WO2006068258A1 - 拡管加工性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼溶接管 - Google Patents
拡管加工性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼溶接管 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006068258A1 WO2006068258A1 PCT/JP2005/023691 JP2005023691W WO2006068258A1 WO 2006068258 A1 WO2006068258 A1 WO 2006068258A1 JP 2005023691 W JP2005023691 W JP 2005023691W WO 2006068258 A1 WO2006068258 A1 WO 2006068258A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- pipe
- welded
- stainless steel
- base metal
- welded pipe
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/3053—Fe as the principal constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/004—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr and Ni
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/50—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for welded joints
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/32—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with boron
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12951—Fe-base component
- Y10T428/12972—Containing 0.01-1.7% carbon [i.e., steel]
- Y10T428/12979—Containing more than 10% nonferrous elements [e.g., high alloy, stainless]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
- Y10T428/24983—Hardness
Definitions
- the present invention is a ferritic stainless steel that is used in applications where pipe expansion of fuel oil pipes of automobile exhaust system parts and automobile fuel system parts is severe, and corrosion due to adhesion of high temperature oxidation or snow melting agent or high temperature salt damage corrosion is severe.
- Steel This relates to welded pipes, and prevents cracks in the expanded pipe that occur in the base metal in the pipe expansion process including eccentric machining that is more than twice the diameter of the raw pipe, or in the base metal near the weld. . Background art
- Ferrite stainless steel has been used for automobile exhaust system parts that are repeatedly heated and cooled because of its low coefficient of thermal expansion. Recently, the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility when snow melting agent is attached in cold regions has been low, so the application of automobile fuel system parts to fuel supply pipes has also begun. Many of these parts are thin-walled welded pipes that have been subjected to bending, bulging, and pipe expansion. In particular, as for fuel supply pipes, as shown in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 20-02-242779, it has been shown that pipes are integrated and expanded with eccentricity in order to achieve fouling performance. The pipe used is required to have excellent pipe expansion.
- a ferritic stainless steel pipe with excellent workability is provided with a rank ford value (r value) in the rolling direction of the material and in the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-41689.
- r value rank ford value
- preheating before laser welding the inner bead surplus height, and then the weld bead portion is reduced to eliminate the surplus height.
- the combination of rollless pipe making and laser welding is used to define the relationship between the output of the laser welding machine and the pipe making speed, the bending roll radius and roll thickness in the rollless pipe making method, and the straightening conditions. It has been proposed to adjust the difference in hardness between the weld and the weld, or to adjust the amount of C, N, O and inclusions in the laser weld to improve the bulge workability, pipe expandability and bending workability of the weld. However, it is difficult to withstand the very severe expansion of pipes that are more than twice as large as the bare pipes and with eccentric pipe expansion only by adjusting the material, weld bead shape, and weld bead hardness.
- the present invention prevents pipe expansion cracks that occur in the base metal in pipe expansion processing including eccentric machining that is more than twice the core pipe, and prevents cracks in the base metal near the welded part or welded part.
- the objective is to provide a ferritic stainless steel welded pipe with excellent workability.
- the present inventors studied the deformation behavior of the welded pipe in the pipe expansion process, the relationship between the pipe expandability and the base material characteristics, improved the pipe expandability by the multi-stage process, and included the eccentric pipe expansion process.
- Ferrite-type stainless steel welded pipes with excellent pipe workability characterized in that the circumferential direction elongation of the weld pipe base material after forming, welding, and straightening is 15% or more.
- Stainless steel welded pipe
- the picker hardness of the welded portion HV W and the Vickers hardness of the base metal Hardness difference from HV M ⁇ HV is in the range of 10 to 40
- the ratio of weld bead thickness T ff to base metal thickness T M RT is a ferritic stainless steel welded tube with excellent tube formability, characterized by 1.05-1.3.
- the welded tube blank is made of a blank that has an elongation of 30% or more in the circumferential direction and an average rank ford value (r value) of 1.5 or more.
- (1) (2) is a ferritic stainless steel welded pipe with excellent tube-expandability.
- Figure 1 shows the processing strain path by eccentric tube expansion.
- Figure 2 shows the form of cracks and constrictions found in the eccentric expansion tube.
- Fig. 3 shows the relationship between circumferential elongation and necking and cracking in eccentric tube expansion processing.
- Fig. 4 shows the crack shape in tube expansion processing.
- the relation of the ratio RT ( T w / T M ) between the bead thickness T ff and the base metal thickness T M.
- Fig. 6 shows the relationship between the hardness difference ⁇ between the welded pipe and the base metal and the amount of circumference correction (SUS4 36LZTIG welded pipe (25.4) ⁇ ⁇ 0.8mmt)).
- Fig. 7 shows the hardness difference between the welded pipe and the base metal. Relationship between AHV heat treatment temperature (SUS436 LZTIG welded pipe (25. 1 ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ 0.8mmt)). BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- the present invention is described in detail below.
- the welded pipe is compressed and deformed in the pipe axis direction due to the stress in the pipe axis direction due to friction with the punches in each process.
- the pipe is expanded in the circumferential direction while being subjected to tensile deformation.
- the eccentric part is stretched and locally subjected to tensile deformation in the axial direction and circumferential direction, and in particular, the circumferential strain is large. Ensuring the stretching in the circumferential direction is considered important for eccentric tube expansion molding.
- the circumferential extension of the welded pipe base metal part is cut and expanded in the circumferential direction, then cut out the parallel part of the tensile test piece according to JIS 13 B, welded the gripping parts at both ends, and then the tensile test. The total elongation was measured.
- the elongation in the direction that should be the circumferential direction is 30% or more in order to suppress the cracking of the base metal and the crack against the overall strain and local strain. It is desirable to use ferrite-based stainless steel strips with a door value of 1.5 or more. Also, it is desirable to use high-purity ferritic stainless steel to which Ti and Nb are added as the stainless steel plate used for them.
- the strength balance between the welded part and the base metal part of the welded pipe is not appropriate, it will crack. As shown in Fig. 4, when the strength of the welded part is relatively low with respect to the base metal part, cracks occur in the axial direction (longitudinal direction) at the welded part. On the other hand, if the strength of the welded part is too high compared to the base metal part, the displacement of the welded part in the tube axis direction is smaller than that of the base metal part, and the welded part protrudes from the pipe end of the expanded part.
- the welded part Due to the difference in the amount of displacement in the tube axis direction between the welded part and the base metal part, shear deformation increases between the two, and cracks occur obliquely from the base material part near the welded part. It is assumed that the welded part has a welded part shape that is locally thinner than the base metal due to an undercut or a poor butt shape. If it is good, it cracks in the axial direction at the weld.
- the molding conditions such as roll arrangement, fins roll spacing, squeeze roll spacing, etc., and the amount of correction by sizing after molding And the subsequent heat treatment conditions are important.
- the upper limit of C is set to 0.005% and N is set to 0.020%.
- the lower limit is set to 0.001% for both C and N, considering a fine cost.
- S i is an element used as a deoxidizing element. However, if it exceeds 1.0%, the formability is remarkably deteriorated, so the upper limit was made 1.0%. When considering the cost of the scouring process, 0.0 1% is unavoidably mixed, so this was the lower limit.
- Mn When Mn is added in a large amount, the upper limit was made 1.0% in order to reduce the moldability. In consideration of the cost of the milling process, 0.01% is unavoidably mixed in, so this is the lower limit.
- P P lowers formability by solid solution strengthening, so the upper limit is 0.03%.
- the lower limit is set at 0.01% because steelmaking costs are increased by selecting raw materials.
- Cr is an element necessary to ensure corrosion resistance, which is a basic characteristic of stainless steel.
- the lower limit of Cr required for automotive fuel system parts is 11% when painted, and the upper limit is 25% to reduce formability, increase product costs, and degrade manufacturability.
- Mo is also an element that improves the corrosion resistance of stainless steel.
- the upper limit was set to 2.0% in terms of formability and cost, similar to Cr, and the lower limit was set to 0.01% as an inevitable level.
- Addition of 0.05% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% or more of Ti and Nb combines with C and N to reduce the C and N dissolved in the steel, thereby increasing the elongation and r value and improving the workability. The effect which improves is acquired.
- by stabilizing C as carbides of Ti and Nb it is possible to suppress carbide precipitation in the heat affected zone of the weld zone and improve intergranular corrosion resistance.
- excessive addition increases the strength of the steel by solid solution and precipitation, and there is a problem of flaws due to inclusions when Ti is added, and recrystallization due to precipitation of Nb-based precipitates during the manufacturing process when Nb is added.
- the upper limit was set to 0.5% because the growth of crystal grains was suppressed and no elongation or r value could be obtained.
- B is an element that improves secondary workability and suppresses secondary work cracks in various processes after pipe expansion. In order to obtain this effect, 0.0003% or more is necessary, so the lower limit was set. The upper limit is set to 0.0030% in order to deteriorate the elongation and r-value of the material.
- the Vickers hardness of the welded part was measured with a micro Vickers hardness meter at a load of 500 g at intervals of 0.5 mm or 0.2 mm and averaged.
- the Vickers hardness of the base metal part was measured at 7 points with a load of 500 g at 45 ° intervals, excluding the welded part, and evaluated as the average.
- the thickness ratio of the welded part was evaluated as the thickness of the welded part, and the base metal part was evaluated as an average of the seven parts where the Vickers hardness was measured.
- the amount of circumference correction after forming and welding (peripheral length before correction-peripheral length after correction)
- the perimeter correction amount is less than 0.5%, the increase in the hardness of the weld is small and the weld strength required for pipe expansion cannot be obtained.
- the perimeter correction amount is greater than 2.0%, the weld zone hardness is more than sufficient, but the hardness increase of the base metal part is also large, and the workability deterioration of the base metal part is large. For this reason, the amount of circumference correction after forming and welding must be 0.5 to 2.0%.
- Heat treatment adjusts the strength balance between the weld and the base metal by restoring the base metal formability due to distortion caused by forming, welding, and straightening.
- the heat treatment temperature is desirably in the range of 700 to 850 ° C.
- the roll interval of the staggered perforated rolls disclosed in JP 2002-239626 A is the same as the perforated roll outer diameter.
- the circumferential elongation can be secured at 15% or more by reducing the sizing rate to 1.5% or less in the circumference ratio. There is no necking or cracking at the part, and sufficient eccentricity expansion is obtained.
- pipes made by ordinary roll forming as in Nos. 15 to 21 have ductility recovered by heat treatment at 700 to 850 ° C after pipe forming and sizing, and the circumferential elongation is 15%. %, And no constriction or cracks were found in the eccentric tube expansion part, and sufficient tube expansion was obtained.
- No. 22 to 28 when a low strain tube, sizing amount, heat treatment, etc.
- the eccentric expansion pipe is used for welded pipes with a circumferential elongation of 15 to 10%. It is clear that material with a circumferential elongation of 10% or less has cracked and cannot be used for important safety parts such as automobiles.
- weld zone hardness increases or the base metal part is inferior in workability.
- welds and base metal hardness difference ⁇ ⁇ is small o. 23 to 0.35, weld vertical cracks occur in the initial stage of 2 or 3 pipe expansion processes is doing.
- the present invention provides a ferritic stainless steel welded tube that can withstand severe use environments such as automobile exhaust systems and fuel system parts, has excellent pipe expansion properties, and does not crack the base material in eccentric pipe expansion processing. It can be provided.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/587,643 US7754344B2 (en) | 2004-12-22 | 2005-12-19 | Ferritic stainless steel welded pipe superior in expandability |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004370616A JP4907079B2 (ja) | 2004-12-22 | 2004-12-22 | 拡管加工性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼溶接管及び溶接管用のフェライト系ステンレス鋼板 |
JP2004-370616 | 2004-12-22 | ||
JP2005005023A JP5093984B2 (ja) | 2005-01-12 | 2005-01-12 | 拡管加工性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼溶接管およびその製造方法 |
JP2005-005023 | 2005-01-12 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2006068258A1 true WO2006068258A1 (ja) | 2006-06-29 |
Family
ID=36601853
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP2005/023691 WO2006068258A1 (ja) | 2004-12-22 | 2005-12-19 | 拡管加工性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼溶接管 |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7754344B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100865413B1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006068258A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103060697A (zh) * | 2012-12-25 | 2013-04-24 | 钢铁研究总院 | 超低C、N含量的中Cr铁素体不锈钢及其制造方法 |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101207707B1 (ko) * | 2010-12-28 | 2012-12-03 | 주식회사 포스코 | 가공성이 우수한 오스테나이트계 용접 강관의 제조 방법 및 이에 의해 제조된 오스테나이트계 용접 강관 |
KR101463315B1 (ko) * | 2012-12-21 | 2014-11-18 | 주식회사 포스코 | 경도와 저온 충격특성이 우수한 스테인리스 열연강판 |
MX2017005210A (es) | 2014-10-31 | 2017-07-26 | Nippon Steel & Sumikin Sst | Chapa de acero inoxidable con base en ferrita, tubo de acero, y metodo de produccion de estos. |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2000326079A (ja) * | 1999-05-20 | 2000-11-28 | Nisshin Steel Co Ltd | 加工性の良好なフェライト系ステンレス鋼溶接管の製造方法 |
JP2002155345A (ja) * | 2000-11-16 | 2002-05-31 | Nippon Steel Corp | 成形性に優れた高耐食鋼管およびその製造方法 |
JP2004243410A (ja) * | 2003-01-20 | 2004-09-02 | Nippon Steel Corp | 金属箔チューブおよびその製造方法並びに製造装置 |
JP2005271040A (ja) * | 2004-03-25 | 2005-10-06 | Nisshin Steel Co Ltd | 給油管用ステンレス鋼製溶接管 |
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JP2650558B2 (ja) | 1992-03-30 | 1997-09-03 | 住友金属工業株式会社 | 高加工性溶接鋼管の製造方法 |
JPH0641689A (ja) | 1992-06-22 | 1994-02-15 | Nippon Steel Corp | 加工性の優れた高Cr含有鋼管 |
JPH07265941A (ja) | 1994-03-30 | 1995-10-17 | Nisshin Steel Co Ltd | ロールレス造管法による加工性に優れた溶接管の製造方法 |
JP3375719B2 (ja) | 1994-03-30 | 2003-02-10 | 日新製鋼株式会社 | レーザ溶接によるステンレス鋼溶接管の製造方法 |
JP3455578B2 (ja) | 1994-04-20 | 2003-10-14 | 日新製鋼株式会社 | フェライト系ステンレス鋼の溶接方法 |
JPH08257777A (ja) | 1995-03-20 | 1996-10-08 | Nisshin Steel Co Ltd | レーザ溶接による加工性に優れた溶接管の製造方法 |
WO2001062998A1 (fr) * | 2000-02-28 | 2001-08-30 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Tube d'acier facile a former et procede de production de ce dernier |
EP1306600B1 (en) * | 2000-08-01 | 2007-10-24 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Stainless steel oil feeding pipe |
JP3769479B2 (ja) * | 2000-08-07 | 2006-04-26 | 新日鐵住金ステンレス株式会社 | プレス成形性に優れた燃料タンク用フェライト系ステンレス鋼板 |
JP4354140B2 (ja) | 2000-12-04 | 2009-10-28 | フタバ産業株式会社 | フューエルインレットの製造方法 |
JP4907079B2 (ja) | 2004-12-22 | 2012-03-28 | 新日鐵住金ステンレス株式会社 | 拡管加工性に優れたフェライト系ステンレス鋼溶接管及び溶接管用のフェライト系ステンレス鋼板 |
-
2005
- 2005-12-19 US US10/587,643 patent/US7754344B2/en active Active
- 2005-12-19 WO PCT/JP2005/023691 patent/WO2006068258A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-12-19 KR KR1020067016176A patent/KR100865413B1/ko active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2000326079A (ja) * | 1999-05-20 | 2000-11-28 | Nisshin Steel Co Ltd | 加工性の良好なフェライト系ステンレス鋼溶接管の製造方法 |
JP2002155345A (ja) * | 2000-11-16 | 2002-05-31 | Nippon Steel Corp | 成形性に優れた高耐食鋼管およびその製造方法 |
JP2004243410A (ja) * | 2003-01-20 | 2004-09-02 | Nippon Steel Corp | 金属箔チューブおよびその製造方法並びに製造装置 |
JP2005271040A (ja) * | 2004-03-25 | 2005-10-06 | Nisshin Steel Co Ltd | 給油管用ステンレス鋼製溶接管 |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103060697A (zh) * | 2012-12-25 | 2013-04-24 | 钢铁研究总院 | 超低C、N含量的中Cr铁素体不锈钢及其制造方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20070170226A1 (en) | 2007-07-26 |
KR100865413B1 (ko) | 2008-10-24 |
KR20060121963A (ko) | 2006-11-29 |
US7754344B2 (en) | 2010-07-13 |
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