WO2004089043A1 - 有機電界発光素子およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
有機電界発光素子およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004089043A1 WO2004089043A1 PCT/JP2004/004104 JP2004004104W WO2004089043A1 WO 2004089043 A1 WO2004089043 A1 WO 2004089043A1 JP 2004004104 W JP2004004104 W JP 2004004104W WO 2004089043 A1 WO2004089043 A1 WO 2004089043A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- polymer material
- layer
- organic electroluminescent
- electroluminescent device
- light emitting
- Prior art date
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- GETTZEONDQJALK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (trifluoromethyl)benzene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=CC=C1 GETTZEONDQJALK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triazine Chemical compound C1=CN=NN=C1 JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NGQSLSMAEVWNPU-YTEMWHBBSA-N 1,2-bis[(e)-2-phenylethenyl]benzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1/C=C/C1=CC=CC=C1\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 NGQSLSMAEVWNPU-YTEMWHBBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KNKRKFALVUDBJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichloropropane Chemical compound CC(Cl)CCl KNKRKFALVUDBJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AHFMSNDOYCFEPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-difluoroethane Chemical compound FCCF AHFMSNDOYCFEPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SQCZQTSHSZLZIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloropentane Chemical compound CCCCCCl SQCZQTSHSZLZIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUFPHBVGCFYCNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(N)=CC=CC2=C1 RUFPHBVGCFYCNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TZMSYXZUNZXBOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10H-phenoxazine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TZMSYXZUNZXBOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEPOHXYIFQMVHW-XOZOLZJESA-N 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (2S,3S)-3,4-dimethyl-2-phenylmorpholine Chemical compound OC(C(O)C(O)=O)C(O)=O.C[C@H]1[C@@H](OCCN1C)c1ccccc1 VEPOHXYIFQMVHW-XOZOLZJESA-N 0.000 description 1
- FGLBSLMDCBOPQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitropropane Chemical compound CC(C)[N+]([O-])=O FGLBSLMDCBOPQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylethenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BCHZICNRHXRCHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-oxazine Chemical compound N1OC=CC=C1 BCHZICNRHXRCHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGIJRRREJXSQJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-thiazine Chemical compound N1SC=CC=C1 AGIJRRREJXSQJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOLORTLGFDVFDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(1h-benzimidazol-2-yl)-7-(diethylamino)chromen-2-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC(C3=CC4=CC=C(C=C4OC3=O)N(CC)CC)=NC2=C1 GOLORTLGFDVFDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YOZHUJDVYMRYDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-anilinophenyl)-3-naphthalen-1-yl-n-phenylaniline Chemical compound C=1C=C(C=2C(=CC(NC=3C=CC=CC=3)=CC=2)C=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2)C=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 YOZHUJDVYMRYDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NPDACUSDTOMAMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Chlorotoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 NPDACUSDTOMAMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGYVJUSBRARRBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,5-dimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene Chemical compound CC1(C)CC=CC=C1 KGYVJUSBRARRBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQQKFGSPUYTIRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9,9-dihexylfluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(CCCCCC)(CCCCCC)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 LQQKFGSPUYTIRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQJUJGAVDBINPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-thioxanthene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 PQJUJGAVDBINPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJCOSYZMQJWQCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-xanthene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 GJCOSYZMQJWQCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSDWBNJEKMUWAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Allyl chloride Chemical compound ClCC=C OSDWBNJEKMUWAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bipyridyl Chemical compound N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NRCMAYZCPIVABH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinacridone Chemical compound N1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C2=C1C=C1C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3NC1=C2 NRCMAYZCPIVABH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010076830 Thionins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- SLGBZMMZGDRARJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triphenylene Natural products C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 SLGBZMMZGDRARJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DMLAVOWQYNRWNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azobenzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N=NC1=CC=CC=C1 DMLAVOWQYNRWNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005601 base polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000609 carbazolyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3NC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000007810 chemical reaction solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QZHPTGXQGDFGEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C[CH]OC2=C1 QZHPTGXQGDFGEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004440 column chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- BYNQFCJOHGOKSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N diclosan Chemical compound OC1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 BYNQFCJOHGOKSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoranthrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=C22)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JVZRCNQLWOELDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-Phenylpyridine Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=NC=C1 JVZRCNQLWOELDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940052308 general anesthetics halogenated hydrocarbons Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000026030 halogenation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005658 halogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013847 iso-butane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QTBFPMKWQKYFLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutyl chloride Chemical compound CC(C)CCl QTBFPMKWQKYFLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LRDFRRGEGBBSRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutyronitrile Chemical compound CC(C)C#N LRDFRRGEGBBSRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ULYZAYCEDJDHCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopropyl chloride Chemical compound CC(C)Cl ULYZAYCEDJDHCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QDLAGTHXVHQKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N lichenxanthone Natural products COC1=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C3=C(C)C=C(OC)C=C3OC2=C1 QDLAGTHXVHQKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- GYNNXHKOJHMOHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl-cycloheptane Natural products CC1CCCCCC1 GYNNXHKOJHMOHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNMVRZFUUCLYTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-propyl chloride Chemical compound CCCCl SNMVRZFUUCLYTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004957 naphthylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- MCSAJNNLRCFZED-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitroethane Chemical compound CC[N+]([O-])=O MCSAJNNLRCFZED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940078552 o-xylene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QMMOXUPEWRXHJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene-2 Natural products CCC=CC QMMOXUPEWRXHJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- PARWUHTVGZSQPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylsilane Chemical compound [SiH3]C1=CC=CC=C1 PARWUHTVGZSQPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- DNXIASIHZYFFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazoline Chemical compound C1CN=NC1 DNXIASIHZYFFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinazoline Chemical compound N1=CN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001226 reprecipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- NBRKLOOSMBRFMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl chloride Chemical compound CC(C)(C)Cl NBRKLOOSMBRFMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005580 triphenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N γ Benzene hexachloride Chemical compound ClC1C(Cl)C(Cl)C(Cl)C(Cl)C1Cl JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
- H10K50/16—Electron transporting layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
- H10K71/15—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating characterised by the solvent used
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
- H10K85/1135—Polyethylene dioxythiophene [PEDOT]; Derivatives thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/114—Poly-phenylenevinylene; Derivatives thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/115—Polyfluorene; Derivatives thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/141—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aliphatic or olefinic chains, e.g. poly N-vinylcarbazol, PVC or PTFE
- H10K85/146—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aliphatic or olefinic chains, e.g. poly N-vinylcarbazol, PVC or PTFE poly N-vinylcarbazol; Derivatives thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/151—Copolymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/321—Metal complexes comprising a group IIIA element, e.g. Tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) gallium [Gaq3]
- H10K85/324—Metal complexes comprising a group IIIA element, e.g. Tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) gallium [Gaq3] comprising aluminium, e.g. Alq3
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/656—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising two or more different heteroatoms per ring
- H10K85/6565—Oxadiazole compounds
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/917—Electroluminescent
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
Definitions
- An organic electroluminescent device includes a substrate, a first electrode, a first organic layer formed of a first polymer material, and a second polymer layer formed of a second polymer material. A second polymer layer and a second electrode, wherein the molecular weight of the second polymer material is smaller than the molecular weight of the first polymer material.
- a first organic layer formed of a first polymer material and a second organic layer formed of a second polymer material are sequentially stacked.
- a first organic layer is formed using a solution of a first polymer material, and a solution of a second polymer material is formed on the first organic layer.
- a second organic layer is formed.
- the molecular weight of the second polymer material is smaller than the molecular weight of the first polymer material, the first polymer material in the first organic layer is in the solution of the second polymer material. Elution is suppressed. Thereby, the influence on the first organic layer when the second organic layer is formed is suppressed. As a result, an organic electroluminescent device having high luminous efficiency is realized.
- the first organic layer may have a light emitting property
- the second organic layer may have a carrier transporting property.
- the first organic layer emits light
- the second organic layer facilitates carrier transport to the first organic layer. Thereby, the luminous efficiency is improved.
- the second polymer material may have a property of transporting carriers of the first polarity and may have a property of blocking carriers having a second polarity opposite to the first polarity.
- the carrier of the first polarity in the second organic layer is efficiently transported to the first organic layer, and the carrier of the second polarity injected into the first organic layer is contained in the first organic layer. Is prevented from passing through. Thereby, the carrier of the first polarity and the carrier of the second polarity can be efficiently recombined in the first organic layer. As a result, the luminous efficiency is further improved.
- the first organic layer may have a carrier transporting property
- the second organic layer may have a light emitting property.
- the transport of the carrier to the second organic layer is promoted by the first organic layer, and the second organic layer emits light. Thereby, the luminous efficiency is improved.
- the first polymer material has a transport property of a carrier of a first polarity and a first polymer material.
- the carrier of the first polarity is efficiently transported to the second organic layer in the first organic layer, and the carrier of the second polarity injected into the second organic layer is transported to the second organic layer. Is prevented from passing through.
- the carrier of the first polarity and the carrier of the second polarity can be efficiently recombined in the second organic layer. As a result, the luminous efficiency is further improved.
- the ratio of the molecular weight of the first polymer material to the molecular weight of the second polymer material is preferably 3.5 or more.
- the dissolution of the first organic layer during the formation of the second organic layer can be sufficiently suppressed. Thereby, the luminous efficiency is further improved.
- the ratio of the molecular weight of the first polymer material to the molecular weight of the second polymer material is 6.2 or more.
- the dissolution of the first organic layer during the formation of the second organic layer can be more sufficiently suppressed. Thereby, the luminous efficiency is further improved.
- the repeating unit of the first polymer material and the repeating unit of the second polymer material preferably have a common skeleton.
- the repeating unit of the first polymer material and the repeating unit of the second polymer material include a common skeleton, the first unit at the interface between the first organic layer and the second organic layer is formed. The chemical affinity between the polymer material and the second polymer material is increased, and the packing is improved.
- the common skeleton portion of the first polymer material and the second polymer material is considered to have a similar electronic structure, so that the interface between the first organic layer and the second organic layer is In the portion where the common skeleton of the first polymer material and the common skeleton of the second polymer material are close to each other, the injection barrier of the carrier is reduced, and the carrier between the first organic layer and the second organic layer is reduced. Movement becomes smooth. Thereby, luminous efficiency and luminous life are improved.
- the first polymer material may include a plurality of types of polymer materials. In this case, by selecting a plurality of types of polymer materials, it is possible to adjust the luminescent color in the luminescent layer and to improve the luminous efficiency and reliability.
- the second polymer material may include a plurality of types of polymer materials. In this case, luminous efficiency and reliability can be improved by selecting multiple types of polymer materials.
- a method of manufacturing an organic electroluminescent element comprising: a first organic layer and a second organic layer between a first electrode and a second electrode.
- Forming a solution of the first polymer material by dissolving the first polymer material in a first organic solvent; and having a molecular weight smaller than the molecular weight of the first polymer material.
- Dissolving the second polymer material in the second organic solvent to form a solution of the second polymer material, and forming the first organic layer using the solution of the first polymer material
- a step of forming a second organic layer on the first organic layer using a solution of a second polymer material comprising: a first organic layer and a second organic layer between a first electrode and a second electrode.
- a solution of a first polymer material is prepared by dissolving a first polymer material in a first organic solvent, and a second polymer material is prepared. By dissolving in a second organic solvent, a solution of the second polymer material is prepared. A first organic layer is formed using a solution of the first polymer material, and a second organic layer is formed on the first organic layer using a solution of the second polymer material.
- the molecular weight of the second polymer material is smaller than the molecular weight of the first polymer material, the first polymer material in the first organic layer is in the solution of the second polymer material. Elution is suppressed. Thereby, the influence on the first organic layer when the second organic layer is formed is suppressed. As a result, an organic electroluminescent device having high luminous efficiency is realized.
- the relative permittivity of the first organic solvent is preferably larger than the relative permittivity of the second organic solvent.
- the dissolution of the first organic layer during the formation of the second organic layer can be suppressed.
- the relative permittivity of the first organic solvent and the relative permittivity of the second organic solvent have a difference of 2 or more.
- the dissolution of the first organic layer during the formation of the second organic layer can be further suppressed.
- the first organic layer may have a light emitting property
- the second organic layer may have a carrier transporting property. In this case, the first organic layer emits light and the second organic layer causes the first organic layer to emit light.
- the second polymer material may have a property of transporting carriers of the first polarity and may have a property of blocking carriers having a second polarity opposite to the first polarity.
- the carrier of the first polarity is efficiently transported to the first organic layer in the second organic layer, and the carrier of the second polarity injected into the first organic layer is transported to the first organic layer. Is prevented from passing through. Thereby, the carrier of the first polarity and the carrier of the second polarity can be efficiently recombined in the first organic layer. As a result, the luminous efficiency is further improved.
- the first organic layer may have a carrier transporting property
- the second organic layer may have a light emitting property.
- the transport of carriers to the second organic layer is promoted by the first organic layer, and the second organic layer emits light. Thereby, the luminous efficiency is improved.
- the first polymer material may have a property of transporting a carrier of a first polarity and may have a property of blocking a carrier having a second polarity opposite to the first polarity.
- the carrier of the first polarity is efficiently transported to the second organic layer in the first organic layer, and the carriers of the second polarity injected into the second organic layer are transported to the second organic layer. Is prevented from passing through.
- the carrier of the first polarity and the carrier of the second polarity can efficiently recombine in the second organic layer. As a result, the luminous efficiency is further improved.
- the ratio of the molecular weight of the first polymer material to the molecular weight of the second polymer material is preferably 3.5 or more.
- the dissolution of the first organic layer during the formation of the second organic layer can be sufficiently suppressed. Thereby, the luminous efficiency is further improved.
- the ratio of the molecular weight of the first polymer material to the molecular weight of the second polymer material is 6.2 or more.
- the dissolution of the first organic layer during the formation of the second organic layer can be more sufficiently suppressed. Thereby, the luminous efficiency is further improved.
- the repeating unit of the first polymer material and the repeating unit of the second polymer material preferably have a common skeleton.
- the common skeleton portion of the first polymer material and the second polymer material is considered to have a similar electronic structure, so that the interface between the first organic layer and the second organic layer is In the portion where the common skeleton of the first polymer material and the common skeleton of the second polymer material are close to each other, the injection barrier of the carrier is reduced, and the carrier between the first organic layer and the second organic layer is reduced. Movement becomes smooth. Thereby, luminous efficiency and luminous life are improved.
- the first polymer material may include a plurality of types of polymer materials. In this case, by selecting a plurality of types of polymer materials, it is possible to adjust the luminescent color in the luminescent layer and to improve the luminous efficiency and reliability.
- the second polymer material may include a plurality of types of polymer materials.
- the luminous efficiency and the reliability can be improved by selecting a plurality of types of polymer materials.
- the first polymer material in the first organic layer is a solution of the second polymer material. Elution inside is suppressed. Thereby, the influence on the first organic layer when the second organic layer is formed is suppressed. As a result, an organic electroluminescent device having high luminous efficiency is realized.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of an organic electroluminescent device according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the organic electroluminescent device according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of an organic electroluminescent device according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 4 shows the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) and the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) in the hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light-emitting layer, electron transport layer and electron injection layer of the organic electroluminescent device.
- LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals
- HOMO highest occupied molecular orbitals
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the LUMO level and the H ⁇ M ⁇ level of the polymer material constituting the light emitting layer.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the organic electroluminescent device of Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the results of a reliability test.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the energy levels of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in the hole injection layer, the light emitting layer and the electron transport layer in the organic electroluminescent device of Example 2. .
- LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
- HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital
- FIG. 9 shows the energy levels of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in the hole injection layer, light emitting layer and electron transport layer of the organic electroluminescent device of Comparative Example 2. It is a schematic diagram.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the relationship between the molecular weight ratio and the luminous efficiency in the organic electroluminescent devices of Examples 1, 2, 7 to 11 and Comparative Examples 2, 3.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of an organic electroluminescent device according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- the molecular weight is represented by a commonly used weight average.
- the organic electroluminescent device shown in Fig. 1 has an anode (hole injection electrode) 2, a hole injection layer 3, a light emitting layer 4, an electron transport layer 5, an electron injection layer 6, and a cathode (electron injection electrode) 7 on a substrate 1. Having a laminated structure in which
- the substrate 1 is a transparent substrate made of glass, plastic, or the like.
- the anode 2 is a transparent or translucent electrode made of a metal compound such as ITO (indium tin oxide) or a metal or alloy such as silver.
- the hole injection layer 3 is made of, for example, a water-soluble conductive polymer material.
- the light emitting layer 4 is made of a light emitting polymer material soluble in an organic solvent.
- the electron transport layer 5 is made of an electron transporting polymer material that is soluble in an organic solvent.
- the electron injection layer 6 is made of, for example, calcium or the like.
- the cathode 7 is made of, for example, a metal such as aluminum or an alloy.
- the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 includes the polymer material forming the electron transport layer 5
- a polymer material having a molecular weight smaller than that of the polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 is selected.
- the ratio of the molecular weight of the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 to the molecular weight of the polymer material forming the electron transport layer 5 is preferably 3.5 or more. This suppresses dissolution of the underlying light-emitting layer 4 during the formation of the electron transport layer 5. As a result, luminous efficiency is improved.
- the ratio of the molecular weight of the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 to the molecular weight of the polymer material forming the electron transport layer 5 is more preferably 6.2 or more.
- organic solvent for dissolving the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 an organic solvent having a higher dielectric constant than the organic solvent dissolving the polymer material forming the electron transport layer 5 is selected. Further, as the organic solvent for dissolving the polymer material forming the electron transport layer 5, an organic solvent having a lower relative dielectric constant than the organic solvent dissolving the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 is selected. This suppresses dissolution of the underlying light emitting layer 4 during formation of the electron transport layer 5.
- the difference between the relative permittivity of the organic solvent dissolving the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 and the relative permittivity of the organic solvent dissolving the polymer material forming the electron transport layer 5 is preferably 0.2 or more. preferable. More preferably, there is a difference of two or more. This sufficiently suppresses dissolution of the underlying light emitting layer 4 during formation of the electron transport layer 5.
- the light-emitting layer 4 preferably contains two or more polymer materials. In this case, the emission color can be adjusted, and the emission efficiency and reliability can be improved. Further, the electron transport layer 5 preferably contains two or more types of polymer materials. Thereby, luminous efficiency and reliability can be improved.
- the electron transport layer 5 preferably contains a polymer material having a hole blocking property. This prevents holes injected into the light emitting layer 4 from the anode 2 side from passing through the light emitting layer 4. As a result, electrons and holes can be efficiently recombined in the light emitting layer 4, and the luminous efficiency is further improved.
- the same skeleton is contained in the repeating unit of the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 and the repeating unit of the polymer material forming the electron transport layer 5. Thereby, the luminous efficiency is further improved.
- a low molecular weight material may be added to the polymer material forming the electron transport layer 5. Examples of the low-molecular material added to the high-molecular material constituting the electron transport layer 5 will be described later. Further, a low molecular material may be used as a material for forming the electron transport layer 5.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of an organic electroluminescent device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- the molecular weight is represented by a commonly used weight average.
- the difference between the organic electroluminescent device of FIG. 2 and the organic electroluminescent device of FIG. 1 is that the electron transport layer 5 is not provided, and the hole transport layer 8 is provided between the hole injection layer 3 and the light emitting layer 4. That is the point.
- the hole transport layer 8 is made of an electron transporting polymer material that is soluble in an organic solvent.
- the light emitting layer 4 is made of a light emitting polymer material soluble in an organic solvent.
- a polymer material having a molecular weight larger than that of the polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 is selected. Further, as the polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4, a polymer material having a molecular weight smaller than the molecular weight of the polymer material constituting the hole transport layer 8 is selected. .
- the ratio of the molecular weight of the polymer material forming the hole transport layer 8 to the molecular weight of the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 is preferably 3.5 or more. This suppresses dissolution of the underlying hole transport layer 8 during the formation of the light emitting layer 4. As a result, luminous efficiency is improved.
- the ratio of the molecular weight of the polymer material forming the hole transport layer 8 to the molecular weight of the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 is more preferably 6.2 or more. Thereby, the dissolution of the underlying hole transport layer 8 during the formation of the light emitting layer 4 is further suppressed. As a result, the luminous efficiency is further improved.
- Examples of the organic solvent for dissolving the polymer material forming the hole transport layer 8 include:
- An organic solvent having a higher dielectric constant than the organic solvent in which the polymer material forming the optical layer 4 is dissolved is selected. Further, as the organic solvent for dissolving the polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4, an organic solvent having a lower relative dielectric constant than the organic solvent dissolving the polymer material constituting the hole transporting layer 8 is selected. . This suppresses dissolution of the underlying hole transport layer 8 during formation of the light emitting layer 4.
- the difference between the relative permittivity of the organic solvent dissolving the polymer material forming the hole transport layer 8 and the relative permittivity of the organic solvent dissolving the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 is 0.2 or more. Is preferred. More preferably, there is a difference of two or more. Thereby, the dissolution of the underlying hole transport layer 8 during the formation of the light emitting layer 4 is sufficiently suppressed.
- the light-emitting layer 4 preferably contains two or more polymer materials. In this case, the emission color can be adjusted, and the emission efficiency and reliability can be improved. Further, the hole transport layer 8 preferably contains two or more types of polymer materials. Thereby, luminous efficiency and reliability can be improved.
- the hole transport layer 8 preferably contains a polymer material having an electron blocking property. This prevents electrons injected into the light emitting layer 4 from the cathode 7 side from passing through the light emitting layer 4. As a result, electrons and holes can be efficiently recombined in the light emitting layer 4, and the luminous efficiency is further improved.
- the same skeleton is contained in the repeating unit of the polymer material forming the hole transport layer 8 and the repeating unit of the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4. Thereby, the luminous efficiency is further improved.
- a low molecular weight material may be added to the high molecular weight material constituting the hole transport layer 8. Examples of the low molecular weight material added to the high molecular weight material constituting the hole transport layer 8 will be described later. Further, a low molecular material may be used as a material for forming the hole transport layer 8.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view of an organic electroluminescent device according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- the difference between the organic electroluminescent device of FIG. 3 and the organic electroluminescent device of FIG. 2 is that an electron injection layer 6 a and a cathode (electron injection electrode) 7 a are provided instead of the electron injection layer 6 and the cathode (electron injection electrode) 7. That is, a protective layer 9 is further provided on the cathode 7a.
- the electron injection layer 6a is made of a compound containing an alkali metal such as lithium fluoride.
- the cathode 7a is made of, for example, calcium or the like.
- the protective layer 9 is made of, for example, a metal such as aluminum or an alloy.
- the electron injection layer 6a contains an alkali metal, the electron injection property is improved. Thereby, high luminous efficiency is obtained.
- the configuration of the organic electroluminescent device according to the present invention is not limited to the configurations shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, and various configurations can be used.
- both the electron transport layer 5 and the hole transport layer 8 may be provided as a carrier transport layer.
- poly [2-methoxy-5- (2-ethylhexyloxy) -1,4-phenylene-vinyl having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A1) is used as the polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4.
- Ren ” Poly [2-methoxy-5- (2-ethylhexyloxy)-1, 4-phenylene-vinylenej) (hereinafter referred to as MEH-PPV).
- MEH-PPV has a molecular weight of 750,000.
- the polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 includes poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -alt- (9,10-diyl) having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A2). Givinile (Poly [(9, 9-dioctylfluorene-2, 7-diyl) -alt- (9, 10-divinylene- anthracene)]) (hereinafter referred to as ?? 8 ?? 8 ⁇ ) Can be done.
- PF 8—PAV has a molecular weight of 75,000.
- the polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 includes poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -alt- ⁇ 2-methoxy- having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A3).
- A3 5-(2-Ethylhexyloxy) -1,4-divinylene-phenylene ⁇ ]
- Poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2, 7-diyl) alt- ⁇ 2-methoxy-5- (2- ethylhexyloxy) -1,4-divinylene-phenylene ⁇ ] (hereinafter referred to as PF8-MEHPPV).
- the molecular weight of P F 8—MEHP PV is 86,000.
- the polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 includes poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -alt- ⁇ 2-methoxy- having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A4).
- polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 poly [(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -alt- ⁇ 2,5-bis-sulfonate having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A5)] ( ⁇ , ⁇ '-diphenyilamino) -1,4-bis (tocyanobilene) phenylene ⁇ ] (Poly [(9,9-dihexyl fluorene-2, 7-diyl) -alt- ⁇ 2 , 5-bis (N, N-diphenylamino) -1,4-bis (1-cyanovinylene) phenylene ⁇ ]) (hereinafter referred to as PF6-CVAP).
- the molecular weight of PF6-CVAP is 57,000.
- polymer material constituting the light-emitting layer 4 poly [(9-ethylcarbazol-3,6-diyl) -alt- ⁇ 2-methoxy-5- (2) having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A6): -Ethylhexyloxy) -1,4 -bis (tocyanobilenene) phenylene ⁇ ] (Poly [(9- et ylcarbazole-3, 6-diyl) -alt- ⁇ 2-methoxy-5- (2 -ethylhexyloxy) -1, -bis
- Cz_CNM EHPPPV (1-cyanovinylene) phenylene ⁇ ]
- the molecular weight of AP-CNMEHPP V is 30,000.
- polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 poly [2- (6-cyano-6-methylheptyloxy) -1,4-phenylene] having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A8) (Poly
- CN-PPP [2- (6-cyano-6-methylheptyloxy) -1,4-phenylene])
- CN-PPP [2- (6-cyano-6-methylheptyloxy) -1,4-phenylene])
- the molecular weight of CN—PPP is 5,000.
- polymer material constituting the light-emitting layer 4 poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A9) -ali- ⁇ 1,4- ( 2,5-Dimethoxy) phenylene ⁇ ]] (Poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2, 7-diyl) -alt- ⁇ 1,4- (2,5-dimethoxy) phenylene ⁇ ]) PF 8—called DMOP).
- the molecular weight of P F 8—DMOP is 160,000.
- polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -alt- ⁇ 1,4- having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A10): Distyryl-5- (2-ethylhexyloxy) -2-methoxybenzene ⁇ ] (Poly [(9,9-dioctyl fluorene-2, 7-diyl) -alt- ⁇ 1, 4-distyryl-5- ( 2-ethylhexyloxy) -2-
- PF8—DSB 16 methoxybenzene ⁇ ] (hereinafter referred to as PF8—DSB).
- PF 8—DSB has a molecular weight of 56,000.
- the molecular weight of PF 6—CNViny 1 is 420,000.
- polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -alt- (1,4- Divinylene-fuenylene)] (Poly [(9, 9-dioctylfluorene-2, 7-diyl) -alt- (1,4-
- PF 8 The molecular weight of PPV is 20,000.
- the molecular weight of PF8 is 140,000.
- the molecular weight of P F 6 is 300,000.
- polymer material constituting the light-emitting layer 4 poly [(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -alt- (9,10- having the molecular structure represented by the following formula (A16)] Anthracene-9, 10-diyl)] (Poly [(9, 9-dihexyl fluoren-2, 7-diyl) -alt- (9, 10- anthracene-9, 10-diyl)])) 6—called Ant).
- the molecular weight of PF 6—Ant is 65,000.
- polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 poly [(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -alt- (9-ethylcarbyl) having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A17) Bazole-3,6-diyl)] (Poly [(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2, 7-diyl) -alt- (9-ethylcarbazole-3,6-diyl)]) (hereafter referred to as PF 6—Cz Call) can be used.
- the molecular weight of PF 6_Cz is 50,000.
- polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 poly [(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7_diyl) -alt- ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (4-Butylphenyl)-1,4-diaminobenzene ⁇ ] (Poly [(9, 9-dihexylfluorene- 2, 7-diyl)-alt- ⁇ N, N, -bis (4-buthylphenyl) -1, -diaminobenzene ⁇ ]) (Hereinafter referred to as PF 6—DAP).
- the molecular weight of P F 6—DAP is 40,000.
- poly [ ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (4-butylphenyl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-diphenyl-1, ⁇ -biphenyl having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A19): -4,4'-diamine] (Poly [ ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis (4-buthyl phenyl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-diphenyl-1, -biphenyl-4,4'-diamine]) (hereinafter P o 1 y_TPD) can be used.
- P o 1 y The molecular weight of TPD is 29,000.
- polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -alt- ⁇ (2,2 ' -Bipyridin) —6,6, -diyl ⁇ ] (Poly [(9,9-dioctyl fluorene-2, 7-diyl)-alt-[(2,2, -bipyridine) -6, 6, -diyl ⁇ ]) (Hereinafter referred to as PF8—Bpy).
- the molecular weight of PF8—Bpy is 10,000.
- poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -alt- (9-butylcarbyl) having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A21) is used as a polymer material constituting the light-emitting layer 4.
- Zol-3,6-diyl)] Poly [(9, 9-dioctyl fluorene-2, 7-diyl) -alt- (9-butylcarbazole-3,6-diyl)])
- P F 8—C z The molecular weight of P F 8—C z is 32,000.
- Poly (N-vinylcarbazole) (hereinafter referred to as PVCz) having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A22) is used as a polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4. be able to.
- the molecular weight of PVCz is 1,000,000.
- the polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 has a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A23) [(9,9-Dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl): (styrylbenzene-4,4 '-Diyl)] (90: 10) copolymer (Poly [(9, 9-dioctyl fluorene-2, 7-diyl) -co- (styrylbenzene) -4,4' -diyl]) (below PF 8—SB (referred to as 10%)).
- the molecular weight of PF8—SB (10%) is 860,000.
- polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -alt- (triphenylamine) having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A24) is used.
- 4,4'-diyl)] Poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2, 7-diyl) -alt- (triphenylamine-4,4'-diyl)]
- PF8—TPA Poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2, 7-diyl) -alt- (triphenylamine-4,4'-diyl)]
- PF8—TPA The molecular weight of PF8-TPA is 50,000.
- the molecular weight of P F 8—TPD is 230,000.
- the polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 has a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A26) [(9,9-Dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl): (benzothiozol-4,7-diyl)
- polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -alto (pyridine-2,6) having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (A27) is used.
- -Poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -alt- (pyridine-2,6-diyl)]) hereeinafter referred to as PF8-Py).
- PF 8 The molecular weight of Py is 97,000.
- the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 is not limited to the above example, and other light emitting polymer materials can be used.
- the polymer material constituting the light emitting layer 4 may be a mixture of two or more polymer materials.
- One or more low molecular weight materials may be added to the material.
- White light emission can be obtained by mixing three or more types of polymer materials.
- the reliability can be improved.
- PF 6 -CVAP can be used as the bipolar polymer material.
- the light emitting layer 4 when a polymer material having a single repeating unit such as MEH-PPV is used for the light emitting layer 4, it is stable against injection of holes, but becomes unstable upon injection of electrons. In this case, by mixing the bipolar PF6-CVAP with the MEH-PPV, the electron accepting property of the light emitting layer 4 can be increased, and as a result, the life of the organic electroluminescent device can be extended.
- a polymer material having a single repeating unit such as MEH-PPV
- Figure 4 shows the energy levels of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in the hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light-emitting layer, electron transport layer, and electron injection layer of the organic electroluminescent device.
- LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
- HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital
- Table 1 shows a list of emission colors, emission peak wavelengths, absorption peak wavelengths, HOMO levels, band gaps, LUMO levels, and molecular weights of the polymer materials constituting the emission layer 4 described above.
- FIG. 5 shows the LUMO level and the HOMO level of the polymer material constituting the light emitting layer.
- the polymer material is selected based on the emission color, molecular weight, LUMO level and HOMO level in consideration of the polymer material of the electron transport layer 5.
- the light emission is performed in consideration of the material of the hole transport layer 8.
- the material constituting the electron transport layer 5 can be selected from the polymer materials shown in Table 1 above in consideration of the polymer material of the light emitting layer 4. In this case, a polymer material having a lower LUMO level (absolute value of the LUMO level) than the light emitting layer 4 is selected as the electron transport layer 5. Further, the lower the HOMO level of the electron transport layer 5 (the larger the absolute value of the HOMO level), the greater the effect of blocking holes.
- PF8—DSB As the electron transport layer 5, for example, PF8—DSB, MEH_PPV, PF8—M EHPPV, PF8, PF8—Py, PF6—Ant, PF6, PF6—CNViny1, etc. may be used. it can.
- the polymer material constituting the electron transport layer 5 is not limited to the above example, and another polymer material having an electron transport property can be used.
- the polymer material constituting the electron transport layer 5 may be a mixture of two or more polymer materials.
- one or two or more low molecular materials may be added to one or two or more high molecular materials.
- Examples of the low molecular weight material (low molecular weight electron transporting material) to be added to the polymer material constituting the electron transporting layer 5 include the following.
- ZnPBO zinc bis ⁇ 2- (0-hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazolate ⁇ having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (B 1) (Zinc bi s [2- (o -hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazolate]) (hereinafter referred to as ZnPBO).
- B 1 Zinc bi s [2- (o -hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazolate]
- ZnPBO The molecular weight of ZnPBO is 486.
- Anthracene having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (B2) can be used as the low molecular weight electron transporting additive.
- the molecular weight of anthracene is 178.
- aluminum tris- (8-quinolinolate) (hereinafter referred to as aluminum tris- (8-quinolinolate)) having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (B3) , A 1 Q 3 ) can be used.
- the molecular weight of A 1 Q 3 is 459.
- perylene having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (B4) can be used as the low molecular weight electron transporting additive.
- the molecular weight of perylene is 25.2.
- the molecular weight of OXD-7 is found at 478.
- the material constituting the hole transport layer 8 can be selected from the polymer materials shown in Table 1 in consideration of the polymer material of the light emitting layer 4. In this case, a polymer material having a higher HOMO level (a smaller absolute value of the HOMO level) than the light emitting layer 4 is selected as the hole transport layer 8. The higher the LUMO level of the hole transport layer 8 (the smaller the absolute value of the LUMO level), the greater the effect of electron blocking.
- hole transport layer 8 for example, PF 8—SB, PF 8—BT, PVC z, etc. are used.
- the polymer material constituting the hole transport layer 8 is not limited to the above example, and other hole transport polymer materials can be used.
- the polymer material constituting the hole transport layer 8 may be a mixture of two or more polymer materials.
- one or two or more low molecular materials may be added to one or two or more high molecular materials.
- Examples of the low molecular weight material (low molecular weight hole transporting material) to be added to the polymer material constituting the hole transport layer 8 include the following.
- ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis- (3-methylphenyl) - ⁇ , ⁇ '-bis- (phenyl) -benzidine having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (B 6) ( ⁇ , ⁇ '-Bis- (3-methylphenyl) -N, N'-bis- (phenyl) -benzidine) (hereinafter referred to as TPD) can be used.
- the molecular weight of TPD is 570.
- N, N'-di (naphthylene-1-yl) -N, N'-diphenyl-benzidine N having a molecular structure represented by the following formula (B7) , N'-Di (naphthalen-l-yl) -N, N'-diphenyl-benzidine) (hereinafter referred to as NPB) can be used.
- the molecular weight of NP B is 644.
- the electron transporting layer 5 or the hole transporting layer 8 may be formed using the above low molecular material.
- a method for forming the electron transport layer 5 or the hole transport layer 8 using the above low molecular material in addition to a general vacuum deposition method, this low molecular material is dissolved in an organic solvent, and a spin coating method or the like is used.
- a method of forming a film by a wet method may be used. In particular, in this embodiment, it is preferable to use a wet method.
- Examples of a polymer material that can be used for the light emitting layer and the carrier transport layer include a polymer synthesized from a single monomer and a copolymer synthesized from a plurality of monomers.
- Table 1 mainly shows examples of one-to-one copolymers composed of two types of monomers.However, the present invention is not limited to this, and copolymers using different monomers and copolymers having a monomer composition ratio other than one-to-one are shown. It is also possible to use a polymer or a copolymer composed of three or more types of monomers.
- a monomer having a similar shape may be bonded to the base polymer skeleton at an appropriate compounding ratio, or carrier transport properties (electron transport properties or hole transport properties) may be determined.
- carrier transport properties electron transport properties or hole transport properties
- Auxiliary monomers should be combined at an appropriate blending ratio, highly luminescent monomers should be combined at an appropriate blending ratio, or monomers having both carrier transport and luminescent properties should be combined at an appropriate blending ratio
- a method for improving the performance of the polymer material is used.
- the carrier-transporting monomer when the compounding ratio is in the range of 1 mol% to 70 mol%, particularly in the range of 3 mol% to 50 mol%, a high performance improving effect is obtained.
- a high performance improvement effect can be obtained when the compounding ratio is in the range of 0.2 mol% to 50 mol%, particularly in the range of 0.5 mol% to 30 mol%.
- Monomers that exhibit light-emitting or carrier-transporting properties include aryl groups having pi electrons, benzene, naphthylene, anthracene, pyrene, naphthocene, triphenylene, perylene, phenanthrene, styrylbenzene, and distyrylbenzene.
- Aromatic hydrocarbon compounds such as benzene, fluorene, biphenyl, etc.
- Heterocyclic compounds or compounds with various substituents added thereto nitrogen-containing compounds such as phenylamine, naphthylamine, triphenylamine, azobenzene, etc.
- nitrogen-containing compounds such as phenylamine, naphthylamine, triphenylamine, azobenzene, etc.
- Compounds, compounds to which various substituents are added, and silicon-containing compounds such as phenylsilane can be used.
- the molecular weight of the polymer material can be controlled by adjusting the reaction conditions (reaction temperature, reaction time, monomer mixture ratio, catalyst concentration, raw material concentration, reaction solvent, etc.) in the material synthesis.
- reaction conditions reaction temperature, reaction time, monomer mixture ratio, catalyst concentration, raw material concentration, reaction solvent, etc.
- purification conditions separation, column chromatography, reprecipitation, etc.
- impurities, catalysts, unreacted monomers, and low molecular weight components can be removed, so that high molecular weight with a certain molecular weight can be obtained.
- a molecular material can be obtained.
- the organic solvent used for forming the light emitting layer 4 may be a mixed solvent composed of two or more organic solvents.
- Examples of the organic solvent used for forming the light-emitting layer 4 include ethyl acetate solvent, methyl solvent solvent, toluene, o-dichlorobenzene, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,4-dimethylpentane, and 2-methylhexane.
- Examples of the organic solvent used for forming the carrier transporting layer include, for example, ethyl ethyl solvent, methyl ethyl solvent, toluene, o-dichlorobenzene, and 2,2-dimethylbenzene.
- ethyl ethyl solvent methyl ethyl solvent
- toluene o-dichlorobenzene
- 2,2-dimethylbenzene 2,2-dimethylbenzene.
- the color of light emitted from the light emitting layer 4 can be adjusted.
- the light-emitting layer 4 may be formed by two light-emitting layers that generate different emission colors. Illustration
- an organic electroluminescent element having a green light emitting layer an organic electroluminescent element having an orange or red light emitting layer, and an organic electroluminescent element having a blue light emitting layer may be used in combination.
- an organic electroluminescent device that emits orange or red light is used as a pixel that emits red light (R pixel)
- an organic electroluminescent device that emits green light is used as a pixel that emits green light (G pixel)
- an organic electroluminescent device that emits blue light is used.
- the organic electroluminescent device according to the above embodiment was manufactured, and the light emission characteristics and light emission lifetime were evaluated.
- Example 1 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured by the following method.
- a method for manufacturing the organic electroluminescent device of Example 1 will be described.
- a substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used.
- D1 poly (styrenedioxythiophene)
- Mixture of poly (p-styrenesulfonic acid) salt of ([2,3 dihydrocheno (3,4,1b) (1,4) dioxin-1,5,7-diyl] and poly (p-styrenesulfonic acid) (Hereinafter referred to as PEDOT: PSS) is formed by spin coating to have a film thickness of 40 nm, and is baked at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air to form the hole injection layer 3 did.
- MEH-PPV is formed on the hole injection layer 3 to have a thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method, and baked at 80 ° C. for 5 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere to emit light. Layer 4 was formed. At this time, MEH-PPV was used as a solution of o-dichlorobenzene (relative dielectric constant 6.828).
- PF8-DSB was formed on the light emitting layer 4 by spin coating so as to have a film thickness of 40 nm, thereby forming the electron transport layer 5 also serving as a hole blocking layer.
- PF8-DSB was used as a toluene (dielectric constant: 2.283) solution.
- the electron transport layer 5 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the light emitting layer 4.
- an electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed by a vacuum evaporation method.
- Comparative Example 1 an organic electroluminescent device having a two-layer structure shown in FIG. 6 was manufactured by the following method.
- Example 2 As in Example 1, a substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used. First, the real
- PEDOT: PSS is formed on the anode 2 so as to have a thickness of 40 nm by spin coating, and is baked at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. Thus, a hole injection layer 3 was formed.
- MEH-PPV was formed on the hole injection layer 3 so as to have a thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method, and then was placed at 80 ° C. for 5 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the light emitting layer 4 was formed by baking.
- MEH-PPV was used as a solution of diclosan benzene.
- an electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed by a vacuum evaporation method.
- Table 2 shows the materials of the light emitting layer 4 and the electron transport layer 5 in the organic electroluminescent devices of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, and the measurement results of the luminous efficiency and the luminance half life.
- FIG. 7 shows the results of the reliability test.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 7 represents time, and the vertical axis represents luminance.
- the initial luminance of the organic electroluminescent device was 240 cd / m 2
- the organic EL device was driven at a constant current, and the luminance half life was measured.
- the current of the organic electroluminescent device of Example 1 was 0.28 mA, and the current of the organic electroluminescent device of Comparative Example 1 was 3.00 mA.
- the element area is 2.8 mm 2 .
- the luminance half life of the organic electroluminescent device of Comparative Example 1 was 400 hours.
- the luminance half life of the organic electroluminescent device of Example 1 was 380 hours or more.
- the organic EL device of Example 1 having a three-layer structure can significantly improve the luminance half-life compared to the organic EL device of Comparative Example 1 having a two-layer structure.
- Comparative Example 2 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured by the following method.
- Example 1 a substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used.
- PEDOT: PSS is formed on the anode 2 by spin coating so as to have a thickness of 40 nm, and baked at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. Thereby, the hole injection layer 3 was formed.
- PF6-CVAP was formed on the hole injection layer 3 by spin coating so as to have a thickness of 40 nm, and baked in a nitrogen atmosphere at 80 ° C for 5 minutes to form a light emitting layer. Formed four. At this time, PF 6 -C VAP was used as an o-dichlorobenzene solution.
- the electron transport layer 5 was formed on the light-emitting layer 4 by spin-coating MEH-PPV so as to have a thickness of 40 nm. At this time, MEH-PPV was used as a toluene solution. The electron transport layer 5 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the light emitting layer 4.
- an electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed by a vacuum evaporation method.
- the repeating unit of the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 and the repeating unit of the polymer material forming the electron transport layer 5 have the same skeleton (phenylenepinylene skeleton).
- Example 2 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured by the following method.
- Example 1 As in Example 1, a glass substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used. First, in the same manner as in Example 1, PEDOT: PSS was formed on the anode 2 so as to have a thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method, and was heated at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. Then, the hole injection layer 3 was formed.
- PEDOT: PSS PSS was formed on the anode 2 so as to have a thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method, and was heated at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. Then, the hole injection layer 3 was formed.
- PF6-CVAP was formed on the hole injection layer 3 by spin coating to have a thickness of 40 nm, and baked at 80 ° C for 5 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere to emit light. Layer 4 was formed. At this time, PF 6 -C VAP was used as a benzene solution in o-cyclohexane.
- PF8-DSB was formed on the light emitting layer 4 by a spin coating method so as to have a thickness of 40 nm, thereby forming an electron transport layer 5 also serving as a hole blocking layer. At this time, PF 8-DSB was used as a toluene solution. The electron transport layer 5 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the light emitting layer 4.
- an electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed by a vacuum evaporation method.
- Table 3 shows the materials of the light emitting layer 4 and the electron transport layer 5 and the measurement results of the luminous efficiency in the organic electroluminescent devices of Example 2 and Comparative Example 2.
- the organic electroluminescent device of Example 2 in which the molecular weight of the material forming the lower light emitting layer 4 is larger than the molecular weight of the material forming the electron transporting layer 5 as the upper layer, It was found that the organic electroluminescent device of Comparative Example 2 had a higher luminous efficiency than the organic electroluminescent device of Comparative Example 2 in which the molecular weight of the material composing the layer 4 was smaller than the molecular weight of the material composing the electron transport layer 5 as the upper layer.
- the material forming the electron transport layer 5 has a hole blocking property in addition to the electron transport property.
- the material forming the electron transport layer 5 does not have the hole blocking property. It was found that the organic electroluminescent device of Comparative Example 2 had higher luminous efficiency than the organic electroluminescent device.
- FIG. 8 shows the energy levels of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in the hole injection layer 3, the light-emitting layer 4, and the electron transport layer 5 in the organic electroluminescent device of Example 2. It is a schematic diagram. Fig.
- FIG. 9 shows the energy levels of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in the hole injection layer 3, the light emitting layer 4 and the electron transport layer 5 of the organic electroluminescent device of Comparative Example 2.
- LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
- HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital
- the energy level of H ⁇ MO in the light emitting layer 4 was 1.5.33 eV
- the energy level of HOMO in the electron transport layer 5 was 1.53 eV. It becomes 17 eV.
- the HOMO energy level of the hole injection layer 3 was _5.33 eV
- the HOMO energy level of the electron transport layer 5 was -5.33 eV. The energy level is 5.57 eV. .
- the holes injected from the hole injection layer 3 into the light emitting layer 4 were moved toward the cathode 7 by the energy barrier between the light emitting layer 4 and the electron transport layer 5. It is prevented from passing through. Therefore, in the light emitting layer 4, the balance between the electrons and the holes becomes appropriate, and the electrons and the holes recombine efficiently. As a result, high luminous efficiency is obtained.
- the limit was to form two layers, a hole transport layer and a light-emitting layer. Therefore, holes excessively flowed into the light-emitting layer, and injection of electrons was stopped. Can not catch up with the injection of. As a result, the balance between electrons and holes cannot be properly maintained, so that the luminous efficiency is lower than the luminous efficiency that should be obtained.
- Example 3 nine types of organic electroluminescent devices were manufactured by changing the thickness of the light emitting layer 4 and the electron transport layer 5, and the light emitting characteristics were evaluated.
- the structure and manufacturing method of the organic electroluminescent device of Example 3 are the same as those of the organic electroluminescent device of Example 1 except for the thicknesses of the light emitting layer 4 and the electron transport layer 5.
- Table 4 shows the light-emitting layers 4 of the nine types of organic electroluminescent devices 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 2-1, 2, -2, 2-3, 3--1, 3--2, 3-3. And the film thickness of the electron transport layer 5. Ho 4]
- Luminous Efficiency of Nine Kinds of Organic Electroluminescent Devices of Example 3 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 2--1, 2--2, 2-3, 3--1, 3--2, 3--3 Table 5 shows the measurement results.
- Example 4 an organic electroluminescent device having the same structure as that of Example 2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 2.
- Example 5 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured by the following method.
- the light emitting layer 4 is composed of two types of polymer materials.
- Example 1 As in Example 1, a substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used. First, as in Example 1, PEDOT: PSS is formed on the anode 2 so as to have a thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method, and baked at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. Thus, a hole injection layer 3 was formed.
- PEDOT: PSS is formed on the anode 2 so as to have a thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method, and baked at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. Thus, a hole injection layer 3 was formed.
- a layer obtained by adding 1 Owt% of PF6-CVAP to MEH-PPV was formed so as to have a thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method.
- the light-emitting layer 4 was formed by baking at 5 ° C. for 5 minutes. At this time, the polymer constituting the light emitting layer 4 was used as an o-dichlorobenzene solution.
- PF8-DSB was formed on the light emitting layer 4 by spin coating so as to have a thickness of 40 nm, thereby forming the electron transport layer 5 also serving as a hole blocking layer. At this time, PF8_DSB was used as a toluene solution.
- the electron transport layer 5 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the light emitting layer 4.
- An electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed on the electron transport layer 5 also serving as a hole blocking layer by a vacuum evaporation method.
- the luminance half life of the organic electroluminescent devices of Examples 4 and 5 was measured.
- Table 6 shows the materials of the light emitting layer 4 and the electron transport layer 5 in the organic electroluminescent devices of Examples 4 and 5, and the measurement results of the luminance half life.
- the measurement conditions were as follows: initial luminance was 200 cd / m 2 , and constant current drive was performed at room temperature.
- the element area is 2.8 mm 2 .
- Example 6 As shown in Table 6, the organic electroluminescent device of Example 5 in which the light emitting layer 4 was composed of two types of polymer materials was the same as that of Example 4 in which the light emitting layer 4 was composed of one type of polymer material. It has been found that it has a longer luminance half life than the electroluminescent device.
- Example 6 an organic electroluminescent device having a structure similar to that of the organic electroluminescent device of Example 1 was produced by the same method as in Example 1.
- Example 7 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured by the following method.
- the electron transport layer 5 is composed of two types of polymer materials.
- Example 1 As in Example 1, a glass substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used. First, as in Example 1, PEDOT: PSS was formed on the anode 2 so as to have a film thickness of 40 nm by a spin-coating method, and exposed to air at 180 ° C. for 10 minutes. The hole injection layer 3 was formed by baking.
- MEH-PPV is formed on the hole injection layer 3 by spin coating so as to have a thickness of 40 nm, and the film is baked at 80 ° C. for 5 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere to emit the light emitting layer. Formed four. At this time, the polymer constituting the light emitting layer 4 is
- the electron also serving as a hole blocking layer is formed.
- the transport layer 5 was formed.
- the high molecular material constituting the electron transport layer 5 was used as a toluene solution.
- the electron transport layer 5 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the light emitting layer 4.
- an electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed by a vacuum evaporation method.
- Table 7 shows the materials of the light emitting layer 4 and the electron transport layer 5 and the measurement results of the luminous efficiency in the organic electroluminescent devices of Examples 6 and 7.
- the organic electroluminescent device of Example 7 in which the electron transport layer 5 was composed of two types of materials was the same as that of Example 6 in which the electron transport layer 5 was composed of one type of polymer material. It was found that the luminous efficiency was higher than that of the organic electroluminescent device.
- Example 8 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured by the following method.
- Example 1 As in Example 1, a glass substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used. First, as in Example 1, PEDOT: PSS was formed on the anode 2 so as to have a film thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method, and was heated at 180 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air. Then, the hole injection layer 3 was formed.
- PEDOT: PSS PSS was formed on the anode 2 so as to have a film thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method, and was heated at 180 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air. Then, the hole injection layer 3 was formed.
- MEH-PPV is formed on the hole injection layer 3 by spin coating so as to have a thickness of 40 nm, and baked in a nitrogen atmosphere at 80 ° C. for 5 minutes to form a light emitting layer. Formed four. At this time, the polymer constituting the light emitting layer 4 was used as an o-dichlorobenzene solution.
- an electron transport layer 5 also serving as a hole blocking layer was formed on the light-emitting layer 4 by spin-coating PF8-MEHPPV so as to have a thickness of 40 nm.
- the polymer material constituting the electron transport layer 5 was used as a toluene solution.
- the electron transport layer 5 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the light emitting layer 4.
- an electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed by a vacuum evaporation method.
- the repeating unit of the polymer material constituting the light-emitting layer 4 and the electron transport layer 5 contains the same skeleton (phenylenevinylene skeleton).
- Example 9 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured by the following method.
- Example 1 As in Example 1, a glass substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used. First, in the same manner as in Example 1, PEDOT: PSS was formed on the anode 2 so as to have a thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method, and was baked at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. The hole injection layer 3 was thereby formed.
- MEH-PPV is formed on the hole injection layer 3 so as to have a thickness of 40 nm by spin coating, and baked at 80 in a nitrogen atmosphere for 5 minutes.
- the light emitting layer 4 was formed.
- the polymer constituting the light emitting layer 4 was used as an o-dichlorobenzene solution.
- PF8 was formed on the light emitting layer 4 by a spin coating method so as to have a thickness of 40 nm, whereby the electron transport layer 5 also serving as a hole blocking layer was formed.
- the polymer material constituting the electron transport layer 5 was used as a toluene solution. The electron transport layer 5 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the light emitting layer 4.
- an electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed by a vacuum evaporation method.
- the same skeleton is not included in the repeating unit of the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 and the repeating unit of the polymer material forming the electron transport layer 5.
- Example 10 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured by the following method.
- Example 1 As in Example 1, a glass substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used. First, as in Example 1, PEDOT: PSS was formed on the anode 2 so as to have a film thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method, and was exposed to air at 180 ° C. for 10 minutes. 'Then, the hole injection layer 3 was formed by baking.
- MEH-PPV is formed on the hole injection layer 3 by spin coating so as to have a thickness of 40 nm, and baked at 80 ° C. for 5 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the light emitting layer 4 was formed.
- the polymer constituting the light emitting layer 4 was used as a 0-dichlorobenzene solution.
- the electron transport layer 5 also serving as a hole blocking layer was formed on the light emitting layer 4 by forming PF8-Py by a spin coating method so as to have a thickness of 40 nm. .
- the polymer material constituting the electron transport layer 5 was used as a toluene solution. The electron transport layer 5 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the light emitting layer 4.
- an electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed by a vacuum evaporation method.
- the same skeleton is not included in the repeating unit of the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 and the repeating unit of the polymer material forming the electron transport layer 5.
- Table 8 shows the materials of the light emitting layer 4 and the electron transport layer 5 in the organic electroluminescent devices of Examples 8, 9, and 10, and the measurement results of the luminous efficiency.
- the organic electroluminescent devices of Examples 8, 9, and 10 using PF8-MEHP PV, PF8, or PF8-Py as the material constituting the electron transport layer 5 were also used. Since the molecular weight of the material of the light emitting layer 4 is larger than the molecular weight of the material of the electron transport layer 5, high luminous efficiency can be obtained as in Example 1 using PF8-E) SB as the material of the electron transport layer 5. It turned out to be obtained.
- the material constituting the electron transport layer 5 has a hole blocking property in addition to the electron transport property.
- the material constituting the electron transport layer 5 has a hole blocking property. It was found that the organic electroluminescent device of Comparative Example 2 having no luminous efficiency had higher luminous efficiency.
- the organic luminescent device of Example 8 in which the same skeleton (phenylenevinylene skeleton) is contained in the repeating unit of the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 and the repeating unit of the polymer material forming the electron transport layer 5
- the organic electroluminescent devices of Examples 9 and 10 in which the same skeleton is not included in the repeating units of the polymer material forming the light emitting layer 4 and the repeating units of the polymer material forming the electron transport layer 5 It has high luminous efficiency
- Example 11 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured by the following method.
- Example 1 a glass substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of IT was used.
- PEDOT: PSS was formed on the anode 2 so as to have a film thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method, and the base was formed at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. Then, the hole injection layer 3 was formed.
- PF8-MEHPPV was formed on the hole injection layer 3 by spin coating so as to have a thickness of 40 nm, and baked at 80 ° C for 5 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the light emitting layer 4 was formed.
- the polymer constituting the light-emitting layer 4 was used as an o-dichloromouth benzene solution.
- an electron transport layer 5 also serving as a hole blocking layer was formed on the light-emitting layer 4 by spin-coating PF8-DSB so as to have a thickness of 40 nm.
- the polymer material constituting the electron transport layer 5 was used as a toluene solution. The electron transport layer 5 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the light emitting layer 4.
- an electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed by a vacuum evaporation method.
- Example 11 The luminous efficiency of the organic electroluminescent device of Example 11 was measured.
- Table 9 shows the materials of the light emitting layer 4 and the electron transporting layer 5 in the organic electroluminescent device of Example 11, and the measurement results of the luminous efficiency.
- PF 8—MEHPPV was used as the material for the light-emitting layer 4.
- the molecular weight of the material of the light emitting layer 4 was the same as that of the organic electroluminescent device of Example 1 using MEH-PPV as the material of the light emitting layer 4. It was found that a higher luminous efficiency was obtained when the molecular weight was larger than that of the material No. 5.
- Example 12 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured by the following method.
- the light emitting layer 4 is composed of two types of polymer materials.
- Example 1 As in Example 1, a substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used. First, in the same manner as in Example 1, PEDOT: PSS is formed on the anode 2 so as to have a thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method, and is baked at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. Thus, a hole injection layer 3 was formed.
- a layer obtained by adding 10 wt% of BDPAP-CNMEHPPV to MEH-PPV was formed on the hole injection layer 3 so as to have a film thickness of 40 nm by a spin-coating method.
- the light-emitting layer 4 was formed by baking for 5 minutes. At this time, the polymer constituting the light emitting layer 4 was used as a 0-dichroic benzene solution.
- an electron transport layer 5 also serving as a hole blocking layer was formed on the light emitting layer 4 by forming PF8-DSB to a thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method. At this time, PF 8 _DSB was used as a toluene solution. The electron transport layer 5 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the light emitting layer 4.
- An electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed on the electron transport layer 5 also serving as a hole blocking layer by a vacuum evaporation method.
- the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured by the following method.
- the light emitting layer 4 is composed of one type of polymer material.
- Example 1 a substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used.
- PED ⁇ T PSS is formed on the anode 2 so as to have a thickness of 40 nm by a spin coating method, and is baked at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air.
- BDPAP-CNMEHP PV is formed on the hole injection layer 3 by spin coating so as to have a thickness of 40 nm, and baked at 80 ° C for 5 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the light emitting layer 4 was formed.
- the polymer constituting the light emitting layer 4 was used as an o-dichlorobenzene solution.
- an electron transport layer 5 also serving as a hole blocking layer was formed on the light-emitting layer 4 by spin-coating PF8-DSB so as to have a thickness of 40 nm.
- PF8_DSB was used as a toluene solution. The electron transport layer 5 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the light emitting layer 4.
- An electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed on the electron transport layer 5 also serving as a hole blocking layer by a vacuum evaporation method.
- Table 10 shows the materials of the light emitting layer 4 and the electron transport layer 5 in the organic electroluminescent devices of Example 12 and Comparative Example 3, and the measurement results of the luminous efficiency.
- the organic electroluminescent device of Example 12 in which the light-emitting layer 4 was composed of two types of materials was the same as that of Comparative Example 3 in which the light-emitting layer 4 was composed of one type of polymer material. It was found that it had higher luminous efficiency than the organic electroluminescent device.
- BDPAP-CNMEHPPV is used alone as a material of the light emitting layer 4. It was found that the luminous efficiency was greatly improved as compared with the organic electroluminescent device.
- the molecular weight of at least one of the materials constituting the lower light-emitting layer 4 is larger than the molecular weight of the material of the electron transport layer 5 as the upper layer, high light emission efficiency can be obtained. all right.
- Example 13 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 2 was manufactured by the following method.
- Example 1 a substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used.
- PEDOT: PSS is formed on the anode 2 so as to have a film thickness of 40 nm by spin coating, and is baked at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. As a result, a hole injection layer 3 was formed.
- PVCz is formed on the hole injection layer 3 by spin coating so as to have a thickness of 25 nm, and is baked at 80 ° C for 5 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain electrons.
- a hole transport layer 8 also serving as a blocking layer was formed.
- PVC z was used as a solution of o-dichlorobenzene (dielectric constant 6.828).
- the light emitting layer 4 was formed on the hole transport layer 8 by forming PF 8 -SB 10% so as to have a thickness of 70 ⁇ m by a spin coating method. At this time, PF8-SB 10% was used as a xylene (dielectric constant 2.274 to 2.562) solution. The light emitting layer 4 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the hole transport layer 8.
- an electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed on the light emitting layer 4 by a vacuum evaporation method.
- Example 14 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 2 was manufactured by the following method.
- Example 1 a substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used.
- PEDOT: PSS was applied on the anode 2 by spin coating.
- the hole injection layer 3 was formed by baking at 180 ° C. for 10 minutes in the air.
- a film obtained by adding 50 wt% of PF8-TPA to PVCz was formed on the hole injection layer 3 so as to have a film thickness of 25 nm by a spin coating method.
- the hole transport layer 8 also serving as an electron blocking layer was formed by baking at ° C for 5 minutes.
- PVCz was used as a solution of o-dichlorobenzene (dielectric constant 6.828).
- the light emitting layer 4 was formed on the hole transport layer 8 by forming PF 8-BT (10) to have a film thickness of 70 nm by spin coating. At this time, PF 8 -SB (10%) was used as a xylene (dielectric constant 2.274 to 2.562) solution. The light emitting layer 4 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the hole transport layer 8.
- an electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed on the light emitting layer 4 by a vacuum evaporation method.
- Comparative Example 4 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 2 was manufactured by the following method.
- Example 1 As in Example 1, a substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of IT was used. First, as in Example 1, PEDOT: PSS is formed on the anode 2 so as to have a thickness of 40 nm by spin coating, and is baked at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. Thus, a hole injection layer 3 was formed.
- the light emitting layer 4 was formed on the hole injection layer 3 by forming PF 8-SB (10%) to have a film thickness of 70 nm by spin coating.
- PF 8-SB (10%) was used as a xylene (dielectric constant 2.274 to 2.562) solution.
- the light emitting layer 4 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the hole transport layer 8.
- an electron injection layer 6 made of calcium with a thickness of 6 nm and a cathode 7 made of aluminum with a thickness of 200 nm were formed by vacuum evaporation.
- Table 11 shows the materials of the hole transport layer 8 and the light-emitting layer 4 and the measurement results of the luminous efficiency in the organic electroluminescent devices of Examples 13 and 14 and Comparative Example 4.
- the organic electroluminescent devices of Examples 13 and 14 in which the material constituting the hole transport layer 8 has an electron blocking property in addition to the hole transport property were compared with those without the hole transport layer 8. It was found to have higher luminous efficiency than the organic electroluminescent device of Example 4.
- the organic electroluminescent device of Example 14 in which the hole transport layer 8 is composed of two types of materials is the same as the organic electroluminescent device of Example 13 in which the hole transport layer 8 is composed of one type of polymer material. It was found that the luminous efficiency was higher than that of the field light emitting device.
- PF8-TPA 50 wt% of PF8-TPA is added to PVCz as a material for the hole transport layer 8.
- Example 15 the organic electroluminescent device having the three-layer structure shown in FIG. 3 was manufactured by the following method.
- Example 1 As in Example 1, a substrate 1 provided with an anode 2 made of ITO was used. First, as in Example 1, PEDOT: PSS is formed on the anode 2 so as to have a thickness of 40 nm by spin coating, and is baked at 180 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. Thus, a hole injection layer 3 was formed.
- PVC z is formed on the hole injection layer 3 so as to have a thickness of 25 nm by spin coating, and is baked in a nitrogen atmosphere at 80 ° C. for 5 minutes to block electrons.
- the hole transport layer 8 also serving as a layer was formed.
- PVC z was used as a solution of o-dichlorobenzene (dielectric constant 6.828).
- the light emitting layer 4 was formed on the hole transport layer 8 by forming PF 8 -SB 10% to have a thickness of 70 nm by spin coating. At this time, PF8—SB 10% was used as a xylene (dielectric constant 2.274 to 2.562) solution. The light emitting layer 4 was formed without damaging the polymer film of the hole transport layer 8.
- an electron injection layer 6 a made of lithium fluoride having a thickness of 1 nm, a cathode 7 a made of calcium having a thickness of 6 nm, and a protective layer 9 made of aluminum having a thickness of 200 nm were formed on the light emitting layer 4 by vacuum. It was formed by an evaporation method.
- Table 12 shows the materials of the hole transport layer 8 and the light-emitting layer 4 in the organic electroluminescent device of Example 15 and the measurement results of the luminous efficiency.
- Table 13 shows the materials of the upper and lower layers, the molecular weights of the materials of the upper and lower layers, the molecular weight ratios, and the luminous efficiencies of the organic electroluminescent devices of Examples 1 to 15 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- the lower layer was the light emitting layer 4 and the upper layer was the electron transport layer 5, and in Examples 13 to 15, the lower layer was positive.
- the hole transport layer 8 is provided, and the upper layer is the light emitting layer 4.
- the molecular weight ratio is the ratio of the molecular weight of the lower layer material to the molecular weight of the upper layer material.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the relationship between the molecular weight ratio and the luminous efficiency of the organic electroluminescent devices of Examples 1, 2, 7 to 11 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3.
- the luminous efficiency is preferably 1.5 cdZA or more, more preferably 2.0 cd / A or more. Therefore, according to FIG. 10, the molecular weight ratio is preferably 3.5 or more, more preferably 6.2 or more.
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Abstract
Description
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US10/505,677 US7745015B2 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2004-03-24 | Organic electroluminescent device and method for manufacturing same |
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JP2003097308 | 2003-03-31 | ||
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JP2004-055397 | 2004-02-27 | ||
JP2004055397A JP4683846B2 (ja) | 2003-03-31 | 2004-02-27 | 有機電界発光素子およびその製造方法 |
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Cited By (2)
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US7208757B1 (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2007-04-24 | Spansion Llc | Memory element with nitrogen-containing active layer |
JP2008034631A (ja) * | 2006-07-28 | 2008-02-14 | Seiko Epson Corp | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス装置及び電子機器 |
Families Citing this family (12)
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KR100731728B1 (ko) * | 2004-08-27 | 2007-06-22 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 레이저 전사용 도너 기판 및 이를 이용한 유기 전계 발광소자의 제조 방법 |
EP1806795B1 (de) | 2005-12-21 | 2008-07-09 | Novaled AG | Organisches Bauelement |
JP2007242816A (ja) * | 2006-03-07 | 2007-09-20 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンスデバイス及びその製造方法 |
US20090208776A1 (en) * | 2008-02-19 | 2009-08-20 | General Electric Company | Organic optoelectronic device and method for manufacturing the same |
KR101460184B1 (ko) | 2008-03-03 | 2014-11-11 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | 전계 발광 소자의 제조 방법 및 이를 이용한 표시 기판의제조 방법 |
JP2010055864A (ja) * | 2008-08-27 | 2010-03-11 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子およびその製造方法 |
CN102668149B (zh) * | 2009-10-05 | 2016-04-20 | 索恩照明有限公司 | 多层有机器件 |
KR101137129B1 (ko) * | 2010-03-25 | 2012-04-19 | 한남대학교 산학협력단 | 신규한 meh-o-d ppv 공중합체 및 이의 제조방법 |
KR101883739B1 (ko) * | 2012-04-04 | 2018-07-31 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 고분자 혼합물, 이를 이용한 유기 발광 소자 및 그 발광층의 전하 이동도 조절 방법 |
WO2012165256A1 (ja) | 2011-05-27 | 2012-12-06 | 出光興産株式会社 | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
US20180323407A1 (en) * | 2017-05-02 | 2018-11-08 | Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd. | Organic light emitting device and a method of fabricating thereof |
WO2019129015A1 (zh) * | 2017-12-26 | 2019-07-04 | Tcl集团股份有限公司 | 一种薄膜及其制备方法与qled器件 |
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JP2000223278A (ja) * | 1999-01-28 | 2000-08-11 | Nec Corp | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子及びパネル |
JP2002105445A (ja) * | 2000-09-29 | 2002-04-10 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 有機発光素子材料及びそれを用いた有機発光素子 |
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JP2002299061A (ja) | 2001-04-02 | 2002-10-11 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
JP2003257671A (ja) * | 2002-02-28 | 2003-09-12 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 発光素子及びその製造方法 |
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JP2000223278A (ja) * | 1999-01-28 | 2000-08-11 | Nec Corp | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子及びパネル |
JP2002105445A (ja) * | 2000-09-29 | 2002-04-10 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 有機発光素子材料及びそれを用いた有機発光素子 |
JP2003045664A (ja) * | 2001-05-23 | 2003-02-14 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
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US7208757B1 (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2007-04-24 | Spansion Llc | Memory element with nitrogen-containing active layer |
JP2008034631A (ja) * | 2006-07-28 | 2008-02-14 | Seiko Epson Corp | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス装置及び電子機器 |
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TW200425776A (en) | 2004-11-16 |
JP4683846B2 (ja) | 2011-05-18 |
TWI239220B (en) | 2005-09-01 |
US7745015B2 (en) | 2010-06-29 |
US20050147842A1 (en) | 2005-07-07 |
JP2004319440A (ja) | 2004-11-11 |
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