WO2005078512A1 - フォトニック結晶半導体デバイスおよびその製造方法 - Google Patents
フォトニック結晶半導体デバイスおよびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005078512A1 WO2005078512A1 PCT/JP2005/002342 JP2005002342W WO2005078512A1 WO 2005078512 A1 WO2005078512 A1 WO 2005078512A1 JP 2005002342 W JP2005002342 W JP 2005002342W WO 2005078512 A1 WO2005078512 A1 WO 2005078512A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
- G02B6/1225—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/015—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on semiconductor elements with at least one potential jump barrier, e.g. PN, PIN junction
- G02F1/025—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on semiconductor elements with at least one potential jump barrier, e.g. PN, PIN junction in an optical waveguide structure
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/015—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on semiconductor elements with at least one potential jump barrier, e.g. PN, PIN junction
- G02F1/017—Structures with periodic or quasi periodic potential variation, e.g. superlattices, quantum wells
- G02F1/01708—Structures with periodic or quasi periodic potential variation, e.g. superlattices, quantum wells in an optical wavequide structure
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2201/00—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00
- G02F2201/34—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00 reflector
- G02F2201/346—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00 reflector distributed (Bragg) reflector
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
- G02F2202/32—Photonic crystals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/05—Function characteristic wavelength dependent
- G02F2203/055—Function characteristic wavelength dependent wavelength filtering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
- H01S5/026—Monolithically integrated components, e.g. waveguides, monitoring photo-detectors, drivers
- H01S5/0265—Intensity modulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/11—Comprising a photonic bandgap structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
- H01S5/18311—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement using selective oxidation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
- H01S5/18319—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement comprising a periodical structure in lateral directions
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18361—Structure of the reflectors, e.g. hybrid mirrors
- H01S5/18369—Structure of the reflectors, e.g. hybrid mirrors based on dielectric materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/20—Structure or shape of the semiconductor body to guide the optical wave ; Confining structures perpendicular to the optical axis, e.g. index or gain guiding, stripe geometry, broad area lasers, gain tailoring, transverse or lateral reflectors, special cladding structures, MQW barrier reflection layers
- H01S5/2004—Confining in the direction perpendicular to the layer structure
- H01S5/2018—Optical confinement, e.g. absorbing-, reflecting- or waveguide-layers
- H01S5/2027—Reflecting region or layer, parallel to the active layer, e.g. to modify propagation of the mode in the laser or to influence transverse modes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical waveguide using a photonic crystal structure having a defect in a periodic structure having a two-dimensional refractive index close to the wavelength of light, a variable wavelength filter, an optical switch, an optical modulator, and an optical resonator.
- the present invention relates to a photonic crystal semiconductor device such as a semiconductor device and a semiconductor laser, and a method of manufacturing the same.
- photonic crystals have attracted attention as one of the key technologies for realizing the next-generation ultra-small optical integrated circuits, and many research institutes have been conducting vigorous research from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. ing.
- This photonic crystal is a crystal having a structure in which the refractive index is modulated at a period about the wavelength of light.
- a photonic band gap (PBG) for light is formed according to the solution of the Maxwell's equation in the periodic field. Cannot propagate in any direction. If a defect is provided in such a photonic crystal by an appropriate design, light at a frequency corresponding to the PBG cannot exist in the photonic crystal other than the defect, so that light is localized at the defect. . Therefore, it becomes possible to capture light (resonator) by a point defect or to realize an optical waveguide by a line defect.
- Strict PBG is a force S realized only by three-dimensional photonic crystals, and the manufacturing process is extremely complicated and difficult.
- a certain degree of PBG effect also appears in two-dimensional photonic crystals.
- total reflection confinement due to a difference in refractive index is used as light confinement in a vertical direction.
- a structure in which a photonic crystal is formed in a waveguide layer core layer having a high refractive index and this photonic crystal is sandwiched between cladding layers having a low refractive index is called a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab structure. (Silicon on Insulator) Photonic crystal created on the substrate and empty on both sides
- Non-Patent Document 1 M.Ito, et al., Extended Abstracts of the 2003 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials, Tokyo, 2003, pp.870-871
- the air-bridge type is not suitable for active devices such as light-emitting elements because of its mechanical fragility and extremely high thermal resistance due to its structure. Therefore, an active device such as a light emitting element by current injection needs to have a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab structure in which a semiconductor cladding layer is sandwiched between upper and lower portions in order to provide a control electrode.
- the two-dimensional photonic crystal slab structure has a problem that a leak mode called light cone, in which light is emitted upward and downward, exists.
- the existence of this radiation mode is more remarkable as the refractive index n of the material used for the cladding is higher.
- n l
- the effect can be avoided.
- (n ⁇ 3) there is a problem that the influence of the radiation mode cannot be avoided. This problem is fatal to the realization of active devices such as light-emitting elements that can be replaced only by passive devices such as ordinary waveguides.
- a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR)) consisting of an air layer and a semiconductor GaAs layer is formed above, below, and on both sides of the core layer in the vertical direction.
- DBR distributed Bragg reflector
- Pseudo-three-dimensional photonic crystal point defect with Distributed Bragg Reflector) Reinforces optical confinement by using a resonator structure to reflect light emitted in the vertical direction back to the DBR and back.
- This photonic crystal resonator has a small mode volume even when compared with a normal two-dimensional photonic crystal slab structure. It is theoretically demonstrated that the Q value of the resonator can be increased while maintaining.
- this photonic crystal resonator has a problem that it cannot be used as an electrical control device because it uses a DBR composed of an air layer and a semiconductor layer.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above, and provides a photonic crystal semiconductor device that can easily form various optical devices having a photonic crystal structure using a semiconductor and a semiconductor manufacturing process. It is an object of the present invention to provide a manufacturing method thereof. Means for solving the problem
- a photonic crystal semiconductor device provides a semiconductor substrate, a lower semiconductor distributed Bragg reflective multilayer film laminated on the semiconductor substrate, and the lower semiconductor distributed Bragg reflective multilayer film.
- a photonic crystal structure having a two-dimensional periodic structure with a two-dimensional refractive index close to the wavelength of light is formed in the semiconductor core layer by the upper semiconductor distributed Bragg reflection film and the plurality of holes penetrating the semiconductor core layer. It is characterized by that.
- the periodic structure having the two-dimensional refractive index includes the holes interposed between the holes. It is characterized by having a linear defect.
- the periodic structure having the two-dimensional refractive index includes the holes interposed between the holes. It is characterized by having a point defect portion which is a non-existent area.
- the photonic crystal semiconductor device is the photonic crystal semiconductor device according to any one of the first to third aspects, wherein the lower semiconductor distributed Bragg reflection multilayer film and the semiconductor A lower clad layer laminated between the semiconductor core layer and the upper semiconductor distributed Bragg reflective multilayer film; and a lower clad layer laminated between the semiconductor core layer and the upper semiconductor distributed Bragg reflective multilayer film.
- the hole penetrates the upper clad layer and the lower clad layer.
- the plurality of holes are formed in the lower semiconductor distributed Bragg reflection multilayer film. It is characterized in that it penetrates a part or all of the lower semiconductor distributed Bragg reflection multilayer film.
- a photonic crystal semiconductor device is the device according to the first aspect, further comprising an electrode for applying a current or a voltage to the photonic crystal structure.
- the photonic crystal semiconductor device is the device according to any one of the second to fifth aspects, wherein the electrode for applying a current or a voltage to the photonic crystal structure portion is provided. It is characterized by having.
- the photonic crystal semiconductor device is the photonic crystal semiconductor device according to any one of the first to seventh aspects, wherein the selective oxidation includes an aluminum for current confinement near the semiconductor core layer. A layer is provided.
- a photonic crystal semiconductor device is characterized in that, in any one of the above-described second to eighth aspects, the semiconductor core layer has an active layer.
- a photonic crystal semiconductor device is the photonic crystal semiconductor device according to any one of the first to ninth aspects, wherein the semiconductor core layer has a multiple quantum well structure. It is characterized.
- a photonic crystal semiconductor device is the photonic crystal semiconductor device according to any one of the eleventh to eleventh aspects, wherein the semiconductor core layer includes InGaAsP.
- a photonic crystal semiconductor device is the photonic crystal semiconductor device according to any one of the first to tenth aspects, wherein the semiconductor core layer includes GalnNAsSb.
- a photonic crystal semiconductor device is characterized in that, in any one of the above-mentioned first to tenth aspects, the semiconductor core layer contains AsGalnAs.
- a tunable wavelength filter according to a fourteenth aspect of the present invention includes the photonic crystal semiconductor device according to the seventh to thirteenth aspects, and a variable power supply connected to the electrode, It is characterized in that the light flowing through the section is filtered.
- An optical switch / modulator includes the photonic crystal semiconductor device according to the seventh to thirteenth aspects, a power supply connected to the electrode, and a power supply connected to the electrode.
- a tunable laser according to a sixteenth aspect of the present invention includes the photonic crystal semiconductor device according to the seventh to thirteenth aspects, and a variable power supply connected to the electrode, The laser light of the variable wavelength amplified by the section is output.
- the photonic crystal semiconductor device is the photonic crystal semiconductor device according to the first aspect, wherein the semiconductor laser device having an active layer optically connected to the semiconductor core layer is formed of the semiconductor substrate. It is characterized by being formed above.
- the photonic crystal semiconductor device is the photonic crystal semiconductor device according to the seventeenth aspect, wherein the two-dimensional refractive index periodic structure is interposed between the holes.
- the active layer has a linear defect that does not exist, and the active layer is optically connected to the linear defect in the semiconductor core layer.
- a method for manufacturing a photonic crystal semiconductor device uses a photonic crystal structure in which a defect is provided in a periodic structure having a two-dimensional refractive index close to the wavelength of light.
- a method for manufacturing a photonic crystal semiconductor device wherein a lower semiconductor distributed Bragg reflective multilayer film, a semiconductor core layer on which the photonic crystal is formed, and an upper semiconductor distributed Bragg reflective multilayer film are sequentially laminated on a semiconductor substrate; Forming a plurality of holes penetrating the upper semiconductor distributed Bragg reflective multilayer film and the semiconductor core layer; And forming a dielectric multilayer film on the upper semiconductor Bragg reflective multilayer film.
- the vacancy is interposed between the vacancies and there is no vacancy.
- the method includes forming a linear or point defect.
- the vacancy forming step is a part of the lower semiconductor distributed Bragg reflective multilayer film.
- the method includes forming a plurality of holes penetrating all layers of the lower semiconductor distributed Bragg reflection multilayer film.
- the laminating step may include forming an upper portion of the upper semiconductor Bragg reflective multilayer film.
- a selective oxidizing layer and a contact layer are further laminated sequentially, and in the hole forming step, a hole is formed through the selective oxidizing layer and the contact layer, and a current oxidized to a part of the selective oxidizing layer is formed. It is characterized by forming an oxidized portion for constriction.
- a method for manufacturing a photonic crystal semiconductor device is the method for manufacturing a photonic crystal semiconductor device according to any one of the nineteenth and twelfth aspects, wherein The method further includes an electrode forming step of forming an electrode at a lower portion.
- the lower semiconductor distributed Bragg reflective multilayer film, the semiconductor core layer on which the photonic crystal is formed, and the upper semiconductor distributed Bragg reflective multilayer from the semiconductor substrate side A film and a dielectric multilayer film are sequentially stacked, and a photonic crystal structure in which a plurality of holes penetrating the upper semiconductor distributed Bragg reflection multilayer film and the semiconductor core layer is formed in the semiconductor core layer. ing. In such a structure, light can be vertically reflected and confined by the upper semiconductor distributed Bragg reflective multilayer film and the dielectric multilayer film.
- Enclosement can be performed reliably, and In addition, the aspect ratio (depth / diameter) of the holes formed in the semiconductor layer can be reduced. Therefore, there is an effect that a device which is not inferior to an air bridge type photonic crystal device can be easily manufactured by a semiconductor process.
- FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway view of a tunable wavelength filter, which is a photonic crystal semiconductor device according to a first embodiment of the present invention, viewed obliquely.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the variable wavelength filter shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of the variable wavelength filter shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 4 is a drawing (1) showing a step of manufacturing the tunable wavelength filter shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 5 is a drawing (No. 2) showing a step of manufacturing the tunable wavelength filter shown in FIG.
- FIG. 6 is a drawing (No. 3) showing a step of manufacturing the tunable wavelength filter shown in FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a drawing (No. 4) showing a step of manufacturing the tunable wavelength filter shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 8 is a sectional view showing a modification of the variable wavelength filter shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a configuration when the structure shown in FIG. 1 is applied to an optical switch or an optical modulator.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a configuration when the structure shown in FIG. 1 is applied to a slab optical waveguide.
- FIG. 11 is a partially cutaway view of another structure of a variable wavelength filter as a photonic crystal semiconductor device according to the first embodiment of the present invention, as viewed obliquely.
- FIG. 12 is a partially cutaway view of a semiconductor laser as a photonic crystal semiconductor device according to a second embodiment of the present invention, as viewed obliquely.
- FIG. 13 is a plan view of the semiconductor laser shown in FIG.
- FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing a super prism as a photonic crystal semiconductor device according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a plan view showing a core layer of the photonic crystal semiconductor device shown in FIG.
- FIG. 16 is a partially cutaway view of a semiconductor laser integrated photonic crystal optical device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention as viewed obliquely.
- FIG. 17 is a sectional view taken along the line I-I of FIG.
- FIG. 18 is a sectional view taken along the line II in FIG.
- variable wavelength finolator that is a photonic crystal semiconductor device according to the first embodiment will be described.
- FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway view of a tunable wavelength filter according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention when viewed obliquely.
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the variable wavelength filter shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of the variable wavelength filter shown in FIG.
- this tunable wavelength filter uses a photonic crystal structure having a line defect 10 which is a linear defect.
- the line defect 10 is used as an optical waveguide, and the photonic crystal structure is used.
- the refractive index of the optical waveguide By changing the refractive index of the optical waveguide, the wavelength band through which the optical waveguide passes can be varied.
- the length of the optical waveguide is 10 x m-1 100 z m.
- the passing wavelength band is the 1550 nm band.
- This tunable wavelength filter has a lower DBR layer 1, a core layer 2, an upper DBR layer 3, a selective oxidation layer 4, and a contact layer 5 on an ⁇ — ⁇ substrate 11 having a thickness of about 120 ⁇ m. It has a sequentially stacked structure, and has a plurality of cylindrical holes 9 penetrating a part of the lower DBR layer 1 on the core layer side, the core layer 2, the upper DBR layer 3, the selective oxidation layer 4, and the contact layer 5. Are formed in a triangular shape, and a line defect portion 10 in which the holes 9 do not exist linearly is formed in a portion surrounded by the holes 9.
- a dielectric multilayer film 6 is formed on the contact layer 5 in a stripe-shaped region corresponding to the line defect portion 10, and the dielectric multilayer film 6 is formed on the contact layer 5.
- the ⁇ -side electrode 7 is formed in a region not to be formed and on both sides of the dielectric multilayer film 6.
- an ⁇ -side electrode 8 facing the ⁇ -side electrode 7 is formed on the lower part of the ⁇ - ⁇ substrate 11.
- a variable current source 12 is connected to the ⁇ -side electrode 7 and the ⁇ -side electrode 8.
- the lower DBR layer 1 is a ⁇ -type semiconductor distribution Bragg reflection multilayer film composed of 30 pairs of InGaAsP / AlInAs.
- the core layer 2 has a composition having an energy bandgap wavelength of 1300 nm, is formed of InGaAsP here, and has a thickness of 597 nm.
- the upper DBR layer 3 is a two-pair p-type semiconductor distributed Bragg reflecting multilayer film having a pair of InGaAsP / AlInAs. Oxidized portions 4a are formed at both ends of the selective oxidation layer 4 by an oxidizing process, thereby performing current confinement.
- the selective oxidation layer 4 is made of a semiconductor containing aluminum, for example, AlInAs.
- the contact layer 5 is formed of a p-type semiconductor.
- the holes 9 have a diameter of 200 nm and a lattice constant of 350 nm, and the width of the line defect portion 10 is 406 nm. is there.
- the core layer 2 having the holes 9 and the line defect portions 10 forms a photonic crystal structure.
- the parameters of the photonic crystal structure are determined by the wavelength of the target light.
- the lattice constant of the holes 9 can be changed in the range of 300 to 400 nm.
- the dielectric multilayer film 6 is composed of three pairs of Si ⁇ and amorphous silicon.
- the thickness of Si ⁇ is 340 nm, and the thickness of amorphous silicon is 149 ⁇ .
- the reflectivity of the dielectric multilayer film 6 is 99.9% or more.
- the p-side electrode 7 is realized by a multilayer structure of TiZPtZAu, and the n-side electrode 8 is formed of AuGe
- the line defect 10 functions as an optical waveguide in the 1550 nm band.
- the amount of current injected by the power supply 12 is changed, the refractive index of the photonic crystal structure changes, and the wavelength band in which the line defect 10 allows waveguides changes, so that it functions as a variable wavelength filter. Will be. (If the p-side electrode 7, the n-side electrode 8, and the power supply 12 are not provided, they function as a slab waveguide that guides only light of a predetermined wavelength.)
- a lower DBR layer 1, a core layer 2, an upper DBR layer 3, a selective oxidation layer 4, and a contact layer 5 are sequentially formed on an n-InP semiconductor substrate 11 using a MOCVD (Metall Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition) crystal growth apparatus. Form. Thereafter, the contact layer 5 and a part of the region 21 of the selective oxidation layer 4 are removed by photolithography and dry etching equipment (FIG. 4).
- MOCVD Metall Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition
- oxidation is promoted from the side surface of the selective oxidation layer 4 containing A1 by using an oxidation furnace to form an oxidized portion 4a for current confinement.
- the pattern of the photonic crystal structure shown in FIG. 3, that is, the hole pattern having a lattice arrangement of circles is transferred using an electron beam drawing apparatus, and an etching mask of the hole pattern is formed on the contact layer 5.
- chlorine-based A hole 9 is formed from the contact layer 5 to the upper partial region of the lower DBR layer 1 using a light etching apparatus.
- the depth of the holes 9 is about 2 ⁇ . With the diameter of the holes being 200 nm, the aspect ratio of the holes is about 10: 1 (Fig. 5).
- the layers 22 are stacked, and the regions 22 are removed by etching so as to cover at least the stripe regions corresponding to the line defect portions 10, thereby forming the stripe-shaped dielectric multilayer film 6 (FIG. 6).
- the lower portion of the n-InP substrate 11 is polished so that the thickness including the dielectric multilayer film 6 is about 120 ⁇ m.
- a slab optical waveguide is formed by forming the p-side electrode 7 and the n-side electrode 8 (FIG. 7).
- a variable wavelength filter is manufactured.
- the holes 9 penetrate down to the lower DBR layer 1.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the aspect ratio of the holes 9 is reduced, and the holes 9 with high precision can be formed.
- the etching depth when forming the holes 9 is small, and the parameters relating to the holes 9 among the parameters that must be considered so as to obtain the predetermined reflection characteristics of the lower DBR layer 1 are unnecessary. , And the design of the lower DBR layer 1 becomes more difficult.
- the force that forms the DBR layer made of InGaAsP / AlInAs on the InP substrate is not limited to this.
- one pair of GaAs / AlGaAs is formed on the GaAs substrate.
- a DBR layer may be formed.
- the core layer 2 may include AsGalnAs.
- the dielectric multilayer film 6 is a dielectric multilayer film, another configuration may be used as long as a high reflectance can be obtained for a desired wavelength.
- the dielectric multilayer film 6 is formed by contact coating a polymer or a dielectric material by spin coating or the like so as to fill the holes 9 in advance.
- the coating may be performed after being applied on the layer 5 and subjected to a heat treatment or the like to solidify the polymer or the dielectric material, and then performing a flattening process.
- the difference in the refractive index between the core layer 2 and the lower DBR layer and the upper DBR layer 3 in the photonic crystal structure becomes small, and the characteristics of the photonic crystal structure shift.
- the parameters of the photonic crystal structure for example, the lattice constant, the diameter of the holes 9, and the width of the line defect portion 10 may be appropriately designed.
- the measurement results of the characteristics of the variable wavelength filter shown in FIG. 1 will be described.
- the optical waveguide in which the line defect 10 was formed had an optical waveguide loss of about 7 dBZmm with respect to light having a wavelength of 1530 to 1560 nm.
- the Fabry-Perot cavity wavelength of the optical waveguide could be shifted up to about 5 nm.
- FIG. 9 is a partially cutaway view of an example of the optical switch viewed obliquely. As shown in FIG. 9, this optical switch is provided with a fixed power supply 23 and a switch 24 arranged in series in place of the variable power supply 12 shown in FIG. 1, and the control unit 25 controls the on / off of the switch 24. I am trying to do it.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a slab optical waveguide realized by forming only the photonic crystal structure of the variable wavelength filter corresponding to FIG.
- a slab optical waveguide in the case of a slab optical waveguide, there is no need to perform electrodes, current confinement, and the like. In both cases, since an etching process for generating a shape is not required, a slab optical waveguide using a photonic crystal structure can be formed with a simple configuration.
- holes 9 may be formed through the entire lower DBR layer 1. The holes 9 may be formed so as to be deeper than the boundary between the core layer 2 and the lower DBR layer 1.
- the holes 9 of the photonic crystal structure having the line defect portions 10 are formed with a minimum necessary aspect ratio by using a semiconductor process.
- a nick crystal structure can be formed.
- the radiation leakage mode of the two-dimensional photonic crystal structure can be easily suppressed by using a semiconductor reflection film such as the lower DBR layer 1.
- the core layer 2 is sandwiched between the upper clad layer 2a and the lower clad layer 2b from above and below.
- the upper cladding layer 2a and the lower cladding layer 2b are made of, for example, InGaAsP, and the energy band gap is made wider than the energy band gap of the core layer 2 by adjusting the composition ratio.
- the holes 9 constituting the photonic crystal reach the upper cladding layer 2a, the core layer 2, and the lower cladding layer 2b, but have a depth that does not reach the lower DBR layer 1.
- the holes 9 may have a depth reaching the lower DBR layer 1, as in FIG.
- a light confinement structure is formed above the line defect 10 by vertically reflecting light by the upper DBR layer 3 and the dielectric multilayer film 6 and returning the light to the line defect 10.
- the lateral light is confined by a photonic crystal structure having holes 9.
- holes 9 are formed only in the upper DBR layer 3 without forming holes 9 in the entire upper reflection film composed of the dielectric multilayer film 6 and the upper DBR layer 3. Therefore, the aspect ratio of the holes 9 becomes small.
- Lower DBR layer 1 and lower cladding layer 2b are doped with an n-type dopant, for example, silicon (Si), to become n-type.
- Upper DBR layer 3, upper cladding layer 2a, selective oxidation layer 4 and contact layer 5 are A p-type dopant, for example, zinc (Zn) is doped to become p-type.
- the photonic crystal semiconductor device having the photonic crystal structure having the line defect portion 10 is described.
- the photonic crystal structure having the point defect portion is formed. It has realized photonic crystal semiconductor devices.
- FIG. 12 is a sectional view of the semiconductor laser according to the second embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 13 is a plan view of the semiconductor laser shown in FIG.
- this semiconductor laser is an in-plane resonance type semiconductor laser
- a core layer 32 having an active layer 32a of GalnNAsSb is provided instead of the core layer 2 shown in FIG.
- the other cross-sectional structure is the same as the structure shown in FIG. 1, but forms a photonic crystal structure having a point defect portion 30 which is different from the line defect portion 10. That is, as shown in FIG. 13, a point defect 30 is formed as a defect in the photonic crystal, and the surroundings confine light two-dimensionally. Therefore, the holes 39 of the photonic crystal also have a structure surrounding the point defect portion 30.
- the electrode 37 also has an annular shape that does not have a stripe shape.
- a GaAs substrate is used instead of the n-InP substrate, and the DBR layers such as the lower DBR layer 1 are also formed by a DBR layer having a pair of GaAs / AlGaAs.
- the light of the 131 Onm band excited by the excitation is applied to the active layer 32 a of the point defect portion 30, and the lower DBR layer 1 and the upper DBR layer 3 are excited.
- the laser beam resonates with the dielectric multilayer film 6 and is emitted through the dielectric multilayer film 6.
- the point defect portion 30 may be a plurality of point defects that do not correspond to the defect of one hole 39. Further, a multiple quantum well structure may be used as the active layer 32a.
- the Q value of the point defect portion 30 according to the second embodiment is about 3000
- Q value of air bridge type is about 4000. Therefore, it can be said that the semiconductor laser described in the second embodiment has a resonator substantially equivalent to that of the air-bridge type semiconductor laser.
- the depth of the holes 39 in FIG. 12 may be a depth that does not reach the lower DBR layer 1, as in the holes 9 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 14 is a perspective view showing a photonic crystal semiconductor device used as a super prism according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the photonic crystal semiconductor device shown in FIG. It is a top view showing a core layer.
- the same symbols as those in FIGS. 1 and 11 indicate the same elements.
- the contact layer 5 are sequentially formed by MOCVD, and a dielectric multilayer film 6 in the form of stripes is formed on the contact layer 5 along the optical waveguide direction. Further, on both sides of the dielectric multilayer film 6, the p-side electrodes 7 are formed on the contact layer 5.
- a plurality of holes 9 are formed in a triangle shape in the upper DBR layer 3, the upper cladding layer 2a, the core layer 2, and the lower cladding layer 2b, thereby forming a photonic crystal structure.
- the photonic crystal structure has no point defects and no line defects.
- the traveling direction of light can be largely changed by slightly changing the wavelength or the incident angle of light incident on the core layer 2. That is, in the photonic crystal, a photonic band structure is formed due to the periodic structure, and the direction of light transmission changes sensitively according to the wavelength and the incident angle of the light.
- the lower part of the dielectric multilayer film 6 is used as an optical waveguide, and as shown in FIG. 15, one end force of the core layer 2 of the optical waveguide is used to emit light of a plurality of wavelengths ⁇ ⁇ , 2 2, ⁇ 3.
- the light is split from the other end of the core layer 2 according to the difference in wavelength, and the light emission position is different.
- the incident position and angle of the light are different at different wavelengths at the other end of the core layer 2, light of different wavelengths is multiplexed and emitted at the same position at one end.
- the photonic crystal semiconductor device of FIG. 14 is used as an optical multiplexing / demultiplexing element.
- the waveguide in the core layer 2 is guided.
- the wavelength band of light can be changed. Adjusting the width of the dielectric multilayer film 6 allows the current flowing from the p-electrode 7 to flow to the core layer 2 below the dielectric film 6.
- FIG. 16 is a perspective sectional view showing a semiconductor laser integrated photonic crystal optical device according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 17 is a sectional view taken along the line I--I of FIG. 16, and
- FIG. — ⁇ is a cross-sectional view.
- FIGS. 16 and 17 the same symbols as those in FIG. 1 indicate the same elements.
- a variable wavelength filter 40 formed according to the process described in the first embodiment is formed in a region where a photonic crystal semiconductor device is formed in the n-InP substrate 11.
- the tunable wavelength filter 40 includes a lower DBR layer 1, a lower cladding layer 2b, a core layer 2, an upper cladding layer 2a, an upper DBR layer 3, a selective oxidation layer 4, a contact layer 5, a dielectric multilayer film 6, and a P-side electrode 7. have.
- a semiconductor laser 20 is formed in a semiconductor laser formation region adjacent to the variable wavelength filter 40.
- This semiconductor laser 20 has an n-type cladding layer 14 of n-InP, an active layer 15 having a SCH structure, a p-type cladding layer 16 of p_InP, A contact layer 17 made of InGaAs; and a laser driving p-side electrode 18 formed on the contact layer 17.
- the p-side electrode 18 is composed of Ti / Pt / Au force.
- the active layer 15 has a SCH (Separate Confinement Heterostructure) structure, and is composed of a multiple quantum well layer and a light confinement layer sandwiching a multiple quantum well layer from above and below.
- the multiple quantum well layer is composed of a plurality of quantum well layers and barrier layers sandwiching each quantum well layer.
- the quantum well layer and the barrier layer are composed of InGaAsP having different composition ratios.
- the optical confinement layer is made of InGaAsP, and its composition is adjusted so that the energy band gap is wider than that of the barrier layer.
- the semiconductor layers constituting the semiconductor laser 20 from the n-type cladding layer 14 to the p-type cladding layer 16 are selectively grown with the photonic crystal semiconductor device region covered with a dielectric film.
- the semiconductor layers from the lower DBR layer 1 to the selective oxide layer 4 constituting the photonic crystal semiconductor device 40 are selectively formed with the semiconductor laser region covered with a dielectric film. Lengthened. For example, silicon dioxide or silicon nitride is used as the material of the dielectric film.
- the contact layer 17 of the semiconductor laser 20 and the contact layer 5 of the variable wavelength filter are formed at the same time, and the contact layers 5 and 17 are separated via a groove 18a formed by photolithography.
- the lower portion of the n-type cladding layer 14, the active layer 15, and the p-type cladding layer 14 of the semiconductor laser 20 are patterned in a stripe shape in the optical waveguide direction to form a ridge structure. It has become.
- a current block structure having a configuration in which a p_InP buried layer 19a and an n-InP buried layer 19b are sequentially stacked is formed.
- One end of the striped active layer 15 is connected to the end of the core layer 2 of the line defect 10 of the variable wavelength filter 40.
- the active layer of the semiconductor laser 20 has a variable wavelength.
- Laser light having a broad wavelength spectrum is emitted toward the core layer 2 of the filter 40.
- the variable wavelength filter 40 having the laser light incident thereon selects the wavelength of the light and guides the light to the line defect portion 10. The selection of the wavelength is performed by adjusting the value of the current flowing through the photonic crystal between the n-side electrode 8 and the p-side electrode 7 of the variable wavelength filter 12.
- the semiconductor laser integrated photonic crystal optical device since the semiconductor laser 20 and the variable wavelength filter 40 are formed on one n-InP substrate 11, the optical integrated device can be miniaturized. Can be achieved.
- the photonic crystal semiconductor device integrated with the semiconductor laser 20 on the InP plate 11 includes, in addition to the tunable wavelength filter 40, the slab waveguide and the optical switch as described in the above embodiment. , A light modulator, a super prism, or the like.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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EP05719194A EP1722265A4 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-16 | PHOTONIC CRYSTAL SEMICONDUCTOR ELEMENT AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREFOR |
JP2005518034A JP4833665B2 (ja) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-02-16 | フォトニック結晶半導体デバイスの製造方法 |
US11/505,428 US7525726B2 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2006-08-17 | Photonic crystal semiconductor device and production method thereof |
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US (1) | US7525726B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1722265A4 (ja) |
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JP2009272394A (ja) * | 2008-05-02 | 2009-11-19 | Canon Inc | 3次元フォトニック結晶を用いた発光素子 |
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Also Published As
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JP2011138156A (ja) | 2011-07-14 |
JP4833665B2 (ja) | 2011-12-07 |
EP1722265A4 (en) | 2008-07-02 |
EP1722265A8 (en) | 2007-03-21 |
EP1722265A1 (en) | 2006-11-15 |
US7525726B2 (en) | 2009-04-28 |
US20070013991A1 (en) | 2007-01-18 |
JPWO2005078512A1 (ja) | 2008-01-17 |
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