WO2006028122A1 - 肥満予防・改善剤 - Google Patents
肥満予防・改善剤 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006028122A1 WO2006028122A1 PCT/JP2005/016402 JP2005016402W WO2006028122A1 WO 2006028122 A1 WO2006028122 A1 WO 2006028122A1 JP 2005016402 W JP2005016402 W JP 2005016402W WO 2006028122 A1 WO2006028122 A1 WO 2006028122A1
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- Prior art keywords
- starch
- acetylated
- agent
- preventing
- obesity
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
- A61K31/716—Glucans
- A61K31/718—Starch or degraded starch, e.g. amylose, amylopectin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/02—Stomatological preparations, e.g. drugs for caries, aphtae, periodontitis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
- A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
- A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
- A61P27/12—Ophthalmic agents for cataracts
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
- A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
- A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a preventive / ameliorating agent for obesity, diabetes and the like.
- a method generally proposed by a dietitian includes intake of a low calorie diet or a low fat diet.
- water-insoluble dietary fibers such as wheat bran
- water-soluble dietary fibers such as indigestible dextrin
- digestion-resistant starches such as high amylose starch
- Non-Patent Document 1 water-insoluble dietary fibers
- sugar absorption It has an inhibitory action (for example, see Non-Patent Document 2), a blood neutral fat lowering action (for example, see Non-Patent Document 3), or a glucose tolerance improving action
- Non-Patent Document 4 Non-Patent Document 4, (See Patent Literature 5 and Non-Patent Literature 6), which is considered to be effective in preventing and improving obesity and preventing diabetes.
- the low-calorie diet or the low-fat diet may have some temporary effects on weight loss, but it is long because the flavor of the food that makes it up is monotonous. Over time, it will be rejected by the person and it is difficult to maintain it for a long time.
- food materials such as the above-mentioned conventional water-insoluble dietary fiber, water-soluble dietary fiber, and digestion-resistant starch must continue to be ingested at a high dose for a long period of time in order to exhibit the above physiological effects. Yes. In addition, even if the physiological action is expressed, suppression of obesity has not been confirmed.
- acetylated starch is excellent in aging resistance and transparency, it is used to improve and stabilize the texture of frozen rice cakes and prevent water separation of frozen fried eggs (for example, see Non-Patent Document 7).
- octenyl succinylated starch is a starch imparted with emulsifying ability and has two functions of emulsification and emulsification stability (for example, see Non-Patent Document 7), and cosmetic additives such as shampoos and powders. Used as etc.
- Non-patent literature l Am J Clin Nutr 1978 31 (10 Suppl): 521-529
- Non-patent literature 2 Journal of the Japan Endocrine Society 1992 68 (6): 623-35
- Non-Patent Document 3 Am J Clin Nutr 1989 49 (2): 337- 44
- Non-Patent Document 4 Acta Paediatr Hung 1985 26 (1): 75-7
- Non-Patent Document 5 J Endocrinol 1995 144 (3): 533-8
- Non-Patent Document 6 Am J Clin Nutr 1989 49 (2): 337—44
- Non-Patent Document 7 Koji Takahashi, “Knowledge of Starch Products”, Koshobo P112, 132
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-186356
- Patent document 2 JP-A-3-290170
- the present invention relates to an obesity-preventing / ameliorating agent, visceral fat accumulation-inhibiting agent, blood glucose level-inhibiting agent, diabetes-preventing / ameliorating agent, which comprises acetylated starch or otaturus-oxidized starch as an active ingredient.
- the present invention also relates to the use of acetylated starch or octenyl succinylated starch for producing an obesity prevention / amelioration agent, visceral fat accumulation inhibitor, blood sugar level increase inhibitor, or diabetes prevention / amelioration agent.
- the present invention provides a method for preventing obesity, a method for suppressing visceral fat accumulation, a method for suppressing an increase in blood glucose level, or a method for preventing diabetes, characterized by administering or ingesting acetylated starch or otatursuccinated starch. 'Improved method.
- the present invention relates to a food for preventing / ameliorating obesity, a food for suppressing visceral fat accumulation, a food for suppressing an increase in blood glucose level, or a food for improving diabetes prevention 'containing acetylated starch or octenyl succinylated starch.
- the present invention exhibits an effect of preventing 'ameliorating various lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity prevention' improvement agent, prevention of hyperlipidemia ', etc., and has high safety and wide application range.
- the present invention relates to the provision of ingredients such as foods and pharmaceuticals that are less likely to damage the texture.
- the present inventors have a material having physical properties different from those of conventional dietary fibers represented by indigestible starch, cellulose, and indigestible dextrin, and has an action of suppressing or improving the progression of obesity and diabetes.
- acetylated starch or octenyl succinylated starch has various physiological effects such as obesity-inhibiting action with a small amount of intake, and exhibits effects of preventing and improving lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity and diabetes It was found useful as a food and pharmaceutical material.
- the obesity prevention 'improving agent and the like of the present invention includes various measures such as prevention of obesity', prevention of hyperlipidemia, prevention of heart diseases such as heart failure, prevention of thrombosis, prevention of colon cancer and rectal cancer, etc. It is useful as a food, medicine, etc. because it can exert the effect of preventing 'improving the onset of lifestyle-related diseases.
- active ingredients such as acetylated starch or otatursuccinated starch, which use starch as a raw material, are highly safe for the human body and easy to gelatinize. When blended, there is little loss of the original texture.
- the acetylated starch of the present invention can be obtained by subjecting starch or modified starch to acetylated starch by an ordinary method. Specifically, it can be obtained by reacting starch with acetic anhydride or vinyl acetate.
- Z-700 from tapio force, acetylation, Nissay Sogakusha
- MT-01B from tapio force, acetylation, Nippon Food & Chemicals
- ADIX-H from xyxy corn, acetylation, Japan
- Mabus # 449 derived from oxy corn, acetylated, Japanese food chemical
- Otaturus succinylated starch can be obtained by subjecting starch or modified starch to otaturco and succinate by a conventional method. Specifically, it can be obtained by reacting octenyl succinic anhydride with starch.
- Amycol Nyuka derived from tapio force, otatursuccinic acid oxidation, Nissho Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Amycol Nyuka derived from tapio force, otatursuccinic acid oxidation, Nissho Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Examples of the raw material starch include starch corn starch, corn starch, wheat starch, rice starch, glutinous rice starch, potato starch, honeydew starch, tapio force starch, sago starch and the like, but have an amylopectin content. 70% by weight or more, preferably 75 to 100%, more preferably 90 to: LOO%, but when applied to foods and drinks where the transparency of the paste is high, the appearance is not impaired and the application range is It is more preferable than widening. Of these, starch corn starch and tapio starch are preferred as the raw material starch.
- Acetylated starch or octenyl succinylated starch in the present invention includes acetylated starch or otatur succinylated starch obtained by combining other processing treatments.
- Processes that can be combined include esterification treatments such as acetic acid and phosphoric acid, etherification treatments such as carboxymethyl etherification such as hydroxypropylation, trimetaphosphate, hexametaphosphate, phosphorus oxychloride, adipic acid, and epichlore
- Examples include cross-linking treatment using conventional cross-linking agents such as drin, oxidation treatment, acid treatment, bleach treatment, wet heat treatment, heat treatment, enzyme treatment, etc., and one or more of them may be combined.
- phosphorylation treatment particularly phosphoric acid crosslinking treatment
- the degree of phosphorylation treatment is a force S in which the bound phosphorus content is in the range of 0.0001 to 2%, preferably 0.0001 to 0.5%, more preferably 0.0001 to 0.2%. Things like the texture etc. are also good!
- acetylated starch or otaturic oxidized starch of the present invention gelatinized acetylated starch or gelatinized otaturic oxidized starch obtained by gelatinizing the above acetylated starch or octenyl succinylated starch by heating in water or the like is used. It can also be used.
- the conditions for the heat treatment in water include, for example, distilled water or the like so that the starch is 4 to 60% by weight.
- the degree of acetylation in the acetylated starch is preferably 0.001 to 1 in terms of acetylyl number (number of acetyl groups per anhydrous glucose in the starch). Also, it is 0.005 to 0.5, and it is also preferable to be 0.01 to 0.1! /.
- the degree of otatur succinic acid in the oxy-starch succinate starch is such that the octyl succinic acid value (the number of octyl succinic acid groups per one residue of anhydrous dalcose in the starch) is 0.001 to 1. More preferably, it is 0.005 to 0.5, and more preferably 0.01 to 0.1.
- the acetylated starch or octenyl succinylated starch can be produced with high purity and relatively low cost by a process with a simple starch power. Compared with conventional dietary fiber and resistant starch, which are highly safe, there is no sense of incongruity when used in various foods, pharmaceuticals, pet foods, and the like. In addition, since it has excellent freezing resistance, it can have the advantage that it is unlikely to deteriorate due to thawing.
- acetylated starch or otaturic oxidised starch has an obesity-inhibiting action in which the body weight and visceral fat amount are significantly reduced. It can exert effects such as prevention of blood glucose, prevention of heart diseases such as heart failure, prevention of thrombosis, and prevention of hypertension. Secondly, it has the effect of suppressing postprandial hyperglycemia, i.e., the rapid increase in blood glucose level after meals, and also has the effect of suppressing the increase in steady-state blood glucose level. For example, effects such as prevention of cataract, periodontal disease, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy can be exhibited.
- the acetylated starch or otatursuccinated starch of the present invention is used as an obesity prevention 'improving agent, visceral fat accumulation inhibitor, blood sugar level increase inhibitor, diabetes prevention / amelioration agent (hereinafter referred to as obesity prevention' improvement agent, etc.).
- the obesity prevention / amelioration agent of the present invention can be administered to humans and animals as a single substance of one or more of acetylated starch or octenyl succinylated starch, and ingested in various foods, medicines, pet foods, etc. be able to.
- As food body fat accumulation suppression and blood sugar level increase It can be applied to beauty foods based on the concept of physiological functions such as suppression, foods for the sick, and foods for specified health use.
- it can be made into oral solid preparations such as tablets and granules, or oral liquid preparations such as oral liquids and syrups.
- an excipient When preparing an oral solid preparation, an excipient, optionally a binder, a disintegrant, a lubricant, a colorant, a corrigent, and the like, are added to the acetylated starch or otate succinate oxidized powder of the present invention. After adding a flavoring agent, tablets, coated tablets, granules, powders, capsules and the like can be produced by conventional methods.
- oral liquid preparation When an oral liquid preparation is prepared, oral liquids, syrups, elixirs and the like can be produced by adding a corrigent, a buffer, a stabilizer, a corrigent and the like by a conventional method.
- the amount of acetylated starch or octenyl succinylated starch to be blended in each of the above preparations is usually 5 to: LOO wt%, preferably 20 to: LOO wt%, more preferably 30 to 1
- the dosage (effective intake) of the obesity prevention / improving agent of the present invention is preferably not less than 0. OlgZkg body weight per day, particularly not less than 0. lgZkg body weight, more preferably not less than 0.4 gZkg body weight. It is preferable that
- Test Example 1 Obesity-inhibiting action of acetylenic starch or octenyl succinylated starch
- Tapio starch and starch corn starch were obtained from National Starch and Chemical Company.
- acetylated octenyl succinate starch commercially available amylol lactic acid (derived from tapio force, otaturus oxidizer, Nissho Gakakusha), Z-700 (derived from tapioca, acetylated, starch) ADIX-H (derived from xyxy corn, acetylene cocoon, Nippon Food & Chemicals), Mapus # 449 (derived from xyxy corn, acetylated, and Japanese food chemistry) were used.
- the above starch was suspended in distilled water to 50% by weight, autoclaved (wet heat treatment) at 120 ° C for 15 minutes, freeze-dried, and gelatinized test starch was prepared.
- mice C57BLZ6J male, 6-week-old were made 10 per group, and were bred using various pregelatinized starches and a diet prepared according to the formulation shown in Table 1. After breeding for 15 weeks, mice were collected and sacrificed Blood glucose level and visceral fat weight were measured. Table 2 shows the body weight of mice after 15 weeks of breeding, the weight of visceral fat after 15 weeks of breeding, and blood glucose levels.
- mice that received a diet containing 5% starch (derived from tapio force) containing acetylyl or octenyl succinate were compared with those that received the diet containing the corresponding starch. By comparison, it can be seen that the obesity-suppressing effect is recognized in which the body weight and visceral fat weight are significantly low.
- mice fed with a high fat diet containing tapio or 5% corn starch were fed compared to mice fed a low fat diet.
- mice fed a high-fat diet containing 5% acetylated or oxytuccinic tapio or 5% corn starch mice fed a diet containing the corresponding raw starch (tapio, derived from corn corn) It can be seen that the effect of suppressing the increase in blood glucose level, which is low in steady-state blood glucose level, is observed.
- Test Example 2 Anti-post-prandial blood glucose level inhibitory action of acetyl starch or otaturus succinate starch
- Tapio force starch and starch corn starch were obtained from National Starch and Chemical Co., Ltd.
- starchy starch Z-700 (derived from tapio force, Nissho Chemical Co., Ltd.), MT-01B (derived from tapio force, Nippon Food & Chemicals), ADIX—H (derived from potato corn, Japanese food chemicals), Mapus # 306 (Derived from Kishi-Kone, Nippon Food & Chemicals), Mapus # 449 (Derived from Kishi-Kikon, Nippon Food & Chemicals), amylol lactic acid (derived from tapio force, Nissay) from octenyl succinate .
- the above starch lg was suspended in 15 mL of distilled water, autoclaved (wet heat treatment) at 120 ° C. for 15 minutes, and then allowed to cool to room temperature.
- a amylase solution, pepsin solution, pancreatin solution, and amyloglucosidase solution were sequentially added to the pretreated starch solution, and finally the glucose concentration released was measured (glucose test kit, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.).
- the above starch was suspended in distilled water so as to be 5% by mass, subjected to auto-tarbing (wet heat treatment) at 120 ° C. for 15 minutes, and then allowed to cool to room temperature.
- auto-tarbing wet heat treatment
- mice C57BLZ6J male, 6 weeks old, 6 mice per group were orally administered with the above starch treatment solution to achieve 2 mg starch Zg body weight, and blood was collected from the tail vein after 0, 30, 60, 120 minutes.
- the blood glucose level was measured with a blood glucose level measurement system (Accucheck Comfort, Roche Diagnostics).
- the increase in blood glucose level after meal is below the blood glucose level curve for 2 hours after oral administration of starch. It was expressed as an absorptivity with the area as 100.
- Table 3 shows the amount of glucose released from each test starch and the increase in blood glucose level after meals.
- mice that were orally administered acetylated starch showed a significantly lower increase in blood glucose level compared to the corresponding raw starch, and an inhibitory effect on postprandial blood glucose level increase. It was.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2005280994A AU2005280994B2 (en) | 2004-09-09 | 2005-09-07 | Agent for preventing and ameliorating obesity |
US11/662,175 US20080113937A1 (en) | 2004-09-09 | 2005-09-07 | Agent For Preventing And Ameliorating Obesity |
CA2578958A CA2578958C (en) | 2004-09-09 | 2005-09-07 | Acetylated starch or starch succinate for treatment of obesity or diabetes |
EP05781951A EP1788000A4 (en) | 2004-09-09 | 2005-09-07 | MEANS FOR THE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF FATIBILITY |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004-262492 | 2004-09-09 | ||
JP2004262492A JP4915717B2 (ja) | 2004-09-09 | 2004-09-09 | 肥満予防・改善剤 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2006028122A1 true WO2006028122A1 (ja) | 2006-03-16 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP2005/016402 WO2006028122A1 (ja) | 2004-09-09 | 2005-09-07 | 肥満予防・改善剤 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080113937A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1788000A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4915717B2 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2005280994B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2578958C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006028122A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP4791721B2 (ja) * | 2004-09-09 | 2011-10-12 | 花王株式会社 | 肥満予防・改善剤 |
JP2009207366A (ja) * | 2008-02-29 | 2009-09-17 | Kao Corp | ペットフード |
GB201701417D0 (en) * | 2017-01-27 | 2017-03-15 | Mars Inc | Pet food |
TW202031133A (zh) * | 2018-10-17 | 2020-09-01 | 日商樂天股份有限公司 | 用於預防齲蝕之加工澱粉於食品的使用及包含加工澱粉的齲蝕預防用食品組成物 |
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2005
- 2005-09-07 AU AU2005280994A patent/AU2005280994B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-09-07 EP EP05781951A patent/EP1788000A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-09-07 WO PCT/JP2005/016402 patent/WO2006028122A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2005-09-07 CA CA2578958A patent/CA2578958C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-09-07 US US11/662,175 patent/US20080113937A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1788000A4 (en) | 2011-06-29 |
AU2005280994B2 (en) | 2011-11-03 |
CA2578958C (en) | 2013-12-10 |
US20080113937A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
CA2578958A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
AU2005280994A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
JP4915717B2 (ja) | 2012-04-11 |
JP2006076918A (ja) | 2006-03-23 |
EP1788000A1 (en) | 2007-05-23 |
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