WO2004066421A1 - 密閉型ニッケル水素蓄電池とその製造法 - Google Patents
密閉型ニッケル水素蓄電池とその製造法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004066421A1 WO2004066421A1 PCT/JP2004/000352 JP2004000352W WO2004066421A1 WO 2004066421 A1 WO2004066421 A1 WO 2004066421A1 JP 2004000352 W JP2004000352 W JP 2004000352W WO 2004066421 A1 WO2004066421 A1 WO 2004066421A1
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- hydrogen
- hydrogen storage
- storage battery
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/34—Gastight accumulators
- H01M10/345—Gastight metal hydride accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/24—Electrodes for alkaline accumulators
- H01M4/242—Hydrogen storage electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/383—Hydrogen absorbing alloys
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nickel-metal hydride storage battery and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to improvement of a high-rate discharge characteristic of a negative electrode thereof.
- nickel-metal hydride batteries have higher energy per unit volume and unit mass than nickel-cadmium batteries and lead-acid batteries, and have recently attracted particular attention as environmentally clean power sources.
- nickel-metal hydride storage batteries can absorb the acid * generated at the positive electrode during overcharge by the negative electrode containing the hydrogen storage alloy, so the charge control method is simpler than that of lithium-ion batteries, and the charging circuit Also has the advantage of being simple.
- the hydrogen storage alloy has a disadvantage that the high-rate discharge characteristics are inferior to nickel cadmium batteries because charge transfer on the alloy surface is slow.
- a hydrogen storage alloy composed mainly of a rare earth element that absorbs and desorbs hydrogen and nickel and other transition metal elements is used as it is for an electrode, it is necessary to provide the initial discharge characteristics until it exhibits sufficient discharge characteristics. Activation takes a long time, and several tens to several hundred times of charging and discharging for activation are required.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-737878, page 3, paragraph [0101] discloses that a surface treatment is performed with an acidic aqueous solution having an 11 value of 0.5 to 3.5. A method is disclosed. With this method, the acid treatment improves the activity of the hydrogen storage alloy, but its effect is not great. This makes it possible to elute the rare earth element with the acid and form a layer having a higher Ni content ratio than the base layer component of the hydrogen storage alloy on the surface (hereinafter referred to as a Ni rich layer). , Ni itself is also dissolved by the acid, and the generated Ni is eluted, and the Ni-rich layer cannot be kept thick.
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-250631, page 3, [Paragraph 009] states that at 90 ° C. or higher, sodium hydroxide is used in an amount of 30 to 80%.
- a method of immersing in an aqueous solution containing weight% is disclosed.
- the use of such a treatment with an aqueous alkaline solution improves the activity of the hydrogen storage alloy.
- an alloy having a large particle size is used, the effect is not significant even if this treatment is performed. This is because, when an alloy with a large grain size is used, its specific surface area is small, so that a larger thickness is required to secure a Ni-rich layer occupying the alloy than with a smaller alloy size. .
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-7591, page 3, paragraph [001-17 to 018]
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No.
- the thickness of the layer with Ni as the main component is 50-200 nm, immersed in an alkaline solution, and then immersed in a dilute acid solution.
- a method of treating the hydrogen storage alloy powder with an acidic aqueous solution after treating with an alkaline aqueous solution After the treatment with the alkaline aqueous solution, the method of performing the acid treatment is used.Although the rare earth hydroxide at the time of the alkaline treatment is removed, it is similar to the case where only the alkaline treatment is performed. When an alloy with a large grain size is used, the effect is large.
- Patent Document 5 proposes that a nickel coating layer is provided on the surface of a hydrogen storage alloy particle and inside a crack by, for example, electroless plating. While the nickel rich layer according to the present invention contains elements other than nickel constituting the hydrogen storage alloy, for example, transition metal elements such as rare earth elements and copartes, the nickel coating layer described in Patent Document 5 is pure nickel. Alternatively, it contains a small amount of P, and has a composition different from that of the nickel-rich layer. Further, the nickel coating layer described in Patent Document 5 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 200-3099327, page 3, paragraph [0101 to 013]) has a hydrogen content of hydrogen.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and a first object of the present invention is to provide a sealed nickel-metal hydride battery excellent in high rate charge / discharge performance and charge / discharge cycle performance.
- the second object is to provide a method for manufacturing such a sealed storage battery easily and inexpensively.
- a third object is to provide a hydrogen storage alloy powder which is excellent in high-rate charge / discharge characteristics and has no risk of ignition even if it comes into contact with air and is suppressed from being deactivated. is there. Means for solving the problem
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies and as a result, arranged a Ni-rich layer with a specific thickness on the surface layer and the inside of the hydrogen storage alloy, and set the value of the mass saturation magnetic field to a specific value.
- the mass saturation magnetization was determined by precisely weighing 0.3 g of the powder of the hydrogen storage alloy as a sample, filling the sample into a sample holder, and using a vibrating sample magnetometer (Model B HV-30) manufactured by Riken Electronics Co., Ltd. ) Shall be the value measured by applying a 5 kOersted magnetic field.
- the alloy is preferably added to a high-temperature aqueous NaOH solution. Is immersed.
- a Ni-rich layer having a thickness of 50 to 400 nm can be formed on the surface of the alloy, and the surface of the alloy newly formed by generating the cracks can be formed.
- a Ni-rich layer can be formed on the surface of the crack.
- the hydrogen storage alloy was charged and discharged by being incorporated in the battery without being treated by the above-mentioned treatment method. Also in this case, cracks occur in the hydrogen storage alloy.
- a Ni-rich layer having a large thickness unlike the alloy that has been treated, is not formed. Further, there is no remarkable effect in improving the high rate discharge performance as in the present invention.
- the hydrogen storage alloy is treated with a specific treatment liquid and hydrogen is desorbed by a specific method as in the latter stage.
- a Ni-rich layer can be formed in a short time by performing processing using a specific processing solution, and the rare-earth hydroxide generated in the processing step can be easily removed. it can.
- the cost of using hydrogen peroxide, which is expensive when desorbing hydrogen can be significantly reduced.
- the hydrogen storage alloy is partially oxidized at a specific temperature. This eliminates the risk that the treated hydrogen storage alloy powder will ignite even if it comes into contact with air, and also suppresses the inertness of the hydrogen storage alloy powder.
- Means of the present invention for achieving the above object are as follows. However, there is still a portion including an estimation for the action mechanism, and the correctness of the action mechanism does not limit the present invention.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode using nickel oxide as an active material, a negative electrode made of a hydrogen storage alloy powder composed mainly of a rare earth element capable of absorbing and desorbing hydrogen, nickel and a transition metal element,
- a nickel-metal hydride storage battery comprising an electrolytic solution containing an aqueous solution of lithium metal as a main component, a Ni-rich layer having a thickness of 50 nm or more and 400 nm or less is disposed on the surface of the hydrogen storage alloy powder
- the sealed nickel hydrogen storage battery is characterized in that a Ni-rich layer is arranged on the surface of a crack communicating with the surface of the hydrogen storage alloy powder.
- the cracks in the hydrogen storage alloy are generated by storing hydrogen in the alloy, and the nickel storage layer is formed by treating the cracked hydrogen storage alloy powder with an alkaline aqueous solution.
- the aqueous solution is sodium hydroxide, having a specific gravity at 20 ° C of 1.3 to 1.5, and a treatment at 100 ° C to boiling point for 30 minutes to 10 hours.
- the step of desorbing hydrogen in the alloy is characterized in that after desorbing hydrogen with hot water of 80 ° C or more and a pH of 9 or less, hydrogen peroxide is added as an oxidizing agent at 45 ° C or less.
- This is the method for producing a sealed nickel-metal hydride battery according to any one of the above (6) to (9).
- a battery is manufactured using a positive electrode having an average oxidation number of a transition metal element contained in the active material containing nickel hydroxide as a main component, which is 2.03 to 2.4.
- the first step can be performed by a method that can be controlled simply and accurately, and the effects of Claims 8 and 9 can be obtained.
- the second step can be performed with low cost, power, and short time, and the effects of Claims 8 and 9 can be obtained.
- Claims 14 and 15 a third step for obtaining a battery having particularly excellent high-rate discharge characteristics is provided, and the effects of Claims 8 and 9 are also provided. Can be obtained.
- Claims 16, 17 and 18, and 19, in the fourth and fifth steps the system can be efficiently treated without using chemicals that contaminate the system.
- a method for producing a sealed nickel-metal hydride storage battery having the above performance can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a main part of a sealed nickel-metal hydride battery showing one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a photograph showing an enlarged cross section of the hydrogen storage alloy applied to the sealed nickel-metal hydride storage battery according to the present invention.
- the present inventors have confirmed that the negative electrode occupies a large part of the resistance during high-rate discharge by performing a high-rate discharge resistance component analysis of the sealed nickel-metal hydride storage battery.
- the present inventors have studied surface treatment of a hydrogen storage alloy in order to improve the charge transfer rate on the alloy surface of the negative electrode during high-rate discharge. It was found that a remarkably high rate of discharge performance was obtained. That is, the hydrogen storage alloy absorbs hydrogen of 5% or more of the hydrogen storage amount, generates fine cracks inside the alloy, and then uses an alkaline aqueous solution to apply N2 to the surface of the alloy and to the surface of the cracks communicating with the surface. When an i-rich layer was formed, it exhibited excellent high rate discharge characteristics.
- the hydrogen storage alloy powder has a mass saturation magnetic field of 2.5 to 9 emu / g, more preferably 4 to 9 emu Zg, and a magnetic nickel content of 0.5 to 1.9. It was found that the use of millimoles significantly improved the high-rate discharge characteristics of the battery.
- the thickness of the Ni-rich layer disposed on the surface of the hydrogen storage alloy powder is less than 50 nm, the high-rate discharge characteristics are not improved, and when it exceeds 400 nm, the high-rate discharge is improved, but the cycle life performance is improved. Decreased.
- the mass saturation magnetization is less than 2.5 emu / g and the content of magnetic and nickel is less than 0.5 millimol, the high-rate discharge characteristics are reduced, and the mass saturation magnetization is 9 emu Zg.
- the nickel content exceeds 1.9 mmol, the alloy capacity decreased.
- the high-rate discharge characteristics are not simply determined by the area or amount of the Ni-rich layer, which is the site of the discharge reaction, but are greatly affected by the location of the Ni-rich layer, and the Ni-rich layer is formed on the surface of the cracks formed in the powder. The arrangement has a remarkable effect.
- the thickness of the Ni-rich layer disposed on the surface of the crack is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1-2 times the thickness of the Ni-rich layer disposed on the surface of the powder.
- the mechanism of the effect of the Ni-rich layer disposed on the surface of the crack is not always elucidated, if the crack does not have a nickel-rich layer on the surface inside the alloy, hydrogen on the surface of the alloy during discharge In order for the desorption reaction to take place, hydrogen must travel a long distance in the alloy, whereas in the case of a nickel-rich layer inside the alloy, hydrogen moves to the nickel-rich layer inside the alloy, It is considered that this is because the inside of the nickel rich layer inside the alloy can move to the alloy surface at a speed much higher than the moving speed inside the alloy.
- the hydrogen storage alloy having the above-described structure
- a method for producing the hydrogen storage alloy having the above-described structure in addition to a method of causing hydrogen to be cracked by containing hydrogen in an amount of 5% or more of the alloy in the gas phase by the pressure of hydrogen in hydrogen gas,
- the alloy can be corroded by the aqueous solution to generate 5% or more of hydrogen as described above, and hydrogen can be absorbed by the corroded alloy at atmospheric pressure. It is more preferable to store 30% or more of hydrogen, because cracks in the alloy increase or high-rate discharge characteristics are greatly improved.
- rare earths such as lanthanum are eluted from the surface of the alloy, and rare earth ions and their hydroxides are formed.
- the elution of Ni and Co can be significantly reduced because Ni and Co are not at the melting potential.
- the Ni-rich layer can be formed efficiently, sufficient activity can be obtained with the minimum corrosion treatment and the minimum Ni-rich layer thickness, and the capacity due to the flow of rare earth in the alloy is obtained. Can be minimized.
- the alkaline aqueous solution when one or more aqueous solutions of alkali metal hydroxides such as KOH, NaOH, and LiOH used in the composition of the electrolyte are used, or a mixture of two or more of them, the component ratio of the aqueous solution is increased. Since it is similar to a liquid, it is preferable because no new element is eluted when the battery is used, and corrosion of the alloy does not easily progress. Na OH has the advantage that the processing time can be shortened because the corrosion rate of the alloy surface is twice or more faster than that of Li OH and K OH.
- the higher the NaOH concentration, the faster the corrosion progresses, and the specific gravity at 20 ° C is preferably 1.3 or more, so that the processing time can be shortened.However, if the specific gravity exceeds 1.5, the crystal will not crystallize at room temperature. 1.5 or less is preferable because precipitation occurs and handling becomes difficult. .
- a processing temperature of 100 ° C or higher is preferable because the processing speed is dramatically improved. If the processing temperature is higher than the boiling point, the reaction speed becomes too high, and control becomes difficult. Below is preferred. ⁇ If the processing time is too short, the Ni-rich layer cannot be sufficiently formed, so it is preferable that the processing time be longer than 30 minutes.If the processing time exceeds 10 hours, the process is prolonged. Depending on the concentration of the processing solution, the Ni-rich layer is formed too much. Since the capacity decreases, it is preferably 10 hours or less.
- a method of removing rare earth impurities a method utilizing a difference in sedimentation speed in an aqueous solution, for example, flowing water from a lower part of a stirring tank containing alloy particles, and flowing a rare earth conjugate which is hard to settle by a water flow.
- a method of removing, or a method using the difference in particle size for example, a method of removing small particles by filtration because the particle size of the rare earth compound is smaller than the alloy particle size. Therefore, a method of filtering while dissolving the rare earth compound with a thin acid such as hydrochloric acid or acetic acid is preferable. Above all, it is more preferable to use hydrochloric acid which is cheap in raw materials and easy to handle.
- the alloy after treatment contains hydrogen, it may generate heat in the air during the electrode processing step and ignite. For this reason, it is preferable to desorb hydrogen from the alloy.
- As a method for desorption of hydrogen from the alloy although there is Sani spoon method of using an oxidizing agent such as an aqueous solution of H 2 0 2, is disadvantageous to use a large amount for these drugs are expensive.
- As a pretreatment of the alloy for this purpose in particular, a method of exposing the alloy to warm water at a temperature of 80 ° C or higher and a pH of 9 or lower requires efficient, inexpensive and safe desorption of a large amount of alloyed hydrogen as a gas.
- any oxidizing agent may be used, but hydrogen peroxide is preferred because the product after decomposition does not have impurities that deteriorate alloy performance. Above 45 ° C, these oxidizers release oxygen gas when they come in contact with the Ni-rich layer of the alloy and self-decompose, resulting in poor efficiency. It is more preferable because it reacts with hydrogen therein.
- the activity of the alloy decreases when it is subjected to air oxidation.
- the rare earths in the alloy are eluted and show alkalinity, and the corrosion of the alloy progresses, so that the capacity when the alloy is used as an electrode is extremely reduced.
- An alloy whose surface is oxidized by a method such as vacuum drying has too high an activity and easily ignites in the air, causing problems such as ignition during transportation or during casting of the alloy in the processing process. .
- partially oxidized by air at 60 ° C. to 90 ° C. although the alloy surface is oxidized, the decrease in the high-rate discharge characteristics is limited, which is preferable. This is presumably because the oxide film formed on the alloy surface is thin and can be reduced again by the activation operation by charging and discharging the battery after the battery is incorporated, or the oxide is peeled off.
- a powder of a hydrogen storage alloy for a negative electrode that has no loss in capacity during long-term storage, no risk of ignition during storage and operation, and has excellent high-rate discharge characteristics can be obtained.
- a sealed nickel-hydrogen battery according to the present invention includes a positive electrode having nickel hydroxide as a main component, a negative electrode having a hydrogen storage alloy as a main component, and an alkali containing an alkali metal hydroxide in a water solvent.
- An electrolyte is provided, and a separator is generally provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross section of a typical storage battery of the present invention in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wrapped around a separator.
- 1 is a sealed nickel-metal hydride battery
- 2 is a battery exterior
- 2a is an upper opening
- 3 is a positive electrode
- 4 is a negative electrode.
- the positive electrode active material one obtained by adding hydroxyl hydroxide and zinc hydroxide to cobalt hydroxide is used.
- the hydroxide obtained by uniformly dispersing these by coprecipitation method is used.
- the use of a nickel composite hydroxide is preferred.
- the nickel hydroxide composite hydroxide powder is mixed with cobalt hydroxide and oxycobalt powder, and the hydroxide is coated with cobalt hydroxide.
- a mixture of the nickel hydroxide composite hydroxide and a coparte compound powder or the nickel hydroxide composite hydroxide forces Sani spoon using cobalt oxygen or oxygen-Motoki, or, K 2 S 2 ⁇ 8, such as hypochlorite oxidizing agent in the nickel hydroxide nickel not only the Leto using It is effective to use a partially oxidized one.
- the cobalt is electrochemically treated in an alkaline electrolyte. Also, a part of the nickel can be oxidized.
- the generation of a discharge reserve is suppressed by chemically or electrochemically oxidizing the hydroxide / nickel composite hydroxide (hereinafter referred to as positive electrode active material particles) coated with the cobalt hydroxide layer,
- positive electrode active material particles the hydroxide / nickel composite hydroxide coated with the cobalt hydroxide layer
- the average oxidation number of the transition metal element (in the case of particles containing nickel hydroxide, zinc hydroxide and cobalt hydroxide, nickel and cobalt) contained in the positive electrode active material particles is 2.04 to 2.0. Preferably it is 4. If the average oxidation number of nickel and cobalt is less than 2.04, the effect of suppressing the generation of discharge reserve cannot be obtained.
- an oxide or a hydroxide of a rare earth element such as Y or Yb is added to the cathode in order to increase the oxygen overvoltage of the cathode and improve the charging efficiency.
- Hydrogen storage alloy which is a main component of a negative electrode active material, capable of hydrogen absorbing, generally AB 2 system, or if an alloy called AB 5 system, special limitations on the composition apart. Particularly preferred details, part C o of N i of MMN i 5 of AB 5 type alloy (Mm is a mixture of rare earth elements), Mn, alloy substituted with A 1, C u etc., excellent charge and discharge It is preferable because it has cycle life characteristics and high discharge capacity.
- anticorrosion additives in addition to yttrium, ytterbium, and erbium, gadolinium and cerium oxides and hydroxides may be added, or these elements may be previously contained as metals in the hydrogen storage alloy. .
- the powder of the positive electrode active material and the powder of the negative electrode material preferably have an average particle size of 50 m or less.
- the powder of the hydrogen storage alloy, which is the negative electrode active material should have a small particle size of 40 im or less for the purpose of improving the high output characteristics of the sealed nickel-metal hydride battery. It is desirable that the particle size does not fall below 2 ⁇ .
- a Ni-rich layer having a thickness of 50 nm or more and 400 nm or less is arranged on the surface of the hydrogen storage alloy according to the present patent, and a Ni-rich layer is arranged along a crack communicating with the surface,
- the average particle diameter is more preferably from 30 zm to 50 ⁇ since excellent high-rate discharge performance can be obtained even with the particle diameter.
- powdered stones and classifiers are used.
- mortars, ball mills, sand mills, vibrating pole mills, planetary ball mills, jet mills, counter jet mills, swirling air jet mills and the like are used.
- wet pulverization can be used by using water or an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide.
- the classification method is not particularly limited, and a sieve or an air classifier can be used, and both a dry type and a wet type are used as necessary.
- the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material which are main components of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, have been described in detail.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode have a conductive agent, A binder, a thickener, a filler, and the like may be contained as other components.
- the conductive agent is not limited as long as it is an electron conductive material that does not adversely affect battery performance.
- natural graphite such as flaky graphite, flaky graphite, earthy graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon whiskers, carbon fiber, vapor grown carbon, metal (copper, nickel) , Gold, etc.
- Conductive materials such as powders and metal fibers can be included as one type or a mixture thereof.
- acetylene black is desirable from the viewpoint of electron conductivity and coatability!
- the amount of the conductive agent is preferably 1% by weight to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- These mixing methods are physical mixing, and ideally, homogeneous mixing. Therefore, it is possible to use a V-type mixer, an S-type mixer, a grinder, a ball mill, a planetary ball mill and a powder mixer such as a vine in a dry type or a wet type.
- binder examples include thermoplastic resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene, and polypropylene; ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM); sulfonated EPDM; and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR).
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- EPDM ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- a polymer having rubber elasticity such as fluororubber can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.
- the addition amount of the binder is preferably 0.1 to 3% by weight based on the total weight of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- polysaccharides such as carboxymethylcellulose and methylcellulose can be generally used as one kind or as a mixture of two or more kinds.
- the amount of the thickener added is preferably 0.1 to 3% by weight based on the total weight of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- the filler is not particularly limited as long as it does not adversely affect battery performance.
- an olefin polymer such as polypropylene or polyethylene, or carbon is used.
- the addition amount of the filter is preferably 5% by weight or less based on the total weight of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are prepared by mixing the active material, the conductive agent and the binder with an organic solvent such as water, alcohol, and toluene, and then placing the resulting mixture on a current collector described in detail below. It is suitably produced by coating and drying. Regarding the application method, for example, it is preferable to apply to a desired thickness and any shape by using a means such as roller coating such as apricot taronore, screen coating, doctor blade method, spin coating, and bar coater. It is not limited to these.
- As the current collector for the positive electrode there is no particular choice as long as it is an electronic conductor that does not adversely affect the battery formed. For example, a steel plate subjected to nickel or nickel plating can be suitably used.
- a two-dimensional machine such as a punched steel plate is used.
- the thickness is not particularly limited, but a thickness of 5 to 700 / zm is used.
- a Ni foam having a porous structure which is a structure excellent in current collection, from Ni, which has excellent corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance to alkali. preferable.
- the current collector of the negative electrode it is possible to use a perforated plate obtained by punching an inexpensive and highly conductive iron or steel foil or plate and applying Ni plating to improve the reduction resistance. I like it.
- the hole diameter of the perforations formed by punching the steel sheet is preferably 1.7 mm or less, and the opening ratio of the current collector is preferably 40% or more.
- the negative electrode active material and the current collector can be used.
- the adhesiveness with the film is excellent.
- the surface of the nickel of the current collector was treated with Ni powder, carbon, platinum, etc., for the purpose of improving adhesion, improving conductivity and oxidation resistance. Can be used. The surface of these materials can be oxidized.
- the sealed nickel-metal hydride battery separator a known porous film / nonwoven fabric exhibiting excellent high-rate discharge characteristics can be used alone or in combination.
- the material constituting the separator include polyolefin resins represented by polyethylene, polypropylene, and the like, and nylon.
- the porosity of the separator is preferably 80% by volume or less from the viewpoint of strength and gas permeability. Further, the porosity is preferably 20% by volume or more from the viewpoint of charge / discharge characteristics.
- the separator is preferably subjected to a hydrophilic treatment.
- the surface of polyolefin-based resin fibers such as polyethylene is subjected to daraft polymerization, sulfonation, edge treatment, and PVA treatment of hydrophilic groups, or a sheet in which fibers that have been subjected to these treatments are mixed. Even good.
- the electrolytic solution those generally proposed for use in alkaline batteries and the like can be used. 7 is used as a solvent, and examples of solutes include hydroxides of potassium, sodium, and lithium alone or a mixture of two or more of these dissolved, but are not limited thereto.
- Yttrium, ytterbium, erbium, calcium, sulfur, zinc, etc. as an anticorrosion agent for alloys
- an additive to the electrolytic solution to improve overvoltage at the positive electrode, improve corrosion resistance of the negative electrode, and improve self-discharge Can be added alone or as a mixture of two or more thereof.
- potassium hydroxide is 5 to 7 mo 1/1
- lithium hydroxide is 0.5 to 0.8.
- a water solution containing mo 1/1 is preferred.
- the electrolyte is injected before or after stacking the sealed nickel-metal hydride storage battery separator, the positive electrode, and the negative electrode, and finally, using an external material. It is suitably manufactured by sealing. Further, in a sealed nickel-metal hydride storage battery in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound with a power generation element laminated via a sealed nickel hydrogen storage battery separator, the electrolyte is applied to the power generation element before and after the winding. It is preferable to inject the liquid. Injection As a method, a force vacuum impregnation method, a pressure impregnation method, or a centrifugal impregnation method that can be injected at normal pressure can also be used.
- Examples of the material of the exterior body of the sealed nickel-metal hydride storage battery include nickel-plated iron-stainless steel, polyolefin-based resin, and a composite thereof.
- the configuration and shape of the sealed nickel-metal hydride storage battery are not particularly limited, and include a coin battery, a button battery, a square battery, a flat battery, and a roll shape having a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a single-layer or multi-layer separator.
- a cylindrical battery having the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator described above can be cited as an example.
- the present invention is not limited to the following description, and includes a test method and a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode material, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte of a battery to be configured.
- the separator, the shape of the battery, and the like are arbitrary.
- Ammonia complex and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution were added to an aqueous solution obtained by dissolving sulfuric acid, zinc sulfate and connol sulfate in such a manner that the respective metal hydroxides had the mass ratios described below to form an ammonium complex.
- Caustic soda is further added dropwise while the reaction system is vigorously stirred, and the temperature of the reaction bath is controlled at 45 ⁇ 2 ° C and the pH is controlled at 12 ⁇ 0.2, and spherical high-density nickel hydroxide is used as the core material of the core layer.
- CMC solute 99.5: 0.5
- the paste is made of 450 gZm2 nickel porous material (Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.).
- the product was filled in Nickel Celmet # 8). Then, after drying at 80 ° C, it is pressed to the specified thickness, and the surface is coated with polytetrafluoroethylene, and the width is 34 mm (including the uncoated part 1 mm). A positive electrode plate was used.
- Particle size is 35 ⁇ AB 5 type rare earth-based. MmN i 3. 6 C o . 6 A1. 3 Mn.
- the hydrogen storage alloy having a composition of 35 was placed in a closed container in a hydrogen atmosphere and left at 45 ° C. for 2 hours to cause the hydrogen storage alloy to store hydrogen. At this time, the hydrogen pressure in the sealed container was set to a pressure equal to the hydrogen equilibrium pressure of the hydrogen storage alloy with a hydrogen storage amount of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50%. Then, five kinds of hydrogen storage alloys having a hydrogen storage amount of 5 to 50% were obtained as described below.
- the amount of hydrogen absorbed here is defined as the amount of hydrogen absorbed H / M (the number of hydrogen atoms per metal atom) under the standard atmosphere of temperature 60 ° C and equilibrium hydrogen pressure IMPa. % Indicates that the alloy has absorbed 50% of the hydrogen stored under the reference atmosphere.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a main part of the evaluation battery 1.
- the hydrogen-absorbing alloy negative electrode plate 4, a nonwoven fabric separator 5 having a thickness of 120 // m made of a polypropylene fiber subjected to sulfonation treatment, and the nickel electrode plate 3 are combined and rolled into a jar shape.
- a positive current collecting terminal 9 is joined to the end surface of the positive electrode substrate protruding from the upper winding end surface of the electrode group, and a negative current collecting terminal is joined to the lower winding end surface of the electrode group (not shown).
- the battery was inserted into the battery case 2 and the negative electrode current collecting terminal was joined to the inner bottom surface of the battery case 2. 6.
- the positive electrode current collecting terminal 9 and the lid 8 also serving as the positive electrode terminal were electrically connected via the sealing plate 7.
- the treatment was performed with the NaOH aqueous solution of Example 1 at 110 ° C. while changing the treatment time so that the mass saturation magnetic field became 5 emuZg.
- the thickness of the Ni-rich layer of the obtained powder was measured.
- a battery was prepared by the method described above, charged at 0.1 ItA for 12 hours, left at 5 ° C for 5 hours to cool sufficiently, and then cooled to 0.8 V The discharge capacity when performing It A discharge was measured.
- the discharge capacity is the discharge capacity at the fourth discharge when the operation of charging at 0.1 ItA for 12 hours and discharging at 0.2 ItA to IV was repeated four times in the chemical conversion step.
- the ratio was shown.
- the present invention alloy 2, the present invention alloy 3, the present invention alloy 4, and the present invention alloy 5, and the batteries prepared by the above-described method were used as the example battery 1, the example battery 2, the example battery 3, the example battery. 4.
- the battery is assumed to be Example Battery 5.
- the hydrogen storage alloy obtained in the same manner as the alloy 1 of the present invention except that the hydrogen storage amount was set to 0% in the first step is Comparative Example Alloy 1, and the battery is Comparative Example Battery 1.
- the mass saturation magnetization was made equal to 5 emu nog by changing the reaction time because the amount of the magnetic material acting as the reaction active field was made the same, and the inside of the alloy was changed. This is because it is appropriate to compare the effects of the Ni rich layers.
- the alloys 1 to 5 of the present invention when hydrogen storage is performed by storing 5% or more in terms of the gas phase capacity of the alloy, even if they have the same amount of magnetic substance, they have a Ni-rich layer inside. It was confirmed that the high-rate discharge capacity at 5 ° C was dramatically improved as compared with the comparative battery 1 which did not have the same.
- the discharge capacity of the alloy is further improved when 30% is occluded in terms of the hydrogen storage capacity, and the discharge capacity at 5 ° C and 101 tA discharge is the 0.2 ItA discharge discharge.
- the discharge capacity is close to 90% of the capacity, and leveling off when the occlusion is greater. This is considered to be due to the fact that the crack in the alloy reaches a maximum of 30% and does not progress further.
- the time required for the treatment shows that the hydrogen storage amount is up to 30%, which is advantageous in that the hydrogen storage amount can be shortened as much as possible.
- the Ni-rich layer is formed inside the alloy, so that the total amount of magnetic material can be ensured even if the formed -Rickel-rich layer is thin, and the alloy potential becomes low, and the Co and N This is considered to be because i is at a potential that is difficult to dissolve.
- FIG. 2 shows an enlarged cross-sectional photograph of Example Alloy 1 using a focused ion beam apparatus.
- a nickel-rich layer 11 shown as a whitish band in the figure
- a crack 12 indicated as a black band in the figure
- the sample was measured at an angle of 45 degrees, so the vertical magnification is 1 (root) x 2 in the horizontal direction.
- the platinum deposition layer 14 is provided for convenience for observation.
- the hydrogen storage alloy obtained in the same manner as the powder 1 of the present invention is referred to as Comparative Example Powder 2
- the battery is referred to as Comparative Example Battery 2.
- the volume resistivity when the bulk density was 4.0 g / cm2 was 25 mQcm and 300 ⁇ cm, respectively.
- the discharge capacity when performing the test was 8%. this is, It is probable that rare earth hydroxides etc. could not be separated sufficiently and remained around the alloy powder, resulting in a decrease in conductivity and a decrease in high-rate discharge characteristics.
- the alloy obtained by keeping the vacuum and then drying without desorbing hydrogen by hydrogen peroxide is considered to be due to oxygen when exposed to air.
- a battery obtained by producing a battery by the above method using this alloy is referred to as Comparative Battery 3.
- Comparative Battery 3 the capacity at the 4th cycle at the time of activation was 25 mAh and could not be obtained. This is because although the vacuum is used to desorb hydrogen, hydrogen remains and oxidizes when exposed to oxygen in the air, and the heat is generated so that the alloy is inactivated by the heat. It is thought that it has been done.
- the specific gravity of the NaOH aqueous solution at 20 ° C was 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, and the mass saturation magnetization was set at 110 ° C.
- the treatment was performed to obtain 5 emuZg, and the other steps were treated in the same manner as the alloy 1 of the present invention.
- Table 2 shows the processing time required for the obtained alloy and the magnetic nickel content of the obtained alloy.
- the values of the mass saturation magnetization and the rate of increase of the magnetic nickel content have the same meaning as the treatment speed, but it was confirmed that the surface treatment speed becomes extremely slow when the specific gravity is less than 1.3.
- the specific gravity of the NaOH aqueous solution used in the treatment is preferably 1.3 or more, and preferably 1.5 or less at which NaOH crystals do not precipitate at room temperature.
- the temperature of the NaOH aqueous solution was set to 90 ° (, 100 ° C, 110 ° C, 120 ° C and the boiling point, and the treatment was performed so that the mass saturation magnetism was 5 emu / g.
- the other conditions were the same as those of the alloy 1 of the present invention.Table 3 shows the required processing time and the magnetic content of the obtained alloy.
- the processing speed was extremely slow when the processing temperature was lower than 100 ° C.
- the temperature of the NaOH aqueous solution used for the treatment is preferably 100 ° C or higher, and the treatment at the boiling point is not performed. This is preferable because the processing speed is always improved. If the pressure is increased and the boiling point is raised to a higher temperature, it is possible to process at a higher speed, but there is a drawback that the equipment becomes very expensive.
- Table 4 by controlling the processing time mass saturated ⁇ I ⁇ (Units e mu / g) 1. 0, 2. 5, 4. 0, 5. 0, the 8.0, 9.0, 1 0.0
- the required processing time of the alloy obtained in the same manner as the alloy 1 of the present invention except for the above is shown.
- the alloys with mass saturation magnetic mass (unit emuZg) of 1.0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.0, 8.0, 9.0 are alloys of the present invention 6, alloy 7, and The present invention alloy 8, the present invention alloy 1, the present invention alloy 9, and the present invention alloy 10 were used, and the batteries were the present invention battery 6, the present invention battery 7, the present invention battery 8, the present invention battery 1, the present invention battery 9, The battery 10 of the present invention was obtained.
- the untreated alloy having a mass saturation magnetization of 0.5 and the alloy having a mass saturation magnetization of 10.0 were used as comparative alloys 4 and 5, and the batteries manufactured using these alloys were compared. Comparative Battery 4 and Comparative Battery 5 were used. The thickness of the Ni-rich layer and the amount of magnetic two-strength of these alloys were measured by the methods described above.
- Negative electrodes were produced from these alloys by the method of Example Battery 1 to obtain 32.5 mm ⁇ 30 mm electrodes for negative electrode evaluation.
- Table 1 shows the measured values of the thickness of the Ni-rich layer formed on the surface of the hydrogen-absorbing alloy powder, and the median value of the measured values at 10 places was set to two significant figures. Theory As described above, although omitted here, the thickness of the Ni-rich layer formed along the cracks provided in the hydrogen-absorbing alloy powder of the example is the thickness of the Ni-rich layer formed on the surface. It was in the range of 1-2 times.
- Mass-saturated Magi-Dai is 2.5 emu / g, magnetic two-stroke! ⁇
- the battery 7 of the present invention having a weight of 0.553 mmol can discharge only about 10% at 5 ° C and 101 ⁇ A, but has significantly improved high-rate discharge characteristics at 5 ° C and 71 tA.
- the mass saturation magnetic field is 4.O emuZg or more and the thickness of the Ni-rich layer is 170 nm or more, both the high-rate discharge characteristics at 10 ItA and 7 ItA are greatly improved. . From these results, it is preferable that the mass saturation magnetization is 2.5 emuZg or more, the magnetic ferrule is 0.5 mmol or more, the mass saturation magnetization is 4.
- the thickness of the Ni-rich layer is 170 It turns out that nm or more is more preferable. Mass saturation magnetization exceeds 9.0 emuZg, 10.0 emuZg, magnetic nickel content exceeds 1.9 millimono, 2.10 mmol, and processing time exceeds 10 hours Comparative example of 12-hour processing In alloy No. 5, the thickness of the Ni-rich layer is 450 nm, which exceeds 400 nm, and the amount of hydrogen occlusion is extremely reduced, and the high-rate discharge characteristics and cycle life characteristics are reduced.
- the thickness of the Ni-rich layer formed on the alloy surface is set to 50 nm to 400 nm.
- the thickness is preferably 170 to 400 nm.
- the processing time is preferably 0.5 to 10 hours.
- the alloy powder obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 was used as the present invention alloy 12
- the alloy powder obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 was used as the present invention alloy 13 except that 5% of erbium was added. Batteries produced using these alloys were designated as Battery 11 of the present invention, Battery 12 of the present invention, and Battery 13 of the present invention, respectively. Table 5 shows the results.
- Example 13 20 285 82 920 When yttrium, ytterbium, and erbium are added to the alloy in the composition, the high-rate discharge characteristics are not so excellent because the activation is slow according to the conventional manufacturing method.
- a high-rate discharge of 10 ItA at 5 ° C. is performed, and the above-mentioned chemical process is charged with 0.1 ItA for 12 hours, and 0.2 I
- a capacity of 80% or more of the discharge capacity in the fourth discharge was achieved.
- the corrosion resistance of the alloy was indicated by the required treatment time, and Examples 11, 12, and 13 show that the improved corrosion resistance of the alloy significantly improved the cycle life. In particular, in Example 11 in which it was added, a cycle life characteristic of 130 cycles was obtained.
- the fourth step of desorbing hydrogen in the alloy when the alkalinity is higher than PH 9, hydrogen is not desorbed even at 80 ° C, and when PH is 9 or less, it is higher than 80 ° C. At lower temperatures no hydrogen was desorbed.
- the fifth step of partially oxidizing the alloy with air at 60 ° C. or less, sufficient acidity was not obtained, and several hours were required to dry the alloy.
- the partial oxidation was performed at a temperature higher than 90 ° C, a phenomenon was observed in which the partial oxidation was excessively advanced, the activity of the alloy was reduced, and high-rate discharge could not be performed.
- Example 1 when the oxidation treatment of the positive electrode active material particles was not performed in Example 1 (the average oxidation number of Ni and Co contained in the positive electrode active material particles was 2.0), the results are shown in Table 4 above. The number of cycles was lower than in Example 1. Details are omitted, but when the average oxidation number of Ni and Co is 2.04 to 2.4, the amount of discharge reserve is reduced, which is effective for improving discharge capacity and cycle performance. I was separated.
- the present invention is not limited to the starting materials of the active material, the production method, the positive electrode, the negative electrode, the electrolyte, the separator, the shape of the battery, and the like described in the above examples.
- the battery of the present invention can be used as a power source for electric vehicles, electric tools, and other electric devices requiring large current discharge.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
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US10/542,896 US20060166099A1 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2004-01-19 | Closed nickel-hydrogen storage battery and its production method |
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JP2004009491A JP4678130B2 (ja) | 2003-01-20 | 2004-01-16 | 密閉型ニッケル水素蓄電池とその製造法 |
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WO2006060851A1 (en) * | 2004-12-07 | 2006-06-15 | The University Of Queensland | Magnesium alloys for hydrogen storage |
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JP5119577B2 (ja) | 2005-07-04 | 2013-01-16 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | ニッケル水素電池 |
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JP5308806B2 (ja) * | 2008-12-25 | 2013-10-09 | プライムアースEvエナジー株式会社 | ニッケル水素蓄電池の製造方法 |
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JP5743185B2 (ja) * | 2011-01-18 | 2015-07-01 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | アルカリ蓄電池用正極活物質およびアルカリ蓄電池 |
US9269952B2 (en) | 2011-01-11 | 2016-02-23 | Gs Yuasa International Ltd. | Positive active material for alkaline secondary battery, method for manufacturing the same and alkaline secondary battery |
WO2015145884A1 (ja) * | 2014-03-26 | 2015-10-01 | 三井金属鉱業株式会社 | 水素吸蔵合金 |
CN107848027A (zh) | 2015-07-23 | 2018-03-27 | 海德瑞克斯亚股份有限公司 | 用于储氢的Mg基合金 |
CN107358981B (zh) * | 2017-07-31 | 2023-03-14 | 重庆宙盾新能源技术开发有限公司 | 一种镍氢水能源燃料发电系统 |
EP3626845A1 (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2020-03-25 | Höganäs AB (publ) | Metal hydride alloy powder for nimh batteries having improved properties, method for preparing the same, and nimh battery with improved properties comprising the metal hydride alloy powder |
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US7604719B2 (en) * | 2006-05-25 | 2009-10-20 | Uop Llc | In situ generation of hydrogen peroxide |
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JP2004247288A (ja) | 2004-09-02 |
US20060166099A1 (en) | 2006-07-27 |
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