WO2005070494A1 - Method of routing electrical current to bodily tissues via implanted passive conductors - Google Patents

Method of routing electrical current to bodily tissues via implanted passive conductors Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005070494A1
WO2005070494A1 PCT/CA2005/000074 CA2005000074W WO2005070494A1 WO 2005070494 A1 WO2005070494 A1 WO 2005070494A1 CA 2005000074 W CA2005000074 W CA 2005000074W WO 2005070494 A1 WO2005070494 A1 WO 2005070494A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
body tissue
electrical
target body
conductor
tissue
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CA2005/000074
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Arthur Prochazka
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rehabtronics Inc
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Rehabtronics Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to CA2553901A priority Critical patent/CA2553901C/en
Priority to JP2006549810A priority patent/JP4879754B2/ja
Priority to AU2005205853A priority patent/AU2005205853B2/en
Priority to EP05700290.9A priority patent/EP1706178B1/en
Application filed by Rehabtronics Inc filed Critical Rehabtronics Inc
Publication of WO2005070494A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005070494A1/en
Priority to US11/337,824 priority patent/US7502652B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to US12/400,202 priority patent/US8406886B2/en
Priority to US12/565,377 priority patent/US20100016929A1/en
Priority to US13/850,760 priority patent/US20130274842A1/en
Priority to US14/180,972 priority patent/US9072886B2/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0002—Remote monitoring of patients using telemetry, e.g. transmission of vital signals via a communication network
    • A61B5/0026—Remote monitoring of patients using telemetry, e.g. transmission of vital signals via a communication network characterised by the transmission medium
    • A61B5/0028—Body tissue as transmission medium, i.e. transmission systems where the medium is the human body
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/40—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system
    • A61B5/4029—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system for evaluating the peripheral nervous systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A61N1/0404—Electrodes for external use
    • A61N1/0472—Structure-related aspects
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • A61N1/0504—Subcutaneous electrodes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • A61N1/0551—Spinal or peripheral nerve electrodes
    • A61N1/0556—Cuff electrodes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/36014—External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes
    • A61N1/36021—External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes for treatment of pain
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/3605—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system
    • A61N1/3606—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system adapted for a particular treatment
    • A61N1/36071—Pain
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/40—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system
    • A61B5/4076—Diagnosing or monitoring particular conditions of the nervous system
    • A61B5/4082—Diagnosing or monitoring movement diseases, e.g. Parkinson, Huntington or Tourette
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/36014—External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes
    • A61N1/36017—External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes with leads or electrodes penetrating the skin

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an implant, system and method for electrically stimulating a target body tissue in a subject.
  • Electrically-excitable bodily tissues such as nerves and muscles may be activated by an electrical field applied between electrodes applied externally to the skin. Electric current flows through the skin between a cathode electrode and an anode electrode, eliciting action potentials in the nerves and muscles underlying the electrodes.
  • transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators which relieve pain
  • therapeutic electrical stimulators which activate muscles for exercise purposes
  • functional electrical stimulators which activate muscles for tasks of daily life
  • United States Patent No. 5,330,516 to Nathan United States Patent No. 5,562,707 to Prochazka et al.
  • stimulators that promote regeneration of damaged bones include transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators (TENS) which relieve pain, therapeutic electrical stimulators which activate muscles for exercise purposes (Nodovnik, 1981), functional electrical stimulators which activate muscles for tasks of daily life (Kralj et al. (1989); United States Patent No. 5,330,516 to Nathan; United States Patent No. 5,562,707 to Prochazka et al.) and stimulators that promote regeneration of damaged bones.
  • a disadvantage of stimulation through electrodes attached to the body surface is that many non-targeted tissues may be co-activated along with the targeted tissues. This lack of selectivity often causes unwanted sensations and/or unwanted movements.
  • tissue that lie deep within the body are difficult or impossible to stimulate adequately, because most of the electrical current flowing between the electrodes flows through tissues closer to the electrodes than the targeted tissues.
  • Selectivity may be improved by implanting wires within the body that route electrical current from a stimulator to the vicinity of the targeted tissues. This method is used in cardiac pacemakers (Horch et al, 2004), dorsal column stimulators (Waltz, 1997), deep brain stimulators (Benabid et al, (1987) and sacral root stimulators (Brindley et al. (1982).
  • Cuffs containing the uninsulated ends of the wires may be placed around peripheral nerves to restrict most of the current to the vicinity of the nerve and limiting the spread of current to surrounding tissues, thereby improving selectivity (Haugland et al, (1999).
  • the stimulators complete with an energy source, are also implanted (Strojnik et al, 1987). Implanted stimulators are expensive and often require a controller and or power source external to the body. Batteries within the implanted stimulators need periodic replacement, entailing surgery.
  • stimulating wires are implanted in bodily tissues and led through the skin (percutaneously) to a connector attached to the surface of the body, to which an external stimulator is attached (Peckham et al, (1980).
  • External stimulators are much less expensive than implanted stimulators, but the percutaneous wires provide a conduit for infection and therefore require daily cleaning and maintenance. This has generally limited the use of percutaneous electrodes to short-term applications.
  • the present invention broadly provides an implant for electrically stimulating a target body tissue in a subject, the implant, once implanted, providing a conductive pathway for at least a portion of the electrical current flowing between surface cathodic and anodic electrodes positioned in spaced relationship on the subject's skin and transmitting that portion of the electrical current to the target body tissue, the implant comprising: an electrical conductor of sufficient length to extend, once implanted, from subcutaneous tissue located below the surface cathodic electrode to the target body tissue, the electrical conductor having a pick-up end and a stimulating end and being insulated between its ends, the pick-up end forming an electrical termination having a sufficient surface area to allow a sufficient portion of the electrical current to flow through the conductor, in preference to flowing through body tissue between the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes, such that the target body tissue is stimulated, and the stimulating end forming an electrical termination for delivering the portion of electrical current to the target body tissue.
  • the invention provides a system for electrically stimulating a target body tissue in a subject comprising the above implant, together with i) surface cathodic and anodic electrodes for making electrical contact with the subject's skin, and which, when positioned in spaced relationship on the subject's skin, for transmitting electrical current to the target body tissue; and ii) a stimulator external to the subject's body, electrically connected to the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes, the stimulator supplying direct, pulsatile, or alternating current to the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes.
  • the invention provides a method for electrically stimulating a target body tissue in a subject comprising the steps of: a) providing the above implant; b) implanting the implant entirely under the subject's skin, with the pick-up end positioned in subcutaneous tissue located below the surface cathodic electrode, and the stimulating end positioned proximate to the target body tissue; c) positioning the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes in spaced relationship on the subject's skin, with the surface cathodic electrode positioned over the pick-up end of the electrical conductor so the portion of the current is transmitted through the conductor to the target body tissue, and so that the current flows through the target body tissue and returns to the anodic surface electrode through body tissues or through an implanted electrical return conductor extending between the target body tissue and subcutaneous tissue located below the surface anodic electrode; and d) applying direct, pulsatile or alternating electrical current between the surface cathodic electrode and the surface anodic electrode to cause the portion of the electrical current to flow through the implant sufficient
  • Body tissue is meant to refer to a neural tissue (in the peripheral or central nervous system), a nerve, a muscle (skeletal, respiratory, or cardiac muscle) or an organ, for example, the brain, cochlea, optic nerve, heart, bladder, urethra, kidneys and bones.
  • Electrical current is meant to refer to resistive, capacitive, or inductive current.
  • Subject means an animal including a human.
  • Figure 2 is a side elevation view, in section, of an embodiment of the invention having an implanted electrical conductor and surface cathodic and anodic electrodes.
  • Figure 3 is a side elevation view, in section, of an alternate embodiment of the invention having an implanted electrical conductor, surface cathodic and anodic electrodes, and an electrical return conductor.
  • Figure 4 is a side elevation view, in section, of an alternate embodiment of the invention having two implanted electrical conductors, two surface cathodic electrodes, an anodic electrode, and an electrical return conductor.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention broadly provides an implant for electrically stimulating a target body tissue in a subject.
  • the implant provides a conductive pathway for at least a portion of the electrical current flowing between surface cathodic and anodic electrodes positioned in spaced relationship on a subject' skin, and transmits that portion of electrical current to the target body tissue
  • the invention provides a system and method incorporating the implant for electrically stimulating a target body tissue in a subject.
  • the subject can be an animal including a human.
  • the body tissue can be a neural tissue (in the peripheral or central nervous system), a nerve, a muscle (skeletal, respiratory, or cardiac muscle) or an organ, for example, the brain, cochlea, optic nerve, heart, bladder, urethra, kidneys and bones.
  • the invention can be applied to treat various conditions in which stimulation of any of these body tissues is required.
  • Such conditions can include movement disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease, tremor, cerebral palsy), muscular disorders (e.g., muscular dystrophy), incontinence (e.g., urinary bladder disorders), urinary retention, pain (e.g., migraine headaches, neck and back pain, pain resulting from other medical conditions), epilepsy (e.g., generalized and partial seizure disorder), cerebrovascular disorders (e.g., strokes, aneurysms), sleep disorders (e.g., sleep apnea), autonomic disorders (e.g., gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular disorders), disorders of vision, hearing and balance, and neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., depression).
  • movement disorders e.g., Parkinson's disease, tremor, cerebral palsy
  • muscular disorders e.g., muscular dystrophy
  • incontinence e.g., urinary bladder disorders
  • the invention may also be used for promoting bone growth (as required, for example, in the healing of a fracture), wound healing or tissue regeneration.
  • the invention is described with reference to the drawings in which like parts are labeled with the same numbers in Figures 1 to 4.
  • the invention is shown generally in Figure 1 which schematically illustrates portions of a subject's body tissues, including skin 10, a nerve 12 with its overlying nerve sheath 14, and a muscle 16.
  • Figure 1 also illustrates an implant indicated generally at 18, a surface cathodic electrode 20 and a surface anodic electrode 22.
  • the implant 18 is provided for electrically stimulating a target body tissue, such as a nerve 12, in a subject.
  • the implant 18 provides a conductive pathway for at least a portion of the electrical current flowing between the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes 20, 22.
  • the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes 20, 22 make electrical contact with the skin 10 and transmit electrical current to the target body tissue.
  • Surface cathodic and anodic electrodes 20, 22 can be selected from a conductive plate or sheet, a conductive gel electrode, a conductive rubber or polymer electrode that may be partially coated with an electrode paste or gel, or a moistened absorbent pad electrode.
  • Self-adhesive hydrogel electrodes of the type used to stimulate muscles, with surface areas of 1 square centimeter or more are particularly effective.
  • the positions of the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes 20, 22 on the skin 10 may vary, depending upon the location and nature of the target body tissue.
  • the implant 18 comprises an electrical conductor 24 of sufficient length to extend, once implanted, from subcutaneous tissue located below the surface cathodic electrode 20 to the target body tissue, for example nerve 12.
  • the electrical conductor 24 can be formed from a metal wire, carbon fibers, a conductive rubber or other conductive polymer, or a conductive salt solution in rubber. Multistranded, Teflon ® -insulated, stainless-steel wire conductors of the type used in cardiac pacemaker leads have been found to be particularly effective.
  • the electrical conductor has a pick-up end 26 and a stimulating end 28, and is insulated between its ends 26, 28.
  • the electrical impedance of the interface between the ends 26, 28 of the conductor 24 (when implanted) and the surrounding body tissue may be reduced by enlarging the surface area of the ends 26, 28.
  • one or both of the pick-up and stimulating ends 26, 28 form electrical terminations 30 having sufficient surface areas for reducing the electrical impedance of the interface between the pick-up and stimulating ends 26, 28 of the electrical conductor 24 and the surrounding body tissues.
  • the pick- up end 26 forms a termination 30.
  • the pick-up end 26 forms an electrical termination 30 which has a sufficient surface area to allow a sufficient portion of the electrical current to flow through the electrical conductor 24, in preference to flowing through body tissue between the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes 20, 22, such that the target body tissue is stimulated.
  • the stimulating end 28 also forms an electrical termination 30 for delivering the portion of electrical current to the target body tissue (i.e., nerve 12).
  • Terminations 30 should have sufficient surface area for providing high conductivity contact with body tissues, and lowering the electrical impedance between the body tissue and the conductor. If the surface area is minimal, the amount of current flowing through a conductor to the termination is reduced to an ineffective amount. The surface area required may thus be determined by a knowledge of the electrical impedance of the interface between the tissue and the terminations 30 at the receiving and stimulating ends 26, 28. Beneficial results have been obtained by making the surface area of metal terminations 30 at the ends 26, 28 about 0.5 square centimeters.
  • the electrical impedance of each interface between tissue and terminations 30 at ends 26, 28 was then about 5 times the electrical impedance of all the subcutaneous tissue between surface electrodes 20, 22.
  • a typical value of tissue impedance is 200 ohms.
  • the impedance of the conductor itself is chosen to be very small, for example 5 ohms, hi the example just given, the sum of the two interface impedances of the terminations 30 plus the conductor impedance was about 2000 ohms, that is to say about ten times the tissue impedance.
  • about 10% of the current applied between surface electrodes 20,22 flows through conductor 24 to the target tissue.
  • Terminations 30 of various shapes, materials and spatial arrangements can be used; for example, terminations 30 can provide an enlarged surface in the form of a coil, spiral, cuff, rod, or a plate or sheet in the form of an oval or polygon.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a termination 30 as a plate or sheet in the form of an oval at the pick-up end 26 of the electrical conductor 24, and in the form of a cuff at the stimulating end 28.
  • the cuff or a portion thereof can encircle or partially encircle the entirety or part of the nerve sheath 14 of the nerve 12.
  • the cuff or a portion thereof can be positioned proximate to the nerve sheath 14, or the inner surface of the cuff or a portion thereof can directly contact the nerve sheath 14.
  • Terminations 30 can be formed by coiling, spiraling or weaving long, uninsulated lengths of the pick-up or stimulating ends 26, 28 to provide a sufficient surface.
  • the surface area of the termination is thus "enlarged” relative to the surface area of a shorter length of the electrical conductor 24. This raises the effective surface area of the terminations 30 within a small space to provide higher conductivity contact with body tissues, and to lower the electrical impedance between the body tissue and the conductor 24 to allow current flow in the conductor in preference to in the body tissue. Sufficient current flow is thereby provided in the conductor 24 to stimulate the target tissue.
  • prefabricated terminations 30 for example, plates or sheets in the form of ovals or polygons
  • terminations 30 can be coated or modified with conductive materials to maximize the flow of electrical current through the target body tissue.
  • the spatial arrangement of the terminations 30 can be varied; for example, multiple terminations 30 can also be applied to different parts of a body tissue (Grill et al, 1996).
  • the terminations 30 themselves can be in the form of closely-spaced contacts enclosed within an embracing cuff 32 placed around the nerve 12.
  • the embracing cuff 32 can be formed from conductive silicone rubber. Electrical impedance may be further reduced by providing conductive or capacitive coatings, or an oxide layer on the terminations 30.
  • the coating can be selected from a material whose structural or electrical properties improve the electrical conductance between the tissue and the conductor, for example, by providing a complex surface into which tissue can grow (for example, a polymer such as poly-diethoxy-thiophene, or suitable oxide layers including tantalum and sintered iridium).
  • the terminations 30 can have coatings which provide an anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial or tissue ingrowth effect.
  • the coating can be a substance selected from an anti-inflammatory agent, antibacterial agent, antibiotic, or a tissue ingrowth promoter.
  • performance of the invention can be improved by implanting an electrical return conductor 34 of sufficient length to extend from the target body tissue to subcutaneous tissue located below the surface anodic electrode 22.
  • the electrical return conductor 34 provides a low-impedance conductive pathway from the target body tissue to the surface anodic electrode 22, thereby concentrating the electric field through the target tissue.
  • the electrical return conductor 34 can be formed from a metal wire, carbon fibers, a conductive rubber or other conductive polymer, or a conductive salt solution in rubber.
  • the electrical return conductor 34 has a collecting end 36 and a returning end 38, and is insulated between its ends 36, 38. Both the collecting end 36 and the returning end 38 form electrical terminations 30 (as described above) for reducing the electrical impedance of the interface between the collecting end 36 and returning end 38 of the electrical return conductor 34 and the surrounding body tissues.
  • the collecting end 36 forms an electrical termination 30 (shown in Figure 1 in the form of a cuff), which has a sufficient surface area to allow a portion of the electrical current delivered to the target body tissue to return through the electrical return conductor 34 in preference to returning through body tissue.
  • the returning end 38 forms an electrical termination 30 (shown in Figure 1 as a plate or sheet in the form of an oval) which returns the electrical current to the surface anodic electrode 22 via the subcutaneous tissue and skin underlying the surface anodic electrode 22.
  • a power source 40 (shown in Figures 2-4) provides operating power to a stimulator (not illustrated) which is external to the subject's body.
  • the stimulator is electrically connected to the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes 20, 22 to supply electrical current to the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes 20, 22.
  • the current can be resistive, capacitive, or inductive current, depending on the net impedance encountered between the electrodes 20, 22.
  • the stimulator can supply direct, pulsatile or alternating current between the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes 20, 22 to cause the portion of the electrical current to flow through the implant 18 sufficient to stimulate the target body tissue.
  • Exemplary pulse parameters of electrical current flowing between the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes 20, 22 are as follows: biphasic current pulses, 30 pulses per second, each phase 200 microseconds in duration, and a peak current per pulse ranging from 0.7 to 2 milliampere. Beneficial results can be obtained with rectangular, feedback-controlled current pulse waveforms, although other waveforms and modes of control of current or voltage have also been found to give satisfactory results. The inventor has discovered that between 10% and 20% of the current flowing between the surface electrodes 20, 22 is propagated through an implanted conductor 24, even when there is no electrical return conductor 34.
  • the type of current may be dependent upon the application for which the invention is intended; for example, continuous current would be applied, rather than pulsatile current, when the target body tissue is bone and promotion of bone growth is desired.
  • continuous current would be applied, rather than pulsatile current, when the target body tissue is bone and promotion of bone growth is desired.
  • electrical conductor 24 nerve 12, and electrical return conductor 34.
  • the surface cathodic electrode 20 is positioned over the pick-up end 26 of the electrical conductor 24, so that a portion of the current is transmitted through the conductor 24 to the target body tissue, and current flows through the target body tissue and returns to the anodic surface electrode 22 through body tissues.
  • the complete electrical path of the portion of the electrical current is as follows: cathodic wire 42, surface cathodic electrode 20, skin 10, termination 30 (as a plate or sheet), pick-up end 26, electrical conductor 24, stimulating end 28, termination 30 (in the form of a cuff), nerve sheath 14, nerve 12, termination 30, collecting end 36, electrical return conductor 34, returning end 38, termination 30, skin 10, surface anodic electrode 22 and anodic wire 44.
  • the pulses of electrical current elicit action potentials are conducted along nerve 12 to muscle 16, causing it to contract.
  • Figure 2 illustrates the invention for use in the treatment of a movement disorder requiring stimulation of the median nerve 46.
  • the median nerve 46 innervates most of the flexor muscles in front of the forearm, most of the short muscles of the thumb, and the short muscles of the hand.
  • a subject's arm 48 is illustrated with the implant 18 implanted in the forearm.
  • the electrical conductor 24 is illustrated with its pick-up end 26 forming a termination 30 (as a plate or sheet in the form of an oval) for receiving the electrical current from the surface cathodic electrode 20.
  • the stimulating end 28 forms a termination 30 (in the form of a cuff) for delivering the electrical current to the median nerve 46.
  • a surface anodic electrode 22 is positioned on the skin 10.
  • a flow of electrical current from the power source 40 is supplied via cathodic wire 42 into the skin 10 at the surface cathodic electrode 20 and the surface anodic electrode 22 via anodic wire 44.
  • the electrical current flows through the termination 30, the pick-up end 26, the electrical conductor 24, the stimulating end 28, a portion of the median nerve 46, the tissue between stimulating end 28 and surface anodic electrode 22 including the skin underlying electrode 22, the surface anodic electrode 22, anodic wire 44 and the power source 40, thus completing the electrical circuit.
  • Some of the current flowing between the stimulating end 28 and the surface anodic electrode 22 passes through the target body tissue (in this example, median nerve 46), thereby causing the muscle 16 of the arm 48 to be stimulated.
  • Figure 3 again illustrates the invention for use in the treatment of a movement disorder requiring stimulation of the median nerve 46.
  • Figure 3 illustrates an electrical return conductor 34.
  • the electrical circuit is essentially the same as that described for Figure 2, with the exception that after flowing through the stimulating end 28 and the median nerve 46, the electrical current flows through termination 30, the collecting end 36, the electrical return conductor 34, the returning end 38, termination 30, the surface anodic electrode 22, anodic wire 44 and the power source 40, thus completing the electrical circuit.
  • the electrical return conductor 34 acts to collect electrical current flowing through the target body tissue (i.e., median nerve 46) from the electrical conductor 24 and provides a low impedance pathway back to the surface anodic electrode 22, thereby concentrating the electric field through the target body tissue (i.e., median nerve 46).
  • Figure 4 illustrates a plurality of implants 18 for electrically stimulating more than one target body tissue independently or in unison. Each implant 18 is implanted entirely under the subject's skin 10 and is of a sufficient length to extend to a different target body tissue.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the invention for use in the treatment of a movement disorder requiring stimulation of the median nerve 46 and the radial nerve 50.
  • the radial nerve 50 innervates extensor muscles on the back of the arm and forearm, the short muscles of the thumb, and the extensor muscles of the index finger.
  • Two separate surface cathodic electrodes 20 are each electrically connected via two separate cathodic wires 42 to a stimulator (not illustrated) operated by the power source 40.
  • An electrical return conductor 34 extends from the target tissue (i.e., below the median nerve 46) to subcutaneous tissue located below one surface anodic electrode 22.
  • the electrical path of the current is as follows: cathodic wire 42, the surface cathodic electrodes 20, the skin 10, termination 30, the pick-up end 26, the electrical conductor 24, the stimulating end 28, termination 30, the median nerve 46 and/or radial nerve 50, termination 30, collecting end 36, electrical return conductor 34, returning end 38, termination 30, surface anodic electrode 22, anodic wire 44, and power source 40.
  • the median nerve 46 and radial nerve 50 can be stimulated either independently by pulsatile electrical current to provide firstly, a flexion or upward position of the wrist and finger closing (via the median nerve 46), then secondly, extension or downward position of the wrist and finger extension (via the radial nerve 50).
  • the median nerve 46 and radial nerve 48 can be stimulated simultaneously for example, to straighten the hand (i.e., position the wrist horizontally).
  • the invention thus provides several advantages including a means of "remote" stimulation, that is the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes 20, 22 do not have to be positioned over target body tissues.
  • Remote target body tissues such as nerves 12 can be stimulated from closely spaced surface cathodic and anodic electrodes 20, 22, by routing current through separate electrical conductors 24 simultaneously to several remote target body tissues. Further, greater selectivity is provided in stimulating target body tissues.
  • the electrical conductor 24 extends to a specific target body tissue, or multiple electrical conductors 24 can extend to multiple target body tissues. Stimulation is thus specific to the target body tissues, and stimulation of non-target body tissues is avoided. As an electrical conductor 24 of sufficient length is used to reach target body tissues, stimulation of target body tissues which are positioned deep within the body or organs such as the muscles, brain, cochlea, optic nerve, heart, bladder, urethra, kidneys and bones, can be achieved. Stimulation is reproducible at will.
  • the electrical conductor 24 is passive and can remain permanently implanted with the pick-up end 26 under the skin 10 beneath the site at which the surface cathodic electrode 20 would be placed, and the stimulating end 28 positioned proximate to the target body tissue.
  • difficulty has been encountered in positioning surface electrodes accurately to obtain acceptable selectivity of stimulation of body tissues.
  • the inventor has discovered that surprisingly, the invention requires far less accuracy in positioning of the surface cathodic and anodic electrodes 20, 22; consequently, stimulation of body tissues is more accurately reproducible. Further, the invention avoids problems inherent in other forms of stimulation.
  • the conductors i.e., electrical conductor 24, electrical return conductor 34
  • the electric currents delivered by a pulse generator to a plurality of electrodes 20, 22 may be independently 'controlled with the use of an interleaved pulse train. This comprises a sequence of stimulus pulses of different amplitudes, the pulses separated in time by a few milliseconds and delivered to each electrode in turn, the sequence as a whole being repeated at a rate such as 30 times per second. The amplitudes of the pulses flowing through each electrode may thereby be controlled independently.
  • a plurality of surface electrodes 20, 22 may be fabricated on a single non-conductive substrate to form an electrode array that may be conveniently attached to the skin 10 in one manoeuvre.
  • the plurality of terminations 30 of implanted conductors 24 may be fabricated on a substrate to form an array.
  • a good spatial correspondence of surface and implanted conductors may be achieved in a convenient and reproducible manner.
  • Surface electrode arrays in which the conductivity of each element of the array may be independently controlled could also be used to adjust the conductivity between the surface electrodes and the terminations in an implanted array.

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PCT/CA2005/000074 2004-01-22 2005-01-24 Method of routing electrical current to bodily tissues via implanted passive conductors Ceased WO2005070494A1 (en)

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CA2553901A CA2553901C (en) 2004-01-22 2005-01-24 Method of routing electrical current to bodily tissues via implanted passive conductors
JP2006549810A JP4879754B2 (ja) 2004-01-22 2005-01-24 移植された非活性導電体を介して、身体組織に電流を搬送する方法
AU2005205853A AU2005205853B2 (en) 2004-01-22 2005-01-24 Method of routing electrical current to bodily tissues via implanted passive conductors
EP05700290.9A EP1706178B1 (en) 2004-01-22 2005-01-24 System for routing electrical current to bodily tissues via implanted passive conductors
US11/337,824 US7502652B2 (en) 2004-01-22 2006-01-23 Method of routing electrical current to bodily tissues via implanted passive conductors
US12/400,202 US8406886B2 (en) 2004-01-22 2009-03-09 Method of routing electrical current to bodily tissues via implanted passive conductors
US12/565,377 US20100016929A1 (en) 2004-01-22 2009-09-23 Method and system for controlled nerve ablation
US13/850,760 US20130274842A1 (en) 2004-01-22 2013-03-26 Method of routing electrical current to bodily tissues via implanted passive conductors
US14/180,972 US9072886B2 (en) 2004-01-22 2014-02-14 Method of routing electrical current to bodily tissues via implanted passive conductors

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CA2553901C (en) 2015-01-20
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US9072886B2 (en) 2015-07-07
US20130274842A1 (en) 2013-10-17
US8406886B2 (en) 2013-03-26
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AU2005205853B2 (en) 2011-01-27
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EP1706178A1 (en) 2006-10-04

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