WO2006117967A1 - 導電材料および導電膜ならびにそれらの製造方法 - Google Patents
導電材料および導電膜ならびにそれらの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006117967A1 WO2006117967A1 PCT/JP2006/307242 JP2006307242W WO2006117967A1 WO 2006117967 A1 WO2006117967 A1 WO 2006117967A1 JP 2006307242 W JP2006307242 W JP 2006307242W WO 2006117967 A1 WO2006117967 A1 WO 2006117967A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- ionic liquid
- conjugated polymer
- film
- conductivity
- sheet resistance
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
- C08J7/04—Coating
- C08J7/06—Coating with compositions not containing macromolecular substances
- C08J7/065—Low-molecular-weight organic substances, e.g. absorption of additives in the surface of the article
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
- C08J7/02—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances with solvents, e.g. swelling agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
- C08J7/04—Coating
- C08J7/044—Forming conductive coatings; Forming coatings having anti-static properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L101/00—Compositions of unspecified macromolecular compounds
- C08L101/12—Compositions of unspecified macromolecular compounds characterised by physical features, e.g. anisotropy, viscosity or electrical conductivity
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
- H01B1/125—Intrinsically conductive polymers comprising aliphatic main chains, e.g. polyactylenes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2300/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified polymers
- C08J2300/12—Polymers characterised by physical features, e.g. anisotropy, viscosity or electrical conductivity
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a conductive material, a conductive film, and a method for producing the same, and more particularly to an improvement in conductivity of a ⁇ -copolymer.
- the conductivity ( ⁇ ) of a polymer is the product of the density of carriers (electrons) that can move in the polymer ( ⁇ ), the mobility indicating the mobility of carriers), and the charge (e) of electrons. It is expressed by the following formula (1).
- ⁇ -conjugated polymers exhibit semiconductor conductivity, and their conductivity is determined by the energy levels at the valence band upper end (HOMO) and conduction band lower end (LUMO) determined by the molecular structure of the polymer. , HOMO-LUMO (forbidden band) width, and impurity levels formed in the forbidden band by doping.
- the carrier density can be controlled relatively easily by doping, and is often reversible in air.
- mobility is molecular structure, conformation It varies greatly depending on packing between polymer chains, crystallinity, etc., and its control or improvement is not easy.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and provides a conductive material having high conductivity obtained from a ⁇ -conjugated polymer, and controls and improves the conductivity of the ⁇ -conjugated polymer. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method capable of simply performing the above.
- the present inventor simply controls the conductivity of a ⁇ -conjugated polymer by causing an ionic liquid to act on a ⁇ -shared polymer, which has not been reported before. Based on this knowledge, the present invention was completed.
- the present invention provides a conductive material formed by contacting a ⁇ -conjugated polymer with an ionic liquid.
- the conductivity of the conductive material may be 10 times or more that of the ⁇ -conjugated polymer before being contacted with the ionic liquid.
- the present invention also provides a conductive film formed by contacting a ⁇ -conjugated polymer film with an ionic liquid.
- the sheet resistance of the conductive film may be 0.1 times or less of the sheet resistance of the ⁇ -conjugated polymer film before the contact treatment with the ionic liquid.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing a conductive material, comprising the steps of preparing a ⁇ -conjugated polymer and contacting the ⁇ -conjugated polymer with an ionic liquid.
- the present invention provides a step of preparing a ⁇ -conjugated polymer and the ⁇ -conjugated polymer film. And a step of contact-treating with a liquid.
- the conductivity of the ⁇ -conjugated polymer can be improved by a very simple method.
- the conductivity can be freely controlled by very simple parameters such as processing time and processing temperature.
- the present invention can contribute to improving the performance of all electronic devices such as photoelectric conversion elements, electoluminescence elements, sensors, and capacitors using a ⁇ -conjugated polymer having conductivity.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing changes over time in film thickness and sheet resistance in Example 1.
- the conductive material of the present invention is obtained by contacting a ⁇ -conjugated polymer with an ionic liquid. Since the conductive film means a film-like conductive material, in the present invention, the term “conductive material” is used to include the conductive film.
- the ⁇ -conjugated polymer in the present invention refers to a polymer having a ⁇ -conjugated system formed by conjugating two or more ⁇ bonds (that is, multiple bonds).
- An example of a ⁇ -conjugated polymer is a salt (PEDOTZPSS) of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (abbreviated as PEDOT) and poly (styrenesulfonic acid) (abbreviated as PSS).
- PEDOTZPSS poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
- PSS poly (styrenesulfonic acid)
- the ⁇ -conjugated polymer may be a single type of ⁇ -conjugated polymer or a composite of a plurality of types of ⁇ -conjugated polymers.
- the ionic liquid in the present invention is a salt having a cation power and a cation, and shows a property as a liquid at room temperature.
- Specific examples of ionic liquids include Yowi 1-hexyl 3-methylimidazolium (abbreviated as HMIml), bis (trifluoromethanesulfonic acid) imide 1 ethyl 3 methyl imidazole (abbreviated EMImTFSI! And liquid imidazolium salts.
- Examples of the method of contacting the ⁇ -conjugated polymer with the ionic liquid include a method of immersing the ⁇ -conjugated polymer in the ionic liquid, a method of applying or spraying the ionic liquid on the ⁇ -conjugated polymer, and the like. It is done.
- the treatment with the ionic liquid can be carried out in the atmosphere and can be carried out easily.
- Conditions for contact treatment of ⁇ -conjugated polymer with ionic liquid eg treatment
- the time and treatment temperature depend on the ⁇ -conjugated polymer and ionic liquid used, for example, the treatment temperature can be a room temperature condition or a heating condition.
- the conductivity can be freely controlled by changing the processing time and processing temperature.
- the form of the ⁇ -conjugated polymer at the time of the contact treatment with the ionic liquid is not particularly limited, such as a membrane, fiber, granule, powder, or mass, but the ionic liquid acts equally on the ⁇ -conjugated polymer. It is desirable. For example, when a ⁇ -conjugated polymer is a film (that is, a ⁇ -conjugated polymer film), a film formed on a substrate such as glass can be supported through the substrate, and the handling becomes easy.
- the ionic liquid can contact the entire surface of the membrane evenly, which is preferable. Other substances such as an additive such as iodine can be added to the ionic liquid as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- the material after the contact treatment can be washed with an organic solvent such as ethanol nitrile to remove excessively attached ionic liquid. After washing with an organic solvent, it can be dried under room temperature conditions or heating conditions to remove excess organic solvent.
- an organic solvent such as ethanol nitrile
- the ⁇ -conjugated polymer that has been contact-treated with the ionic liquid can improve the conductivity by 10 times or more as compared with that before the contact treatment with the ionic liquid. Therefore, materials obtained by contacting ⁇ -conjugated polymers with ionic liquids potentially have excellent electrical conductivity that can be used for various electronic materials, optical functional materials, magnetic functional materials, etc. It is useful as a conductive material.
- the ⁇ -conjugated polymer film subjected to contact treatment with the ionic liquid can reduce the sheet resistance to 0.1 times or less as compared with the case before contact treatment with the ionic liquid. Therefore, a film obtained by contacting a ⁇ -conjugated polymer film with an ionic liquid potentially has excellent conductivity that can be used for various electronic materials, optical functional materials, magnetic functional materials, and the like. It is useful as a conductive film.
- the number of carriers in the conductive material is estimated to be equal to the number of carriers in the ⁇ -conjugated polymer.
- the film thickness (t) is measured with a contact needle type surface profile measuring device (Sloan, Dektak 3030).
- Sheet resistance is based on JIS K 6911, a resistivity meter (Diainstrumentu, Lorestar GP, MCP-T610 type), 4-terminal 4-probe PSP type probe (MCP-TP06P) Equipped and measured.
- PEDOT poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
- PSS poly (styrenesulfonic acid) salt
- the PEDOTZPSS film was immersed in an ionic liquid (1-xyl iodide-3-methylimidazole: HMIml) while being placed on a slide glass, and kept at 85 ° C.
- the PEDOTZPSS membrane after the contact treatment with the ionic liquid was allowed to cool to room temperature, washed with ethanol, and dried at room temperature.
- the ionic liquid HMIml has a potential that does not cause redox of PEDOT and PSS and does not change the carrier density (n) of the polymer membrane! /.
- FIG. 1 shows changes with time in film thickness and sheet resistance in Example 1.
- the number of samples was 3.
- the white circles indicate the film thickness of each sample
- the black circles indicate the average film thickness
- the white triangles indicate the sheet resistance of each sample
- the black triangles indicate the average sheet resistance.
- Table 1 shows the average conductivity calculated by the equation (2).
- the “time” in FIG. 1 and Table 1 represents the time during which the conductive film was immersed in the ionic liquid (HMIml) and held at 85 ° C. (that is, the processing time).
- the PEDOTZPSS film immediately after fabrication had a film thickness of 2.0 ⁇ 0.3 / ⁇ ⁇ and a sheet resistance of 4 ⁇ 10 4 2 X 10 5 Q / sq. After 5 hours of immersion, the film thickness was 1.3 ⁇ 0.2 m and the sheet resistance was about 2.0 ⁇ 0.4 X 10 2 Q / sq. With longer treatments, changes in film thickness and sheet resistance were almost ineffective. As shown in Table 1, the conductivity increases as the film thickness and sheet resistance change. The increase was about three orders of magnitude, confirming a significant improvement in conductivity.
- the immersion treatment was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the treatment temperature for treating the PEDOTZPSS membrane with ionic liquid (HMIml) was room temperature and the treatment time for immersion was 6 days, and before and after treatment with the ionic liquid.
- the film thickness and sheet resistance of the subsequent conductive film were measured.
- the method for forming the PEDOTZPSS film is the same as in Example 1. Table 2 shows the measurement results of film thickness, sheet resistance, and conductivity (average value of three samples).
- Example 2 Even when immersed at room temperature, a significant improvement in conductivity was confirmed. That is, in Example 2, the conductivity after the conductive film was immersed in the ionic liquid for 6 days was improved to 500 times as shown in Table 2.
- HMImI bis (trifluoromethanesulfonic acid) imide 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium
- EMImTFSI bis (trifluoromethanesulfonic acid) imide 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium
- 10 1 mixture of HMIml and iodine (I)
- Example 3 shows the sheet resistance measurement results (typical value for one sample).
- the PEDOTZPSS film was formed by spin coating (2,500 revolutions per minute, 30 seconds).
- the above PEDOTZPSS aqueous dispersion Aldrich
- the resulting filtrate was spin-coated on glass and dried at room temperature for 15 minutes or more.
- heat treatment was performed at 85 ° C for 15 minutes or longer to obtain a PEDOTZPSS film.
- This operation was repeated three times to produce a PEDOTZPSS film with a thickness of 0.24 ⁇ 0.04 m.
- the film thickness by this spin coating method is about 1/10 as compared with the cast film formation shown in Example 1.
- the treatment was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the treatment temperature for treating the conductive film with the ionic liquid was room temperature and the treatment time for immersion was 7 days, and before and after the treatment with the ionic liquid.
- the sheet resistance of the conductive film was measured. Table 4 shows the sheet resistance measurement results (average value of three samples).
- the PEDOTZPSS film was formed by spin coating in the same manner as in Example 4. Further, in place of the ionic liquid of Example 4, immersion treatment (at room temperature) was performed in the same manner as in Example 4 except that immersion treatment was performed using water, acetonitrile (AN), ethylene carbonate (EC), or toluene (Toluene). 1 week) !, of the conductive film before and after treatment with ionic liquid Sheet resistance was measured. Table 5 shows the sheet resistance measurement results (average value of three samples).
- the PEDOTZPSS film was formed by spin coating as in Example 4.
- immersion treatment is performed using a dilute solution of acetononitrile (AN) (concentration 0.2 molZdm 3 ) of HMImI, EMImTFSI, or lithium perchlorate (LiClO).
- Example 6 shows the sheet resistance measurement results (average value of 3 samples).
- the present invention can be used for all electronic devices such as a photoelectric conversion element, an electoluminescence element, a sensor, and a capacitor.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Treatments Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Non-Insulated Conductors (AREA)
- Coating Of Shaped Articles Made Of Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
- Polyoxymethylene Polymers And Polymers With Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP06731190A EP1876607A4 (en) | 2005-04-27 | 2006-04-05 | CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL AND CONDUCTIVE FILM AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS THEREFOR |
CN2006800137402A CN101164122B (zh) | 2005-04-27 | 2006-04-05 | 导电材料、导电膜及它们的制造方法 |
AU2006243103A AU2006243103B2 (en) | 2005-04-27 | 2006-04-05 | Conductive material and conductive film and process for producing them |
US11/910,571 US7842197B2 (en) | 2005-04-27 | 2006-04-05 | Conductive material, conductive film, and production method thereof |
US12/860,577 US20100317806A1 (en) | 2005-04-27 | 2010-08-20 | Conductive material, conductive film, and production method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2005129511A JP5052760B2 (ja) | 2005-04-27 | 2005-04-27 | 導電材料の製造方法 |
JP2005-129511 | 2005-04-27 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/860,577 Division US20100317806A1 (en) | 2005-04-27 | 2010-08-20 | Conductive material, conductive film, and production method thereof |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2006117967A1 true WO2006117967A1 (ja) | 2006-11-09 |
Family
ID=37307773
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP2006/307242 WO2006117967A1 (ja) | 2005-04-27 | 2006-04-05 | 導電材料および導電膜ならびにそれらの製造方法 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US7842197B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1876607A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5052760B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20080009697A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101164122B (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2006243103B2 (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI328234B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006117967A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11073491B2 (en) | 2015-11-17 | 2021-07-27 | Aroma Bit, Inc. | Odor sensor and odor measurement system |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4996505B2 (ja) * | 2008-02-28 | 2012-08-08 | 日本航空電子工業株式会社 | 導電性組成物ならびにこれを用いて得られる導電膜および半導体 |
WO2010126876A1 (en) * | 2009-04-27 | 2010-11-04 | Drexel University | Transparent conformal polymer antennas for rfid and other wireless communications applications |
EP2606530B1 (en) | 2010-08-20 | 2017-04-26 | Rhodia Operations | Polymer compositions, polymer films, polymer gels, polymer foams, and electronic devices containing such films, gels, and foams |
JP5925423B2 (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2016-05-25 | 日本航空電子工業株式会社 | 電極酸化防止有機デバイスおよびその製造方法 |
EP2722366B1 (en) * | 2011-06-17 | 2023-01-04 | LG Chem, Ltd. | Curable composition |
CN102544636A (zh) * | 2012-01-06 | 2012-07-04 | 中国科学院过程工程研究所 | 一种用于锌空气电池的碱性离子液体电解液 |
WO2015088999A1 (en) * | 2013-12-11 | 2015-06-18 | Rhodia Operations | Polymer compositions, films, gels, and foams containing sulfonylimide salts, and electronic devices containing such films, gels, and foams |
US11499007B2 (en) * | 2016-01-15 | 2022-11-15 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Highly stretchable, transparent, and conductive polymer |
CN108269644A (zh) * | 2017-01-04 | 2018-07-10 | 北京赛特超润界面科技有限公司 | 一种金属纳米线@离子液体凝胶复合柔性透明电极的制备方法 |
CN111129329A (zh) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-05-08 | Tcl华星光电技术有限公司 | 发光电化学池及电致发光显示装置 |
KR102593821B1 (ko) * | 2021-05-12 | 2023-10-26 | 이화여자대학교 산학협력단 | 개질된 전도성 고분자를 포함하는 신축성 전극 및 이를 포함하는 센서 |
CN116693908A (zh) * | 2023-07-26 | 2023-09-05 | 浙江大学 | 一种高电导率的pedot:pss薄膜及其制备方法 |
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2005
- 2005-04-27 JP JP2005129511A patent/JP5052760B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-04-05 WO PCT/JP2006/307242 patent/WO2006117967A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2006-04-05 AU AU2006243103A patent/AU2006243103B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-04-05 EP EP06731190A patent/EP1876607A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-04-05 US US11/910,571 patent/US7842197B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-04-05 KR KR1020077024636A patent/KR20080009697A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-04-05 CN CN2006800137402A patent/CN101164122B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-04-20 TW TW095114193A patent/TWI328234B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2010
- 2010-08-20 US US12/860,577 patent/US20100317806A1/en not_active Abandoned
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EP0180082A1 (de) | 1984-10-19 | 1986-05-07 | BASF Aktiengesellschaft | Verwendung von elektrisch leitfähigen Polymerisaten zur Absorption von Infrarotstrahlung |
JPH01296572A (ja) * | 1988-05-24 | 1989-11-29 | Tosoh Corp | 電池 |
WO2000002949A1 (en) | 1998-07-09 | 2000-01-20 | Forskarpatent I Linköping Ab | Polymer gel electrode |
JP2003022938A (ja) | 2001-04-13 | 2003-01-24 | Sanyo Chem Ind Ltd | 電解コンデンサ |
JP2003243028A (ja) | 2002-02-14 | 2003-08-29 | Central Glass Co Ltd | 電気化学ディバイス |
JP2005051949A (ja) * | 2003-07-30 | 2005-02-24 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | アクチュエータ及びそれを用いた関節駆動機構 |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11073491B2 (en) | 2015-11-17 | 2021-07-27 | Aroma Bit, Inc. | Odor sensor and odor measurement system |
US11796497B2 (en) | 2015-11-17 | 2023-10-24 | Aroma Bit, Inc. | Odor sensor and odor measurement system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101164122A (zh) | 2008-04-16 |
TWI328234B (en) | 2010-08-01 |
JP5052760B2 (ja) | 2012-10-17 |
US7842197B2 (en) | 2010-11-30 |
EP1876607A4 (en) | 2009-07-15 |
CN101164122B (zh) | 2011-10-26 |
KR20080009697A (ko) | 2008-01-29 |
US20090152503A1 (en) | 2009-06-18 |
AU2006243103A1 (en) | 2006-11-09 |
TW200707464A (en) | 2007-02-16 |
EP1876607A1 (en) | 2008-01-09 |
AU2006243103B2 (en) | 2011-07-07 |
JP2006306957A (ja) | 2006-11-09 |
US20100317806A1 (en) | 2010-12-16 |
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