WO2007057408A1 - Vorrichtung zum umrichten eines elektrischen stromes und verfahren zur reduzierung der lastwechselbeanspruchung von leistungshalbleitereinheiten im bereich der hochspannungsenergieverteilung und -übertragung - Google Patents
Vorrichtung zum umrichten eines elektrischen stromes und verfahren zur reduzierung der lastwechselbeanspruchung von leistungshalbleitereinheiten im bereich der hochspannungsenergieverteilung und -übertragung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007057408A1 WO2007057408A1 PCT/EP2006/068473 EP2006068473W WO2007057408A1 WO 2007057408 A1 WO2007057408 A1 WO 2007057408A1 EP 2006068473 W EP2006068473 W EP 2006068473W WO 2007057408 A1 WO2007057408 A1 WO 2007057408A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- power semiconductor
- cooling
- semiconductor units
- converter
- power
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
- H05K7/20—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating
- H05K7/2089—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating for power electronics, e.g. for inverters for controlling motor
- H05K7/20927—Liquid coolant without phase change
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
- H01L2924/0002—Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for converting an electric current in the field of high-voltage energy distribution and transmission with at least one converter valve, which has a series circuit of power semiconductor units, and with cooling means for cooling the power semiconductor units.
- the invention further relates to a method for reducing the load cycling of power semiconductor units in the field of high voltage power transmission and distribution, wherein power semiconductor units configured to convert power are cooled by a coolant.
- power semiconductor units in the field of energy transmission and distribution are used in the context of high-voltage direct current transmission (HVDC). Due to a high voltage in the range of several hundred kilovolts, the power semiconductor units are in this case connected to form a converter valve in series, the converter valves are arranged to form a power converter in a bridge circuit. Each converter is connected on the AC side to an AC network and on the DC side to another converter. Between the power converters is thus a DC circuit set up, via which an energy exchange between the AC networks is possible.
- HVDC high-voltage direct current transmission
- Power semiconductor units are also used in so-called Flexible AC Transmission Systems, for example as a fast electronic switch.
- the electronic switches serve to dynamically adjust the impedance of a transmission line.
- the period duration of the current modulation in the method according to US Pat. No. 6,714,427 is of the order of a few minutes.
- this entails a load cycling of the power semiconductor units, which is far above the usual designs in the field of energy transmission and distribution.
- Load changes of power semiconductor units are temperature cycles of the power semiconductors caused by the current load, from which the power semiconductor units are constructed. Due to these temperature cycles, mechanical stresses occur, for example due to different thermal expansions, as a result of which the service life of the power semiconductors used is reduced. For this reason, manufacturers of power semiconductors, the load cycle resistance, so the property of the power semiconductor, a certain number of load changes depending on
- a known from the prior art method is to keep the temperature strokes or fluctuations small by the power semiconductor of the power semiconductor units are over-dimensioned accordingly, that is greater ⁇ sets.
- the over-dimensioning also increases the costs of the respective plant considerably.
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide a device and a method of the type mentioned above, with which the temperature strokes of the power semiconductor units can be reduced cost-effectively.
- the invention solves this problem starting from the initially mentioned apparatus characterized in that the cooling means have control means, which provide a semiconductor processing units from the current flow across the Leis ⁇ dependent cooling.
- the invention solves this problem on the basis of the method mentioned above in that the cooling of the power semiconductor units takes place as a function of the current flowing via the power semiconductor units .
- coolant and control means are provided which enable cooling of the power semiconductor units as a function of the current flowing via the power semiconductor units.
- the cooling capacity of the coolant is increased at higher currents, whereas ⁇ gene cooling is reduced at a lower current load.
- the amplitude of the periodic ⁇ temperature fluctuation is reduced, thereby increasing the life of the power semiconductor units considerably.
- individual power semiconductors for example in the form of disks, come into consideration as power semiconductor units within the scope of the invention.
- a power semiconductor device in the present invention a re ⁇ several power semiconductor module exhibiting, wherein the Leis ⁇ tung semiconductor of each module are appropriate to each other tet 29al ⁇ .
- the modules are arranged in series. Before ⁇ geous enough, each module has its own energy storage device.
- the device further comprises, for example, a power converter which is arranged from a plurality of bridge circuits
- the device is a so-called 12- Pulse power converter consisting of two 6-pulse circuits connected in series with each other.
- 12- Pulse power converter consisting of two 6-pulse circuits connected in series with each other.
- any power converter topology is conceivable.
- any power semiconductor of the prior art is considered as power semiconductor, in particular diodes, thyristors, IGBTs or GTOs.
- the power semiconductors of the power semiconductors include terüen particular all off power semi ⁇ conductor.
- the cooling means in the context of the invention include, for example, a cooling circuit with a coolant pump and a heat exchanger, in which a fluid coolant is circulated.
- the coolant to a cooling circuit with a heat exchanger and a coolant pump, the pump power of the control means is adjustable.
- the control means advantageously comprise current measuring devices that are set up to detect the current flowing through the series circuit.
- Each ammeter is connected via a measuring line with a computing unit, the example ⁇ by means of a software based on a predetermined internal logic from the power meter transmitted by the current values, a coolant flow rate and a he ⁇ required voltage and power supply for thedemit ⁇ tel pump sets.
- the computing unit can deviate from this also include an analog controller, which is set up to process analog current measured values.
- the coolant pump is for example speed-controlled.
- the control means provide for a corresponding drive of the coolant pump corresponding to the calculated current and voltage values.
- the coolant pump thus ensures cooling of the power semiconductor units, which depends on the current flowing through the power semiconductor units current.
- the temperature fluctuations or the temperature swings of the power Semiconductor units are reduced in this way in their amplitude.
- the coolant to a cooling circuit with a heat exchanger and a coolant pump, wherein the cooling capacity of the heat exchanger is adjustable by the control means.
- the control means on ammeters and a computing unit or control unit.
- the current measuring devices transmit the current measured values determined from the measured currents flowing via the power semiconductor units to the arithmetic unit.
- the arithmetic unit determines analog or for example by means of an internal logic one processing semiconductor devices from the current flow across the Leis ⁇ dependent current and voltage supply of the heat exchanger.
- the control means causing one of the calculated current and voltage values corresponding to current and voltage supply of the varnishtau ⁇ exchanger.
- the cooling means have a cooling circuit with a heat exchanger of a coolant pump and a controllable throttle valve, the flow resistance of which is adjustable by the control means.
- the current flowing through the power semiconductor units is first determined in a manner known per se and the measured current values subsequently made available to a computing unit.
- the control means causes subsequent ⁇ hd an adjustment of the throttle valve in dependence of the measured current, then the für pressgeschwindig ⁇ ness that the current flow corresponding to change.
- the cooling means comprise a cooling circuit with a heat exchanger, a coolant pump and one of the control means.
- adjustable multi-way valve on. The multi-way valve allows a cost-effective and at the same time fast control of the cooling.
- the multi-way valve is connected to an associated converter valve or an associated group of converter valves and to a bypass channel for bypassing the converter valve or the group of converter valves.
- the control means By controlling the multi-way valve, it is possible for the control means to guide either the entire flow of the coolant with a high cooling capacity in the wake of the power converter or the respective group of power converters. This is the case, for example, when the converter valve, which comprises the series connection of the power semiconductor units, is exposed to high currents, wherein the currents are conducted via the power semiconductor units. At a lower load of the converter valve, this is partially bypassed by the bypass channel, so that the cooling of the power semiconductor units of the converter valve is herabge ⁇ sets.
- the heat exchanger is arranged in the bypass channel.
- the multi-way valve is connected to a first converter valve or a first group of converter valves and to a second converter valve or to a second group of converter valves.
- the ratio of the coolant flow through the converter valves connected to the multi-way valve or the group of converter valves is made possible in this way by access of the control means to the multi-way valve.
- each multi-way valve on the input side with the heat exchanger and the output of at least one converter valve or at least one group of converter valves and the output side connected to the input of another associated converter valve or other associated group of converter valves.
- the temperature of the circulating coolant at the output of a converter valve is increased compared to Tempe ⁇ temperature at the input of the converter valve. If such a coolant with an increased temperature is used for cooling a further converter valve, the cooling capacity for this converter valve is of course reduced. In this way, a particularly pondere güns ⁇ term embodiment of the invention is provided.
- a multi-way valve can be provided for each converter valve, which is incorporated in this way in the cooling circuit.
- the arrangement of the coolant pump within the cooling circuit is basically arbitrary.
- the coolant pump can be arranged in this embodiment of the invention in the flow direction between the heat exchanger and the multi-way valve, the multi-way valve in the sense of the selected formulation would still be connected on the input side to the heat exchanger.
- the expression "connected on the input side to the heat exchanger" means in the context of the invention that the circulated coolant can be cooled on its way from the outlet of the multiway valve or valves to the inlet of the respective multiway valve through the heat exchanger.
- the flow rate of a coolant through the cooling circuit is adjusted by means of control means as a function of the current flowing through the power semiconductor units.
- control means as a function of the current flowing through the power semiconductor units.
- FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the Invention ⁇ device according to a schematic representation
- Figure 2 shows another embodiment of the inventions ⁇ to the invention device in a schematic representation
- Figure 3 show a further embodiment of the inventive device in a schematic representation.
- FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the device 1 according to the invention in a schematic representation.
- the device has two power converters 2 a and 2 b, which are periodically subjected to fluctuating periods.
- a cooling circuit 3 is provided for cooling the power semiconductor units, which are connected to each other to form converter valves in a series circuit.
- the power semiconductor units are disc-shaped power semiconductors in the illustrated embodiment.
- the power converter valves of the converters 2a and 2b are arranged in the embodiment shown in a bridge circuit.
- the cooling circuit ⁇ run 3 has appropriate piping in which a coolant is circulated.
- ademit ⁇ telpumpe 4 which is rotational ⁇ number dependent in the embodiment shown is used. However, this is not absolutely necessary in the context of the invention.
- the coolant pump 4 is followed by a heat exchanger 5, followed by a branch point 6 in the flow direction.
- the coolant flow is divided into the converter valves 2a and 2b.
- the power converter valves 2a and 2b in turn, in the flow direction, a multi-way valve 7 is connected downstream, the input side to the output of the converter valve 2a is connected to ⁇ 2b, and the output side is connected directly to the coolant pump.
- control means By means of control means, not shown in FIG. 1, the input-side position of the multi-way valve 7 can be regulated so that the flow resistance and thus the flow velocity can be adjusted to the desired level via the converter valve 2a and 2b.
- the control means controls the multi-way valve 7 so that the flow rate in dependence of the Ab ⁇ via the series circuit of the linenschlei ⁇ territten of the converter valves 2a or 2b flowing stream is adjusted.
- the Strömungsge ⁇ is increased velocity of the coolant when the current load of the power semiconductor devices is increased.
- control means which may also be referred to here as control means, include appropriate measuring devices for
- the regulation can also be based on analog current measured values.
- Such measuring devices include, for example power converter for generating an output channel, which to the territten on the creatoriumlei ⁇ flowing current is proportional.
- the output signal of the current transformer ⁇ unit is then sampled to obtain samples by a sample ⁇ .
- the sample values are then converted by an analog / digital converter into digital current measured values.
- the current measurement values are transmitted to a computing unit which, on the basis of the current measured values and, for example, an interpolation NEN logic calculates the position of a stepping motor, each position a flow resistance of a cooling circuit branch 3a and a cooling circuit branch 3b is assigned permanently. In this way, the flow resistance and the cooling of the converter 2a and 2b through the multi-way valve 7 can be adjusted.
- control means are described way of example only with ⁇ .
- the regulation of the flow resistance over the multi-way valve through the Steue ⁇ agent may also be carried out on any other desired and to those skilled obvious manner.
- control means it is also possible for the control means to access both the coolant pump and the multiway valve in order to set both the pump power and the flow resistance to the respective requirements, that is to say as a function of the current flowing via the power semiconductor units.
- the reference numerals 2a and 2b each refer to a single Rei ⁇ hensciens of power semiconductor units, ie a single converter valve, and not to a group of converter valves, which are connected in a known manner to form a power converter.
- Figure 2 shows a further embodiment of the invention in a schematic representation, wherein the embodiment differs from the embodiment shown in Figure 1 in that the converter valve 2 or the converter 2 as a group of converter valves by a bypass channel 8 can be bridged.
- the converter valve 2 or the converter 2 as a group of converter valves by a bypass channel 8 can be bridged.
- the cooling of the converter valve 2 are completely interrupted.
- Coolant is instead guided via the bypass channel 8 in the ge ⁇ arrow direction shown, with the bypass channel 8 connected input of the multiway valve 7 thensver ⁇ is open.
- FIG. 3 shows a further exemplary embodiment of the invention in a schematic representation.
- two multi-way valves 7a and 7b are flow direction in Strö ⁇ before the respectively associated converter valves or converters 2a arranged and 2b, respectively, with de ⁇ they NEN respectively on the output side via the cooling circuit branch 3a and 3b are connected.
- Both multiway valves 7a, 7b are connected on the input side to the distribution point 6 via the cooling circuit branch 3a or 3b.
- the multi-way valve 7a is furthermore connected via a connecting branch 9 to a branch point 10 and thus to the output of the current regulator valve 2b.
- the multi-way valve 7b is connected via the connecting branch 11 to the branching point 12 and thus connected on the input side to the output of the power converter or the converter valve 2a.
- the 10 or the multi-path via the connecting branches 9 valves 7a and 7b coolant supplied is be ⁇ already once for cooling a power converter 2a relationship ⁇ employed 2b and been heated for this reason.
- the temperature of the coolant can thus be selected at the output of the respective multi-way valve 7a or 7b within a mixing area determined on the input side.
- Publ ⁇ net for example, the multi-way valve 7a the extension line to the Verbin ⁇ 9 connected input, whereas the connected to the cooling circuit branch 3a input remains closed, a higher temperature at the outlet of the manifold valve 7 is adjustable, than would be possible in the opposite case.
- the coolant flow game for example, in the example shown in Figure 1 also alternately turned on by the multi-way valve 7 and can be turned off.
- the Thematic with the cooling circuit branch 3a ver ⁇ input of the multi-way valve 7 can be opened completely away over a certain period of time, while the input of the coolant circuit branch 3b connected input is completely closed. After Ab ⁇ running the specified period of time, the reverse case occurs.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Cooling Or The Like Of Semiconductors Or Solid State Devices (AREA)
- Power Conversion In General (AREA)
- Rectifiers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002629845A CA2629845A1 (en) | 2005-11-16 | 2006-11-15 | Apparatus for converting an electric current and method for reducing the load variation load on power semiconductor units in the field of high-voltage power distribution and transmission |
JP2008540610A JP2009516492A (ja) | 2005-11-16 | 2006-11-15 | 高電圧配電および高電圧送電の分野における電流変換のための装置および電力用半導体ユニットの負荷変動ストレスの低減のための方法 |
EP06819485A EP1949520A1 (de) | 2005-11-16 | 2006-11-15 | Vorrichtung zum umrichten eines elektrischen stromes und verfahren zur reduzierung der lastwechselbeanspruchung von leistungshalbleitereinheiten im bereich der hochspannungsenergieverteilung und -übertragung |
US12/093,772 US20080239777A1 (en) | 2005-11-16 | 2006-11-15 | Apparatus for Converting an Electrical Current and Method for Reducing the Load-Change Stress of Power Semiconductor Units in the High-Voltage Energy Distribution and Transmission Sector |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102005055132A DE102005055132A1 (de) | 2005-11-16 | 2005-11-16 | Vorrichtung zum Umrichten eines elektrischen Stromes und Verfahren zur Reduzierung der Lastwechselbeanspruchung von Leistungshalbleitereinheiten im Bereich der Hochspannungsenergieverteilung und -übertragung |
DE102005055132.7 | 2005-11-16 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2007057408A1 true WO2007057408A1 (de) | 2007-05-24 |
Family
ID=37708465
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2006/068473 WO2007057408A1 (de) | 2005-11-16 | 2006-11-15 | Vorrichtung zum umrichten eines elektrischen stromes und verfahren zur reduzierung der lastwechselbeanspruchung von leistungshalbleitereinheiten im bereich der hochspannungsenergieverteilung und -übertragung |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080239777A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1949520A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2009516492A (de) |
CN (1) | CN101351942A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2629845A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102005055132A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2007057408A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101645647B (zh) * | 2009-08-24 | 2012-06-27 | 中国电力科学研究院 | 一种基于非能动技术的直流换流阀冷却系统 |
DE102014205525A1 (de) * | 2014-03-25 | 2015-10-01 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Stromrichtereinheit mit einer Kühlvorrichtung |
DE102021106599A1 (de) | 2021-03-18 | 2022-09-22 | Man Truck & Bus Se | Flüssigkeitsgekühlter Wechselrichter zur Ansteuerung eines elektrischen Antriebsmotors eines Fahrzeugs |
DE102022120053A1 (de) | 2022-08-09 | 2024-02-15 | Preh Gmbh | Stromrichter für ein Kraftfahrzeug mit verbesserter Kühlung und zugehöriges Betriebsverfahren |
Citations (8)
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JPH09117158A (ja) * | 1995-10-16 | 1997-05-02 | Nippon Electric Ind Co Ltd | 冷却用ファンの回転数制御方法 |
US5757172A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1998-05-26 | Acme Electric Corporation | Temperature and current dependent regulated voltage source |
WO1998057407A2 (en) | 1997-06-11 | 1998-12-17 | Abb Ab | A device for supervising in a high voltage converter station |
JPH11215714A (ja) | 1998-01-26 | 1999-08-06 | Toshiba Syst Technol Corp | 電力変換装置 |
DE19960960C1 (de) * | 1999-12-17 | 2001-04-26 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Wärmeaustauschsystem für die Heizung eines Fahrzeugs mit Hybridantrieb |
US6714427B1 (en) | 2002-11-07 | 2004-03-30 | Lionel O. Barthold | Current modulation of direct current transmission lines |
JP2004286365A (ja) * | 2003-03-24 | 2004-10-14 | Ntt Power & Building Facilities Inc | 電子機器収容用ラック、空気調和システム、これに用いる制御ボックス及び空気調和システムの制御方法 |
JP2005287214A (ja) * | 2004-03-30 | 2005-10-13 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 電力変換装置 |
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JPS61128079A (ja) * | 1984-11-26 | 1986-06-16 | サンデン株式会社 | 冷凍・冷蔵ショーケース |
JPH0448140A (ja) * | 1990-06-18 | 1992-02-18 | Toshiba Corp | 空気調和機 |
JPH04275492A (ja) * | 1991-03-04 | 1992-10-01 | Toyota Motor Corp | 電気自動車の電力変換手段冷却装置 |
DE4209477C2 (de) * | 1992-03-24 | 1994-10-13 | Abb Patent Gmbh | Stromrichtermodul mit Kühlflüssigkeits-Strömungsbad |
JP2830696B2 (ja) * | 1993-07-16 | 1998-12-02 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 排熱利用装置 |
JPH07154970A (ja) * | 1993-11-29 | 1995-06-16 | Toshiba Corp | 空気絶縁方式サイリスタバルブ |
JPH10185384A (ja) * | 1996-12-25 | 1998-07-14 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | 電力変換装置の冷却装置 |
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JP3818082B2 (ja) * | 2001-04-26 | 2006-09-06 | 株式会社明電舎 | インバータ |
SE525572C2 (sv) * | 2002-12-23 | 2005-03-15 | Danaher Motion Stockholm Ab | Motordrivenhet av växelriktartyp |
JP2005117819A (ja) * | 2003-10-09 | 2005-04-28 | Toshiba Corp | 電気車用電力変換装置 |
JP2005259636A (ja) * | 2004-03-15 | 2005-09-22 | Toyota Motor Corp | 冷却装置 |
EP1582828A1 (de) * | 2004-03-30 | 2005-10-05 | KRESS, Ekkehard | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Kühlen von einem oder mehreren Halbleiterelementen und/oder laseraktiven Materialien |
US7580261B2 (en) * | 2007-03-13 | 2009-08-25 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Semiconductor cooling system for use in electric or hybrid vehicle |
US7641490B2 (en) * | 2007-12-18 | 2010-01-05 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Liquid-cooled inverter assembly |
-
2005
- 2005-11-16 DE DE102005055132A patent/DE102005055132A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2006
- 2006-11-15 CN CNA2006800495012A patent/CN101351942A/zh active Pending
- 2006-11-15 JP JP2008540610A patent/JP2009516492A/ja active Pending
- 2006-11-15 WO PCT/EP2006/068473 patent/WO2007057408A1/de active Application Filing
- 2006-11-15 CA CA002629845A patent/CA2629845A1/en active Pending
- 2006-11-15 EP EP06819485A patent/EP1949520A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2006-11-15 US US12/093,772 patent/US20080239777A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US5757172A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1998-05-26 | Acme Electric Corporation | Temperature and current dependent regulated voltage source |
JPH09117158A (ja) * | 1995-10-16 | 1997-05-02 | Nippon Electric Ind Co Ltd | 冷却用ファンの回転数制御方法 |
WO1998057407A2 (en) | 1997-06-11 | 1998-12-17 | Abb Ab | A device for supervising in a high voltage converter station |
JPH11215714A (ja) | 1998-01-26 | 1999-08-06 | Toshiba Syst Technol Corp | 電力変換装置 |
DE19960960C1 (de) * | 1999-12-17 | 2001-04-26 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Wärmeaustauschsystem für die Heizung eines Fahrzeugs mit Hybridantrieb |
US6714427B1 (en) | 2002-11-07 | 2004-03-30 | Lionel O. Barthold | Current modulation of direct current transmission lines |
JP2004286365A (ja) * | 2003-03-24 | 2004-10-14 | Ntt Power & Building Facilities Inc | 電子機器収容用ラック、空気調和システム、これに用いる制御ボックス及び空気調和システムの制御方法 |
JP2005287214A (ja) * | 2004-03-30 | 2005-10-13 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 電力変換装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2009516492A (ja) | 2009-04-16 |
DE102005055132A1 (de) | 2007-06-06 |
EP1949520A1 (de) | 2008-07-30 |
US20080239777A1 (en) | 2008-10-02 |
CA2629845A1 (en) | 2007-05-24 |
CN101351942A (zh) | 2009-01-21 |
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