Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B37/00—Compounds having molecular sieve properties but not having base-exchange properties
  • C01B37/02—Crystalline silica-polymorphs, e.g. silicalites dealuminated aluminosilicate zeolites
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/582—Recycling of unreacted starting or intermediate materials

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of silicates, in particular for the preparation of framework silicates with zeolite structure.
• the present invention likewise relates to the silicates obtainable by this process, in particular phyllosilicates and framework silicates.
• the present invention relates to these silicates per se and their use, in particular their use as molecular sieves for the up and / or separation of mixtures, in particular for the separation of alkane and / or alkene gas mixtures.
• One of the objects underlying the present invention was therefore to provide novel compounds which can be used as molecular sieves and / or adsorbents for such Ab- and / or separations.
• Another object underlying the present invention was to provide a process for preparing these compounds.
• a further object of the present invention was to provide novel silicates, in particular zeolites, which can be advantageously used for the purposes described above, but also for any other conceivable purpose, such as catalysts or in other technical fields.
• the present invention relates to a process for producing a silicate containing at least silicon and oxygen, comprising
• the at least one tetraalkylammonium compound comprising R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 N + it is possible according to the invention to use a base other than this compound.
• Ammonium hydroxide NH 4 OH, alkali metal hydroxides or alkaline earth hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide or mixtures of two or more of these compounds may be mentioned here.
• the at least one tetraalkylammonium compound comprising R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 N + contains one or more suitable anions, for example halogen anions, for example fluoride or chloride or bromide or iodide.
• the at least one tetraalkylammonium compound comprising R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 N + also contains the base used according to (1) as the anion.
• the base used according to (1) as the anion.
• the hydroxide ion or aluminates may be mentioned.
• the basic anion the hydroxide ion is particularly preferred.
• the present invention also relates to a process as described above, which is characterized in that the tetraalkylammonium compound comprising at least one R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 N + comprises a basic anion, preferably a hydroxide ion.
• the present invention therefore also relates to a process as described above, which is characterized in that the aqueous solution used according to (1) contains dimethyldipropylammonium hydroxide (DMDPAH).
• DMDPAH dimethyldipropylammonium hydroxide
• the molar ratios of silica and / or of the precursor compound resulting silica, tetraalkylammonium compound, in particular tetraalkylammonium hydroxide compound, and water can be adjusted substantially arbitrarily, as long as it is ensured that according to (2) at least one silicate is obtained by crystallization.
• the amounts of silicon dioxide used and / or of precursor-resulting silica, tetraalkylammonium hydroxide compound and water are chosen such that the colloidal solution obtained according to (1) comprises silicon dioxide, tetraalkylammonium hydroxide compound and water in weight ratios in the range of 1: (0.4-10): (4-12).
• the colloidal solution obtained in (1) may contain silica, tetraalkylammonium hydroxide compound and water in weight ratios in the range of 1: (0.4-10) :( 3-15).
• the water content may be in the range of 4 to 15 or 5 to 15 or 6 to 15 or 7 to 15 or 8 to 15 or 9 to 15 or 10 to 15 or 11 to 15 or 12 to 15 or from 13 to 15 or from 14 to 15 or from 3 to 14 or from 3 to 13 or from 3 to 12 or from 3 to 1 1 or from 3 to 10 or from 3 to 9 or from 3 to 8 or from 3 to 7 or from 3 to 6 or from 3 to 5 or from 3 to 4.
• Further preferred ranges are for example from 4 to 14.5 or from 5 to 14 or from 6 to 13.5 or from 7 to 13 or from 7.5 to 12.5.
• the content of tetraalkylammonium hydroxide compound according to the invention may, for example, in the range of 0.5 to 9 or from 0.6 to 8 or from 0.7 to 7 or from 0.8 to 6 or from 0.9 to 5 or from 1, 0 to 4 or from 1, 1 to 3 or from 1, 2 to 2 lie.
• the colloidal solution obtained in (1) contains SiO 2 , DMDPAH and water in the weight ratios SiO 2 : DMDPAH: water equal to 1: (0.4-2) :( 4-8) preferably equal to 1: (0.5-1, 9): (4-8), more preferably equal to 1: (0.6-1, 8): (4-8), more preferably equal to 1: (0.7 -1, 7): (4-8), more preferably equal to 1: (0.8-1, 6): (4-8), more preferably equal to 1: (0.9-1, 5): (4 -8), more preferably equal to 1: (1, 0-1, 4): (4-8), more preferably equal to 1: (1, 1-1, 3): (4-8), wherein the water content respectively more preferably in the range of 5 to 7.
• the colloidal solution obtained in (1) contains SiO 2 , DMDPAH and water in the weight ratios SiO 2 : DMDPAH: water of 1: (0.45-0.55): (8-12) more preferably 1: (0.46-0.54): (8-12), more preferably 1: (0.47-0.53): (8-12), more preferably 1: (0, 48-0.52): (8-12) and most preferably 1: (0.49-0.51): (8-12).
• the water content is more preferably in the range of 8 to 11 or 8 to 10 or 8 to 9 or 9 to 12 or 9 to 11 or 9 to 10 or 10 to 12 or 10 to 11 or from 1 to 12.
• the present invention therefore also relates to the use of dimethyl dipropyl ammonium hydroxide, preferably as a structure-forming agent, in the synthesis of a silicate, preferably the hydrothermal synthesis of a silicate, wherein the silicate more preferably a layered silicate or framework silicate and the framework silicate is more preferably a zeolite-type silicate.
• the layer silicate obtained according to the invention is characterized in that at least the following reflections occur in the corresponding X-ray diffraction pattern by Cu K alpha 1 radiation:
• the scaffold silicate obtained according to the invention is characterized in that at least the following reflections occur in the corresponding X-ray diffraction pattern by Cu K alpha 1 radiation:
• the layer silicate as mentioned above and described in detail below as a crystallization aid.
• the crystallization aid used here is that layered silicate which, after separation, results from the suspension obtained according to (2), possible separation processes being used as step (3) below in US Pat Detail are described.
• the layered silicate resulting after separation from the suspension obtained according to (2) can additionally either be suitably washed according to (4) and / or dried appropriately according to (5), where (4) and (5) are described in detail below.
• the framework silicate in (1) mentioned above as the crystallization assistant described in detail below.
• the skeletal silicate may preferably be prepared by obtaining that obtained according to (2) and
• a mixture of phyllosilicate and framework silicate can also be used as the crystallization aid.
• the inventive method for producing the silicate is carried out as a batch process. If in the context of the present invention it is referred to that the silicate obtained according to (2) or the backbone silicate obtained therefrom in (1), preferably the sheet silicate obtained according to (2), are used, embodiments thereof are included according to which the silicate is prepared and a part thereof is used in a subsequent reaction batch in the same batch reactor as a crystallization aid. It is likewise possible to use the silicate at least partially in a stage (1) which is carried out in a different batch reactor than the stage (1) from which the silicate was ultimately obtained.
• the silicate used in (1) may be prepared by another process.
• a process may be mentioned in which no crystallization assistant, in particular no silicate, is used in a step (1), and otherwise the same conditions as, for example the weight ratios of SiO 2 : DMDPAH: H 2 O, as described above, and / or the same crystallization conditions and / or the same separation conditions and / or the same drying conditions and / or calcination conditions, as described in detail below become.
• the silicate in (1) is contained in an amount of from 0.2 to 4.5% by weight, more preferably from 0.5 to 4.0% by weight, further preferably from 0.75 to 3.5 Wt .-%, more preferably from 1, 0 to 3.0 wt .-%, more preferably from 1, 5 to 2.5 wt .-%, added.
• the silicate is added as a crystallization aid to the mixture resulting from mixing of silica and / or silica precursor.
• the colloidal solution thus obtained according to (1) can be heated without further intermediate step according to (2).
• the colloidal solution obtained according to (1) and optionally stirred before heating according to (2) can be suitably concentrated. This concentration is described below as step (ii).
• the colloidal solution according to (2) obtained in (1) suitably stirred and / or suitably concentrated, under any suitable pressure at any suitable temperature, as long as it is ensured that at least one silicate is present in the colloidal solution crystallized.
• the crystallization according to (2) is carried out in an autoclave.
• the present invention also relates to a process as described above, which is characterized in that the hydrothermal crystallization in (2) is carried out in an autoclave.
• normal pressure refers to a pressure of ideally 101,325 Pa, which, however, may be subject to variations within the limits known to those skilled in the art.
• the pressure may be in the range of 95,000 to 106,000, or 96,000 to 105,000, or 97,000 to 104,000, or 98,000 to 103,000, or 99,000 to 102,000 Pa.
• the temperature used according to (2) in the autoclave is preferably in the range of 100 to 180 ° C, more preferably in the range of 1 10 to 175 ° C, more preferably in the range of 120 to 170 ° C, further preferably in the range of 130 to 165 ° C, and more preferably in the range of 140 to 160 ° C.
• the present invention also relates to a process as described above, which is characterized in that the obtained according to (1) colloidal solution, optionally after concentration as described above, according to (2) in the autoclave to a temperature in the range of 100 to 180 ° C is heated.
• This temperature, to which the colloidal solution according to (1) obtained according to (1) is heated, can basically be kept until the crystallization has been carried out to the desired extent.
• Preferred times are up to 340 h, more preferably up to 300 h, more preferably up to 260 h, more preferably from 12 h to 260 h, more preferably from 24 h to 252 h, further preferably from 24 to 252 h, more preferably from 24 to 240 h, more preferably from 24 to 216 h, more preferably from 24 to 192 h, more preferably from 24 to 168 h, more preferably from 24 to 144 h, more preferably from 24 to 120 h, more preferably from 48 to 120 hours and more preferably from 72 to 120 hours.
• the present invention also relates to a process as described above, which comprises heating the colloidal solution obtained according to (1), optionally after concentration as described above, according to (2) for a period in the range of 12 hours to 260 hours becomes.
• any suitable compound can be used as the silicon dioxide or precursor thereof.
• colloidal silica and so-called “wet process” silica can be used as well as so-called “dry process” silica.
• most preferably amorphous silica wherein the size of the silica particles, for example, in the range of 5 to 100 nm and the surface of the silicon dioxide particles in the range of 50 to 500 m 2 / g.
• Colloidal silica is commercially available as, for example, Ludox®, Syton®, Nalco® or Snowtex®.
• “Wet process” silica is commercially available as, for example, Hi-Sil®, Ultrasil®, Vulcasil®, Santocel®, Valron-Estersil®, Tokusil® or Nipsil®.
• "dry process” silica is commercially available as Aerosil®, Reolosil®, Cab-O-Sil®, Fransil® or ArcSilica®.
• suitable precursor compounds are tetraalkoxysilanes, such as tetraethoxysilane or tetrapropoxysilane.
• silica precursor such as tetraethoxysilane or tetrapropoxysilane.
• the present invention also relates to a method as described above, which is characterized in that according to (1) amorphous silica is used.
• any suitable amorphous silica can be used.
• amorphous silicon dioxide having a specific surface area BET, Brueder-Emmet-Teller, determined in accordance with DIN 66131 by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K
• BET Brunauer-Emmet-Teller
• Further preferred ranges are 50 to 100 m 2 / g or 100 to 300 m 2 / g or 300 to 400 m 2 / g.
• DMDPAH is most preferably used in addition to silica.
• DMDPAH is obtained by reacting dipropylamine and methyl iodide and subsequent anion exchange.
• dipropylamine and methyl iodide are reacted together in a suitable solvent or solvent mixture, preferably in ethanol.
• the temperature at which this reaction occurs is preferably in the range of 20 to 75 ° C, more preferably in the range of 30 to 60 ° C, and particularly preferably in the range of 40 to 50 ° C.
• DMDPAH can be prepared from dimethylamine and propyl bromide in a suitable solvent, for example preferably ethanol, at a suitable temperature, for example preferably from 40 to 50.degree.
• the anion exchange according to the invention is preferably carried out after separation such as by filtration, centrifugation or another solid-liquid separation method, for example preferably by filtration, and washing of the respective ammonium hydroxide, for example preferably with a suitable alcohol such as ethanol, by a suitable ion exchange resin such as for example, an Amber Iyst TM resin or an AG1-X8 resin (BioRad). Also possible is ion exchange using Ag 2 O.
• DMDPAH aqueous DMDPAH solution from Chem.
• DMDPAH is preferably used in (1) as a solution, particularly preferably as an aqueous solution, the concentration of the aqueous solution with respect to DMDPAH being in the range from 10 to 20% by weight, for example.
• the temperature in the preparation of the colloidal solution according to (1) is preferably in the range of 10 to 40 ° C, more preferably in the range of 15 to 35 ° C, and particularly preferably in the range of 20 to 30 ° C.
• a colloidal solution is prepared containing tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, silica, water and crystallization aids.
• the water content of the solution obtained in the first step is then adjusted by means of a suitable method to be within the preferred limits specified above.
• the water content is adjusted by water removal in at least one suitable device. It will the water is removed at a temperature in the range of preferably from 60 to 85 ° C, more preferably from 65 to 80 ° C, and most preferably from 65 to 75 ° C. This step is described above as concentration.
• the present invention also relates to the method as described above, which is characterized in that according to (1)
• Rotary evaporators or ovens may be mentioned as at least one suitable device. Particularly preferred is a furnace. Preference is given in this regard, inter alia, devices that allow water removal at reduced pressure and thus at low temperatures, such as operated under vacuum rotary evaporator.
• the heating and subsequent preparation of the at least one silicate can be carried out in any suitable apparatus.
• (2) takes place in an autoclave.
• the colloidal solution is preferably suitably stirred for crystallization according to (2). It is also possible to rotate the reaction vessel in which the crystallization is carried out.
• the at least one silicate is suitably separated off in at least one step according to one embodiment of the process according to the invention.
• This separation can be carried out, for example, by filtration, ultrafiltration, diafiltration, centrifuging or, for example, spray-drying and spray granulation processes.
• the separation is via spray drying or filtration.
• the separation may take place, for example, by means of spraying processes from the suspension obtained according to (2) as such or from a suspension which results from concentration of the suspension obtained according to (2).
• This concentration can be carried out, for example, by evaporation, such as evaporation under reduced pressure, or by cross-flow filtration.
• the suspension obtained according to (2) in that the according to (2), and the solid present in one of the two parts is separated by, for example, filtration, ultrafiltration, diafiltration or centrifuging and, after a possible washing and / or drying step, is suspended in the other part of the suspension.
• the sprayed material obtained by means of the separation and drying processes of spray drying and spray granulation drying such as, for example, fluidized bed spray granulation drying can comprise solid and / or hollow spheres or essentially consist of such spheres which, for example, have a diameter in the range from 5 to 500 ⁇ m or even May have 5 to 300 microns.
• spray nozzles during spraying for example, single-fluid or multi-fluid nozzles can be used.
• inlet temperatures of the carrier gas used are, for example, in the range from 200 to 600 ° C., preferably in the range from 225 to 550 ° C. and more preferably in the range from 300 to 500 ° C.
• the outlet temperature of the carrier gas is for example in the range of 50 to 200 ° C.
• carrier gases are, for example, air, lean air, or oxygen-nitrogen mixtures having an oxygen content of up to 10 vol .-%, preferably of up to 5 vol .-%, more preferably less than 5 vol .-% such as up to 2 Vol .-% to call.
• the spraying processes can be carried out in countercurrent or in direct current.
• the present invention also relates to a method as described above, additionally comprising
• the crystallization according to (2) can be stopped by suitable quenching. It is particularly preferred to provide the suspension with water having a temperature which is suitable for terminating the crystallization.
• the at least one silicate separated as described above is washed and / or dried according to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention.
• the present invention also relates to the method as described above, additionally comprising
• At least one washing step and / or at least one drying step may follow the separation, it being possible to use identical or different detergents or detergent mixtures in at least two washing steps and identical or different drying temperatures to at least two drying steps.
• the drying temperatures are preferably in the range from room temperature to 150 ° C., more preferably from 60 to 140 ° C., more preferably from 80 to 130 ° C. and more preferably in the range from 100 to 120 ° C.
• the drying times are preferably in the range of 6 to 48 hours, more preferably 12 to 36 hours.
• the present invention also relates to the method as described above, wherein the silicate according to (4) is washed with water and / or dried according to (5) at a temperature ranging from room temperature to 150 ° C.
• a detergent for example, water, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or propanol, or mixtures of two or more thereof may be used.
• suitable mixtures are mixtures of two or more alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol or methanol and propanol or ethanol and propanol or methanol and ethanol and propanol, or mixtures of water and at least one alcohol such as water and methanol or water and ethanol or water and Propanol or water and methanol and ethanol or water and methanol and propanol or water and ethanol and propanol or water and methanol and ethanol and propanol.
• Preference is given to water or a mixture of water and at least one alcohol, preferably water and ethanol, water being very particularly preferred as sole washing agent.
• the mother liquor obtained from the separation of the at least one silicate according to (3) and containing any unreacted starting materials can be recycled to step (1) of the process.
• the separation described above for example by a spray-drying or Sprühgranulierbacter has the advantage that the separation of the silicate from the obtained according to (2) suspension and the drying of the silicate can be performed in a single step.
• a silicate in particular a layered silicate is obtained. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to a silicate, in particular a layered silicate obtainable by the method described above.
• the present invention relates to the layered silicate per se, which is characterized in that in the X-ray diffraction pattern by Cu K alpha 1 radiation at least the following reflections occur (structure RUB-39):
• the present invention relates to the layered silicate per se, which is characterized in that in the X-ray diffraction pattern by Cu K alpha 1 radiation at least the following reflections occur (structure RUB-39):
• the layer silicates according to the invention or prepared according to the invention are preferably present in the space group P 2 / c.
• the layer silicates according to the invention preferably have the following lattice parameters, determined by Rietveld analysis on:
• the layered silicates according to the invention have a downfield signal at approximately 104 ppm, which is characteristic of a layer silicate-type silanol group.
• the layered silicates according to the invention have a downfield signal at about 16.4 ppm, which is characteristic of a silyl group which is typical of the layer silicate.
• the silicate obtained according to (2) is calcined in at least one additional step according to a particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention (6).
• the suspension containing the at least one silicate directly to the calcination.
• the silicate is separated from the suspension prior to calcination as described above according to (3).
• the silicate separated from the suspension may be subjected to at least one washing step (4) as described above and / or at least one drying step (5) as described above.
• the silicate separated from the suspension is dried and fed to the calcination without a washing step.
• the calcination according to (6) of the silicate obtained according to (2) and / or (3) and / or (4) and / or (5) is preferably carried out at a temperature in the range of up to 600 ° C to obtain a framework silicate.
• this temperature is preferably in the range from 200 to 600 ° C.
• Particularly preferred are calcination temperatures in the range of 300 to 600 ° C.
• Further preferred are calcination temperatures in the range of 400 to 575 ° C, particularly preferably in the range of 450 to 550 ° C.
• the calcining is carried out in a temperature-controlled manner.
• temperature-graded refers to a calcination in which the silicate to be calcined is heated to a certain temperature, held at that temperature for a certain time, and from this temperature to at least one further temperature is heated and held there again for a certain time.
• the silicate to be calcined is maintained at up to 4 temperatures, more preferably at up to 3 temperatures, and most preferably at 2 temperatures.
• the first temperature is preferably in the range of 500 to 540 ° C, more preferably in the range of 505 to 535 ° C, more preferably in the range of 510 to 530 ° C and most preferably in the range of 515 to 525 ° C.
• This temperature is preferably maintained for a time in the range of 8 to 24 hours, more preferably 9 to 18 hours and especially 10 to 14 hours.
• the second temperature is preferably in the range of greater than 540 to 600 ° C, more preferably in the range of 550 to 580 ° C and most preferably in the range of 555 to 570 ° C. This temperature is preferably maintained for a time in the range of 0.5 to 6 hours, more preferably 1 to 4 hours, and especially 1 to 3 hours.
• the present invention also relates to a method as described above, which is characterized in that the calcination is carried out in a temperature-controlled manner in the range of up to 600 ° C, preferably from 300 to 600 ° C.
• the calcination may be in any suitable atmosphere such as air, lean air, nitrogen, water vapor, synthetic air, carbon dioxide.
• the calcination takes place in air.
• the calcination can be carried out in any suitable apparatus.
• the calcining takes place in a rotary kiln, in a belt calciner, in a muffle furnace, in situ in a device in which the silicate is used as intended, for example as molecular sieve, catalyst or for another application described below at a later date.
• Particularly preferred here are rotary tube and belt calciner.
• the conditions under which the separation is carried out are selected so that at least one during separation Part of the phyllosilicate is converted to scaffold silicate. Preference is given to temperatures during the separation are selected, which are at least 225 ° C.
• a silicate in particular a framework silicate, is obtained after calcination.
• the present invention also relates to the method as described above, additionally comprising
• the present invention also relates to a silicate, in particular a framework silicate, obtainable by the process described above, comprising the calcination according to (6), in particular the framework silicate obtainable using DMDPAH.
• the present invention relates to the framework silicate per se, which is characterized in that in the X-ray diffraction pattern by Cu K alpha 1 radiation at least the following reflections occur (structure RUB-41): where the figure refers to 100% intensity of the highest peak in the X-ray diffraction.
• the present invention relates to the framework silicate per se, which is characterized in that in the X-ray diffraction pattern by Cu K alpha 1 radiation at least the following reflections occur (structure RUB-41):
• the framework silicates according to the invention or prepared according to the invention are preferably present in the space group P 2 / c.
• the skeleton silicates prepared according to the invention preferably have the following lattice parameters, determined by Rietveld analysis:
• the framework silicates according to the invention lack the one found in the abovementioned layer silicates according to the invention Low field signal at about 104 ppm, which is characteristic of a layer silicate silanol group typical.
• the framework silicates according to the invention preferably have 8 MR and 10 MR channels, wherein the 8 MR channels are particularly preferably parallel to the elementary cell, as indicated above, and the 10 MR channels are preferably parallel to the elementary cell, such as above, run.
• 8MR and 10MR channels see Ch. Baerlocher, W.M. Meier, D.H. Olson, Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types, 5th Edition, 2001, Elsevier, pp. 10-15.
• the framework silicates according to the invention are characterized by a substantially monomodal distribution with respect to the two-dimensional 8 MR and 10 MR channel pore structure.
• the pore openings of both the 8 MR channels and the 10 MR channels each have an area in this respect preferably in the range of (5.70-6.00) ⁇ (4.00-4.20) ⁇ 2 , particularly preferably of ( 5.80 - 5.90) x (4.05 - 4.15) ⁇ 2 .
• the framework silicates according to the invention preferably have micropores with a specific surface area in the range of greater than 200 m 2 / g, more preferably greater than 200 to 800 m 2 / g, more preferably from 300 to 700 m 2 / g and particularly preferably from 400 to 600 m 2 / g, each determined according to DIN 66135 (Langmuir).
• the framework silicates according to the invention preferably have pores with a pore volume in the range from 0.15 to 0.21 ml / g, more preferably from 0.16 to 0.20 ml / g and particularly preferably from 0.17 to 0.19 ml / g each determined according to DIN 66134.
• the framework silicates according to the invention are silicates of a microporous zeolitic type.
• the thermal stability of the framework silicates according to the invention is preferably at least 600 ° C., more preferably at more than 600 ° C.
• thermal stability denotes the temperature at which the specific lattice structure of the framework silicate is maintained under normal pressure.
• the silicates prepared according to the invention contain, in addition to silicon and oxygen, at least one atom of at least one other element.
• at least one atom of at least one of the elements aluminum, boron, iron, titanium, tin, germanium, zirconium, vanadium or niobium.
• 2, 3 or more heteroatoms different from each other it is possible to incorporate 2, 3 or more heteroatoms different from each other.
• the combinations are aluminum and boron, aluminum and tin, aluminum and titanium, aluminum and germanium, aluminum and vanadium, aluminum and zirconium, boron and tin, boron and titanium, boron and germanium, boron and vanadium, boron and zirconium or combinations of, for example, 3 different heterotatoms.
• aluminum in addition to the tetraalkylammonium compound and the silica and / or silicon dioxide precursor, for example metallic aluminum such as aluminum powder or suitable aluminates such as alkali aluminates and / or aluminum alcoholates such as aluminum triisopropylate can be used.
• the incorporation of aluminum uses sodium aluminate as the source of aluminum. More preferably, the aluminum source is used in an amount such that the molar ratio of Al: Si in the silicate according to the invention, in particular in the framework silicate according to the invention, in the range from 1:15 to 1:80, more preferably in the range from 1:20 to 1: 70 and more preferably in the range of 1:25 to 1:60.
• Particularly preferred in the incorporation of aluminum is the addition of alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, more preferably alkali metal ions, and most preferably sodium ions. Surprisingly, it has been found that the temperature during the hydrothermal crystallization can be lowered when these ions are added.
• boron is incorporated, in addition to the tetraalkylammonium compound and the silicon dioxide and / or silicon dioxide precursor, it is possible to use, for example, free boric acid and / or borates and / or boric acid esters, such as boric acid diethyl ester or trimethyl borate.
• boric acid is preferably used as the boron source.
• the boron source is more preferably used in an amount such that the molar ratio of B: Si in the silicate according to the invention, in particular in the framework silicate according to the invention, in the range from 1: 5 to 1:50, more preferably in the range from 1:10 to 1: 45 and more preferably in the range of 1:15 to 1:40.
• the water contents of the mixture to be hydrothermally crystallized are preferably in the range of from about 0.1 to about 1.0, in terms of molar ratio SkWasser.
• the DMDPAH contents of the mixture to be hydrothermally crystallized are preferably in the range from about 1.5 to about 2.5 in terms of molar ratio of SkDMDPAH.
• titanium alkoxides such as titanium ethanolates or titanium propylates
• tin is incorporated, in addition to the tetraalkylammonium compound and the silicon dioxide and / or silicon dioxide precursor, it is possible to use, for example, tin chlorides and / or organometallic tin compounds, such as tin alkoxides or chelates, such as tin acetylacetonates.
• zirconium for example, zirconium chloride and / or zirconium alcoholates can be used in addition to the tetraalkylammonium compound and the silica and / or silicon dioxide precursor as starting materials.
• vanadium or germanium or niobium is incorporated, in addition to the tetraalkylammonium compound and the silica and / or silica precursor, it is possible to use, for example, vanadium chloride or germanium chloride or niobium chloride as starting materials.
• the present invention also relates to a method as described above and the above-described layer and / or scaffold, in particular the scaffold silicates as described above, wherein the silicates in addition to Si and O additionally at least one of the elements AI, B, Fe , Ti, Sn, Ge, Zr, V or Nb included.
• the ammonium ions R 1 R 2 RsR 4 N + are the Templatver- compounds, platinum, palladium, rhodium or ruthenium cations, gold cations, alkali metal cations such as sodium or potassium ions or alkaline earth metal cations such as magnesium or calcium To mention ions.
• molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium or silver are mentioned in this context, for example.
• the silicon-containing silicates according to the invention of the structure RUB-39 and / or RUB-41 can be loaded, and on the other hand also the above-described silicates containing at least one heteroatom.
• the present invention also relates to a shaped body containing the above-described crystalline microporous skeletal silicate. Also encompassed by the present invention are moldings comprising the layered silicate described above.
• the shaped body can comprise all conceivable further compounds, as long as it is ensured that the resulting shaped body is suitable for the desired application.
• the shaped article according to the invention is produced without the use of a binder by one of the deformation methods described below.
• binder refers to a binder which remains in the molding body after calcining the molding, described below, either in its original form or in its converted form.
• At least one suitable binder is used in the production of the molding.
• the present invention also describes a process for producing a shaped body containing a framework silicate as described above, comprising the preparation of a framework silicate according to the method described above and the step
• binders all compounds are generally suitable which imparts an adhesion and / or cohesion between the particles of the framework silicate to be bound beyond the physisorption which possibly exists without the binder.
• binders are, for example, metal oxides such as, for example, SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 or MgO or clays or mixtures of two or more of these compounds.
• Al 2 O 3 binders are, in particular, clay minerals and naturally occurring or artificially produced aluminas, for example alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, eta-, kappa-, chi- or theta-alumina, and also their inorganic or organometallic precursor compounds, such as, for example Gibbsite, bayerite, boehmite, pseudoboehmite or Trialkoxyaluminate such as aluminum triisopropoxide preferred.
• Other preferred binders are amphiphilic compounds having a polar and a nonpolar portion and graphite.
• Other binders include clays such as montmorillonites, kaolins, metakaolines, hectorite, bentonites, halloysites, dickites, nacrites or anaxites.
• binder precursors are tetraalkoxysilanes, tetraalkoxytitanates, tetraalkoxyzirconates or a mixture of two or more different tetraalkoxysilanes or a mixture of two or more different tetraalkoxytitanates or a mixture of two or more different tetraalkoxysilazones or a mixture of at least one tetraalkoxysilane and at least one Tetraalkoxytitanat or from at least one tetraalkoxysilane and at least one tetraalkoxyzirconate or from at least one tetraalkoxytitanate and at least one tetraalkoxyzirconate or a mixture of at least one t
• binders which either completely or partially consist of SiO 2 or are a precursor to SiO 2 , from which SiO 2 is formed in at least one further step in the production of the shaped bodies, are very particularly preferred.
• colloidal silicon dioxide and so-called “wet process” silica as well as so-called “dry process” silica can be used.
• Colloidal silica preferably as an alkaline and / or ammoniacal solution, more preferably as an ammoniacal solution, is commercially available, inter alia, as Ludox®, Syton®, Nalco® or Snowtex®.
• “Wet process” silica is commercially available as, for example, Hi-Sil®, Ultrasil®, Vulcasil®, Santocel®, Valron-Estersil®, Tokusil® or Nipsil®.
• "dry process” silica is commercially available as Aerosil®, Reolosil®, Cab-O-Sil®, Fransil® or ArcSilica®.
• ammoniacal solution of colloidal silica is an ammoniacal solution of colloidal silica.
• the present invention also describes a molded article as described above additionally containing SiO 2 as a binder.
• the present invention also relates to a method as described above, wherein the binder used according to (I) is a SiO 2 -containing or forming binder.
• the present invention also describes a process as described above wherein the binder is a colloidal silica.
• the binders are used in an amount which leads to ultimately resulting moldings whose binder content is in the range of up to 80 wt .-%, more preferably in the range of 5 to 80 wt .-%, more preferably in the range of 10 to 70 wt .-%, more preferably in the range of 10 to 60 wt .-%, more preferably in the range of 15 to 50 wt .-%, more preferably in the range of 15 to 45 wt .-% and particularly preferably in the range of 15 to 40 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the final resulting shaped body.
• final resulting shaped body refers to a shaped body as it consists of the drying and calcination steps (IV) and / or (V), preferably (IV) and (V) described below ) and particularly preferably (V) is obtained.
• the mixture of binder or precursor to form a binder and the zeolitic material may be treated with at least one further compound for further processing and for the formation of a plastic mass.
• at least one further compound for further processing and for the formation of a plastic mass.
• all compounds which provide a specific pore size and / or a specific pore size distribution and / or specific pore volumes with respect to the finished shaped article can be used as pore formers.
• Polymers which are dispersible in water or in aqueous solvent mixtures are preferably used as pore formers in the process according to the invention. dier or emulsifiable.
• Preferred polymers here are polymeric vinyl compounds such as, for example, polyalkylene oxides, such as polyethylene oxides, polystyrene, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyolefins, polyamides and polyesters, carbohydrates, such as cellulose or cellulose derivatives, for example methylcellulose, or sugars or natural fibers.
• Other suitable pore formers are for example PuIp or graphite.
• the content of the mixture according to (I) is based on pore former, preferably polymer preferably in the range from 5 to 90% by weight, preferably in the range from 15 to 75% by weight. % and particularly preferably in the range of 25 to 55 wt .-%, each based on the amount of inventive scaffold silicate in the mixture according to (I).
• the pore formers are removed in a particularly preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, as described below, in a step (V) by calcination to obtain the porous shaped body.
• shaped bodies are obtained, the pores, determined according to DIN 66134, in the range of at least 0.6 ml / g, preferably in the range of 0.6 to 0.8 ml / g and particularly preferably in the range from more than 0.6 ml / g to 0.8 ml / g.
• the specific surface area of the shaped article according to the invention is generally at least 350 m 2 / g, preferably at least 400 m 2 / g and particularly preferably at least 425 m 2 / g.
• the specific surface area in the range of 350 to 500 m can be 2 / g or 400 to 500 m 2 / g or 425-500 m 2 / g are.
• the present invention also describes a shaped article, as described above, which has at least 350 m 2 / g of pores with a pore volume of at least 0.6 ml / g.
• At least one adduct is added.
• cellulose cellulose derivatives, for example methylcellulose
• starch such as For example, potato starch, wallpaper patches, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyisobutene or polytetrahydrofuran.
• compounds can be used as pasting agents which also act as pore formers.
• At least one acidic additive is added in the preparation of the mixture according to (I).
• organic acidic compounds which can be removed by calcination in the preferred step (V), as described below.
• carboxylic acids such as, for example, formic acid, oxalic acid and / or citric acid. It is also possible to use two or more of these acidic compounds.
• the order of addition of the components of the framework silicate-containing mixture according to (I) is not critical. It is possible to first add the at least one binder, then the at least one pore former, the at least one acidic compound and finally the at least one pasting agent, as well as the order with respect to the at least one binder, the at least one pore former, the at least one acidic Interchange connection and the at least one pasting agent.
• the mixture according to (I) is generally homogenized for 10 to 180 minutes. Kneaders, rollers or extruders are particularly preferably used for homogenization. Preferably, the mixture is kneaded. On an industrial scale is preferably gekollert for homogenization.
• the present invention also describes a process for producing a shaped body containing a framework silicate as described above, comprising the preparation of a framework silicate according to the method described above and the steps
• the homogenization is usually carried out at temperatures ranging from about 10 ° C to the boiling point of the pasting agent and normal pressure or slightly superatmospheric pressure. Thereafter, if appropriate, at least one of the compounds described above may be added. The mixture thus obtained is homogenized, preferably kneaded, until an absorbable plastic mass has formed.
• the homogenized mixture is deformed according to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention.
• those processes are preferred for the processes in the shaping, in which the deformation takes place by extrusion in conventional extruders, for example into strands with a diameter of preferably 1 to 10 mm and particularly preferably 2 to 5 mm.
• extrusion devices are described, for example, in Ullmann's Enzyklopadie der Technischen Chemie, 4th Edition, Vol. 2, p. 295 et seq., 1972.
• an extrusion press for deformation.
• the shaping may be selected from the following group, the combination of at least two of these methods being explicitly included: briquetting by stamping presses, roll pressing, ring roll pressing, briquetting without binder; Pelletizing, melting, spinning techniques, deposition, foaming, spray-drying; Burning in the shaft furnace, convection oven, traveling grate, rotary kiln, rumbling.
• the compacting may take place at ambient pressure or at elevated pressure relative to the ambient pressure, for example in a pressure range from 1 bar to to several hundred bar. Furthermore, the compaction may take place at ambient temperature or at an elevated temperature relative to the ambient temperature, for example in a temperature range from 20 to 300 ° C. If drying and / or firing is part of the shaping step, then temperatures of up to 600 ° C. are conceivable. Finally, the compaction may take place in the ambient atmosphere or in a controlled atmosphere. Controlled atmospheres are, for example, inert gas atmospheres, reducing and / or oxidizing atmospheres.
• the present invention also describes a process for producing a shaped body containing a framework silicate as described above, comprising the preparation of a framework silicate according to the method described above and the steps
• the shape of the moldings produced according to the invention can be chosen arbitrarily. In particular, among other things balls, oval shapes, cylinders or tablets are possible. Likewise, hollow structures such as hollow cylinders or honeycomb-shaped structures or star-shaped geometries may be mentioned.
• step (IM) is preferably followed by at least one drying step.
• This at least one drying step is carried out at temperatures in the range of generally 80 to 160 ° C, preferably from 90 to 145 ° C and more preferably from 100 to 130 ° C, wherein the drying time is generally 6 hours or more, for example in the range from 6 to 24 h.
• the drying time is generally 6 hours or more, for example in the range from 6 to 24 h.
• the preferably obtained extrudate can be comminuted, for example.
• a granulate or grit having a particle diameter of 0.1 to 5 mm, in particular 0.5 to 2 mm is preferably obtained.
• the present invention also relates to a process for producing a shaped body comprising a framework silicate as described above, comprising the preparation of a framework silicate according to the method described above and the steps
• step (IV) is preferably followed by at least one calcination step.
• the calcination is carried out at temperatures ranging generally from 350 to 750 ° C and preferably from 450 to 600 ° C.
• the calcination may be carried out under any suitable gas atmosphere, with air and / or lean air being preferred. Further, the calcination is preferably carried out in a muffle furnace, a rotary kiln and / or a belt calcination furnace, wherein the calcination time is generally 1 hour or more, for example in the range of 1 to 24 hours or in the range of 3 to 12 hours.
• the process according to the invention it is possible, for example, to calcine the shaped body once, twice or more for at least 1 h, for example in the range from 3 to 12 h, wherein the temperatures remain the same during a calcination step or can be changed continuously or discontinuously , If calcined twice or more, the calcination temperatures in the individual steps may be the same or different.
• the present invention also describes a process for producing a shaped body containing a framework silicate as described above, comprising the preparation of a framework silicate according to the method described above and the steps (I) preparing a mixture containing the above-described framework silicate or a framework silicate, obtainable according to a method as described above, and at least one binder material;
• the calcined material may be comminuted.
• a granulate or grit having a particle diameter of 0.1 to 5 mm, in particular 0.5 to 2 mm is preferably obtained.
• the at least one shaped article may optionally be treated with a concentrated or diluted Broenstedt acid or a mixture of two or more Broenstedt acids.
• Suitable acids are for example hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid or carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids or oligo- or polycarboxylic acids such as nitrilotriacetic acid, sulfosalicylic acid or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
• this at least one treatment with at least one Bronsted acid is followed by at least one drying step and / or at least one calcination step, each of which is carried out under the conditions described above.
• the moldings obtained according to the invention can be subjected to a steam treatment for better curing, after which drying is again preferably carried out at least once and / or calcined at least once.
• drying is again preferably carried out at least once and / or calcined at least once.
• the calcined shaped body is subjected to the steam treatment and then again dried at least once and / or calcined at least once.
• the moldings obtained according to the invention have hardnesses which are generally in the range from 1 to 20 N, for example from 2 to 15 N, preferably in the range from 5 to 15 N and particularly preferably in the range from 10 to 15 N.
• the present invention also relates to a molded article as described above having a cutting hardness in the range of 2 to 15 N.
• the above-described hardness was measured on a Zwick type BZ2.5 / TS1S apparatus with a preliminary force of 0.5 N, a precursor thrust speed of 10 mm / min and a subsequent test speed of 1.6 mm / min certainly.
• the device had a fixed turntable and a freely movable punch with built-in cutting edge of 0.3 mm thickness.
• the movable punch with the cutting edge was connected to a load cell for power absorption and moved during the measurement against the fixed turntable on which the catalyst molding to be examined was located.
• the tester was controlled by a computer, which registered and evaluated the measurement results.
• the values obtained represent the average of the measurements for each of 10 shaped catalyst bodies.
• the shaped catalyst bodies had a cylindrical geometry with their average length approximately equal to two to three times the diameter, and were measured with the blade of 0.3 mm thickness loaded with increasing force until the molding was severed.
• the cutting edge was applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the molding on the molding. The force required for this is the cutting hardness (unit N).
• a shaped body according to the invention is produced starting from the sheet silicate obtained according to the invention. This can be used in the above described in connection with the use of the framework silicate step (I) either in place of the framework silicate or together with the framework silicate.
• the solids content of this suspension could, for example, be in a range from 10 to 50% by weight.
• the concentration may be, for example, by evaporating the suspension obtained in (2), by cross-flow filtration, for example under reduced pressure, or by dividing the suspension obtained in (2), separating the sheet silicate from a part with optional drying and / or washing , and suspending the separated phyllosilicate in the remaining part of the suspension.
• a conceivable advantage of both alternatives lies in the fact that the skeleton silicate can be formed in the molding by drying and calcining the molding produced using the sheet silicate at suitable temperatures and thus, in comparison with the method described above, an energy-intensive calcination step, namely the calcination step for the preparation of the framework silicate prior to the use of the silicate in (I), is saved.
• the present invention furthermore relates to the use of the silicates according to the invention, in particular the framework silicates according to the invention and / or the shaped bodies according to the invention, as molecular sieve, catalyst, catalyst support or its binder, as adsorbent, pigments, additives in detergents, additive to building materials, for thixotroping in color pastes and paints, and as lubricants and lubricants, as flame retardants, auxiliaries and fillers in paper products, in bactericidal and / or fungicidal and / or herbicidal compositions, for ion exchange, for the production of ceramics, in polymers, in electrical, optical or electro-optical components and switching elements or sensors.
• Reactions which can be catalyzed by the silicates according to the invention are, for example, hydrogenations, dehydrogenations, oxydehydrogenations, oxidations, epoxidations, polymerization reactions, aminations, hydrations and dehydratizations, nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution reactions, addition and elimination reactions, double bond and skeletal isomerizations, Dehydrocyclization, hydroxylation of heteroaromatic compounds, epoxide-aldehyde rearrangement, metathesis, olefin production from methanol, Diels-Alder reactions, formation of carbon-carbon bonds such as olefin dimerization or olefin trimerization, and condensation reactions of the aldol condensation type.
• the catalytic reactions can be carried out in the gas or liquid phase or else in the supercritical phase.
• the silicates according to the invention are also suitable as molecular sieves.
• the respective adsorption can take place in the gas phase or the liquid phase or in the supercritical phase.
• the silicates according to the invention are suitable for the separation of constitutional isomers, for example for the separation of n- and iso-isomers of small molecules.
• small molecule in the context of the present invention means molecules having a kinetic diameter in the range from 3.5 to 5.5 ⁇ .
• kinetic diameter For definition of the kinetic diameter, reference is made to DW Breck, Zeolite Molecular Sieves, 1974, J. Wiley, pages 634-641. Examples of this are the separation of n- and i-butane called.
• the silicates according to the invention are suitable for the separation of configuration isomers, for example for the separation of cis-butene and trans-butene.
• the silicates according to the invention are suitable for the separation of olefins in the liquid phase.
• the solvent for example, t-butanol should be mentioned.
• Further preferred solvents are alkanes or alkane mixtures, with cyclohexane being particularly preferred.
• olefin separations in the liquid phase using cyclohexane as the solvent are particularly preferred separations the separation of pentenes and the separation of butenes to name, was surprisingly found that in the liquid phase in cyclohexane as a solvent, the separation of butenes is preferred over the separation of pentenes.
• Particularly preferred is the separation of trans-2-butene / 1-butene and the separation trans-2-butene / isobutene, as well as the separation of trans-2-pentene from 1-pentene.
• the present invention therefore relates to the use of a silicate prepared according to the invention, preferably a skeleton silicate of the structure RUB-41 prepared according to the invention, in particular a heteroatom-free skeleton silicate of the structure RUB-41 prepared according to the invention for the separation of olefins, preferably for the separation of trans-2-olefins and 1-olefins, more preferably for the separation of trans-2-butene and 1-butene or trans-2-pentene and 1-pentene, in particular of trans-2-butene and 1-butene, wherein the separation of the olefins as pure substances in the Gas phase or in the liquid phase using at least one solvent, and wherein in the case of using at least one solvent alkanes, and especially cyclohexane is preferred.
• silicates prepared according to the invention in particular the framework silicates prepared according to the invention, is the use as an additive to catalysts, for example USY zeolites, which are used in cracking processes, in particular in liquid phase cracking processes.
• catalysts for example USY zeolites
• the present invention in this context not only describes the use of heteroatom-free framework silicates, but also the use of silicates, the contain at least one heteroatom, as described above.
• AI-RUB-41, B-RUB-41, AI / B-RUB-41 are mentioned here.
• the present invention comprises the partial or complete replacement of the ZSM-5 zeolites or Al and / or B-ZSM-5 zeolites conventionally used in cracking processes, especially in cracking processes in the liquid phase as additives, by the silicates prepared according to the invention.
• the production of lower olefins by catalytic cracking is to be mentioned in connection with the cracking processes.
• the use as a washcoat which is applied to monoliths and then, optionally further loaded with at least one noble metal is used as a catalyst, in which case, for example, particularly preferred automotive catalysts to name a few, which are used for the reduction of nitrogen oxides NO x , carbon monoxide and / or hydrocarbons.
• a catalyst in which case, for example, particularly preferred automotive catalysts to name a few, which are used for the reduction of nitrogen oxides NO x , carbon monoxide and / or hydrocarbons.
• 3-way catalysts or catalysts which are used to reduce the exhaust gases of diesel engines, to call.
• the present invention relates to the use of the silicates according to the invention, in particular the framework silicates, for the separation of at least one alkane and / or at least one alkene and / or at least one alkyne from a mixture comprising at least two alkanes or at least two alkenes or at least two alkynes or at least one alkane and at least one alkene or at least one alkane and at least one alkyne or at least one alkene and at least one alkyne or at least one alkene and at least one alkyne or at least one alkane and at least one alkene and at least one alkyne, in particular for separating constitutional isomers and / or configuration isomers, wherein the at least an alkane and / or at least one alkene and / or at least one alkyne having up to 10 carbon atoms, for example 1 C atom in the case of methane or 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 C atoms Atoms
• the present invention preferably relates to the use of the silicates according to the invention, in particular of the framework silicates, for the separation of at least one alkene and / or at least one alkene and / or at least one alkyne from a gas mixture containing at least two alkanes or at least two alkenes or at least two alkynes or at least one alkane and at least one alkene or at least one alkane and at least one alkyne or at least one alkene and at least one alkyne or at least one alkene and at least one alkyne or at least one alkane and at least one alkene and at least one alkyne, in particular for separation of constitutional isomers and / or configuration isomers.
• Particularly preferred fields of use here are the separation of methane and ethane or the separation of ethene, propene and butene, in particular trans-2-butene, or the separation of butane and butene or the separation of n-butane and isobutane or the separation of 1-butene and trans-2-butene.
• the silicates according to the invention thus allow a simple separation of dense mixtures of substances, which is not possible by distillation methods without large apparatus devices or without the aid of additives. This can reduce costs in chemical production processes.
• the framework silicate according to the invention is used as such or preferably as a molding in at least one suitable device, such as a tubular reactor, through which the substance mixture to be separated is passed continuously or discontinuously, preferably continuously.
• the present invention also relates to a device, in particular a tubular reactor, comprising at least one skeleton silicate as described above and / or a shaped body as described above for separating a material mixture, in particular for separating at least one alkane and / or at least one alkene and / or at least one alkyne from a gas mixture containing at least two alkanes or at least two alkenes or at least two alkynes or at least one alkane and at least one alkene or at least one alkane and at least one alkyne or at least one alkene and at least one alkyne or at least one alkane and at least one Alkene and at least one alkyne.
• such a tubular reactor has a ratio of length: width of greater than or equal to, preferably greater than 3: 1.
• silicate according to the invention or inventively prepared in particular the framework silicate, or a shaped body containing this silicate, for example
• a catalyst for amination such as for the production of methylamine and / or dimethylamine from methanol and ammonia or from synthesis gas and ammonia, wherein preferably a small proportion of trimethylamine or for polymerizations such as for the preparation of polytetrahydrofuran from tetrahydrofuran, or as a hydroxylation catalyst such as for the production of phenol from benzene, or in general to reaction reactions with 6-ring aromatics, or for the conversion of cyclohexanone to Cycolhexanonoxim, or for Beckmann rearrangements such as the reaction of cyclohexanone oxime to caprolacatam
• the new material in particular the new framework silicate of the structure RUB-41, has a very high absorption capacity for 6-ring aromatics or heteroaromatics, in particular for benzene. Accordingly, it is intended to use the new material also for the separation of benzene from mixtures containing benzene.
• the desorption of the adsorbed compound or compounds can be effected either by a suitable reduction of the pressure and / or a suitable temperature change, such as by a suitable temperature increase and / or by contacting the skeletal silicate or the molded body containing this skeletal silicate with at least one compound which is more strongly adsorbed than the compound to be desorbed or to desorbing compounds, accomplished.
• framework silicate according to the invention it may be necessary to regenerate the framework silicate or the molding body containing the framework silicate after a certain period of use.
• the framework silicate and / or the shaped bodies are regenerated after their use in the respective technical field by a process in which the regeneration is carried out by targeted burning of the deposits responsible for the decreasing performance.
• preference is given to working in an inert gas atmosphere which contains precisely defined amounts of oxygen-supplying substances.
• Such a regeneration process is described, inter alia, in WO 98/55228 and DE 197 23 949 A1, in particular in column 2, lines 33 to 54 of DE 197 23 949 A1, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into the subject matter of the present invention Registration is involved.
• the skeleton silicate to be regenerated and / or the shaped bodies are either in the apparatus, for example the tubular reactor, or in an external furnace in an atmosphere containing from 0.1 to about 20 parts by volume of oxygen-providing substances, more preferably from 0.1 to 20 Volume Oxygen contains, heated to a temperature in the range of 250 ° C to 600 ° C, preferably from 400 ° C to 550 ° C and in particular from 450 ° C to 500 ° C.
• the heating is preferably at a heating rate of 0.1 ° C / min to 20 ° C / min, preferably from 0.3 ° C / min to 15 ° C / min and in particular from 0.5 ° C / min to 10 ° C / min carried out.
• this heating phase is heated to a temperature at which most organic deposits begin to decompose, while the temperature is controlled by the oxygen content and thus does not increase so that it comes to damage the skeleton silicate and / or molded body structure.
• Slowly increasing the temperature or staying at low temperature by adjusting the corresponding oxygen content and the corresponding heating power is an essential step in preventing high levels of organic loading of the skeletal silicate and / or the moldings.
• the duration of the treatment is generally 1 to 30, preferably about 2 to about 20, and more preferably about 3 to about 10 hours.
• the subsequent cooling of the skeleton silicate thus regenerated and / or the shaped body is preferably carried out in such a way that the cooling does not take place too rapidly, since otherwise the mechanical strength, for example of the shaped body, can be adversely affected.
• the skeleton silicate at least partially deactivated for the respective technical field of application and / or the shaped bodies can be washed with a solvent in the reaction reactor or in an external reactor prior to heating according to the regeneration procedure in order to remove still adhering desired product.
• the washing is carried out so that, although the respective adhering value products can be removed, the temperature and pressure but not so high that the most organic deposits are also removed.
• it is merely rinsed with a suitable solvent.
• all solvents are suitable for this washing process, in which the respective desired product dissolves well.
• the amount of solvent used and the duration of the wash are not critical. Of the Washing process can be repeated several times and carried out at elevated temperature.
• the washing process can be carried out under normal pressure or elevated or supercritical pressure.
• the drying process is generally not critical, the drying temperature should not exceed the boiling point of the solvent used for washing too much to avoid a sudden evaporation of the solvent in the pores, especially in the micropores, since this too can lead to damage of the lattice structure.
• At least two devices can be used, each containing the framework silicate according to the invention and / or the moldings, wherein in the case of regeneration at least one device is taken out of operation and at least one device remains in operation, so that the process to none Time must be interrupted.
• FIG. 1 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the dried sheet silicate of the structure RUB-39 obtained according to Example 1.
• the powder X-ray diffractogram was recorded on a Siemens D-5000 with monochromatic Cu K alpha-1 radiation using a capillary sample holder to avoid preferential orientation.
• the diffraction data were collected using a position sensitive detector of Braun ranging from 8 to 96 ° (2 theta) and a pitch of 0.0678 °.
• Indexing of the powder diagram was done with the program Treor90, implemented in powder-X (Treor90 is a public domain program that is freely accessible via the URL http://www.ch.iucr.org/sincris-top/logiciel/ ).
• the angle 2Theta is indicated on the right-hand axis in °, on the high-value axis the intensities are plotted.
• FIG. 2 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the dried sheet silicate of the structure RUB-39 obtained according to Example 2.
• FIG. 3 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the dried sheet silicate of the structure RUB-39 obtained according to Example 3.
• FIG. 1 shows the measurements on Figure 1.
• FIG. 4 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the framework silicate of the structure RUB-41 obtained according to Example 5. To carry out the measurement, reference is made to Example 5, in addition to the comments on Figure 1.
• FIG. 5 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the dried sheet silicate of the structure AI-RUB-39 obtained according to Example 6, prepared with the addition of NaOH.
• FIG. 5 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the dried sheet silicate of the structure AI-RUB-39 obtained according to Example 6, prepared with the addition of NaOH.
• FIG. 6 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the dried sheet silicate of the structure AI-RUB-39 obtained according to Example 6, prepared with the addition of NaCl.
• FIG. 6 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the dried sheet silicate of the structure AI-RUB-39 obtained according to Example 6, prepared with the addition of NaCl.
• FIG. 7 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the calcined skeletal silicate of the structure AI-RUB-41 obtained according to Example 6.
• FIG. 7 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the calcined skeletal silicate of the structure AI-RUB-41 obtained according to Example 6.
• Figure 8 shows the X-ray diffractogram of a sheet silicate of the structure AI-RUB-39, which has ZSM-5 phase impurities.
• Example 1 Preparation of a layered silicate of the structure type RUB-39
• the weight of LAB 1 was 19.9 g, corresponding to a yield of 48%, based on the SiO 2 used .
• the weight of LAB 2 was 26.4 g, corresponding to a yield of 69%, based on the SiO 2 used .
• the weight of LAB 3 was 30.2 g, corresponding to a yield of 79%, based on the SiO 2 used .
• Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the phyllosilicate obtained. It is clear that the silicate is a pure RUB-39 silicate.
• Aerosil 200 (fumed silica, 0.34 mol, 20.4 g) with dimethyldipropylammonium hydroxide (149.6 g, 0.17 mol, 16.7 wt .-% aqueous solution, Fa. Sachem) were stirred. Subsequently, seed crystals of a silicate (zeolite with structure RUB-39, 0.4 g) were added. The resulting sol was stirred for 2 h and then added to any autoclave cup (LAB 1) without concentration.
• a silicate zeolite with structure RUB-39, 0.4 g
• the crystallization was carried out at 150 ° C, the crystallization time being 120 hours.
• Aerosil 200 (fumed silica, 3.4 mol, 204 g) with dimethyldipropylammonium hydroxide (1496.0 g, 1.7 mol, 16.7 wt .-% aqueous solution, Fa. Sachem) were stirred. Subsequently, seed crystals of a silicate (zeolite with structure RUB-39, 4.0 g) were added. The resulting sol was stirred for 2 h and then added to any autoclave cup (LAB 1) without concentration.
• a silicate zeolite with structure RUB-39, 4.0 g
• the crystallization was carried out at 150 ° C, the crystallization time being 192 hours.
• the weight of LAB 1 was 147.8 g, corresponding to a yield of 54%, based on the SiO 2 used .
• Figure 3 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the resulting sheet silicate. It is clear that the silicate is a pure RUB-39 silicate.
• the crystallization was carried out at 175 ° C, the crystallization time being 720 hours. From LAB 1 and LAB 2, a white suspension was obtained after removal. The white precipitate was separated from the respective suspension by centrifugation and washed with water. It was then dried in each case for 24 h at 120 ° C. In each case, a white powder was obtained.
• the weight of LAB 1 was 24.8 g, corresponding to a yield of 28%, based on the SiO 2 used .
• the weight of LAB 2 was 28.3 g, corresponding to a yield of 33%, based on the SiO 2 used .
• Each silicate is a pure RUB-39 silicate.
• Example 5 Preparation of a framework silicate of the structural type RUB-41 from a layered silicate of the structural type RU B -39
• a sample (16.5 g) of the dried silicate powder of structure RUB-39 obtained according to Example 3 was gradually heated to a temperature of 500 ° C. at a rate of 1 ° C./min in an "in-situ" XRD camera under air C brought. Depending on the temperature, the diffractogram shown in Figure 4 was shown, which demonstrates the conversion of RUB-39 to RUB-41 from a temperature of about 225 ° C.
• Example 6 Preparation of a layered silicate of the structure type AI-RUB-39 and of the corresponding framework silicate of the structure type AlRUB-41
• a sheet silicate of the type AI-RUB-39 was obtained, whose X-ray diffraction pattern is shown in FIG.
• the AI-RUB-39 type sheet silicate prepared by using NaOH was calcined at 600 ° C for 3 hours, thereby obtaining a structure-type framework silicate AI-RUB-41.
• the X-ray diffraction pattern of the framework silicate obtained in this way is shown in FIG.
• Example 7 Preparation of a layered silicate of the structure type B-RUB-39
• the separation factor alpha was determined according to the following equation:

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