WO2006064730A1 - 金属製造方法 - Google Patents
金属製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006064730A1 WO2006064730A1 PCT/JP2005/022651 JP2005022651W WO2006064730A1 WO 2006064730 A1 WO2006064730 A1 WO 2006064730A1 JP 2005022651 W JP2005022651 W JP 2005022651W WO 2006064730 A1 WO2006064730 A1 WO 2006064730A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- calcium
- metal
- diaphragm
- yttria
- ceramic body
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C5/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metal powders or porous metal masses
- C25C5/04—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metal powders or porous metal masses from melts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
- C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/02—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of alkali or alkaline earth metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/34—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of metals not provided for in groups C25C3/02 - C25C3/32
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
- C25C7/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a metal by an electrolytic method, and more particularly to a method for producing a metal that can be applied to the production of a metal such as calcium or a rare earth element.
- Calcium metal is a valuable metal used as a reducing material in the production of other metals having a strong reducing action.
- Rare earth metals are used for various applications in a wide range of industrial fields, such as glass (colorants) and ceramics, as well as magnetic materials, nuclear materials, metallurgical additives, and catalysts.
- rare earth metals are extracted from concentrates containing these by extraction of specific rare earth metals (to be produced) into acid oxides by alkali precipitation or the like. Thereafter, it is produced by reduction by a molten salt electrolysis method, a metal thermal reduction method, or the like.
- metal calcium can be produced by electrolyzing a molten salt such as salty calcium, it is relatively inexpensive without requiring a great amount of heat energy required in the aluminum reduction method. It is extremely useful as a simple manufacturing method.
- the method for electrolyzing the molten salt can also be applied to the production of rare earth metals.
- the reducing power of calcium is too strong, back reaction occurs and calcium generated on the cathode side immediately reacts with chlorine formed on the anode (graphite) side to return to calcium chloride.
- Ferro et al. APPLICATION OF CERAMIC MEMBRANE IN MOLTEN SALT ELECTROLYSIS OF CaO- CaCl is used during the electrolytic reduction of CaO-CaCl molten salt.
- magnesia MgO
- sheath sheathing material surrounding the anode! RU
- the inventors of the present invention installed an electrode between a cathode and an anode in the electrolytic reduction of a CaCl-based molten salt.
- magnesia was used as the diaphragm material, reduction by Ca occurred.
- alumina Al 2 O 3
- silicon nitride Si 3 N 4
- zirconium oxide ZnO 2
- An object of the present invention is to provide a metal production method that can be applied to the production of metals such as calcium and rare earth elements, which can be produced or can be produced by an electrolytic method.
- the present inventors are particularly concerned with the application of the molten salt electrolysis method (diaphragm method) in which a diaphragm is attached between the anode and the cathode, particularly with respect to the reduction action of calcium (resistance to resistance).
- diaphragm method in which a diaphragm is attached between the anode and the cathode, particularly with respect to the reduction action of calcium (resistance to resistance).
- examination was repeated focusing on the material of the diaphragm.
- yttria (Y o) was fired into a porous ceramic body.
- yttria has a property that it is not reduced even by a metal having a strong reducing power such as calcium, but it has been difficult to apply as a diaphragm due to strength problems and the like.
- this strength problem can be overcome, and the porous ceramic body strength of Italy is excellent as a diaphragm having excellent calcium resistance and selective permeability as described above. It has been found that it can be used for salt electrolysis.
- the present invention has been completed based on the above knowledge and the like, the gist of which is a metal manufacturing method using an electrolytic method, and a metal manufacturing method using a porous ceramic body containing yttria as a diaphragm It is.
- the “diaphragm” has a function that allows calcium and chlorine ions to pass through but does not allow metallic calcium to pass through.
- the metal production method of the present invention is characterized by the following first to tenth embodiments.
- the first embodiment of the present invention is made of a material mainly composed of the porous ceramic body strength S yttria, and can exhibit good and stable calcium resistance. Further, in the second embodiment of the present invention, a metal halide is used as the electrolytic bath.
- the porosity of the porous ceramic body is 1% or more, the conductivity of the bath is ensured, and the function as a diaphragm is exhibited.
- the thickness of the diaphragm is preferably 0.05 to 50 mm.
- the pore diameter of the porous ceramic body is set to 20 m or less so that the passage of metallic calcium can be effectively prevented.
- the yttria purity of the porous ceramic body is set to 90% by mass or more to further improve the calcium reduction resistance.
- the current density during electrolysis is preferably 0.1 to: LOOAZcm 2 .
- a calcium salt or a melt of a mixed salt containing a calcium salt is used as an electrolytic bath, and this metal production method (including the above-described embodiments) is applied to apply metal calcium or A molten salt containing metallic calcium can be obtained.
- the metallic calcium in the ninth embodiment of the present invention, can be obtained as a solid, or in the tenth embodiment of the present invention, the metallic calcium can be obtained as a melt.
- the metal production method of the present invention is a method of using a porous ceramic body containing yttria as a diaphragm, and can be used for production of metals such as calcium and rare earth elements. It is suitable for. For example, if it is applied to the production of calcium, the metallic strength can be produced more easily and inexpensively without consuming the great heat energy required in the conventional aluminum reduction method.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of an apparatus that can carry out the metal production method of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration example of an apparatus capable of carrying out the metal production method of the present invention.
- an electrolytic cell 1 includes an anode 2 and a cathode 3, and holds molten chloride power (CaCl 3) as an electrolytic bath 4. Between the anode 2 and the cathode 3, a diaphragm 5 is installed.
- the electrolytic cell 1 is divided into an anode 2 side and a cathode 3 side.
- Cathode Ca 2+ + 2e_ ⁇ Ca ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ (2)
- the generated C1 gas rises in the electrolytic bath 4 and moves out of the bath 4, and Ca is molten calcium chloride.
- the Ca layer 6 is formed at the liquid surface of the molten salt and calcium. By extracting this Ca layer 6, metallic Ca can be obtained. The C1 gas that moves outside bath 4 is recovered and reused.
- the metal production method of the present invention is "a metal production method by electrolysis, using a porous ceramic body containing yttria as a diaphragm".
- the apparatus configuration shown in FIG. 1 is characterized in that the diaphragm 5 is formed of a porous ceramic body containing yttria.
- the porosity, pore diameter and the like of the porous ceramic body are not limited at all.
- the ceramic body can be electrolyzed because the electrolytic bath can pass through the ceramic body as long as it is accepted as a porous material, which is a material obtained through a process such as firing.
- the diaphragm 5 is arranged so as to divide the inside of the cell into the anode 2 side and the anode 3 side at a substantially central position of the electrolytic cell 1, but is limited to this position.
- either the anode side or the cathode side may be unevenly distributed. Also, for example, it may be arranged to surround the anode and block the contact between calcium and chlorine.
- a first embodiment of the present invention is a manufacturing method using a porous ceramic body having material strength mainly composed of yttria as a diaphragm.
- mainly yttria means that 50% by mass or more of ittria is contained.
- a second embodiment of the present invention is a manufacturing method using a metal halide as an electrolytic bath.
- a metal halide As the “metal halide”, calcium chloride (CaCl 3) and calcium fluoride (CaF 3) are suitable for producing metal calcium. Also, rare earth metal
- a third embodiment of the present invention is a manufacturing method using a diaphragm in which the porosity of the porous ceramic body is 1% or more.
- porosity is the porosity measured by the mercury intrusion method. If this porosity is less than 1%, the electrolytic bath does not sufficiently pass through the diaphragm, and the resistance during electrolysis may increase and operation may become difficult.
- the upper limit of the porosity is naturally determined by restrictions on the configuration (particularly strength) of the diaphragm, and is not particularly defined.
- the porosity of the ceramic body is not limited. 10-40% is desirable. More desirably, it is 20 to 30%.
- the fourth embodiment of the present invention is a manufacturing method using a diaphragm having a thickness of 0.05 to 50 mm. It is.
- the “diaphragm thickness” defined here is the thickness of the diaphragm when one diaphragm is attached as shown in FIG. 1, and the total thickness of the respective thicknesses when two or more diaphragms are provided. .
- the thickness of the diaphragm is less than 0.05 mm, it is too thin to secure the strength as the diaphragm, and the permselective function that the diaphragm should originally have cannot be fully exhibited. On the other hand, if the thickness exceeds 50 mm, it will be difficult to pass through the electrolytic bath, and the resistance during electrolysis will be large, making it impossible to operate smoothly.
- the thickness of the diaphragm is desirably 2 to: LOmm.
- a fifth embodiment of the present invention is a manufacturing method using a diaphragm in which the pore diameter of a porous ceramic body is 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the “pore diameter of the porous ceramic body” is a pore diameter measured by a mercury intrusion method. If the pore diameter is 20 m or less, Ca generated near the cathode surface is effectively prevented from passing through the diaphragm.
- the lower limit of the pore diameter is not particularly limited. If the pore diameter is too small, operation becomes difficult due to an increase in electrical resistance, so the lower limit is a force that is naturally determined.
- the pore diameter of the ceramic body is 0.1 to: LO / zm.
- a sixth embodiment of the present invention is a manufacturing method using a porous ceramic body having a material strength with a yttria purity of 90 mass% or more as a diaphragm.
- the diaphragm used in this embodiment is composed of a porous ceramic body having almost yttria force, and thus has excellent calcium reduction resistance.
- the purity of the yttria is desirably 99% or more.
- the seventh embodiment of the present invention is a manufacturing method in which the current density during electrolysis is 0.1 to: LOOAZcm 2 .
- the eighth embodiment of the present invention uses a calcium salt or a melt of a mixed salt containing a calcium salt as an electrolytic bath, and the metal production method of the present invention (including the first to seventh embodiments). Is a metal production method for obtaining metallic calcium or a molten salt containing metallic calcium by applying
- mixed salt containing calcium salt means that the calcium salt has a lower melting point and viscosity adjustment.
- potassium chloride (KC1) lithium chloride (LiCl), barium chloride (BaCl)
- Chlorides such as 2 and other salts are added.
- the configuration example shown in FIG. 1 is a case where calcium chloride is used as the electrolytic bath.
- An embodiment in which calcium produced by electrolysis is either a solid or a melt can be employed.
- the produced calcium forms a Ca layer 6 at the liquid surface of the electrolytic bath 4 where the specific gravity is smaller than that of the molten salt calcium even if it is!
- a ninth embodiment of the present invention is a metal production method according to the eighth embodiment, wherein metal calcium is obtained as a solid.
- the temperature of the electrolytic bath is maintained at a temperature lower than the melting point of calcium, which is higher than the melting point of calcium salt or mixed salt containing calcium salt, the metallic calcium produced by the electrolysis is solid.
- the metallic calcium floating on the surface of the electrolytic bath 4 can be taken out from the electrolytic bath as solid metallic calcium, or the electrolytic bath power can be extracted together with the molten salt as a molten salt containing solid metallic calcium.
- a tenth embodiment of the present invention is the metal production method according to the eighth embodiment, wherein metallic calcium is obtained as a melt.
- the temperature of the electrolytic bath is kept higher than the melting point of calcium. Since the calcium metal produced by electrolysis floats on the surface of the electrolytic bath 4 as a melt, it can be taken out as a melt of calcium metal or extracted with the molten salt together with the molten salt.
- the metal production method of the present invention is characterized in that the diaphragm used in electrolysis is composed of a porous ceramic body containing yttria.
- the diaphragm used in electrolysis is composed of a porous ceramic body containing yttria.
- the yttria powder preferably has a particle size in the range of 0.1 to 500 ⁇ m. When many particles having a particle size exceeding this range are included, it may be difficult to maintain the shape after molding, or it may be difficult to use as a diaphragm having a low strength ceramic body after firing. Also, if the particle size is smaller than this range and there are many, the target porosity may not be obtained! /.
- the reason why firing is performed at a temperature as high as 1600 ° C or higher is to sinter yttria without adding a firing aid, and firing is not sufficiently performed at temperatures below 1600 ° C. .
- the upper limit of the firing temperature is naturally determined from the viewpoint of equipment capacity and energy reduction required for firing, and is not particularly limited, but is about 1800 ° C.
- the firing time may be appropriately adjusted within the above range in consideration of the thickness of the ceramic body, the target porosity, etc. according to the firing temperature.
- the porosity and pore diameter of the fired product can be controlled.
- the porous ceramic body obtained in this way does not contain a firing aid and has a material strength mainly composed of yttria with good calcium reduction resistance and has the necessary mechanical strength. Therefore, it can be sufficiently used as a diaphragm used in the metal production method (electrolysis method) of the present invention.
- the cathode used for electrolysis is preferably a material that does not form an alloy with the metal to be manufactured.
- graphite graphite is generally used for the anode.
- An electrolytic cell was prepared by applying metallic titanium as the cathode and graphite as the anode, using calcium chloride mixed with 25 mol% of potassium chloride as the electrolytic bath, and setting the bath temperature to 700-750 ° C (part of In the test, the temperature was adjusted to 850 ° C.
- a diaphragm was attached between the cathode and the anode, and electrolysis was performed for 300 minutes.
- the diaphragm also has the strength of porous ceramics obtained by firing a material containing ittria under different conditions.
- Table 1 shows the purity of yttria, the porosity, pore diameter and thickness of the ceramics obtained. Indicates the current density during electrolysis.
- the amount of impurities (Fe 2 O, SiO, etc.) mixed in production is 0.1.
- High purity ( ⁇ 99.9 mass%) yttria less than mass% was used.
- some materials with low yttria purity were used.
- the porosity and pore diameter of the porous ceramic body were measured by mercury porosimetry using "Autopore II 19400" manufactured by Micromeritec.
- the porosity and pore diameter measured by this method are an average pore diameter and a porosity defined as follows, respectively.
- A DL
- D 4VZA
- the closed pore volume is not included.
- Table 1 shows the current efficiency during electrolysis.
- the current efficiency at this time is the amount of calcium produced (theoretical precipitation) determined from the amount of electricity passed, and the calcium that was actually produced near the cathode surface and adhered to the cathode and the electrolytic bath (bath surface, in the bath)
- the total amount of calcium retained in the vessel was also calculated.
- the total amount of calcium is the amount of calcium and calcium adhering to the cathode. Calcium retained in the electrolytic bath reacts with HO, and the amount of H produced is quantified.
- Test Nos. 1 to 4 show the case where the purity of yttria is changed (porosity, pore diameter, thickness and current density are kept almost constant). When the purity was 99.9% by mass or more, it was 100%.
- Test Nos. 5 to 10 are cases in which the other conditions were almost constant and the porosity of the ceramic body was changed.
- Test Nos. 7 and 8 in which the porosity was within the above desired range (10 to 40%), the current efficiency was 100% or close thereto.
- Test Nos. 11 to 15 are cases in which the pore diameter of the ceramic body was changed. The force in which the current efficiency tended to increase as the pore size decreased. When the pore size was 0, the resistance during electrolysis increased slightly.
- Test Nos. 16 to 19 are cases where the thickness of the diaphragm was changed.
- the current efficiency increased as the diaphragm became thicker, but the electrolytic resistance increased when the thickness was 20 mm.
- the thickness is 0.3 mm (Test No. 16)
- a force with a slight decrease in current efficiency caused a part of the generated calcium to pass through the diaphragm and cause a knock reaction.
- Test Nos. 20 to 23 are cases where the temperature of the electrolytic bath was increased (850 ° C) to obtain metallic calcium as a melt. Current efficiency was good at or near 100%. Among them, test No. 23 with a current density of 20 AZcm 2 showed a slight decrease in current efficiency. This is probably because the calcium calcium is in a molten state, and a part of the electrolytic bath (Ca 2+ , CD) that easily passes through the diaphragm passes through the diaphragm and a back reaction occurs.
- Test Nos. 24 to 27 were cases in which the temperature of the electrolytic bath was maintained at 700 to 750 ° C to obtain metallic calcium as a solid product, and the current efficiency was 100%. In this case, the metal calcium is a solid substance, and it is presumed that the calcium does not pass through the diaphragm even if the current density is increased.
- Test Nos. 28 to 31 are comparative examples, and the diaphragm is made of alumina (Al 2 O 3), magnesia (MgO),
- the metal production method by the electrolytic method of the present invention is a method of using a porous ceramic body containing yttria as a diaphragm, and can be used particularly for the production of metals such as calcium and rare earth elements.
- metals such as calcium and rare earth elements.
- it is possible to easily and inexpensively produce metallic calcium that does not require a large amount of heat energy, and can be expected to make a great contribution especially to promoting the use of calcium as a reducing material. .
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05814353A EP1835049A4 (en) | 2004-12-15 | 2005-12-09 | PROCESS FOR PRODUCING METAL |
AU2005315000A AU2005315000B2 (en) | 2004-12-15 | 2005-12-09 | Method for producing metal |
CA002590698A CA2590698A1 (en) | 2004-12-15 | 2005-12-09 | Method for producing metal |
US11/792,954 US20080110765A1 (en) | 2004-12-15 | 2005-12-09 | Method For Producing Metal |
NO20073044A NO20073044L (no) | 2004-12-15 | 2007-06-15 | Fremgangsmate for fremstilling av metall |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004-363708 | 2004-12-15 | ||
JP2004363708A JP4252531B2 (ja) | 2004-12-15 | 2004-12-15 | 金属製造方法 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2006064730A1 true WO2006064730A1 (ja) | 2006-06-22 |
Family
ID=36587786
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2005/022651 WO2006064730A1 (ja) | 2004-12-15 | 2005-12-09 | 金属製造方法 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080110765A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1835049A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4252531B2 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2005315000B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2590698A1 (ja) |
NO (1) | NO20073044L (ja) |
RU (1) | RU2007126847A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006064730A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AUPS117002A0 (en) * | 2002-03-13 | 2002-04-18 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Minimising carbon transfer in an electrolytic cell |
JP5504515B2 (ja) * | 2008-05-01 | 2014-05-28 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | 希土類金属の回収方法 |
WO2010052714A2 (en) * | 2008-11-06 | 2010-05-14 | Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. | Methods and apparatus of electrochemical production of carbon monoxide, and uses thereof |
US20150267316A1 (en) * | 2014-03-19 | 2015-09-24 | Sandia Corporation | Electrochemical Ion Separation in Molten Salts |
JP6823314B2 (ja) * | 2016-11-22 | 2021-02-03 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | 希土類金属の回収方法、溶融塩電解装置及びバイポーラー電極型隔膜 |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH05312768A (ja) * | 1992-05-13 | 1993-11-22 | Fujikura Ltd | 酸素センサ |
JPH11350972A (ja) * | 1998-06-05 | 1999-12-21 | Nippon Steel Corp | ガスタービン複合サイクル発電システム |
JP2002075410A (ja) * | 2000-06-16 | 2002-03-15 | Mitsui Eng & Shipbuild Co Ltd | 固体電解質型燃料電池の集電体およびこれを用いた固体電解質型燃料電池 |
JP2003105580A (ja) * | 2001-09-27 | 2003-04-09 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | 銅含有溶液から金属銅を回収する方法及び装置 |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5976345A (en) * | 1997-01-06 | 1999-11-02 | Boston University | Method and apparatus for metal extraction and sensor device related thereto |
US6187168B1 (en) * | 1998-10-06 | 2001-02-13 | Aluminum Company Of America | Electrolysis in a cell having a solid oxide ion conductor |
US6869519B2 (en) * | 2001-09-27 | 2005-03-22 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology | Electrolytic process for the production of metallic copper and apparatus therefor |
AU2002952083A0 (en) * | 2002-10-16 | 2002-10-31 | Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd | Minimising carbon transfer in an electrolytic cell |
-
2004
- 2004-12-15 JP JP2004363708A patent/JP4252531B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-12-09 RU RU2007126847/02A patent/RU2007126847A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-12-09 CA CA002590698A patent/CA2590698A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-12-09 WO PCT/JP2005/022651 patent/WO2006064730A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2005-12-09 AU AU2005315000A patent/AU2005315000B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-12-09 EP EP05814353A patent/EP1835049A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-12-09 US US11/792,954 patent/US20080110765A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2007
- 2007-06-15 NO NO20073044A patent/NO20073044L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH05312768A (ja) * | 1992-05-13 | 1993-11-22 | Fujikura Ltd | 酸素センサ |
JPH11350972A (ja) * | 1998-06-05 | 1999-12-21 | Nippon Steel Corp | ガスタービン複合サイクル発電システム |
JP2002075410A (ja) * | 2000-06-16 | 2002-03-15 | Mitsui Eng & Shipbuild Co Ltd | 固体電解質型燃料電池の集電体およびこれを用いた固体電解質型燃料電池 |
JP2003105580A (ja) * | 2001-09-27 | 2003-04-09 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | 銅含有溶液から金属銅を回収する方法及び装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2006169583A (ja) | 2006-06-29 |
US20080110765A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
JP4252531B2 (ja) | 2009-04-08 |
CA2590698A1 (en) | 2006-06-22 |
EP1835049A4 (en) | 2009-03-25 |
AU2005315000B2 (en) | 2009-05-07 |
EP1835049A1 (en) | 2007-09-19 |
NO20073044L (no) | 2007-09-14 |
AU2005315000A1 (en) | 2006-06-22 |
RU2007126847A (ru) | 2009-01-27 |
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