WO2004085368A2 - Verfahren der heterogen katalysierten partiellen gasphasenoxidation von propen zu acrylsäure - Google Patents
Verfahren der heterogen katalysierten partiellen gasphasenoxidation von propen zu acrylsäure Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004085368A2 WO2004085368A2 PCT/EP2004/002931 EP2004002931W WO2004085368A2 WO 2004085368 A2 WO2004085368 A2 WO 2004085368A2 EP 2004002931 W EP2004002931 W EP 2004002931W WO 2004085368 A2 WO2004085368 A2 WO 2004085368A2
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- reaction
- fixed bed
- propene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
- C07C51/25—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of unsaturated compounds containing no six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C51/252—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of unsaturated compounds containing no six-membered aromatic ring of propene, butenes, acrolein or methacrolein
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C57/00—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C57/02—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with only carbon-to-carbon double bonds as unsaturation
- C07C57/03—Monocarboxylic acids
- C07C57/04—Acrylic acid; Methacrylic acid
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process of heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidates of propene to acrylic acid, in which a propene, molecular oxygen and at least one reaction gas starting mixture 1 containing inert gas, the molecular oxygen and the propene in a molar ratio O 2 : C 3 H 6 O ⁇ 1 contains, initially in a first reaction stage at elevated temperature via a first fixed bed catalyst bed (fixed bed catalyst bed 1),
- X 1 at least one element from the group comprising Bi, Co and Ni,
- X 3 at least one of the two elements Fe and Cr,
- X 4 at least one element from the group comprising K, Cs and Sr,
- volume-specific activity in the flow direction of the reaction gas mixture over the first fixed bed catalyst bed is either constant or increases at least once (continuously, or abruptly or stepwise),
- the propene conversion in a single pass is ⁇ 90 mol% and the associated selectivity of the acrolein formation and the acrylic acid by-product formation are together ⁇ 90 mol%, the temperature of the product gas mixture leaving the first reaction stage by direct cooling, or by indirect cooling or optionally reduced by direct and indirect cooling and optionally adding secondary gas in the form of molecular oxygen, or inert gas, or molecular oxygen and inert gas to the product gas mixture, and thereafter the product gas mixture as acrolein, molecular oxygen and reaction gas starting mixture 2 containing at least one inert gas, the molecular oxygen and which contains acrolein in a molar ratio 0 2 : C 3 H 4 O 0,5 0.5, preferably 1 1, in a second reaction stage at elevated temperature via a second fixed bed catalyst bed (fixed bed catalyst bed 2),
- the active composition of which is at least one multimetal oxide II of the general formula
- Acrylic acid is an important monomer which, as such or in the form of its acrylic esters, is used to produce e.g. polymers suitable as adhesives are used.
- One objective of such a heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propene to acrylic acid is to achieve the highest possible yield
- a AA of acrylic acid in one pass of the reaction gas mixture through the fixed bed catalyst bed under otherwise specified boundary conditions is the mol number of propene converted to acrylic acid, based on the number of moles of propene used).
- Another objective of such a heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propene to acrylic acid is to achieve the highest possible space-time yield RZA AA of acrylic acid (in a continuous process this is the volume generated in liters per hour and total volume of the fixed bed catalyst bed used Total amount of acrylic acid).
- the propene load can be increased by increasing the load on the fixed bed catalyst bed with reaction gas starting mixture 1.
- this measure is disadvantageous in that, as the reaction gas starting mixture 1-load increases, the pressure loss during passage through the fixed bed catalyst bed increases, which necessitates an increased compressor output.
- an increase in the propene load is possible by increasing the proportion of propene in the reaction gas starting mixture 1.
- circulating gas consisting essentially of nitrogen is often also used as the inert diluent gas. This is gas which remains after the product has been separated off (acrylic acid removal) from the product gas mixture in the second reaction stage and is recycled at least in part to the first reaction stage.
- air was used as the oxygen source, as is often the case, it essentially contains the molecular nitrogen accompanying the molecular oxygen in the air and thus forms a cost-effective nitrogen source.
- the circulating gas has to be recompressed to the outlet pressure of the reaction gas mixture 1 by means of a compressor in order to compensate for the pressure loss when passing through the fixed bed catalyst bed.
- annular shaped catalyst bodies are often used (cf. DE-A 3113179 and DE-A 19948523).
- EP-A 253409 and EP-A 257565 disclose that when using an inert diluent gas which has a higher molar heat capacity than molecular nitrogen, the proportion of propene in reaction gas starting mixture 1 can be increased.
- they do not recommend using as an inert diluent an increased amount of water vapor (which, like molecular nitrogen, is widespread and inexpensively available), as this usually leads to increased by-product formation on acetic acid, although water vapor also differs from nitrogen would have the advantage that it can be brought to the inlet pressure of the reaction gas outlet mixture 1 in a cost-neutral manner by the waste heat from the exothermic partial gas phase oxidation and, in contrast to the nitrogen in the air, is usually obtained as a by-product and is available and is not necessarily circulated must become.
- the object of the present invention was therefore to increase the yield A AA of acrylic acid in the process described at the outset, without requiring an increased compressor output or use of valuable materials as an inert diluent gas or having to accept increased by-product formation of acetic acid.
- reaction gas starting mixture 1 consists of
- the reaction temperature in the first reaction stage is often 300 to 380 ° C and that in the second reaction stage is often 220 to 310 ° C.
- EP-A 293224 also describes a method which has a certain similarity to the method according to the invention. However, it uses other multimetal oxide materials, other shaped catalyst bodies and other diluent gases.
- X 3 Fe
- X 4 at least one of the two elements K and Cs
- Preferred as multimetal oxides II are those with
- Both the multimetal oxide active compositions I and the shaped catalyst bodies carrying the multimetal oxide active compositions II can, in the process according to the invention, be unsupported catalysts (consist exclusively of the multimetal oxide active composition) or coated catalysts (contain the multimetal oxide active composition adsorptively applied to an inert carrier ring).
- the combinations "shell catalyst / full catalyst” or “full catalyst / full catalyst” or “shell catalyst / shell catalyst” can also be used in the two successive reaction stages.
- the active mass fraction for ring-shaped shell catalysts is generally both for the first and for the second reaction stage, 10 to 30% by weight, preferably 15 to 25% by weight. Both in the case of ring-shaped coated catalysts and in the case of ring-shaped unsupported catalysts, the dimensions of the ring geometry in both reaction stages are preferred.
- ring-shaped coated catalysts those according to the invention are preferred (in particular for the second reaction stage) whose support rings have a length of 2 to 10 mm (or 3 to 6 mm), an outer diameter of 2 to 10 mm (or 4 to 8 mm) and a wall thickness of 1 to 4 mm (or 1 to 2 mm).
- the carrier rings very particularly preferably have the geometry 7 mm x 3 mm x 4 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter).
- the thickness of the catalytically active oxide mass applied to the ring-shaped carrier body as a shell is normally 10 to 1000 / m in the process according to the invention. 50 to 500 ⁇ m are preferred, particularly preferably 100 to 500 ⁇ m and very particularly preferably 150 to 250 ⁇ m.
- ring-shaped unsupported catalysts those are preferred according to the invention (in particular for the first reaction stage) for which it applies that the inside diameter is 0.1 to 0.7 times the outside diameter and the length 0.5 to 2 times of the outside diameter.
- Favorable full catalyst rings suitable according to the invention have an outside diameter of 2 to 10 mm (or 3 to 7 mm), an inside ring diameter of at least 1.0 mm, a wall thickness of 1 to 2 mm (or at most 1, 5 mm) and a length of 2 to 10 mm (or 3 to 6 mm).
- the outside diameter is 4 to 5 mm
- the inside diameter is 1.5 to 2.5 mm
- the wall thickness is 1.0 to 1.5 mm
- the length is 3 to 6 mm be.
- hollow cylinder full catalyst geometries which are suitable according to the invention (in particular for the first reaction stage) are (outer diameter x height x inner diameter in each case) the geometries: 5 mm x 3 mm x 2 mm; 5 mm x 2 mm x 2 mm; 5 mm x 3 mm x 3 mm; 6 mm x 3 mm x 3 mm and 7 mm x 3 mm x 4 mm.
- Shaped catalyst bodies which are particularly suitable for the first reaction stage of the process according to the invention are the example with serial number 3 from DE-A 19855913 (stoichiometry: Mo 12 Co 7 Fe 3 Bio , 6 Ko , o 8 Si ⁇ , 6 O x ) as a hollow cylinder (ring) full catalyst of the geometry 5 mm x 3 mm x 2 mm or 5 mm x 2 mm x 2 mm (each outer diameter x length x inner diameter),
- Example 1 from DE-A 10046957 (stoichiometry: [Bi 2 W 2 O 9 x 2 WO 3 ] 0.5 • [Mo 12 Co 5 , 5 Fe 2 ⁇ 9 4 Si 1 , 59Ko, o8 ⁇ x ] 1 ) as a hollow cylinder (ring) full catalyst of geometry 5 mm x 3 mm x 2 mm or 5 mm x 2 mm x 2 mm (each outer diameter x length x inner diameter), as well as the shell catalysts
- Shaped catalysts S1 (stoichiometry: Mo 12 V 3 W 1 ⁇ 2 Cu 2.4 O n ) and S7 (stoichiometry: Mo 12 V 3 W ⁇ ⁇ 2 Cu 1 ⁇ 6 Ni 0 , 8 ⁇ n ) are particularly suitable for the second reaction stage of the process according to the invention ) from the
- DE-A 4442346 with an active mass fraction of 27% by weight and a shell thickness of 230 ⁇ m
- the shell catalyst from preparation example 5 of DE-A 10046928 (stoichiometry: Mo 2 V 3 W 1] 2 Cu 2
- the shell catalysts according to Examples 1 to 5 from DE-A 19815281 just like the shell catalysts mentioned above for the second reaction stage on support rings of geometry 7 mm x 3 mm x 4 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter) with an active mass fraction of 20% by weight (based on the total mass of the shell catalyst), and a shell catalyst with two-phase active mass of stoichiometry (Mo 10, V 3 W 1
- the shaped catalyst bodies recommended above for the second reaction stage are, however, also suitable for the second reaction stage if everything is retained and only the carrier geometry is changed to 5 mm ⁇ 3 mm ⁇ 1.5 mm. Furthermore, the multimetal oxides II mentioned can also be used in the form of the corresponding full catalyst rings in the second reaction stage.
- supports made of steatite particularly preferably made of rough, essentially non-porous steatite, such as those from Ceramtec (steatite C220 ) produces in DE.
- a low-alkali steatite is preferably used.
- annular multimetal oxide I and multimetal oxide II catalyst shaped bodies to be used according to the invention are known in the prior art and can be produced, for example, as described in WO 01/36364.
- the multimetal oxide I and the multimetal oxide II active compositions can have both a single-phase and a multiphase structure (see, for example, DE-A 10046957 and DE-A 10046928 and the prior art cited therein).
- reaction gas starting mixtures 1 which consist of are preferably used for the process according to the invention
- shaped catalyst bodies having multimetal oxide active composition or largely homogeneous mixtures of multimetal oxide active composition having shaped bodies and no multimetal oxide active composition shaped bodies which are essentially inert with respect to the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation (dilution).
- materials which are also suitable as support material for coated catalysts suitable according to the invention are suitable as materials for such inert shaped bodies.
- Such materials include, for example, porous or non-porous aluminum oxides, silicon dioxide, thorium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon carbide, silicates such as magnesium or aluminum silicate or the steatite already mentioned.
- the geometry of such inert shaped dilution bodies can be as desired. Ie, for example, spheres, polygons, solid cylinders or, like the shaped catalyst body, can be rings. According to the invention, preference will be given to choosing inert diluent bodies whose geometry corresponds to that of the shaped catalyst bodies to be diluted with them (the above statements also apply to largely homogeneous mixtures of shaped catalyst bodies and diluent shaped bodies having multimetal oxide active composition) which can be used to prepare the fixed bed catalyst bed 2.
- the chemical composition of the active composition used does not change via the fixed bed catalyst bed 1.
- the active composition used for an individual shaped catalyst body can be a mixture of different multimetal oxides I, but the same mixture must then be used for all shaped catalyst bodies of the fixed bed catalyst bed 1.
- the volume-specific activity (that is, the activity normalized to the unit of volume) can be reduced in a simple manner by homogeneously diluting a basic amount of uniformly produced shaped catalyst bodies with shaped diluent bodies.
- a volume-specific activity which increases at least once in the direction of flow of the reaction gas mixture via the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 can thus be set in a simple manner for the process according to the invention, for example, by starting the bed with a high proportion of inert diluent shaped bodies, based on a type of shaped catalyst bodies, and then this proportion of shaped dilution bodies in the flow direction is reduced either continuously or at least once or several times abruptly (for example stepwise). If the proportion of shaped diluent bodies is left constant or if no diluent shaped bodies are used at all in the fixed bed catalyst bed 1, the result is a constant volume-specific activity in the direction of flow of the reaction gas mixture via the fixed bed catalyst bed 1.
- volume-specific activity is also possible, for example, by keeping the volume constant Geometry and type of active mass of a shaped shell catalyst body increases the thickness of the layer of active mass applied to the support or increases the proportion of shaped catalyst bodies with a higher proportion of active mass weight in a mixture of shell catalysts with the same geometry but with different proportions by weight of the active mass.
- Analog effects can also be achieved, for example, by the mixture ratio is changed in a corresponding manner in mixtures of unsupported catalysts and shell catalysts (with identical active mass).
- the variants described can also be used in combination.
- the volume-specific activity will not decrease once either in the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 or within the fixed bed catalyst bed 2 in the flow direction of the reaction gas mixture.
- the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 Before and / or after the fixed bed catalyst bed 1, there can only be beds consisting of inert material (e.g. only dilution tablets) (in this document, conceptually, they are not included in the fixed bed catalyst bed 1, since they do not contain any shaped articles which have multimetal oxide active composition).
- the shaped dilution bodies used for the inert bed can have the same geometry as the shaped catalyst bodies used in the fixed bed catalyst bed 1.
- the geometry of the shaped diluent bodies used for the inert bed can also differ from the aforementioned geometry of the shaped catalyst bodies (e.g. spherical instead of annular).
- the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 in the flow direction of the reaction gas mixture is preferably structured as follows in the process according to the invention.
- first zone of the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 is then advantageously up to the end of the length of the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 (ie, for example over a length of 2.00 to 3.00 m, preferably 2.50 to 3.00 m ) either a bed of the shaped catalyst bodies which is only diluted to a lesser extent (than in the first zone), or, very particularly preferably, a single (undiluted) bed of the same shaped catalyst bodies which were also used in the first zone.
- a bed of the shaped catalyst bodies which is only diluted to a lesser extent (than in the first zone)
- a single (undiluted) bed of the same shaped catalyst bodies which were also used in the first zone.
- both the shaped catalyst bodies and the shaped dilution bodies in the process according to the invention essentially have the ring geometry 5 mm ⁇ 3 mm ⁇ 2 mm (outer diameter ⁇ length ⁇ inner diameter).
- the volume-specific activity of the fixed bed catalyst bed 2 can also be varied.
- a corresponding inert bed can in turn be present in advance and / or after the actual fixed bed catalyst fill 2.
- a constant volume-specific activity within the fixed bed catalyst bed 2 (as is possible according to the invention within the fixed bed catalyst bed 1) is, however, ruled out in the process according to the invention.
- the fixed bed catalyst bed 2 in the flow direction of the reaction gas mixture is preferably structured as follows in the process according to the invention.
- each of the total length of the fixed bed catalyst fill 2 a homogeneous mixture of shaped catalyst bodies and shaped diluent bodies (both of which preferably have essentially the same geometry), the proportion by weight of the shaped diluent bodies (the mass densities of shaped catalyst bodies and of diluted shaped bodies differing in usually only slightly) is normally 10 to 50% by weight, preferably 20 to 45% by weight and particularly preferably 25 to 35% by weight.
- this first zone of the fixed bed catalyst bed 2 is then advantageously according to the invention up to the end of the length of the fixed bed catalyst bed
- both the shaped catalyst bodies or their carrier rings as well as the shaped dilution bodies in the method according to the invention essentially have the ring geometry 7 mm x 3 mm x 4 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter).
- the implementation of the first reaction stage of the process according to the invention can e.g. in a tube bundle reactor which is charged with the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 (and, if appropriate, these preceding and / or subsequent inert beds), as it is e.g. is described in EP-B 700714.
- a temperature medium usually a molten salt
- the molten salt and the reaction gas mixture can be conducted in simple cocurrent or countercurrent.
- the molten salt (the temperature control medium) can also be passed through the reactor, viewed in a meandering manner, around the tube bundle, so that, viewed over the entire reactor, there is a cocurrent or countercurrent to the direction of flow of the reaction gas mixture.
- the flow rate of the temperature control medium is usually such that the temperature rise (due to the exothermic nature of the reaction) of the heat exchange medium from the point of entry into the reactor to the point of exit from the reactor> 0 to 10 ° C, often> 2 to 8 ° C, often> 3 to 6 ° C.
- the inlet temperature of the heat exchange medium in the tube bundle reactor is usually 300 to 360 ° C, often 300 to 340 ° C.
- Fluid heat transfer media are particularly suitable as heat exchange medium.
- melts of salts such as potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, sodium nitrite and / or sodium nitrate, or of low-melting metals such as sodium, mercury and alloys of various metals is particularly favorable.
- the contact tubes are usually made of ferritic steel and typically have a wall thickness of 1 to 3 mm.
- Their inner diameter (especially when using the ring geometries mentioned in this document) is usually 20 to 30 mm, often 21 to 26 mm.
- Their length is typically 2 to 4 m, often 2.5 to 3.5 m.
- the number of contact tubes accommodated in the tube bundle container is at least 5000, preferably at least 10,000.
- the number of contact tubes accommodated in the reaction vessel is often 15,000 to 30,000.
- Tube bundle reactors with more than 40,000 contact tubes are rather the exception.
- the contact tubes are normally arranged homogeneously distributed within the container, the distribution being expediently chosen such that the distance between the central inner axes from the closest contact tubes (the so-called contact tube division) is 35 to 45 mm (see, for example, EP-B 468290).
- DE-A 10131126, DE-A 10137768, DE-A 10135498 and DE-A 10232967 also disclose a tube bundle reactor suitable for the process according to the invention.
- the reaction gas starting mixture 1 is expediently fed to the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 preheated to the reaction temperature.
- the reaction temperature e.g. serve a bed with inert material preceding a fixed bed catalyst bed.
- the first reaction stage of the process according to the invention can also be carried out in a two-zone tube bundle reactor, such as is used, for example, in DE-A's 19910508, 19948523, 19910506 and 19948241.
- DE-C 2830765 discloses a preferred variant of a two-zone tube bundle reactor which can be used according to the invention.
- the two-zone tube bundles disclosed in DE-C 2513405, US-A 3147084, DE-A 2201528, EP-A 383224 and DE-A 2903218 delreactors are suitable for carrying out the first reaction stage of the process according to the invention.
- the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 to be used according to the invention (possibly with upstream and / or downstream inert beds) is in the simplest way in the metal tubes of a tube bundle reactor and around the metal tubes there are two essentially spatially separated temperature control media, usually molten salts ,
- the pipe section over which the respective salt bath extends represents a reaction zone. That is, flows around in the simplest way, e.g.
- a salt bath A is the section of the tubes (reaction zone A) in which the oxidative conversion of the propene (in a single pass) takes place until conversion in the range from 40 to 80 mol% is achieved, and a salt bath B flows around the section of the tubes (the reaction zone B), in which the oxidative subsequent conversion of the propene (in a single pass) takes place until a conversion value of at least 90 mol% is reached (if necessary, further reaction zones which follow the reaction zones A, B to be used according to the invention can follow individual temperatures).
- the first reaction stage of the process according to the invention comprises no further reaction zones.
- the salt bath B expediently flows around the section of the pipes in which the oxidative connection conversion propene (in a single pass) up to a conversion value of 90 mol%, or> 92 mol% or> 94 mol% or more.
- the start of reaction zone B is usually behind the hotspot maximum of reaction zone A.
- the hotspot maximum of reaction zone B is normally below the hotspot maximum temperature of reaction zone A.
- the two salt baths A, B can be conducted in cocurrent or countercurrent through the space surrounding the reaction tubes relative to the flow direction of the reaction gas mixture flowing through the reaction tubes.
- a cocurrent flow can also be used in reaction zone A and a counterflow (or vice versa) in reaction zone B.
- a transverse flow can be superimposed on the parallel flow of the molten salt relative to the reaction tubes, so that the individual reaction zone corresponds to a tube bundle reactor as described in EP-A 700714 or EP-A 700893 and overall a longitudinal section through the contact tube bundle results in a meandering flow profile of the heat exchange medium.
- reaction gas starting mixture 1 of the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 is also supplied preheated to the reaction temperature in the two-zone procedure.
- the contact tubes are usually made of ferritic steel and typically have a wall thickness of 1 to 3 mm. Their inner diameter is usually 20 to 30 mm, often 21 to 26 mm. Their length is expediently 2 to 4 m, preferably 2.5 to 3.5 m.
- the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 occupies at least 60% or at least 75%, or at least 90% of the length of the zone. The remaining length, if any, may be occupied by an inert bed.
- the number of contact tubes accommodated in the tube bundle container is at least 5000, preferably at least 10,000.
- the number of contact tubes accommodated in the reaction vessel is frequently from 15,000 to 30,000.
- Tube bundle reactors with a number of contact tubes above 40,000 are rather the exception.
- the contact tubes are normally arranged homogeneously distributed within the container, the distribution being expediently chosen such that the distance between the central inner axes from one another is closest to one another. contact tubes (the so-called contact tube pitch) is 35 to 45 mm (see, for example, EP-B 468290).
- melts of salts such as potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, sodium nitrite and / or sodium nitrate, or of low-melting metals such as sodium mercury and alloys of various metals is particularly favorable.
- the flow rate within the two required heat exchange medium circuits is selected such that the temperature of the heat exchange medium changes from the entry point into the reaction zone to the exit point from the reaction zone (due to the exothermic nature of the reaction) 0 to 15 ° C increases. That is, the aforementioned ⁇ T can be 1 to 10 ° C, or 2 to 8 ° C or 3 to 6 ° C according to the invention.
- the entry temperature of the heat exchange medium into reaction zone A is normally 300 to 340 ° C according to the invention.
- the entry temperature of the heat exchange medium into reaction zone B is normally on the one hand 305 to 380 ° C. and on the other hand at the same time is at least ⁇ 0 ° G, or at least 5 ° C. above the entry temperature of the heat exchange medium entering reaction zone A.
- the inlet temperature of the heat exchange medium into reaction zone B is at least 10 ° C. above the inlet temperature of the heat exchange medium entering reaction zone A.
- the difference between the entry temperatures into reaction zone A or B can thus be up to 20 ° C, up to 25 ° C, up to 30 ° C, up to 40 ° C, up to 45 ° C or up to 50 ° C be.
- the aforementioned temperature difference will not be more than 50 ° C.
- the higher the propene load of the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 is chosen in the process according to the invention, the greater the difference between the inlet temperature of the heat exchange medium in reaction zone A and the inlet temperature of the heat exchange medium in reaction zone B should be.
- the entry temperature of the heat exchange medium into reaction zone B is advantageously 330 to 370 ° C. and particularly advantageously 340 to 370 ° C.
- the two reaction zones A, B can of course also be implemented in spatially separated tube bundle reactors his. If necessary, a heat exchanger can also be installed between the two reaction zones A, B.
- the two-zone tube bundle reactor type described in DE-AS 2201528 which includes the possibility of using a hotter heat exchange medium in reaction zone B, can be used in particular for carrying out reaction stage 1 of the process according to the invention To discharge partial amount to the reaction zone A, in order to possibly heat up a cold reaction gas starting mixture or a cold circulating gas.
- the tube bundle characteristics can be designed within an individual reaction zone as described in EP-A 382098.
- an aftercooler is usually connected between the two reaction stages.
- this can be an indirect tube bundle heat exchanger.
- the product gas mixture is usually passed through the tubes and a heat exchange medium is passed around the tubes, the type of which can correspond to the heat exchange media recommended for the tube bundle reactors.
- the inside of the tube is advantageously filled with inert fillings (e.g. spirals made of stainless steel, rings made of steatite, balls made of steatite etc.).
- the aftercooler is made of stainless steel coated with zinc silicate paint.
- the propene conversion based on the single pass in the process according to the invention in the first reaction stage will be> 92 mol% or> 94 mol%.
- the selectivity of acrolein formation and of acrylic acid by-product formation resulting in the first reaction step with a single pass is according to the invention regularly ⁇ 92 mol% or> 94 mol%, frequently> 95 mol% or> 96 mol% or> 97 mol% %.
- the process according to the invention is suitable for propene loads in the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 of> 80 Nl / lh, or of> 100 Nl / lh, or of> 120 Nl / lh, or of> 140 Nl / lh, or of> 165 Nl / lh, or > 170 Nl / lh or> 175 Nl / lh or> 180 Nl / lh, but also for propene loads of the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 of ⁇ 185 Nl / lh, or> 190 Nl / lh or> 200 Nl / lh or ⁇ 210 Nl / lh and for load values of> 220 Nl / lh or> 230 Nl / lh or> 240 Nl / lh or> 250 Nl / lh.
- the two-zone procedure described is preferred over the single-zone procedure described in the first reaction stage.
- the up to 10% by volume of propene, water, oxygen and nitrogen components of the reaction gas starting mixture 1 can be, for example, carbon dioxide such as CO and CO 2 , acrolein and / or acrylic acid contained in cycle gas, but also saturated hydrocarbons such as propane. With increasing propene pollution, it proves to be beneficial to use, for example, propane as an inert diluent gas.
- the propene load of the first fixed bed catalyst bed in the process according to the invention will not exceed 600 Nl / l-h.
- the propene loads on the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 in the process according to the invention are typically at values ⁇ 300 Nl / l-h, frequently at values ⁇ 250 Nl / l-h.
- the working pressure in the process according to the invention in the first reaction stage can be both below normal pressure (e.g. up to 0.5 bar, the reaction gas mixture is sucked through) and above normal pressure.
- the working pressure in the first reaction stage will be between 1 and 5 bar, often between 1.5 and 3.5 bar.
- the reaction pressure in the first reaction stage will normally not exceed 100 bar.
- the product gas mixture of the first reaction stage is cooled to a temperature of 210 to 290 ° C., often 230 to 280 ° C. or 250 to 270 ° C. in the aftercooler already mentioned.
- the product gas mixture of the first reaction stage can be cooled to temperatures below the temperature of the second reaction stage.
- the post-cooling described is by no means compulsory and can generally be dispensed with in particular if the route of the product gas mixture from the first reaction stage to the second reaction stage is kept short.
- the process according to the invention is further implemented in such a way that the oxygen requirement in the second reaction stage is not already covered by a correspondingly high oxygen content of the reaction gas starting mixture 1, but the required oxygen is added in the range between the first and second reaction stages. This can be done before, during, after and / or for after-cooling.
- Both pure oxygen and mixtures of oxygen and inert gas, for example air or with molecular nitrogen come as a source for the molecular oxygen required in the second reaction stage Discharged air (e.g.> 90% by volume 0 2 , ⁇ 10% by volume N 2 ).
- the oxygen source is regularly added in a form compressed to the reaction pressure.
- the oxygen requirement in the second reaction stage can already be covered by a correspondingly high oxygen requirement in the first reaction stage.
- the acrolein content in the reaction gas starting mixture 2 thus produced can be e.g. with values of 5 to 15% by volume, often 6 to 11% by volume or 7 to 10% by volume (in each case based on the total volume).
- the molar ratio of 0 2 : acrolein in the reaction gas starting mixture must be 2 0,5 0.5 or 1 1. This ratio will usually be at values ⁇ 3. According to the invention, the molar ratio of 0 2 : acrolein in the reaction gas starting mixture 2 will frequently be 1 to 2 or 1.5 to 2.0.
- the water vapor contained in the reaction gas starting mixture 1 and the water vapor formed in the first reaction stage are also part of the reaction gas starting mixture 2 in the process according to the invention.
- the process according to the invention is often used with an acrolein: oxygen: water vapor: other volume ratio (NI) present in the reaction gas starting mixture 2. from 1: (0.9 to 1, 3) :( 2.5 to 3.5) :( 10 to 12).
- the working pressure in the process according to the invention in the second reaction stage, as in reaction stage 1, can be both below normal pressure (e.g. up to 0.5 bar) and above normal pressure.
- the working pressure in the second reaction stage according to the invention will be from 1 to 5 bar, often 1 to 3 bar.
- the reaction pressure in the second reaction stage will normally not exceed 100 bar.
- the second reaction stage of the process according to the invention can be carried out in a simple manner in a tube bundle reactor which is charged with the fixed bed catalyst bed 2, as described e.g. described in EP-A 700893.
- the fixed bed catalyst fill 2 preceding and / or subsequent inert fillings can supplement the feed.
- the fixed bed catalyst 2 to be used according to the invention and the inert beds which may be used are in the simplest manner in the metal tubes of a tube bundle reactor and a temperature control medium (single-zone mode of operation), usually a Saiz melt, is conducted around the metal tubes.
- the molten salt and reaction gas mixture can be carried out in simple cocurrent or countercurrent.
- the temperature control medium can also be viewed in a meandering manner via the reactor. are guided in a shape around the tube bundle, so that, viewed only across the entire reactor, there is a cocurrent or countercurrent to the direction of flow of the reaction gas mixture.
- the volume flow of the temperature control medium is usually such that the temperature rise (due to the exothermic nature of the reaction) of the heat exchange medium from the point of entry into the reactor to the point of exit from the reactor> 0 to 10 ° C, often> 2 to 8 ° C, often> 3 to 6 ° C.
- the inlet temperature of the heat exchange medium in the tube bundle reactor is usually 230 to 300 ° C, often 245 to 285 ° C or 255 to 275 ° C.
- the same fluid temperature media as described for the first reaction stage are suitable as heat exchange medium.
- the reaction gas starting mixture 2 is expediently fed to the fixed bed catalyst bed 2 preheated to the reaction temperature.
- What has been said for the tube bundle reactor of the first reaction stage applies to the dimensioning of the contact tubes, the contact tube material, the number of contact tubes and their charging with fixed bed catalyst bed 2 / inner bed.
- a single-zone procedure of the first reaction stage is combined with a single-zone procedure of the second reaction stage, the relative flow of reaction gas mixture and temperature control medium being chosen identically in both stages.
- the second reaction stage of the process according to the invention can also be implemented in the same way as the first reaction stage as two spatially successive reaction zones G, D, the temperature of the reaction zone C (meaning the temperature of the salt bath entering or generally heat transfer medium) Appropriately 230 to 270 ° C and the temperature of the reaction zone D is 250 to 300 ° C and at the same time at least ⁇ 0 ° C, or at least ⁇ 5 ° C above the temperature of the reaction zone C.
- the reaction zone C preferably extends to an acrolein conversion of 65 to 80 mol%.
- the temperature of the reaction zone C is advantageously 245 to 260 ° C.
- the temperature of reaction zone D is preferably 5 to 10 ° C. above the temperature of reaction zone C and is advantageously 260 to 285 ° C.
- the aforementioned temperature difference will not be more than 40 ° C. That is, the difference between the temperature of reaction zone C and the temperature of reaction zone D can be up to 15 ° C, up to 25 ° C, up to 30 ° C, up to 35 ° C or up to 40 ° C.
- the acrolein conversion based on the simple passage of the second reaction stage in the process according to the invention can be> 92 mol%, or> 94 mol%, or> 96 mol%, or> 98 mol% and often even> 99 mol -%.
- the selectivity of the acrylic acid formation, based on converted acrolein can regularly be ⁇ 92 mol% or> 94 mol%, frequently> 95 mol% or 96 96 mol% or> 97 mol%.
- the process according to the invention is suitable for acrolein loads in the fixed bed catalyst bed 2 of 80 80 Nl / lh, or ⁇ 100 Nl / lh, or ⁇ 120 Nl / lh, or of> 140 Nl / lh or 150 150 Nl / lh, or of > 160 Nl / lh or> 170 Nl / lh, or ⁇ 175 Nl / lh or ⁇ 180 Nl / lh, but also with acrolein loads on the fixed bed catalyst bed 2 of> 185 Nl / lh, or of> 190 Nl / lh or ⁇ 200 Nl / lh, or> 210 Nl / lh and with load values> 220 Nl / lh, or> 230 Nl / lh or 240 Nl / lh, or> 250 Nl / lh.
- no secondary gas consisting only of inert gas is metered in between the first and the second reaction stage.
- the acrolein loading of the second fixed bed catalyst bed in the process according to the invention will not exceed the value of 600 Nl / l-h.
- the acrolein loads in the fixed bed catalyst bed 2 in the process according to the invention without significant loss of conversion and selectivity are at values ⁇ 300 Nl / l-h, frequently at values ⁇ 250 Nl / l-h.
- the acrolein loading of the second fixed bed catalyst bed will be about 10 Nl / lh, often about 20 or 25 Nl / lh below the propene loading of the first catalyst bed. This is primarily due to the fact that in the first reaction stage, both conversion and selectivity to acrolein generally do not reach 100%. Furthermore, the oxygen requirement of the second reaction stage is usually met by air as the secondary gas. With increasing acrolein contamination, the two-zone procedure described is preferred over the single-zone procedure described in the second reaction stage.
- the selectivity of the acrylic acid formation, based on converted propene, which is balanced over both reaction stages can generally be at values> 83 mol%, often at ⁇ 85 mol% or> 88 mol, even at the highest propene and acrolein loads -%, often at> 90 mol% or> 93 mol%.
- the second reaction stage of the process according to the invention is carried out in a manner which is expedient in terms of application technology in a two-zone tube bundle reactor.
- a preferred variant of a two-zone tube bundle reactor which can be used according to the invention for the second reaction stage is disclosed in DE-C 2830765. But also those in DE-C 2513405, US-A 3147084, DE-A 2201528, EP-A 383224 and DE-A 2903582 two-zone tube bundle reactors are for one
- the fixed bed catalyst bed 2 to be used according to the invention (optionally including the inert beds) is in a simple manner in the metal tubes of a tube bundle reactor, and two temperature-regulating media which are essentially spatially separated from one another, usually molten salts, are guided around the metal tubes.
- the pipe section over which the respective salt bath extends represents a reaction zone.
- a salt bath C flows around in a simple manner, e.g. a salt bath C those sections of the tubes (the reaction zone C) in which the oxidative conversion of acrolein (in a single pass) takes place until a conversion value in the range of 55 to 85 mol% is reached and a salt bath D flows around the section of the Pipes (the reaction zone D) in which the oxidative subsequent conversion of acrolein (in a single pass) takes place until a conversion value of at least 90 mol% is reached (if necessary, further reaction zones can be used in the reaction zones C, D to be used according to the invention which are kept at individual temperatures).
- reaction stage 2 of the process according to the invention comprises no further reaction zones.
- the salt bath D expediently flows around the section of the pipes in which the oxidative subsequent conversion of acrolein (in a single pass) up to a conversion value of> 92 mol%, or> 94 mol%, or> 96 mol%, or> 98 mol%, and often even> 99 mol% or more.
- the start of reaction zone D is usually behind the hotspot maximum of reaction zone C.
- the temperature of the hotspot maximum of reaction zone D is normally below the hotspot maximum temperature of reaction zone C.
- the two salt baths C, D can be conducted in cocurrent or countercurrent through the space surrounding the reaction tubes relative to the direction of flow of the reaction gas mixture flowing through the reaction tubes.
- a co-current can also be used in reaction zone C and a counter-current (or vice versa) in reaction zone D.
- the contact tubes in the aforementioned two-zone tube bundle reactors are usually made of ferritic steel and typically have a wall thickness of 1 to 3 mm. Their inner diameter is usually 20 to 30 mm, often 22 to 26 mm. Their length is expediently 3 to 4, preferably 3.5 m.
- the fixed bed catalyst bed 2 occupies at least 60%, or at least 75%, or at least 90% of the length of the zone. The remaining length, if any, may be occupied by an inert bed.
- the number of contact tubes accommodated in the tube bundle container is at least 5000, preferably at least 10,000.
- the number of contact tubes accommodated in the reaction vessel is frequently from 15,000 to 30,000. Tube bundle reactors with a number of contact tubes above 40,000 are rather the exception.
- the contact tubes are normally distributed homogeneously within the container, the distribution being expediently chosen such that the distance between the central inner axes of contact tubes closest to one another (the so-called contact tube division) is 35 to 45 mm (cf. EP-B 468290). ,
- Fluid heat transfer media are particularly suitable as heat exchange medium.
- melts of salts such as potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, sodium nitrite and / or sodium nitrate, or of low-melting metals such as sodium, mercury and alloys of various metals.
- the flow rate within the two required heat exchange medium circuits is selected such that the temperature of the heat exchange medium increases from 0 to 15 ° C. from the entry point into the reaction zone to the exit point from the reaction zone , That is, the aforementioned ⁇ T can be 1 to 10 ° C, or 2 to 8 ° C or 3 to 6 ° C according to the invention.
- the entry temperature of the heat exchange medium into reaction zone C is normally 230 to 270 ° C. in a two-zone procedure according to the invention in the second reaction stage.
- the entry temperature of the heat exchange medium into the reaction zone D according to the invention is normally on the one hand 250 to 300 ° C and on the other hand at the same time is at least ⁇ 0 ° C, or at least ⁇ 5 ° C above the entry temperature of the heat exchange entering the reaction zone C by means of.
- the inlet temperature of the heat-leaching agent into reaction zone D is preferably 5 to 10 ° C. above the inlet temperature of the heat-exchange medium entering reaction zone C.
- the difference between the entry temperatures into the reaction zone C or D can, however, also be up to 15 ° C, up to 25 ° C, up to 30 ° C, up to 35 ° C or up to 40 ° C. Normally, however, the aforementioned temperature will not exceed 50 ° C.
- the entry temperature of the heat exchange medium into reaction zone C is preferably from 245 to 260 ° C. and the entry temperature into reaction zone D is from 260 to 285 ° C.
- the two reaction zones C, D can also be implemented in tube-bundle reactors which are spatially separated from one another. If necessary, a heat exchanger can also be installed between the two reaction zones C, D.
- the two-zone tube bundle reactor type described in DE-AS 2201528 which includes the option of switching from the hotter heat exchange, can in particular also be used to carry out the second reaction stage of the process according to the invention.
- the reaction zone D to discharge a partial amount to the reaction zone C in order, if appropriate, to bring about a heating of a reaction gas starting mixture 2 which is too cold or a cold circulating gas.
- the tube bundle characteristic can be designed within an individual reaction zone as described in EP-A 382 098.
- two single-zone tube bundle reactors for the two reaction stages can also be fused to form a single two-zone reactor to be operated in a different way, as described, for example, in FIG. B. is described in DE-C 2830765, in EP-A 911313 and in EP-A 383 224.
- the first reaction stage in the first reaction zone and the second reaction stage in the second reaction zone of the two-zone tube bundle reactor is realized.
- a single-zone tube bundle reactor and a two-zone tube bundle reactor or two two-zone tube bundle reactors can each be fused into a single tube bundle reactor, which then has three or four temperature zones and z.
- B. is described in WO 01/36364.
- the first reaction stage in the first reaction zone and the second reaction stage in the two subsequent reaction zones of the three-zone tube bundle reactor can be carried out etc.
- the salt bath temperature of the individual temperature zones can be designed as described in the case of the spatially separated tube bundle reactors. In these cases there is normally an inert bed between the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 and the fixed bed catalyst bed 2. However, such an intermediate pouring can also be dispensed with.
- the length of the reaction tubes in the case of mergers often corresponds to the sum of the lengths of the unmelted tube bundle reactors.
- the method according to the invention can also be carried out analogously to the method described in the documents EP-A 990636 and EP-A 1106598.
- Suitable raw propene for the process according to the invention is e.g. Propene of the "polymer grade” and “chemical grade” quality, e.g. is described in DE-A 10254279.
- turnover and selectivity are defined as follows:
- the reactor consisted of a double-walled cylinder made of stainless steel (cylindrical guide tube, surrounded by a cylindrical outer container).
- the wall thicknesses were 2 to 5 mm everywhere.
- the inner diameter of the outer cylinder was 91 mm.
- the inside diameter of the guide tube was approx. 60 mm.
- the double-walled cylinder was closed off at the top and bottom by a lid and base.
- the contact tube (total length 400 cm, inner diameter 26 mm, outer diameter 30 mm, wall thickness 2 mm, stainless steel) was housed in the cylindrical container in such a way that it was sealed at the upper and lower ends of the container (sealed) by the cover and base stood out.
- the heat exchange medium molten salt consisting of 53% by weight of potassium nitrate, 40% by weight of sodium nitrite and 7% by weight of sodium nitrate
- the heat exchange medium was pumped around by means of a propeller pump.
- the temperature of the heat exchange medium could be regulated to the desired level by an electrical heater applied to the outer jacket. Otherwise there was air cooling.
- Reactor feed viewed through the first stage reactor, molten salt and reaction gas starting mixture 1 were passed in cocurrent.
- the reaction gas starting mixture 1 entered the first stage reactor at the bottom. It was conducted into the reaction tube at a temperature of 165 ° C.
- Section A 90 cm long
- Section B 100 cm in length
- Catalyst feed with ring-shaped (5mm x 3mm x 2mm outer diameter x length x inner diameter) full catalyst according to Example 1 of DE-A 10046957 (stoichiometry:
- Section D 10 cm in length
- the product gas mixture leaving the first fixed bed reactor was passed through a connecting pipe (40 cm length, 26 mm inside diameter, 30 mm outside diameter, 2 mm wall thickness, stainless steel, wrapped with 1 cm insulating material) for the purpose of intermediate cooling (indirectly by means of air) centered of 20 cm, filled with an inert bed of steatite rings with a geometry of 7 mm x 3 mm x 4 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter) and flanged directly to the first stage contact tube.
- a connecting pipe 40 cm length, 26 mm inside diameter, 30 mm outside diameter, 2 mm wall thickness, stainless steel, wrapped with 1 cm insulating material
- the product gas mixture entered the connecting pipe at a temperature of more than 320 ° C. and left it at a temperature above 200 ° C. and below 270 ° C.
- the cooled product gas mixture could be metered in compressed air depending on the pressure of the product gas mixture.
- the resulting gas mixture was fed directly into the second-stage contact tube, to which the above-mentioned connecting tube was also flanged at its other end.
- a contact tube fixed bed reactor was used which was identical to that for the first reaction stage.
- the molten salt and reaction gas mixture were passed through the reactor in cocurrent.
- the molten salt entered at the bottom, as did reaction gas starting mixture 2.
- the inlet temperature T e, ⁇ of the molten salt was adjusted so that in all cases an acrolein conversion of 99.3 ⁇ 0.1 mol% • resulted in single pass.
- T from the molten salt was up to 2 ° C above -ein
- the contact tube loading (from bottom to top) was:
- Section A 70 cm in length
- Section B 100 cm in length
- Section C length 200 cm
- Catalyst feed with ring-shaped (7 mm x 3 mm x 4 mm outer diameter x length x inner diameter) coated catalyst according to production example 5 of DE-A 10046928 (stoichiometry: Mo ⁇ W- ⁇ Cu ⁇ Ox).
- Section D 30 cm long
- the separated aqueous phase was returned to the Venturi separator via a heat exchanger (360 l / h). Excess aqueous phase was continuously removed.
- the product gas mixture cooled to a temperature of 30 ° C., was led from below into an absorption column which contained 11 bell plates in an equidistant arrangement (plate distance: 54 mm; plate diameter: 12 mm) and the countercurrent of 0.55 kg / h of water stabilized by means of HQ as absorbent (applied at the top of the column at a temperature of 2 ° C.). 1.7 kg per hour of an approximately 40% by weight aqueous acrylic acid were removed from the bottom of the column. The residual gas leaving the absorption column at the top was fed to the combustion as required and / or used as circulating gas to form the reaction gas starting mixture 1 (returned to the reactor of the first reaction stage via a compressor).
- composition of the reaction gas starting mixture 1 was:
- the propene load on the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 was 150 Nl / l h.
- the source of oxygen was air. No air was added as a secondary gas.
- the reaction gas starting mixture contained 3.6 mol of cycle gas per mole of propene.
- the yield A AA in the product gas mixture leaving the second reaction stage was 89.3%.
- the by-product yield of acetic acid detected at the same location was 1.44%.
- Acrolein conversion (output second reaction stage) 99.3%.
- the composition of the reaction gas starting mixture 1 was: 5.3% by volume of propene,
- the propene load on the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 was 150 Nl / l h.
- the source of oxygen was air. No air was added as a secondary gas.
- the reaction gas starting mixture contained 8 mol of cycle gas per mole of propene.
- the yield A AA in the product gas mixture leaving the second reaction stage was 88.8%.
- the by-product yield of acetic acid detected at the same location was 1.45%.
- Acrolein conversion (output second reaction stage) 99.3%.
- composition of the reaction gas starting mixture 1 was:
- the dilution in section B of the second reaction stage was only 30% by weight.
- the propene load on the fixed bed catalyst bed 1 was 130 Nl / l h.
- the source of oxygen was air. No air was added as a secondary gas.
- the reaction gas starting mixture contained 4 mol of cycle gas per mole of propene.
- Acrolein conversion (output second reaction stage) 99.3%.
- reaction gas starting mixture 1 was 1.23 instead of 1.73.
- reaction gas mixture was treated as a secondary gas between the intermediate cooling outlet and entry into the second reaction stage air compressed to reaction pressure was fed at a temperature of 160 ° C.
- the molar amount of secondary air supplied was 2.78 times the molar amount of propene contained in reaction gas starting mixture 1.
- the yield A AA (in the product gas mixture leaving the second reaction stage) was 89.1%.
- Acrolein conversion (output second reaction stage) 99.4%.
- the above examples and the comparative example can also be carried out according to the invention if the length of section C in the second reaction stage is lengthened to 2.25 m or shortened to 1.50 m in a correspondingly lengthened or shortened reaction tube.
- T e ⁇ n vary the first reaction stage in the range of 315 to 325 ° C. and T one of the second reaction stage can e.g. B. can be varied in the range of 270 ° C to 280 ° C.
- the water vapor content of the reaction gas starting mixture 1 z. B. can be varied between 4 vol .-% and 12 vol .-%.
- Heat exchange medium molten salt consisting of
- Contact tube material ferritic steel.
- Reactor cylindrical vessel with a diameter of 6800 mm; ring-shaped tube bundle with a free central space.
- the ends of the contact tubes are sealed in contact tube bottoms with a thickness of 125 mm and their openings open into a hood connected to the container at the upper and lower ends.
- the tube bundle is divided into 4 equidistant (each 730 mm) longitudinal sections (zones) by three deflecting disks (thickness 10 mm each) which are successively attached between the contact tube sheets along the same.
- the bottom and the top deflection plate have ring geometry, the inside ring diameter being 1000 mm and the outside ring diameter sealingly extending to the container wall.
- the contact tubes are not sealingly attached to the deflection disks. Rather, a gap width of ⁇ 0.5 mm is left such that the cross-flow velocity of the molten salt is as constant as possible within a zone.
- the middle deflection plate is circular and extends to the outermost contact tubes of the tube bundle.
- Circulation of the molten salt is accomplished by two salt pumps, each of which supplies one half of the tube bundle.
- the pumps push the molten salt into an annular channel around the bottom of the reactor jacket, which distributes the molten salt over the circumference of the vessel. Through the window in the reactor jacket, the molten salt reaches the tube bundle in the lowest longitudinal section. The molten salt then flows in the sequence following the specification of the baffle plates
- the molten salt collects in an upper ring channel around the reactor jacket and, after cooling to the original inlet temperature, is pressed back into the lower ring channel by the pumps.
- Reactor feed The molten salt and reaction gas mixture are passed through the reactor in countercurrent.
- the molten salt enters at the bottom, the reaction gas mixture at the top.
- the inlet temperature of the molten salt is approximately 337 ° C at the beginning.
- the exit temperature of the molten salt is 35 at approx. 339 ° C.
- the pump capacity is approx. 6200 m 3 molten salt / h.
- the reaction gas starting mixture is fed to the reactor at a temperature of 300 ° C.
- Catalytic converter feed with an annular (5 mm x 3 mm x 2 mm outer diameter x length x
- the product gas mixture leaving the first reaction stage is passed through a single-zone tubular heat exchanger made of ferritic steel which is cooled with a salt melt of 60% by weight of potassium nitrate and 40% by weight of sodium nitrite and which is flanged directly to the reactor.
- the distance from the lower tube plate of the reactor to the upper tube plate of the cooler is 10 cm.
- the molten salt and the product gas mixture are passed through the heat exchanger in countercurrent.
- the salt bath itself flows in a meandering manner around the cooling tubes through which the product gas mixture is passed, as in the single-zone multi-contact tube fixed-bed reactor.
- the length of the cooling pipes is 1.65 m, their inner diameter is 2.6 cm and their wall thickness is 2.5 mm.
- the number of cooling pipes is 8000.
- the diameter of the heat exchanger is 7.2 m. They are evenly distributed over the cross-section with uniform pipe division.
- Spirals made of stainless steel are introduced into the inlet of the cooling pipes (in the direction of flow), the cross section of which almost corresponds to that of the cooling pipes. They serve to improve the heat transfer.
- the product gas mixture leaves the intercooler at a temperature of about 250 ° C.
- Compressed air which has a temperature of 140 ° C, is then added to it if necessary.
- the feed gas mixture obtained in this way is fed to the single-zone multi-contact tube fixed-bed reactor of the second stage at a temperature of 220 ° C.-250 ° C.
- a single-zone multi-contact tube fixed bed reactor is used which is identical to that of the first stage.
- the molten salt and reaction gas mixture are conducted in countercurrent as viewed through the reactor.
- the molten salt enters at the bottom, the reaction gas mixture at the top.
- the inlet temperature of the molten salt is approximately 265 ° C at the beginning.
- the exit temperature of the molten salt is approx. 267 ° C.
- the pump output is 6200 in 3 molten salts / h.
- the loading gas mixture is around 75,000 Nm 7h.
- Zone A 20 cm pre-fill of steatite rings with a geometry of 7 mm x 7 mm x 4 mm (outside diameter x length x inside diameter).
- Zone B 100 cm catalyst feed with a homogeneous mixture of 30% by weight of steatite rings of geometry 7 mm x 3 mm x 4 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter) and 70% by weight coated catalyst from zone C.
- both air can be added (so that the molar ratio of oxygen to acrolein in the feed gas mixture of the second stage is 1.6) or an addition of air can be dispensed with.
- the yield A AA of acrylic acid, based on converted propene is ⁇ 89 mol%.
- reaction gas starting mixtures of the composition according to Example 1 of EP-A 990 636, or according to Example 2 of EP-A 990 636, or according to Example 3 of EP-A 1 106 598, or according to Example 26 of EP-A 1 106 598, or according to Example 53 of EP-A 1 106 598 can be used as reaction gas starting mixture.
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Abstract
Description
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BRPI0406992-7B1A BRPI0406992B1 (pt) | 2003-03-25 | 2004-03-20 | Processo para oxidar parcialmente o propeno a ácido acrílico em fase gasosa sob catálise heterogênea |
US10/543,060 US20060135813A1 (en) | 2003-03-25 | 2004-03-20 | Method for the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propene into acrylic acid |
EP04722163A EP1611078A2 (de) | 2003-03-25 | 2004-03-20 | Verfahren der heterogen katalysierten partiellen gasphasenoxidation von propen zu acrylsäure |
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DE10313209A DE10313209A1 (de) | 2003-03-25 | 2003-03-25 | Verfahren der heterogen katalysierten partiellen Gasphasenoxidation von Propen zu Acrylsäure |
DE10313209.0 | 2003-03-25 |
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US (2) | US7019168B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1611078A2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR101011065B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN100347144C (de) |
BR (1) | BRPI0406992B1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE10313209A1 (de) |
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US7807853B2 (en) | 2005-12-22 | 2010-10-05 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Process for heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid |
DE102013202048A1 (de) | 2013-02-07 | 2013-04-18 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer katalytisch aktiven Masse, die ein Gemisch aus einem die Elemente Mo und V enthaltenden Multielementoxid und wenigstens einem Oxid des Molybdäns ist |
EP3770145A1 (de) | 2019-07-24 | 2021-01-27 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen herstellung von acrolein oder acrylsäure als zielprodukt aus propen |
WO2021213823A1 (de) | 2020-04-21 | 2021-10-28 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung eines die elemente mo, w, v und cu enthaltenden katalytisch aktiven multielementoxids |
WO2022090019A1 (de) | 2020-10-29 | 2022-05-05 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung eines schalenkatalysators |
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DE10313209A1 (de) * | 2003-03-25 | 2004-03-04 | Basf Ag | Verfahren der heterogen katalysierten partiellen Gasphasenoxidation von Propen zu Acrylsäure |
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KR101259649B1 (ko) * | 2004-07-01 | 2013-04-30 | 바스프 에스이 | 프로필렌의 불균질 촉매화 부분 기상 산화를 사용한아크롤레인, 아크릴산 또는 그의 혼합물의 제조 방법 |
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- 2003-06-20 US US10/465,653 patent/US7019168B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2004
- 2004-03-11 MY MYPI20040837A patent/MY140688A/en unknown
- 2004-03-20 US US10/543,060 patent/US20060135813A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-03-20 WO PCT/EP2004/002931 patent/WO2004085368A2/de active Search and Examination
- 2004-03-20 EP EP04722163A patent/EP1611078A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-03-20 BR BRPI0406992-7B1A patent/BRPI0406992B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-03-20 CN CNB200480007866XA patent/CN100347144C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
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US7807853B2 (en) | 2005-12-22 | 2010-10-05 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Process for heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid |
DE102013202048A1 (de) | 2013-02-07 | 2013-04-18 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer katalytisch aktiven Masse, die ein Gemisch aus einem die Elemente Mo und V enthaltenden Multielementoxid und wenigstens einem Oxid des Molybdäns ist |
WO2014122043A1 (de) | 2013-02-07 | 2014-08-14 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung einer katalytisch aktiven masse, die ein gemisch aus einem die elemente mo und v enthaltenden multielementoxid und wenigstens einem oxid des molybdäns ist |
US9061988B2 (en) | 2013-02-07 | 2015-06-23 | Basf Se | Process for producing a catalytically active composition being a mixture of a multielement oxide comprising the elements Mo and V and at least one oxide of molybdenum |
EP3770145A1 (de) | 2019-07-24 | 2021-01-27 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen herstellung von acrolein oder acrylsäure als zielprodukt aus propen |
WO2021013640A1 (en) | 2019-07-24 | 2021-01-28 | Basf Se | A process for the continuous production of either acrolein or acrylic acid as the target product from propene |
WO2021213823A1 (de) | 2020-04-21 | 2021-10-28 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung eines die elemente mo, w, v und cu enthaltenden katalytisch aktiven multielementoxids |
WO2022090019A1 (de) | 2020-10-29 | 2022-05-05 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung eines schalenkatalysators |
WO2024120861A1 (de) | 2022-12-07 | 2024-06-13 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung eines die elemente mo, w, v, cu und sb enthaltenden katalytisch aktiven multielementoxids |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BRPI0406992A (pt) | 2006-01-10 |
WO2004085368A3 (de) | 2004-11-04 |
US20060135813A1 (en) | 2006-06-22 |
US7019168B2 (en) | 2006-03-28 |
MY140688A (en) | 2010-01-15 |
KR20050115308A (ko) | 2005-12-07 |
CN1764628A (zh) | 2006-04-26 |
US20040191953A1 (en) | 2004-09-30 |
KR101011065B1 (ko) | 2011-01-25 |
DE10313209A1 (de) | 2004-03-04 |
CN100347144C (zh) | 2007-11-07 |
EP1611078A2 (de) | 2006-01-04 |
BRPI0406992B1 (pt) | 2015-03-03 |
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