Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
  • C09K23/017—Mixtures of compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
  • C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
  • C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
  • C08J3/09—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids
  • C08J3/11—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids from solid polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
  • C09K23/003—Organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
  • C09K23/16—Amines or polyamines
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S423/00—Chemistry of inorganic compounds
  • Y10S423/39—Fullerene, e.g. c60, c70 derivative and related process
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S423/00—Chemistry of inorganic compounds
  • Y10S423/40—Fullerene composition

Definitions

• This invention relates to liquid-in-liquid emulsions.
• Traditional emulsions are made up of two phases: a dispersed phase and a continuous phase.
• the most common emulsions consist of only two liquids, water and oil.
• An o/w (oil-in-water) emulsion consists of oil droplets dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase
• a w/o (water-in-oil) emulsion consists of water droplets dispersed in oil.
• Multiple emulsions may be formed, for example, when water droplets in a continuous oil phase themselves contain dispersed oil droplets.
• Emulsification consists of the break-up of large droplets into smaller droplets due to shear forces.
• emulsifiers are used to stabilize emulsions through a reduction in interfacial tension. Increasing the viscosity of the continuous phase may also prevent phase separation of emulsions.
• the invention provides an emulsion that comprises a liquid continuous phase comprising surface-modified organic molecules, and a dispersed liquid phase.
• the organic molecules are selected from surface-modified fullerenes, surface- modified dendrimers, and combinations thereof.
• the invention provides an emulsion that comprises a liquid continuous phase comprising organic polymeric microspheres, and a dispersed liquid phase.
• the invention provides multiple emulsions wherein each liquid phase that contains a dispersed liquid phase contains surface-modified organic molecules or organic polymeric microspheres, or a combination of both.
• the emulsions of the invention are liquid-in-liquid dispersions or emulsions.
• the stabilized emulsions comprising a continuous phase and a dispersed phase are rendered by incorporation of an effective amount of surface-modified organic molecules into the continuous phase of the composition.
• the surface-modified molecules maintain the emulsion without reducing surface tension at the continuous-dispersed phase interface.
• the emulsions of the invention consist essentially of a continuous liquid phase and a dispersed liquid phase and surface-modified organic molecules or organic polymeric microspheres incorporated in the continuous phase.
• the emulsions of the invention may be free of traditional surfactants, detergents, proteins, and emulsifiers and other compounds that stabilize emulsions through a reduction in surface tension.
• the emulsions of the invention are typically stable from days to years under constant temperature.
• the emulsions of the invention may be oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions (as those terms are generally defined in the art) or multiple emulsions.
• An example of a multiple emulsion is an oil-in-water emulsion (dispersed phase) in an oil continuous phase or the opposite multiple emulsion.
• different types of surface-modified organic molecules or organic polymeric microspheres are or may be needed for each phase that contains another dispersed phase.
• the surface-modified organic molecules and organic polymeric microspheres stabilize emulsions without lowering the surface tension at the interface between the dispersed and continuous phases. It is theorized that the surface-modified organic molecules or organic polymeric microspheres become situated between the dispersed phase droplets in increasing concentration as the liquid continuous phase drains from between the dispersed phase droplets. The increased concentration of surface-modified organic molecules between the dispersed phase droplets prevents the dispersed droplets from contacting one another and coalescing.
• the surface-modified organic molecules are substantially soluble in the continuous phase.
• the molecules may be directly soluble in the continuous phase or a soluble derivative of a precursor molecule may be prepared, for example, by alkylation.
• the surface-modified organic molecules and organic polymeric microspheres are selected to be compatible with the continuous phase.
• One useful method of assessing the compatibility of the surface-modified organic molecules and organic polymeric microspheres with the continuous phase includes the step of combining the surface-modified organic molecules and/or organic polymeric microspheres and the continuous phase and observing whether the surface-modified organic molecules and/or organic polymeric microspheres appear to dissolve in the continuous phase.
• useful surface-modified organic molecules include alkylated buckminsterfullerenes (fullerenes) and alklylated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers.
• Specific examples of fullerenes include CgQ . C70.
• PAMAM dendrimers include those of Generations 2 through 10 (G2 - G10), available from Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, WI. PAMAM dendrimers are currently commercially available with primary amine, hydroxyl, carboxylate sodium salt, mixed amine/hydroxyl, and C12 surface functional groups.
• the alkyl groups on the organic molecules may be straight or branched and may range from at least C3 to not greater than C30 and may be any size or range in between C3 and C30 For example, the ranges may be C3 to C22; C3 to C $; C3 to C12 . or C3 to Cg, and any combination or integer therebetween.
• the surface-modified organic molecules may be present in the continuous phase at a level of from at least 0.1 percent by weight.
• a useful organic polymeric microspheres include microspheres that comprise polystyrene, available from Bangs Laboratories, Inc., Fishers, IN, as powders or dispersions. Average particle sizes of the polystyrene microspheres range from at least 20 nm to not more than 60 nm. Current commercially available average particle sizes are 20, 30, 50, and 60 nm.
• the organic polymeric microspheres may be present in the continuous phase at a level of from at least 0.1 percent by weight.
• the emulsions of the invention have a liquid continuous phase.
• the continuous phase may be made up of one or more miscible or soluble constituents so long as the dispersed phase may be dispersed in all of the constituents of the continuous phase.
• Example continuous phases include water, organic liquids including, for example, acids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, amides, esters, glycols, ethers, hydrocarbons, halocarbons, monomers, oligomers, lubricating oils, vegetables oils (including mono- di, and tri-glycerides), silicone oils, moisturizing oils (for example, mineral and jojoba oils), fuel oils, fuels (including kerosene, gasoline, diesel fuel), oligomers of ethylene glycol, alkyl and aryl nitro compounds, partially or fully fluorinated compounds, and polymers.
• organic liquids including, for example, acids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, amides, esters, glycols, ethers, hydrocarbons, halocarbons, monomers, oligomers, lubricating oils, vegetables oils (including mono- di, and tri-glycerides), silicone oils, moisturizing oils (for example, mineral and
• the emulsions of the invention have a liquid dispersed phase that is dispersed within the continuous liquid phase.
• the liquid dispersed phase may comprise one or more liquids that are miscible or soluble and that are dispersed within the liquid continuous phase.
• suitable liquid dispersed phases include water and all of the organic materials listed above for use as a continuous phase.
• the emulsions of the invention may also contain surface-modified nanoparticles in combination with surface-modified organic molecules and organic polymeric microspheres.
• Surface-modified nanoparticles are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,483.
• Each phase may also contain other dissolved or soluble compounds or components which are added to achieve a desired effect, for example, salts, drugs, dyes, flame retardants, and the like.
• the emulsions of the invention are generally made by blending the phases and mixing. Another way to make the emulsions of the invention is to blend the surface- modified organic molecules or organic polymeric microspheres, or combinations thereof with the continuous phase (or other phases in the case of multiple emulsions) and then adding the dispersed phase with agitation.
• the emulsions of the invention may be useful in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and the like.
• a 50 mL round-bottom flask was charged with 0.74 g (0.23 mol) of STARBURST® (PAMAM-OH) Dendrimer, Generation 2 (obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co.).
• N,N-Dimethylformamide (10 g) and triethylamine (0.37 g; 0.0036 mol) were added to the flask and the mixture was magnetically stirred until the dendrimer was dissolved.
• Octanoyl chloride (0.59 g; 0.0036 mol) was added to the flask dropwise via syringe over a period of about 5 minutes. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for about 2 hours, after which water (20 g) was added to the flask.
• a 50 mL round-bottom flask was charged with 0.33 g (0.023 mol) of STARBURST® (PAMAM-OH) Dendrimer, Generation 4 (obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co.).
• N,N-Dimethylformamide (10 g) and triethylamine (0.15 g; 0.0015 mol) were added to the flask and the mixture was magnetically stirred until the dendrimer was dissolved.
• Octanoyl chloride (0.24 g; 0.0015 mol) was added to the flask dropwise via syringe over a period of about 5 minutes. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for about 2 hours, after which water (20 g) was added to the flask.
• Solutions or dispersions of the surface-modified STARBURST® dendrimers were made in toluene, at the concentrations specified in Table 1, by combining, in screw-cap glass vials, the calculated amount of the compounds and 2 mL of toluene.
• 1 g of the toluene solution and 1 g of water were combined in a screw-cap glass vial, the vial was capped, and was then shaken vigorously by hand for 15 seconds.
• the emulsions that formed comprised less than 50 volume percent water, as evidenced by the separation of a homogeneous water phase from the emulsion phase.
• Octyl-C6o was dissolved in toluene to give 3 g of a 2% solution.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Nanotechnology (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Composite Materials (AREA)
• Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
• Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Cosmetics (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
• Medicinal Preparation (AREA)

Priority Applications (4)

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Publications (2)

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• 2002
  • 2002-12-31 US US10/335,495 patent/US7001580B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 2003
  • 2003-11-11 DE DE60312895T patent/DE60312895T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2003-11-11 JP JP2004564896A patent/JP4567465B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2003-11-11 AT AT03789734T patent/ATE357967T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2003-11-11 WO PCT/US2003/035738 patent/WO2004060543A2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2003-11-11 AU AU2003294253A patent/AU2003294253A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2003-11-11 CN CNB2003801076987A patent/CN100377771C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2003-11-11 EP EP03789734A patent/EP1587609B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 2005
  • 2005-09-02 US US11/219,552 patent/US20060002843A1/en not_active Abandoned

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