WO2005074328A1 - 有機elパネル - Google Patents
有機elパネル Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005074328A1 WO2005074328A1 PCT/JP2005/000453 JP2005000453W WO2005074328A1 WO 2005074328 A1 WO2005074328 A1 WO 2005074328A1 JP 2005000453 W JP2005000453 W JP 2005000453W WO 2005074328 A1 WO2005074328 A1 WO 2005074328A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- organic
- panel
- layer
- emitting layer
- light
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
- H05B33/14—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63H—TOYS, e.g. TOPS, DOLLS, HOOPS OR BUILDING BLOCKS
- A63H29/00—Drive mechanisms for toys in general
- A63H29/22—Electric drives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63H—TOYS, e.g. TOPS, DOLLS, HOOPS OR BUILDING BLOCKS
- A63H30/00—Remote-control arrangements specially adapted for toys, e.g. for toy vehicles
- A63H30/02—Electrical arrangements
- A63H30/04—Electrical arrangements using wireless transmission
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63H—TOYS, e.g. TOPS, DOLLS, HOOPS OR BUILDING BLOCKS
- A63H31/00—Gearing for toys
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R1/00—Details of instruments or arrangements of the types included in groups G01R5/00 - G01R13/00 and G01R31/00
- G01R1/02—General constructional details
- G01R1/06—Measuring leads; Measuring probes
- G01R1/067—Measuring probes
- G01R1/073—Multiple probes
- G01R1/07307—Multiple probes with individual probe elements, e.g. needles, cantilever beams or bump contacts, fixed in relation to each other, e.g. bed of nails fixture or probe card
- G01R1/0735—Multiple probes with individual probe elements, e.g. needles, cantilever beams or bump contacts, fixed in relation to each other, e.g. bed of nails fixture or probe card arranged on a flexible frame or film
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H48/00—Differential gearings
- F16H48/06—Differential gearings with gears having orbital motion
- F16H48/08—Differential gearings with gears having orbital motion comprising bevel gears
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R1/00—Details of instruments or arrangements of the types included in groups G01R5/00 - G01R13/00 and G01R31/00
- G01R1/02—General constructional details
- G01R1/06—Measuring leads; Measuring probes
- G01R1/067—Measuring probes
- G01R1/06711—Probe needles; Cantilever beams; "Bump" contacts; Replaceable probe pins
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R3/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture or maintenance of measuring instruments, e.g. of probe tips
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an organic EL panel in which an organic EL (select port luminescence) element in which at least an organic layer having a light emitting layer is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes is disposed on a light-transmitting support substrate.
- organic EL selective port luminescence
- An organic EL panel using an organic EL element includes, on a translucent supporting substrate made of a glass material, a first electrode made of a material such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) serving as an anode, and at least a light emitting element. It is known that the organic EL element is formed by sequentially laminating an organic layer having a light layer and a non-translucent second electrode made of aluminum (A1) or the like serving as a cathode. (For example, see Patent Document 1)
- the organic EL panel has a large light emission by injecting holes from the first electrode and injecting electrons from the second electrode to recombine holes and electrons in the light emitting layer. Therefore, it is desired to extend the life of light emission at a predetermined luminance for a long time.
- Patent Document 1 JP-A-59-194393
- the present invention provides an organic EL panel that emits light at a predetermined luminance for a long time and has a long life even when driven in a high current density region. Aim.
- an organic EL panel of the present invention is configured such that an organic EL element having at least an organic layer having a light emitting layer sandwiched between a pair of electrodes is formed on a translucent support substrate.
- the light emitting layer has at least a light emitting layer formed by adding a fluorescent material and a transport material as a guest material to a host material.
- the transport material the mobility of holes or electrons, wherein the this is 10- 4 cm 2 ZV 's or more.
- the ionization potential of the fluorescent material is lower than the ionization potential of the host material by 0.1 leV or more.
- the light emitting layer is characterized in that the fluorescent material and the hole transporting transport material are added as the guest material to the hole transporting host material.
- the light emitting layer is characterized in that the fluorescent material and the electron transporting transport material are added as the guest material to the electron transporting host material.
- the present invention relates to an organic EL panel in which an organic EL element having at least an organic layer having a light emitting layer sandwiched between a pair of electrodes is disposed on a light-transmitting support substrate, and has a high density current region. It is possible to prolong the life of light emission at a predetermined luminance for a long time even when driving with.
- FIG. 1 is a view showing an organic EL panel to which the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing the same organic layer.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the current efficiency of the organic EL panel of the above.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the relationship between the light emission time and the light emission luminance of the organic EL panel and the conventional organic EL panel.
- FIG. 6 A diagram showing current efficiency of a conventional organic EL panel.
- the organic EL panel A includes a support substrate 1, a first electrode (anode) 2, an insulating layer 3, a partition 4, an organic layer 5, and a second electrode (cathode) 6. And a sealing member 7.
- the support substrate 1 is a transparent glass substrate having a rectangular shape.
- the first electrode 2 is formed by sputtering a light-transmitting conductive material such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide)! It is formed by pattern-Jung in stripes by the graphic method.
- the first electrode 2 has an anode wiring portion 2a and an anode portion 2b as shown in FIG. 1 (a), and the anode wiring portion 2a has an anode terminal portion for electrically connecting to an external power supply at a terminal portion. 2c.
- the insulating layer 3 also has an insulating material such as a polyimide-based or phenol-based material, and is formed in a predetermined shape at a non-light-emitting portion on the support substrate 1 by a method such as photolithography.
- the insulating layer 3 is formed between the anode portions 2b of the first electrode 2 and is formed so as to slightly overlap the first electrode 2 to insulate the first electrode 2 from a second electrode described later. Things.
- the partition 4 is also made of an insulating material such as a phenolic material, and has a reverse tapered cross section by a means such as photolithography.
- the partition part 4 is formed on the first electrode 2 and the insulating layer 3 so as to intersect the anode part 2b at a substantially right angle, and at a position corresponding to a cathode wiring part described later on the support substrate 1, FIG. As shown in), the support substrate 1 is formed in an arc shape when viewed from the organic EL element forming surface side.
- the organic layer 5 is formed on the first electrode 2 and the insulating layer 3, and as shown in FIG. 2, a hole injection layer 5a, a hole transport layer 5b, a light emitting layer 5c, an electron transport
- the layer 5d and the electron injection layer 5e are sequentially laminated by means such as a vapor deposition method to form a layer having a thickness of 80 to 280 nm.
- the hole injection layer 5a has a function of taking in holes from the first electrode 2, and is formed, for example, of an amine compound or the like into a layer having a thickness of 20 to 80 nm by a method such as a vapor deposition method.
- the hole injection layer 5a has a glass transition temperature of 85 ° C or higher (more preferably 100 ° C or higher).
- the hole transport layer 5b has a function of transmitting holes to the light emitting layer 5c.
- a TPTE of a triphenylamine tetramer which is an amine compound, has a thickness of 10 nm by a method such as a vapor deposition method. — Formed in layers of 60 ⁇ m.
- the hole transport layer 5b has a glass transition temperature of 85 ° C or higher (more preferably, 100 ° C or higher).
- the light emitting layer 5c is formed by doping a host material 5f with a fluorescent material 5g and a hole transporting material (transporting material) 5h as a guest material by means such as co-evaporation, and has a film thickness of 20 to 60 nm. Formed in layers.
- the host material 5f is capable of transporting holes and electrons, has a function of emitting light when the holes and electrons are transported and recombined, and has a high hole mobility and a low electron mobility. It has pore mobility characteristics and is made of, for example, a distyrylarylene derivative.
- the host material 5f has a glass transition temperature of 85 ° C or more (more preferably 100 ° C or more).
- the fluorescent material 5g has a function of emitting light in response to recombination of electrons and holes, emits amber (orange) light, and is made of, for example, model RD001 manufactured by Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. In this embodiment, it is desirable that the doping amount of the fluorescent material 5g is set so as not to cause the concentration quenching.In this embodiment, the fluorescent material 5g is doped so that the concentration in the light emitting layer 5c becomes 218%. Has been added. Further, Ioni spoon potentiometer Nsharu Ipd fluorescent material 5g has a value lower than 0. LEV than the ionization potential Iph of the host material 5f (Iph- lpd ⁇ 0.
- LeV LeV 0 hole transport material 5h
- amine compounds der Ru triflate - Ruamin 4 becomes TPTE Hitoshiryoku of mer, the hole mobility is higher electron mobility has a lower hole-transport properties, hole mobility 10- 4 cm 2 ZV's or more.
- the hole transport material 5h is added so that the concentration in the light emitting layer 5c is 5 to 20%.
- the hole transport material 5h has a glass transition temperature of 85 ° C or higher (more preferably 100 ° C or higher).
- the electron transport layer 5d has a function of transferring electrons to the light emitting layer 5c.
- a chelate compound aluminum quinolinol (Alq3) or the like is formed into a layer having a thickness of 20 to 60 nm by a method such as an evaporation method. Formed.
- the electron injection layer 5e has a function of injecting electrons from the second electrode 6, and is formed by forming, for example, lithium fluoride (LiF) or the like into a layer having a thickness of about 1 nm by a method such as an evaporation method. .
- LiF lithium fluoride
- the second electrode 6 is made of a conductive material such as aluminum (A1) or magnesium silver (Mg: Ag). It is formed into a layer with a film thickness of 50 to 200 nm by means such as a deposition method, and is cut into stripes by the partition walls 4, and intersects the arc-shaped cathode wiring section 6a and the transparent electrode 2 at a substantially right angle. 6b is formed (see FIG. 1 (a)). Further, the cathode wiring section 6a is electrically connected to the connection wiring section 8.
- the connection wiring part 8a is formed together with the first electrode 2, and is made of the same material of ITO. In the connection wiring section 8, a cathode terminal section 8a for electrically connecting to the external power supply is formed at a terminating end.
- the first electrode 2, the insulating layer 3, the partition 4, the organic layer 5, and the second electrode 6 are sequentially laminated on the support substrate 1, and the anode 2 b and the cathode 6 b An organic EL element in which pixels having opposing location forces are provided in a matrix is obtained.
- the sealing member 7 is formed by, for example, forming a flat plate member made of a glass material into a concave shape by an appropriate method such as sandblasting, cutting, and etching.
- the sealing member 7 is hermetically disposed on the supporting substrate 1 via an adhesive 7a made of, for example, an ultraviolet curable epoxy resin, so that the sealing member 7 and the supporting substrate 1 Is sealed.
- the sealing member 7 is configured to be slightly smaller than the support substrate 1 so that the anode terminal 2c of the first electrode 2 and the cathode terminal 8a connected to the second electrode 6 are exposed to the outside.
- the sealing member may be a flat plate. In this case, the sealing member is provided on the supporting substrate via a spacer.
- a dot matrix type organic EL panel A using the organic EL element in which the pixels having the force of the opposed portions of the anode section 2b and the cathode section 6b provided in a matrix, as a display section is obtained.
- the organic EL panel A holes from the first electrode 2 and electrons from the second electrode 6 are recombined in the light emitting layer 5c to obtain amber light emission.
- a constant current is applied by selecting one of the plurality of anode portions 2b and the plurality of cathode portions 6b formed in a stripe shape, and the selected anode portion 2b and cathode portion 6b face each other.
- the light-emitting layer 5c has a hole-transporting host material 5f and a hole-transporting material 5h. From The hole mobility is higher than that of the light-emitting layer of the conventional organic EL panel, and as shown in Fig.
- the current efficiency approaches or approaches the maximum value. It is possible to obtain a value characteristic. That is, in the organic EL panel A, the ratio of recombination of holes and electrons increases when driven in a high current density region. From this, even when driving in the high current density region, the deterioration of the organic material of the organic layer 5 is suppressed because the number of holes and electrons that do not contribute to light emission is smaller than in the conventional organic EL panel. In addition, it is possible to suppress a decrease in light emission luminance in the light emitting layer 5c due to elapse of the light emission time.
- FIG. 4 shows an organic EL panel having an organic EL element having a conventional light emitting layer having the same light emitting area and an organic EL panel A having the organic EL element having the light emitting layer 5c according to the present embodiment, which has a high temperature of 85 ° C. It is an experimental result showing the change in emission luminance due to the passage of the light emission time in the case of driving at a high current density region of 300AZm 2 at medium, characteristics S 1 shows the characteristics of the conventional organic EL panel, the characteristics S2 Indicates the characteristics of the organic EL panel A of the present embodiment.
- the organic EL panel A has the same initial luminance as that of the conventional organic EL panel, and the decrease in light emission luminance due to the elapse of the light emission time is suppressed as compared with the conventional organic EL panel. It is clear from Fig. 4 that OLED panel A is superior to conventional OLED panels.
- FIG. 5 shows an experimental result showing a change in light emission luminance when a predetermined driving voltage is applied to the above-described conventional organic EL panel and organic EL panel A.
- Characteristic S3 shows characteristics of the conventional organic EL panel.
- the characteristic S 4 indicates the characteristic of the organic EL panel A.
- the organic EL panel A can be driven at a higher emission luminance than the conventional organic EL panel when the same driving voltage is applied.
- the organic EL panel A can obtain a predetermined light emission luminance at a lower voltage than the conventional organic EL panel, the load on the organic layer 5 can be reduced, and the organic material of the organic layer 5 can be reduced. Deterioration can be suppressed.
- the organic layer 5 sandwiched between the first electrode 2 and the second electrode 6 is formed by doping a hole transporting host material 5f with a fluorescent material 5g and a hole transporting material 5h. It has at least a layer 5c.
- the light emitting layer 5c is formed by doping a host material 5f with a hole transport material 5h having a hole mobility of 10 4 cm 2 ZV's or more. Further, the light emitting layer 5c has an ionization potential Ipd of the fluorescent material 5g to be added and the ionization potential of the host material 5f. It is a value lower than the potential Iph by more than 0. leV.
- the organic EL panel A improves the efficiency of recombination of holes and electrons when driven in a higher current density region than the conventional organic EL panel, so that holes that do not contribute to light emission are improved.
- the number of electrons is reduced to suppress the deterioration of the organic material of the organic layer 5 and to prolong the life of light emission at a predetermined luminance for a long time.
- the organic EL panel A can obtain a predetermined light emission luminance at a lower voltage than the conventional organic EL panel, the load on the organic layer 5 can be reduced, and the organic material of the organic layer 5 can be reduced. It is possible to suppress the deterioration of
- the present embodiment is a dot matrix type organic EL panel A, but the present invention is also applicable to a segment type organic EL panel.
- the organic EL panel A of the present embodiment has a configuration in which the light emitting layer 5c is formed by doping the fluorescent material 5g and the hole transport material 5h into the hole transporting host material 5f.
- the same effect can be obtained even if the light emitting layer is formed by doping a fluorescent material and an electron transporting material into an electron transporting host material.
- the light emitting layer 5c is formed by doping a host material 5f with a fluorescent material 5g emitting light of amber color.
- the fluorescent material doped into the host material may emit light of another emission color.
- the present invention is applied to an organic EL panel in which an organic EL element having at least an organic layer having a light emitting layer sandwiched between a pair of electrodes is disposed on a light-transmitting support substrate.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/587,401 US7755274B2 (en) | 2004-01-29 | 2005-01-17 | Organic EL panel |
EP05703691A EP1720381A4 (en) | 2004-01-29 | 2005-01-17 | ORGANIC EL-TABLE |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004021741A JP3743005B2 (ja) | 2004-01-29 | 2004-01-29 | 有機elパネル |
JP2004-021741 | 2004-01-29 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005074328A1 true WO2005074328A1 (ja) | 2005-08-11 |
Family
ID=34823807
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2005/000453 WO2005074328A1 (ja) | 2004-01-29 | 2005-01-17 | 有機elパネル |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7755274B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1720381A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3743005B2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005074328A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2012111680A1 (en) * | 2011-02-16 | 2012-08-23 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Light-emitting body, light-emitting layer, and light-emitting device |
JP2012195572A (ja) | 2011-02-28 | 2012-10-11 | Semiconductor Energy Lab Co Ltd | 発光層および発光素子 |
TWI563702B (en) | 2011-02-28 | 2016-12-21 | Semiconductor Energy Lab Co Ltd | Light-emitting device |
KR102363259B1 (ko) | 2014-12-02 | 2022-02-16 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | 유기 발광 소자 |
KR20180088818A (ko) * | 2015-12-01 | 2018-08-07 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 발광 소자, 발광 장치, 전자 기기, 및 조명 장치 |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0961330A2 (en) | 1998-05-19 | 1999-12-01 | SANYO ELECTRIC Co., Ltd. | Organic electroluminescent device |
JP2002343571A (ja) * | 2001-05-18 | 2002-11-29 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | 有機電界発光素子 |
JP2004006165A (ja) * | 2002-06-03 | 2004-01-08 | Toyota Industries Corp | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4539507A (en) | 1983-03-25 | 1985-09-03 | Eastman Kodak Company | Organic electroluminescent devices having improved power conversion efficiencies |
JP3287344B2 (ja) * | 1998-10-09 | 2002-06-04 | 株式会社デンソー | 有機el素子 |
EP1178709A4 (en) * | 2000-03-07 | 2007-02-14 | Idemitsu Kosan Co | ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENT DISPLAY DEVICE WITH ACTIVE ATTRACTION AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
US6614175B2 (en) * | 2001-01-26 | 2003-09-02 | Xerox Corporation | Organic light emitting devices |
US6727644B2 (en) * | 2001-08-06 | 2004-04-27 | Eastman Kodak Company | Organic light-emitting device having a color-neutral dopant in an emission layer and in a hole and/or electron transport sublayer |
TWI224473B (en) * | 2003-06-03 | 2004-11-21 | Chin-Hsin Chen | Doped co-host emitter system in organic electroluminescent devices |
-
2004
- 2004-01-29 JP JP2004021741A patent/JP3743005B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-01-17 EP EP05703691A patent/EP1720381A4/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-01-17 WO PCT/JP2005/000453 patent/WO2005074328A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2005-01-17 US US10/587,401 patent/US7755274B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0961330A2 (en) | 1998-05-19 | 1999-12-01 | SANYO ELECTRIC Co., Ltd. | Organic electroluminescent device |
US6387546B1 (en) * | 1998-05-19 | 2002-05-14 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Organic electroluminescent device |
JP2002343571A (ja) * | 2001-05-18 | 2002-11-29 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | 有機電界発光素子 |
JP2004006165A (ja) * | 2002-06-03 | 2004-01-08 | Toyota Industries Corp | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
Non-Patent Citations (8)
Title |
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"Dai 8 Sho Yuki El Display no Kodai to Kaiketsusaku, Yuki El Display no Honkaku Jitsuyoka Saizensen.", TORAY RESEARCH CENTER INC. CHOSA KENKYU BUMON., 15 June 2002 (2002-06-15), pages 257 - 261, XP002991266 * |
J. KIDO ET AL., APPL. PHYS. LETT., vol. 61, no. 17, 1992, pages 761 - 763 |
J. KIDO ET AL., APPL. PHYS. LETT., vol. 67, no. 16, 1995, pages 2281 - 2283 |
J. KIDO, APPL. PHYS. LETT., vol. 64, no. 7, 1994, pages 815 - 817 |
KIDO J. ET AL: "Organic electroluminescent devices based on molecular doped polymers.", APPL.PHYS.LETT., vol. 61, no. 7, 17 August 1992 (1992-08-17), pages 761, XP000996984 * |
KIDO J. ET AL: "Single layer white light.emmiting organic electroluminescent devices based on dye-dispersed poly(N-vinylcarbazole).", APPL.PHYS.LETT., vol. 67, no. 16, 16 October 1995 (1995-10-16), pages 2281 - 2283, XP000544359 * |
See also references of EP1720381A4 |
TOKITO K. ET AL: "Dai 9 Sho Hole Yusosei Zairyo.", YUKI EL ZAIRYO TO DISPLAY., 20 April 2001 (2001-04-20), pages 142 - 143, XP002991267 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US7755274B2 (en) | 2010-07-13 |
EP1720381A4 (en) | 2009-06-24 |
EP1720381A1 (en) | 2006-11-08 |
JP3743005B2 (ja) | 2006-02-08 |
JP2005216671A (ja) | 2005-08-11 |
US20070145885A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
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