormal androgen concentrations.
• WO 2005/107810 describes the use of testosterone and a type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitor which components must be released within a certain order and timeframe in respect of sexual activity.
• PDE5 type 5 phosphodiesterase
• the treatment described in WO 2005/107810 is somewhat complicated because, depending on the formulation of the active ingredients, the active ingredients have to be administered within a certain order and/or timeframe. In persons who are not very accurate in taking the right active ingredients at the right time points, the goal of treating sexual dysfunction may not or only partially be reached.
• the present invention discloses that 3-alpha-androstanediol administration induces increased sexual motivation and increased attention for sexual cues in men with MSD and women with FSD. These 3-alpha- androstanediol administration dependant increases in motivation and attention are independent of prior physiological androgen concentrations; 3- alpha-androstanediol administration will increase sexual motivation and attention for sexual cues in men and women with normal (i.e. physiological) or with subphysiological androgen levels alike.
• the present invention discloses further that the time frame between the intake of the active ingredients and sexual activity can be decreased by using 3-alpha-androstanediol (compared to sublingual testosterone) and a PDE5-inhibitor. Moreover, in one of the embodiments the active ingredients can be administered at the same time point, hence minimising the risk of forgetting to take one of the ingredients at all or in time. The obtained results are comparable to the ones obtained with the compounds described in WO 2005/107810.
• the invention provides the use of 3-alpha- androstanediol in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of sexual dysfunction.
• sexual dysfunction refers to male and/or female sexual dysfunction.
• 3-alpha-androstanediol is also known as 5 ⁇ -androstane 3 ⁇ , 17 ⁇ -diol and is one of testosterone's metabolites.
• Testosterone can be converted to 5 ⁇ - dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5 ⁇ -reductases.
• DHT is then further converted to 3-alpha-androstanediol by 3 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (also known as 3- oxidoreductase and 3 ⁇ -hydroxysteroid-oxidoreductase, 3 ⁇ -HSD reductase hereafter).
• the conversion from testosterone to DHT is unidirectional; the conversion of DHT to 3-alpha-androstanediol is bi-directional: 3 ⁇ -HSD oxidases can also convert 3-alpha-androstanediol to DHT.
• the 3 ⁇ -HSD reductase/oxidase equilibrium appears to be auto regulated by circulating steroid hormones such as testosterone, DHT and 3-alpha-androstanediol, but also oestrogen, growth hormone and the stress related glucocorticoids [3].
• Three human isoforms of 3 ⁇ -HSD reductase exist, two of which are also found in the brain (h3 ⁇ -HSD2 and 3, also known as AKR 1C2 and AKR 1C3).
• the level of free 3-alpha-androstanediol should preferably be a peak plasma level of at least of 10-100 times and preferably of 5-100 times the normal serum levels [4] (i.e. 0.6-6 and preferably 0.3-6 ng/1 for women and 2.2-22 and preferably 1.1-22 ng/1 for men), which will typically occur between 1 and 60 minutes after administration of the 3-alpha- androstanediol.
• 3-alpha-androstanediol is preferably given in a formulation wherein there is a sharp and rapid increase of 3-alpha-androstanediol in the blood circulation of the subject to whom it is administered.
• the invention therefore provides a use, wherein the 3-alpha-androstanediol is provided in the form of a sublingual formulation, such as a sublingual formulation comprising cyclodextrins as carrier.
• a suitable route of administration is buco-mucosally or intranasally, which can also be performed with the use of a cyclodextrin formulation or other usual excipients, diluents and the like.
• a typical example of a formulation is given in hydroxypropyl-beta cyclodextrin, but other beta cyclodextrins and other usual excipients, diluents and the like are within the skill of the art for preparing a formulation comprising 3-alpha- androstanediol, which releases essentially all of the 3-alpha-androstanediol within one short burst.
• Said burst will typically be within a short time interval (for example within 60-120 seconds, more preferably within 60 seconds) upon administration, leading to blood peak levels of 3-alpha-androstanediol about 1- 60 minutes later, lasting for at least 180 minutes from time of application.
• 3-alpha-androstanediol in the circulation is bound by SHBG (steroid hormone binding globulin) and by albumin. It is important that the peak plasma level of 3-alpha-androstanediol as defined in the present invention is present and calculated as free 3-alpha-androstanediol, so a fraction not bound by albumin and SHBG. Thus the dose of 3-alpha-androstanediol given should be high enough to saturate the albumin and SHBG (i.e.
• the concentration of 3- alpha-androstanediol must be high enough to overcome complete binding of 3- alpha-androstanediol by SHBG or albumin), or another way of avoiding binding to albumin or SHBG must be designed, such as the use of a competitor for the 3-alpha-androstanediol binding site on SHBG.
• 3-alpha- androstanediol In contrast to other sexual dysfunction treatments based on 3-alpha- androstanediol, the use (and method) described herein aim at a temporary increase in the 3-alpha-androstanediol level in the treated subject. Other methods aim at restoring/replacing/replenishing the 3-alpha-androstanediol levels (or that of its metabolites such as DHT) to normal (i.e. physiological) levels as found in a normal subject. In a preferred embodiment, 3-alpha- androstanediol is applied such that a short-lasting (several hours) supraphysiological peak of 3-alpha-androstanediol in the blood circulation of the subject to whom it is administered, is obtained. Thereafter, the level returns to baseline (i.e. the level before administration).
• the invention provides the use of 3-alpha- androstanediol and a type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitor in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of sexual dysfunction.
• sexual dysfunction refers to male and/or female sexual dysfunction.
• PDE5 inhibitors are available.
• An example of a PDE5 inhibitor is vardenafil HCl which is designated chemically as piperazine, l-[[3-(l,4- dihydro-5-methyl-4-oxo- 7-propylimidazo [5,1-/] [1,2,4] triazin-2-yl)-4- ethoxyphenyl]sulfonyl]-4-ethyl-, monohydrochloride.
• each tablet contains microcrystalline cellulose, crospovidone, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, yellow ferric oxide, and red ferric oxide.
• sildenafil citrate which is chemically designated as l-[[3-(6,7-dihydro-l-methyl-7-oxo-3-propyl-lHpyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5- yl)-4-ethoxyphenyl]sulfonyl]-4-methylpiperazine citrate.
• each tablet contains the following ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, titanium dioxide, lactose, triacetin, and FD & C Blue #2 aluminum lake.
• tadalafil which is chemically designated as pyrazino[l',2':l,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-l,4-dione, 6-(l,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)- 2,3,6,7,12,12a-hexahydro-2-methyl-, (6R,12aR)-.
• each tablet contains the following ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, iron oxide, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, titanium dioxide, and triacetin.
• PDE5-inhibitors The number of PDE5-inhibitors is still expanding and other non-limiting examples are: E-4021, E-8010, E-4010, AWD-12-217 (zaprinast), AWD 12-210, UK-343,664, UK-369003, UK-357903, BMS-341400, BMS-223131, FR226807, FR-229934, EMR-6203, Sch-51866, IC485, TA-1790, DA-8159, NCX-911 or KS- 505a or the compounds disclosed in WO 96/26940.
• the active ingredients are preferably administrated/released such that their peak effects (i.e. their activities) at least partly overlap/coincide and preferably completely overlap.
• the peak effect means the maximal increase in attention to erotic stimuli and in sexual motivation.
• the peak effect is the maximal increase in activity of the NANC (non adrenergic non cholinergic) pathway of the autonomous nervous system. This goal can be reached by using different strategies.
• NANC non adrenergic non cholinergic
• said 3-alpha-androstanediol and said PDE5 inhibitor are essentially released at the same time.
• the term "at essentially the same time” should be understood to mean that preferably 3- alpha-androstanediol and a PDE5 inhibitor reach their peak serum levels within the to be treated subject within 30 minutes from each other, preferably 25-30 minutes, more preferably 20-25 minutes, even more preferably 15-20 or 10-15 minutes and most preferably the two compounds are released in the subject within 0 to 10 minutes from each other.
• PDE5- inhibitors such as vardenafil and sildenafil typically reach their peak plasma concentration (which should be at least 35 ng/ml for sildenafil, 2 ⁇ g/1 for vardenafil and 40 ⁇ gl for tadalafil) after about 1 hour after administration and their effect is then also present.
• peak plasma concentration which should be at least 35 ng/ml for sildenafil, 2 ⁇ g/1 for vardenafil and 40 ⁇ gl for tadalafil
• their effects at least partly coincide.
• 3-alpha-androstanediol and a PDE5 inhibitor can be formulated such that their release is delayed.
• the active ingredients are provided with or surrounded by a coating, which is dissolved after 2 hours. In such a case, the active ingredients must be taken 2-3 hours before sexual activity.
• Other variations are easily performed by the skilled person and are within the scope of the present invention.
• Reference herein to sexual dysfunction includes male and/or female sexual dysfunction.
• Reference to male sexual dysfunction includes inhibited sexual desire (ISD), erectile dysfunction (ED) and premature ejaculation (PE).
• Reference to female sexual dysfunction includes Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD), Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (FSAD) and Female Orgasmic Disorder (FOD).
• the routes of administration of choice are those which are the least invasive (for example oral, buco-mucosal or intranasal). Motivation for sexual behaviour should not be negatively influenced by invasive routes of administration.
• the use as described herein may alternatively be formulated as: 3-alpha-androstanediol and a PDE5-inhibitor for use in a method for treating sexual dysfunction.
• the invention provides use of 3-alpha- androstanediol and a type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitor in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction.
• said female sexual dysfunction is female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) and/or hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) and/or female orgasmic disorder (FOD).
• FSAD female sexual arousal disorder
• HSDD hypoactive sexual desire disorder
• FOD female orgasmic disorder
• said sexual dysfunction is male sexual dysfunction.
• the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol.
• 3-alpha-androstanediol is preferably provided in the form of a sublingual formulation, for example a sublingual formulation comprising cyclodextrins as carrier.
• a suitable route of administration is buco-mucosally or intranasally, which can also be performed with the use of a cyclodextrin formulation or other usual excipients, diluents and the like.
• the pharmaceutical is designed for sublingual administration and even more preferred said composition comprises cyclodextrin such as hydroxypropyl-beta cyclodextrin.
• a typical non/limiting example of a prepared 3-alpha-androstanediol sample (for 0.1-0.5 mg of 3- alpha-androstanediol) consists of 0.1-0.5 mg 3-alpha-androstanediol, 5 mg hydroxypropyl-betacyclodextrines (carrier), 5 mg ethanol, and 5 ml water, but each of the amounts of these substances might be higher or lower.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol and a PDE5 inhibitor.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprising a PDE5-inhibitor preferably comprises at least 25 mg sildenafil (or 5 mg vardenafil, or 5 mg tadalafil) and at most 100 mg sildenafil (or 20 mg vardenafil, or 20 mg tadalafil), or comparable dosages of other PDE5-inhibitors. These doses may vary with the weight of the patient and are preferably determined by a physician.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol and a PDE5 inhibitor, wherein said composition is designed to release said 3-alpha-androstanediol and said PDE5 inhibitor at essentially the same time.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be designed such that 3-alpha-androstanediol and a PDE5 inhibitor are released (directly) upon administration or such that 3-alpha-androstanediol and a PDE5 inhibitor are released after a certain amount of time has passed (for example 2 hours). This depends on the used formulation of the two ingredients.
• the active ingredients may be present in any suitable form, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, multiparticulates, gels, films, solutions or suspensions and may comprise diluents and/or excipients and/or binders and/or disintegrants and/or lubricants and/or colouring agents. Also different kinds of release patterns can be applied, such as direct release or delayed release.
• the invention preferably also provides instructions as to the administration. Therefore, the invention also provides a kit of parts comprising at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol and at least one composition comprising a PDE5 inhibitor, wherein said kit further comprises instructions in respect to the administration of said compositions.
• the invention also provides a kit of parts comprising a pharmaceutical composition as herein described, i.e. a pharmaceutical composition comprising 3-alpha-androstanediol and a PDE5 inhibitor.
• kit may further comprise means for cognitive interventions and stimulation.
• Such information may be present on any data carrier (paper, CD, DVD), passive or interactive, or it may be a link to a website at least partially designed for the purpose of said cognitive stimulation.
• the herein described combinations of active ingredients may further be accompanied by other suitable active ingredients.
• the invention further provides a method for treating a male or a female suffering from sexual dysfunction by providing said male or female with a effective amount of a combination of 3-alpha-androstanediol and a PDE5 inhibitor.
• vaginal pulse amplitude will be measured in response to neutral and erotic film excerpts, directly after drug administration, and 1 hour after drug administration.
• the three experimental days will be separated by (at least) a three-day period.
• subjects will receive one capsule consisting of either sildenafil, or a placebo, and one liquid formulation with either 3-alpha-androstanediol or placebo. Both capsule and liquid formulation will be taken at the same time, one hour prior to testing.
• the effect of sublingual 3-alpha-androstanediol and will overlap with high sildenafil serum concentrations (Tmax of sildenafil 30-120 min; Tl/2 3.5 hours). due to their similar time lag (0-1 hour).
• the subject must insert a tampon- shaped vaginal probe (a photoplethysmograph) in order to measure the VPA. Then subjects will view a 10 minute neutral fragment, followed by a 5 minute erotic film fragment. After these baseline measurements, the subjects receive one of the four medication combinations as described above. Following medication another set of neutral (5 minutes) and erotic (5 minutes) film fragments is shown. The vaginal probe will then be removed. After 4 hours another VPA measurement will be made in response to neutral (5 minutes) and erotic (5 minutes) film fragments. Blood pressure (supine and standing), heart rate, respiration rate, and body temperature will be monitored throughout on the experimental days.
• a tampon- shaped vaginal probe a photoplethysmograph
• the experiment will be preceded by a screening visit.
• subjects are interviewed and examined by a resident of the department of gynaecology of Flevo Hospital, Almere to diagnose for FSD and to determine eligibility for study participation.
• Subjects will be asked to fill out a questionnaire; the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).
• Subjects will be screened to exclude pregnancy or breast feeding, vaginal infections, major operations to the vagina and/or vulva, undetected major gynaecological illnesses or unexplained gynaecological complaints.
• Weight, height, blood pressure (supine and standing) will be measured. Cardiovascular condition will be tested and ECG checked for significant abnormalities.
• the penile tumescence and rigidity will be measured in response to neutral and erotic film audiovisual stimulation (VSTR), directly after drug administration, and 1 hour after drug administration, directly followed by measurement of vibrotactile stimulation ejaculatory latency time (VTS-ELT) and postejaculatory erectile refractory time.
• VSTR neutral and erotic film audiovisual stimulation
• VTS-ELT vibrotactile stimulation ejaculatory latency time
• erectile refractory time The three experimental days will be separated by (at least) a three- day period.
• subjects will receive one capsule consisting of either sildenafil, or a placebo, and one liquid formulation with either 3-alpha-androstanediol or placebo. Both capsule and liquid formulation will be taken at the same time, one hour prior to testing.
• Tmax of sildenafil 30-120 min; Tl/2 3.5 hours). due to their similar time lag (0-1 hour).
• the experiment will be preceded by a screening visit.
• subjects are interviewed and examined by a resident of the department of gynaecology of Flevo Hospital, Almere to diagnose for MSD and to determine eligibility for study participation.
• Subjects will be asked to fill out a questionnaire; the international index of erectile function questionnaire (IIEF). Weight, height, blood pressure (supine and standing) will be measured. Cardiovascular condition will be tested and ECG checked for significant abnormalities. Participants are required not to use alcohol or psychoactive drugs the evening before and the day of experimentation.
• IIEF international index of erectile function questionnaire
• the experiment shall be conducted in a blind, randomly assigned placebo controlled cross-over design, on a group of 32 healthy, sexually active adult female rats. Both female and male rats shall be individually housed for two weeks prior to their (first) day of testing. All drugs and placebo shall be administered by a single intraperitoneal injection. Drug doses are to be established based on literature. Individual rats shall be subjected to no more than two treatments, separated by one week.
• mount latency, mount frequency, intromission latency, intomission frequency, ejaculation latency and post-ejaculatory interval of male rats shall be scored for a period of three hours after injection and placement with a single sexually active female rat.
• the experiment shall be conducted in a blind, randomly assigned placebo controlled cross-over design, on a group of 32 healthy, sexually active adult male rats. Both female and male rats shall be individually housed for two weeks prior to their (first) day of testing. All drugs and placebo shall be administered by a single intraperitoneal injection. Drug doses are to be established based on literature. Individual rats shall be subjected to no more than two treatments, separated by one week.

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