WO2004052054A1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur beheizung von schmelzen - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur beheizung von schmelzen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004052054A1 WO2004052054A1 PCT/EP2003/013353 EP0313353W WO2004052054A1 WO 2004052054 A1 WO2004052054 A1 WO 2004052054A1 EP 0313353 W EP0313353 W EP 0313353W WO 2004052054 A1 WO2004052054 A1 WO 2004052054A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- electrodes
- melt
- melting
- heating
- melting vessel
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 264
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 117
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 249
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 243
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 107
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 65
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- 210000003625 skull Anatomy 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 platinum metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 39
- 239000000156 glass melt Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000289 melt material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011214 refractory ceramic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001260 Pt alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013517 stratification Methods 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000001674 Agaricus brunnescens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910019017 PtRh Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IKWTVSLWAPBBKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N a1010_sial Chemical compound O=[As]O[As]=O IKWTVSLWAPBBKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000410 antimony oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000413 arsenic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960002594 arsenic trioxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003251 chemically resistant material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009795 derivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009429 electrical wiring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000743 fusible alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005816 glass manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012943 hotmelt Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002835 noble gases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=O VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009512 pharmaceutical packaging Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004148 unit process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
- C03B5/02—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating
- C03B5/027—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating by passing an electric current between electrodes immersed in the glass bath, i.e. by direct resistance heating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
- C03B5/02—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating
- C03B5/027—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating by passing an electric current between electrodes immersed in the glass bath, i.e. by direct resistance heating
- C03B5/03—Tank furnaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
- C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
- C03B5/235—Heating the glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
- C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
- C03B5/42—Details of construction of furnace walls, e.g. to prevent corrosion; Use of materials for furnace walls
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
- C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
- C03B5/42—Details of construction of furnace walls, e.g. to prevent corrosion; Use of materials for furnace walls
- C03B5/44—Cooling arrangements for furnace walls
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
- H05B3/03—Electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2211/00—Heating processes for glass melting in glass melting furnaces
- C03B2211/70—Skull melting, i.e. melting or refining in cooled wall crucibles or within solidified glass crust, e.g. in continuous walled vessels
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/50—Glass production, e.g. reusing waste heat during processing or shaping
- Y02P40/57—Improving the yield, e-g- reduction of reject rates
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for heating melts, in particular a method and a device for conductive heating of melts.
- the glass melt in conventional tanks is conventionally heated by oil or gas burners located in the upper furnace. In this case, the heat is introduced into the glass via the glass surface.
- the absorption in the area of the glass surface is already so high that only relatively thin layers of glass are warmed through.
- additional electrical heating is often provided by electrodes that are inserted through the base of the tub.
- the glass melt is conductively heated by electrodes with alternating current, ie the glass melt is heated directly. The electrodes are inserted into the glass melt either through the bottom of the tub or through the side walls of the tub and are surrounded on all sides by the glass melt.
- Molybdenum or platinum is often used as the electrode material.
- the Mo electrodes have a very strong tendency to oxidize, so they must generally not be in contact with the air
- Pt electrodes are significantly more resistant to oxidation, but they can only be used with long-term stability up to temperatures of 1500 ° C, briefly up to 1650 ° C.
- Electrodes with larger surfaces - so-called plate electrodes - are described, inter alia, in the patent specifications SU 1016259 or DE 2705618.
- Such electrodes have the advantage that they have higher current loads due to the large electrode surface can be exposed.
- these plate electrodes are not cooled, so that here too the maximum achievable melt temperature is limited to the application limit temperature of the electrode material.
- the positioning of the electrodes inside the melting unit ensures that the walls of the
- the melting unit is cooler than the temperature in the middle of the melting unit.
- the electrodes have the same temperature as the melt and are therefore the limiting factor for the maximum achievable temperature of the melt.
- a skull crucible is understood here to be a vessel. the walls of which are made of water-cooled metal pipes arranged close to each other. The tightness of the • crucible is ensured by freezing the melt in the immediate vicinity of the tubes. This means that there is no need for refractory material.
- the skull crucible is surrounded by a high-frequency coil. There must be a space between the metallic tubes so that the high frequency can couple into the melt. The glass melt is heated directly with the aid of the high frequency.
- the melt in the edge region of the melting unit can be colder than in the middle. Due to the cooled metal tubes, a skull layer is formed from the species' own material, which can renew itself over and over again. This means that even high-melting or very aggressive glasses can still be melted down and refined.
- Another advantage of high-frequency melting is that other refining agents, so-called high-temperature refining agents, can also be used for refining at the high temperatures. This makes it possible, for example, as described in DE 19939771, for toxic refining agents such as arsenic oxide or To waive antimony oxide.
- melting with high frequency has the disadvantage that the glasses, glass ceramics, ceramics or crystals to be melted must have a sufficiently high electrical conductivity at the melting temperature.
- the electrical conductivity of the melt must be high enough so that the energy input via the high frequency is greater than the thermal energy dissipated via the walls and in particular via the skull walls.
- the limit of the required electrical conductivity also depends on a number of apparatus parameters, it has changed in practice. shown that the electrical conductivity of the melt should be above 10 "1 ⁇ ⁇ cm " 1 .
- the electrical conductivity of glasses and glass ceramics is generally very strongly determined by the alkali content and to a lesser extent only by the alkaline earth content of these glasses.
- These glasses include, for example, glasses with high temperature resistance and high
- Another group of glasses such as display glasses, must be coated in the further processing.
- alkali contents in the glasses undesirable 'because alkali metals can easily diffuse out of the glasses and so, for example, enter the functional layers of the display. This too. Glasses have due to the low or nonexistent
- Ceramics and crystals can also be melted at high temperatures, for example above 1600 ° C., preferably above 1700 ° C., the glasses, glass ceramics, ceramics and crystals also being able to have a lower electrical conductivity than 10 "1 ⁇ ⁇ cra " 1 .
- the method and the apparatus it should on one hand be able to cool to a chemical attack of the melt to prevent the walls' of the melting unit adequate to the walls and to supply more energy on the other hand the melt. ' than being withdrawn from the chilled walls.
- the invention provides a method for heating a melt in a melting vessel with cooled walls, the melt being conductively heated and the current flowing between at least two cooled electrodes, the electrodes each replacing a component of the wall of the melting vessel.
- this is also to be understood in such a way that the sum of the surfaces of the melting vessel and electrodes in the area of the melt remains constant when introducing or by inserting electrodes into a melting vessel of predetermined geometry. If, for example, a certain geometry of the melting vessel is selected, the electrodes take up part of the walls of the melting vessel, the selected geometry being retained. In contrast to this, the wall area has previously been increased, for example by additionally introducing finger electrodes, so that the cooling capacity also increases accordingly.
- the electrodes can advantageously be inserted into cutouts in the cooled walls of the melting vessel. Due to the arrangement according to the invention, a favorable ratio of Surface portion of the melting vessel, through which energy is introduced into the melt, created the surface portion of cooled walls. This also makes it possible, by suitably adjusting or regulating the cooling capacity, to heat at least one area of the melt by the current to a temperature which is substantially above the temperature of the surface of the
- Melt contact material may lie.
- the melt temperature can be reached, which is above the application temperature, as ⁇ in particular above the melting or decomposition temperature of the
- Melt contact material is at least one of the electrodes or the wall material.
- decomposition is understood to mean in particular chemical decomposition, such as corrosive attack, sublimation or evaporation.
- the application temperature of melt contact materials is determined by the chemical composition, grain growth, oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance in the melt, heat resistance, creep rupture strength, creep rate, duration of use and the type of heating.
- a maximum continuous use temperature 140 . 0 ° C specified (see for example publication [1]).
- platinum can still be used safely up to 1500 ° C.
- the temperature of the melt is above at least one range
- the arrangement of the electrodes in the melting vessel according to the invention also makes it possible to use a material such as platinum as the melt contact material, which in itself is suitable for temperatures above 1600.degree
- the temperature of the melt contact surface of the electrodes in particular of electrodes with platinum as
- Melt contact material is preferably kept at at most 1500 ° C. In this way it is avoided that Electrode material, which has the properties. of the melting material, such as the color, migrated into the melt in larger quantities. In addition, the service life of the electrode is considerably increased in this way.
- Fine-grain stabilized platinum or such platinum alloys such as PtRhlO
- application temperature limits of 1500 ° C or 1650 C are possible, since this is where coarse grain formation occurs. begins at operating temperatures higher than 85% of the melting temperature T s (see also publications [1], [2] and [3]).
- Fine-grain stabilized materials such as the above-mentioned fine-grain stabilized platinum, are also referred to as dispersion-strengthened materials or oxide dispersion-hardened materials.
- the application limit temperature can also be limited by the chemical resistance of the melt contact materials, which depends, among other things, on the presence of polyvalent elements in the melt. Form this often low melting alloys with the melt contact materials that the
- melt-cast ceramic materials such as high-zirconium-containing ceramic material (HZFC) or AZS (aluminum-zirconia silica) are generally only used up to a maximum of 1650 ° C as melt-contact material. ' . ⁇ ⁇ . '
- the application limit temperature can also be reduced by oxidation. Especially when using. Iridium must also take into account the proportion of sulfur in the glass, since the formation of IrS 2 can significantly limit the use of Ir.
- Mo can usually be used in glass melts up to 1700 ° C. With Mo, however, spontaneous grain growth occurs between 1600 ° C and 1800 ° C, which is associated with a strong decrease in strength, so that an application limit temperature within this
- Temperature range can be given. The same applies to W.
- the application limit temperature of Mo and W is determined less by the mechanical properties at high temperatures than by the chemical resistance.
- Mo and W oxidize in air and oxygen 400 ° C. From publication [2] it is also known that polyvalent compounds dissolved in the glass also lead to Mo0 3 or W0 3 formation. Mo reacts with Si0 2 at 1650 ° C and with Al 2 0 3 at 1700 ° C to form Mo0 3 . This can lead to undesired detachment and migration of molybdenum into the melt from these temperatures, so that application limits can also be reached at these temperatures.
- Mo 3 Sb 7 can form from 600 ° C to 900 ° C and significantly lower the application temperature of Mo due to the formation of a liquid phase and the associated destruction of the component. As 2 0 3 also reacts with Mo to form low-melting eutectics.
- An important factor in the application temperature of Mo and W are molybdates and tungstates, which can be formed in alkaline melts. These compounds have lower melting points than the pure oxides. The application limit temperatures can therefore also depend on the alkali content of the respective glasses.
- the invention provides an apparatus and a method in which the current density on the surface of the melt contact material can be kept particularly low, so that the melt contact material heats up little.
- the total surface, consisting of the electrode and container surface is not increased in the electrode according to the invention, since the electrode occupies part of the container surface.
- the proportion of the surface of the melting vessel that introduces energy into the melt increases.
- the electrode surface had to be enlarged, which resulted in an enlarged total surface, consisting of the electrode and container surface, which in turn leads to increased heat dissipation.
- a device according to the invention for heating is a device according to the invention for heating.
- melting in particular for the high-temperature refining of melts, accordingly comprises
- Recesses. be used in the wall of the melting vessel.
- the arrangement of the electrodes according to the invention and the direct conductive heating of the melt material make it possible to set a temperature gradient at which at least a region of the melt can be kept at a temperature which is significantly higher than the temperature of the surface of the melt contact material, even higher than, for example is the application limit temperature of the melt contact material of the electrodes. In this way, in particular
- the electrode area advantageously takes up more than 5%, preferably more than 10% and particularly preferably more than 15% of the wall area of the melting vessel.
- Such large-area electrodes keep the current density and thus the heating thereof low. It is also a homogeneous Performance is given over the entire melting volume while preventing dead volumes.
- the inventors have recognized that it is possible to set a temperature gradient even in melts with an electrical conductivity of less than 10 "1 ⁇ " 1 cm "1.
- One advantage of the method for example compared to inductive high-frequency heating, is, among other things, that for melts with an electrical conductivity of less than 10 "1 ⁇ " 1 cm "1 a
- High-temperature purification in particular at temperatures of at least regions of the melt above 1600 ° C., preferably above 1700 ° C., can be carried out.
- An advantageous high-temperature purification is described, inter alia, in DE 199.39 771, the disclosure content of which is also made the subject of the present invention in this regard.
- the electrical conductivity of the melt is preferably in a range from 10 "3 to 10 2 ⁇ " 1 cm “1 , particularly preferably in a range from 10 " 2 to 10 1 ⁇ "1 cm -1 .
- the structure of the electrodes can be divided into three groups, with each of the groups performing different tasks.
- the first group consists of the melt contact material and the electrical leads. '
- the task of the melt contact material is to supply the electrical energy to the melt.
- the material is in direct contact with the melt with a surface and must therefore be as inert as possible to the melt. Power can be supplied from the outside using suitable connection lugs.
- the second group includes cooling.
- the main task of cooling is to set certain ones. Temperature profiles in the materials of the electrode construction. The temperature profiles are chosen such that overheating and excessive corrosion of the materials are excluded.
- the electrode advantageously comprises. at least one controllable cooling circuit.
- a preferred construction of the electrode is that the electrode is equipped with a double cooling system for two different cooling media.
- the device for cooling the electrodes can therefore advantageously be at least comprise two cooling circuits which can be regulated or adjusted, in particular independently of one another.
- the cooling circuits can advantageously be designed for two different cooling media, air, aerosols and water being particularly suitable as cooling media.
- Another task of cooling is the leakage protection between cooled walls and cooled electrodes.
- the third group includes the support structure.
- the support structure serves to implement the electrical supply lines, the melt contact material and the cooling in a structure that is appropriate for the electrode function. This primarily includes ensuring the exchange of thermal energies between the cooling and the melt contact material. Suitable materials must be used with regard to thermal and mechanical stability. Among other things, ceramic materials are suitable for this.
- the support structure can consist of one, as well as several different layers or parts around which
- the melt contact material can also comprise a fine-grain stabilized material. These are generally characterized by high strength and good long-term stability.
- Such fine grain stabilized Materials can include, for example, high strength platinum or iridium materials.
- At least one of the electrodes can advantageously also have at least two electrode segments.
- the electrode segments' or electrode units are preferably well insulated from each other and the electrode units or segments are preferably arranged with such a small distance from one another, that the melt can not flow through the spaces between the electrodes.
- the device according to the invention can advantageously also comprise a device for cooling the electrodes, in particular for cooling the melt contact material of the electrodes, in order, for example, to prevent the melt contact material from overheating.
- the cooling is regulated so that overheating of the electrodes is avoided and the cooling capacity can be optimized for minimal heat dissipation.
- the cooling is preferably carried out by passing a cooling fluid, in particular air and / or water, through the electrodes.
- the device according to the invention can advantageously include a fluid delivery device.
- the cooling is particularly preferably carried out by passing a gaseous cooling fluid, such as air, for example, by means of a low-pressure fan.
- the coolant is advantageously passed through the electrodes with a pressure difference of less than 1000 mbar, preferably less than 500 mbar, particularly preferably less than 150 mbar.
- the channels 'line of the cooling fluid in the electrodes are dimensioned to so that a sufficient coolant flow even at such a low, the low pressure blower constructed' is reached pressure difference.
- the device according to the invention also preferably comprises a device for regulating the
- the electrodes integrated in the wall of the melting vessel and the device for regulating the cooling capacity are preferably designed such that the temperature of the melt contact surface of the electrodes is above the. built-in cooling system can be controlled very precisely over a wide temperature range.
- the temperature of the electrodes is controlled so that during the melting process the temperature of the electrodes is always below the temperature at which the electrode material of the
- An essential factor for the heating of the electrode surface and the dissipation of heating power is also the radiation absorption of infrared radiation from the melt. While a temperature increase in the melt relative to the walls of the melting vessel can be achieved by cooling, this is also possible, on the other hand, in that the melting vessel has an infrared-reflecting surface. The heating of the walls is reduced by the infrared reflecting surface. An infrared reflecting surface is accordingly equivalent to cooling the walls in their effect within certain limits. Accordingly, the invention also sees one
- Melting vessel has an at least partially infrared reflecting surface.
- Such a device can also be provided with electrodes for conductive heating.
- other heating methods for example high-frequency heating, can also be used.
- the infrared-reflecting surface can be polished.
- This can also be provided with an infrared-reflecting coating, in particular a gold, platinum, nickel, chrome or Rhodium coating is suitable. With gold-coated walls, for example, the required heating output has already been reduced by up to 20%.
- the infrared-reflecting surface can in particular comprise the surface of the melt contact material of at least two electrodes for conductive heating of the melt, which replace part of the walls. A clear effect is even achieved when only the surface of the melt contact material is infrared-reflective.
- the method according to the invention also has the advantage that the electrodes, preferably cooled, installed in the walls remove significantly less heat from the melt.
- the electrical inverters for frequencies in a range from 50 Hz to 50 kHz have a significantly better efficiency than the inverters for high frequency used conventionally in skull crucibles, which means that they can be operated at a significantly lower cost.
- the wall of the melting vessel is also cooled in at least one area in order to protect the walls from overheating on the one hand and to cause a temperature gradient within the melt on the other hand.
- the device according to the invention therefore comprises as is the case, for example, with skull crucibles, preferably a device for cooling at least one area of the wall of the melting vessel.
- the electrodes which are preferably of large area, are arranged in an electrically insulated manner, so that the current for conductive heating can only flow through the glass melt and not over the walls.
- the electrodes can advantageously comprise plate and / or button and / or stick electrodes. Since the electrodes are also subject to a certain amount of wear even during operation below the temperature range at which decomposition of the electrode occurs, it is furthermore advantageous if the electrodes are exchangeably attached to the device.
- the electrodes are preferably operated with an alternating current of 50 Hz to 50 kHz, particularly preferably from 2 kHz to 10 kHz. Corrosion of the electrodes is largely avoided by the alternating current, since the corrosion decreases with increasing frequency of the current. Accordingly, a device according to the invention can also advantageously be a device for generating alternating current, such as one
- Medium frequency converter or an alternating current generator wherein the alternating current preferably has a frequency in one of the above ranges.
- the cooled, preferably large-area electrodes are integrated into the cooled walls according to the invention so that they themselves have a '
- the total cooling surface of the unit is not increased, so that even with poorly conductive melts the energy input can be kept higher than the energy output.
- the temperature of the walls of the melting vessel and the electrodes is kept below the temperature at which the materials of the walls and electrodes are substantially chemically attacked by the melt.
- the cooled walls in particular made of refractory material, are cooled via cooling systems to such an extent that the chemical attack of the melt on the refractory material can be neglected.
- the convection of the melt increases, and with it the chemical attack on the refractory material.
- the temperature of the walls should be reduced further in order to avoid the increased corrosion of the walls due to the strong convection.
- the electrodes and / or the walls of the melting vessel are largely chemically resistant to the melt, so that the walls are not too wide . must be cooled and the
- Skull walls can also preferably be used as the cooled walls.
- the advantage of the skull walls is that a .Skull layer of the same material is formed on the cooled metallic pipes, which is always reproduced even at high temperatures.
- the skull walls have also proven their worth for melting against. Ceramic refractories are chemically very aggressive. Skull walls draw a lot of heat from the melt despite the thin, heat-insulating skull layer.
- Refractory ceramics can therefore advantageously also be used as material for the walls of the melting vessel, the walls made of refractory ceramics are also preferably cooled.
- the skull walls which preferably comprise cooled metallic pipes, such as copper pipes or steel pipes, on the side facing the melt with an electrically and thermally poorly conductive material, preferably in the form of ceramic plates or slips , in particular Si0 2 slip are lined.
- the heat dissipation can thus be reduced until the electrical energy supply has reached a sufficiently high value at higher melting temperatures.
- the cooled tubes of the skull walls are designed in such a way that they do not release any coloring ions through the skull layer into the melt.
- the metal tubes either consist of platinum or are coated with platinum.
- Metal tubes made of aluminum can be attached to the
- plastic coatings can be chemical. be very resistant and generally do not release any metal ions into the melt, which can cause undesirable colorations in the melted and processed product.
- Suitable resistance bridges must therefore be used in the skull and towards the electrodes so that the current for conductive heating does not flow through the skull, but essentially through the melt.
- the current density at the melt interface has a strong influence on the electrolysis and thus on the corrosion of the electrodes.
- Electrodes are dimensioned so that for a given. , Heating power a current density of 5 A / cm2 is not exceeded.
- melt temperatures especially at melt temperatures above 1700 ° C, a substantial part of the energy in the melt is transported by convection. As the density of the glass decreases with temperature, the hottest zone is usually in the upper part of the
- the electrical conductivity of a melt increases exponentially with increasing temperature. This means that the electrical conductivity is highest in the upper part of the melting unit and the current density on the electrodes is particularly high there. It has been shown in this connection that overloading of the electrodes can be prevented if the electrodes are arranged in the lower part of the melting unit.
- the arrangement of the electrodes in the lower part of the melting unit also has the advantage that a sufficient also in the lower part of the melting unit
- Overloading of the electrodes can also be avoided if the melt contact surfaces of the electrodes are arranged at an angle to one another, the melt contact surfaces straying apart towards the melt surface, so that there is a longer resistance gap between the electrodes in the upper part near the melt surface than in the lower part.
- the higher conductivity due to the higher temperature in the upper region of the melt near the melt bath surface can be at least partially compensated for in order to achieve a homogeneous current density.
- the melting vessel can do this have a truncated pyramidal or frustoconical shape.
- their upper edge can also be rounded off, for example. .
- heating can also take place via more than one pair of electrodes.
- One embodiment of the device therefore provides a plurality of pairs of electrodes and / or a plurality of pairs of electrode segments. These can in particular be operated with several independently controllable heating circuits. For example, two circuits can be operated in a Scott circuit.
- electrode pair is to be understood here in the electrical sense as a pair of poles. Several electrodes and / or several electrode segments can also be put together on an electrical pole or an electrical connection. It is also the arrangement of several pairs of electrodes one above the other on the side walls of the
- the electrode surface can also be increased by working with one or more bottom electrodes and with one or more electrodes in the side walls.
- the Electrode pairs can also be supplied by several current sources.
- a plurality of pairs of electrodes arranged vertically or horizontally next to one another can also be arranged to influence the spatial temperature distribution in a targeted manner.
- the vertical temperature stratification can be set by two independently operated pairs of electrodes and heating circuits so that dead zones of the flow in the lower part of the melting unit are avoided.
- the electrodes can also advantageously be arranged and connected in such a way that the main part of the electrical power preferably drops in the lower region of the melting unit.
- the melting vessel can advantageously have a square or rectangular outline, so that the electrodes can have flat melt contact surfaces.
- the melting vessel can also be made cylindrical with a circular or oval outline.
- the electrodes can also be designed in a ring shape and, for example, occupy a height segment of the wall of the melting vessel.
- the device can also have one or more electrodes arranged at the bottom of the melting vessel.
- An electrode for a melting vessel shaped in this way can also form, for example, a ring segment of the wall of the melting vessel.
- Bottom electrodes can advantageously also be arranged in such a way that there is the possibility of inflow or outflow of melt material on the bottom.
- the melting vessel can also have a polygonal floor plan which, for example, approximates a round or oval floor plan and can be produced in a simple manner from flat wall segments.
- the melting unit according to the invention with the cooled walls and the large-area electrodes integrated therein can be used both for melting and for refining glasses, glass ceramics, ceramics or crystals. It is also possible to connect two of these units in series, for example one for melting and another for refining. Furthermore, the units can be used for both discontinuous and continuous melting.
- the melting down process can be accelerated by bubbling with a gas, for example with oxygen or noble gas.
- the device can advantageously have at least one blowing nozzle or bubbling nozzle preferably arranged at the bottom of the melting vessel.
- the walls of the melting unit consist of skull walls and cooled electrodes, then the upper part of the
- Melting unit for protecting the metal tubes of the skull on the molten bath surface can be designed in the form of a mushroom, as described, for example, in DE 199 39 772.
- At least one outlet nozzle can advantageously be attached to the base of the melting unit.
- the melting unit can be separated into a melting part and a refining part by a bridge made of water-cooled metal pipes.
- the melt must first be heated to a temperature at which the electrical conduction of the melt is high enough so that the melt couples so well for conductive heating, that the injected energy is higher than the energy given off by the cooled walls and electrodes.
- the inventive melting process is based on the conductive heating of the melt, which means that an electrical wire between the electrodes. Melt must be made. It is therefore not sufficient that there is a melting area in the interior of the melt in which the electrical line is high enough. Rather, 5 " the resistance of the melt between the electrodes must be sufficiently reduced at least in one area, or the electrical conductivity of the melt must be increased so far that the applied voltage or current density is sufficient to protect the melt against the heat loss of the walls
- the device according to the invention can also advantageously have a device for additional heating.
- the device for additional heating can be, for example, at least one fossil burner and / or at least one plasma burner and / or
- the melting contact area thereof can remain colder than the inner regions of the melt or the material to be melted, so that the current flow, particularly in the vicinity of the electrode surface, is impeded by this effect. It is therefore advantageous if at least one of the electrodes is one Includes heating device with which the melt material on the electrode surface or the melt contact surface can be heated directly. The electrode can thus be heated independently at least temporarily until, for example, the heating power is sufficiently high due to conductive heating of the melt.
- melt contact material can lead. With direct heating of the electrodes, the melt material can be melted in the area of the melt contact material and thus comes back into electrical contact with the electrode again with the formation of a large-area conductive bridge.
- An ohmic heating device is particularly suitable as the heating device.
- This can preferably comprise a current source which is connected to the melt contact material or a conductive material located underneath and thus drives a current through the melt contact material or the conductive material located below.
- the heating device can alternatively or additionally comprise a device for heating a cooling fluid.
- the electrode can be used with the same Fluid can be both heated and cooled.
- the heating device does not have to be arranged directly below the melt contact surface, but can be attached at almost any suitable location in the cooling fluid circuit.
- the heating device can comprise, for example, an electrical and / or fossil-type heating and / or waste heat heating.
- Preheating by heating the coolant, in particular by means of electrical energy, waste heat or preferably with fossil fuels, is also advantageous, for example, in order to prevent the precipitation of moisture on the electrodes by heating them above the dew point of the upper furnace atmosphere of the melting device.
- Moisture can, for example, arise in larger quantities in the melting device during the start-up of the unit, if the melting material contains fossil burners. is preheated. , ,
- the method according to the invention can advantageously comprise a starting process in which solid melting material located in the melting vessel is melted or poured into the melting vessel in a molten state.
- a start-up of the melt is described below as an example become.
- the invention is not limited to this special starting method.
- the melting unit for example, fragments or batches are placed in the melting unit and melted in the furnace by means of one or more fossil burners, plasma burners or infrared heating until one. sufficient electrical wiring to start direct. electrical heating is given.
- the technical limit represents the maximum voltage that can be provided by a device for generating alternating current, such as a medium frequency converter. In order to allow current to flow with a lower contact resistance, the electrodes can be operated during the start-up process with little or no cooling or resistance-heated.
- the electrodes can also be arranged to be displaceable.
- the electrodes can be pushed together before the strengthening process, so that the volume between the melt contact surfaces is reduced. This smaller melting volume can then easily be brought to a temperature at which the melt has a sufficient conductivity for the conductive heating by the electrodes.
- the electrodes can be pulled apart again into their operating positions during the starting process, the melting volume being increased.
- a heating device With a heating device, the electrodes and / or cooled walls during the start-up process, respectively of the starting process are heated so far that their temperature is above the dew point of the upper furnace atmosphere. This prevents moisture from depositing on the electrodes, which then leads to short circuits as a water film when the electrodes are started up.
- a preheating particularly preferably comprises a cooling water preheating.
- starting electrodes are melted into the melted material
- a melt can first be produced in a small area of the melting unit.
- the starting electrodes can also be moved apart during the starting process, so that the area with molten material to be melted. enlarged. This area of molten material that enlarges during the starting process can then finally come into contact with the actual electrodes or molten areas in the vicinity thereof, which were melted, for example, by means of a heating device for heating the electrodes. In this way, a melting path with sufficient conductivity of the melting material between the electrodes can be achieved, so that the conductive heating of the melt can be started up.
- the electrical conductivity of the melt increases exponentially, and a transformer can be used to switch to a lower voltage, since a high current is required to introduce a high electrical output.
- the output of the furnace heating can be correspondingly reduced with the increasing electrical conductivity of the melt. Since the electrical conductivity of the melts, for example in the case of glass melts, increases very rapidly with temperature, the electrodes can easily burn out. The cooling of the electrodes and the heating power can therefore be precisely controlled depending on the temperature and the composition of the melt.
- the electrodes must not extract too much heat from the melt, and, on the other hand, they must not become so hot that they corrode or even burn out.
- the walls of the melting unit consist of skull walls
- the skull walls can be covered with ceramic materials or with slip.
- the slip can consist of ground quartz, for example.
- remelting from a melt with high electrical conductivity to a melt with low electrical conductivity is also possible for starting up the melting unit or for the starting process.
- the melt temperature can accordingly be above 1650 ° C., preferably above 1750 ° C., in a region which is preferably arranged in the center of the melting vessel.
- melt material is continuously fed to and removed from the melt vessel for continuous processing of the melt material.
- the molten material can also be supplied in molten form via an inlet and can also be discharged in molten form via an outlet.
- Such an embodiment of the method, or a corresponding device is particularly advantageous for the refining of a melt in a continuous production process, since a device designed as a refining unit can simply be connected, for example, to a smelting furnace, the melt being drawn from the unit after the refining becomes.
- the electrodes in the melting unit can also be advantageous to arrange the electrodes in the melting unit so that the electrodes face each other in the direction of flow or perpendicular to them.
- a continuous melt takes place, for example when the device is used as a refining unit with continuous addition and drain, the electrodes can be installed so that the electrical heating current between the electrodes flows substantially along the main flow direction of the melt, or perpendicular to it.
- These two arrangements, or directions of current flow are advantageous, inter alia, in order to promote the formation of suitable convection rollers in the melt, with which the melt material is transported through the melting vessel. It is particularly advantageous to design a convection roller which rotates with the axis of rotation - perpendicular to the main flow direction of the melt.
- a temperature difference of more than 150 ° K, preferably more than 250 ° K, can advantageously be set between the melt contact surface of the electrodes and a region of the melt, essentially centrally between the electrodes.
- a convection roller is started, which conveys the melt material from the inlet to the outlet and guides the melt material through the melting vessel without a short-circuit flow on the surface of the melt pool.
- the melt no longer has to be introduced into the refining unit from below for refining, but can advantageously be introduced into the refining unit via the inlet and outlet from above in the region of the melt pool surface be subtracted again.
- This arrangement is technically much easier to implement than the introduction of the melt from below.
- the invention is more preferred in the following
- Electrode configurations, melting vessel shapes and electrode circuits of various embodiments of the invention are Electrode configurations, melting vessel shapes and electrode circuits of various embodiments of the invention.
- FIGS. 1A to IC show different views of a first embodiment of a device for heating melts according to the invention.
- the device is designated as a whole by 1.
- FIG. 1B shows a view of the device 1 from the view of the arrow B in FIG. 1A.
- Fig. IC - is a plan view seen in the direction of arrow C in Fig. 1B.
- the device 1 comprises a as. Skull crucible melting vessel 3 ..
- the crucible is made of tubes 7 through which coolant is passed during operation of the device for cooling the vessel.
- Copper among other things, is suitable as a material for the pipes due to its good thermal conductivity. However, copper, on the other hand, does not have a particularly high strength, so that tubes made of highly mechanically strong or temperature-resistant metal, in particular those made of high-strength or heat-resistant steel, can also be suitable.
- the walls can also be provided with an infrared-reflecting surface.
- the tubes 7 can be provided with a platinum or gold coating, which in particular can also be polished in order to increase the reflectivity. • Rhodium, chrome, nickel or palladium and their alloys can also be used. be used. , ⁇ .
- a refractory collar 13 is arranged on the crucible in the region of the molten bath surface, which is preferably made of chemically resistant material in order to suppress reactions at the three-phase boundary that occurs at the edge of the molten bath surface to the upper furnace atmosphere.
- This collar can comprise, for example, a melt-cast ceramic material.
- an inlet 9 and an outlet 10 are incorporated with melts 11, via which the. Melting material in the area of the melt pool surface of the Melting vessel is continuously fed and discharged.
- the skull tubes can also protrude from the melt pool surface and, for example, at least in the region of the melt pool surface to increase chemical resistance
- Teflon is particularly suitable as a plastic.
- two electrodes 5 are arranged in corresponding recesses in the side wall 16 of the melting vessel, which have coolant connections 6 as part of a device for cooling the electrodes and via which coolant is conducted through channels in the interior of the electrodes.
- the electrodes 5 replace part of the side wall 16 of the melting vessel 3 with the arrangement according to the invention, the electrodes 5 also being attached opposite one another on the melting vessel. In order to keep the current density in the melt contact material of the electrodes low, the electrodes 5 are held over a large area.
- the electrodes 5 preferably replace at least 15% of the wall area of the melting vessel in the region of the melt.
- a heating current is passed through the electrodes 5, the melt being sent, the electrodes 5 being fixed insulated from the melting vessel 3, so that no current flows over the walls of the melting vessel and the heating power. can mitigate.
- the wall elements of the melting vessel can also be in segments that are isolated from one another.
- the electrodes are further arranged 10 of the melt on the same sides of the apparatus 1 as inlet 9 and outlet, so that the heating current between the electrodes substantially in the direction of the "main flow direction of the melt flows or opposite thereto.
- the electrodes are dimensioned over a large area, so that the current " emerging from the electrodes into the melt does not exceed a current density of 5 A / cm 2 at any point on the melt contact surface.
- the electrodes 5 are used to generate the melt in the melting vessel 3 by means of a device a heating current of alternating current, preferably with an alternating current frequency in a range from 50 Hz to 50 kHz, particularly preferably with an alternating current frequency in a range from 2 kHz to 10 kHz.
- the electrode 5 has electrical leads 52 which are connected to the melt contact material 53 and • to a power supply, preferably one
- Medium frequency converters can be connected for conductive heating of the melt.
- the melt contact material 53 of the electrode 5 has a melt contact surface 51 which is in contact with the melt.
- the support device 54 can be made of refractory ceramic, for example. Besides, that is
- Support device 54 in this embodiment is also provided with holding plates 56, which are used for mounting and fastening serve the electrode 5.
- the holding plates are used to fasten the electrode to the melting unit or the melting vessel, which enables the electrode 5 to be easily replaced.
- the electrode 5 is integrated into a melting or refining unit in such a way that the melting contact surface 51 forms a wall region of the melting vessel.
- the melt contact material 53 is preferably made of refractory metal, such as platinum or a platinum alloy, which shows only a slight tendency below 1600 ° C. to corrosion and migration of .electrode material into the melt.
- a conductive, refractory ceramic such as Sn0 2 ceramic is also suitable for some melts.
- the support device 54 has a multiplicity of connections 6, which are connected to fluid line channels in the interior of the support device 54.
- a first group of connections .61 is connected to a first cooling circuit and a second group 62 of connections is connected to a second cooling circuit.
- the first cooling circuit is preferably air cooling and the second cooling circuit is water cooling.
- the fluid conduit channels of the first cooling circuit inside the support structure 54 are also arranged such that the coolant comes into direct contact with the melt contact material on the opposite side of the melt contact surface 51.
- the cooling capacities of the electrodes can be regulated or adjusted separately by means of these cooling circuits.
- the electrode also has an ohmic heating device.
- This comprises a current source 33 which is connected to the melt contact material 53 via leads 34 is.
- a current can thus be passed through the melt contact material 53, which then heats up.
- Cross-current flow to the melt contact material 53 is particularly advantageous since in this way heating is carried out particularly close to the melt and the heating therefore has only a very low inertia.
- FIGS. 3A to 3F show schematic representations of possible electrode configurations, melting vessel shapes and electrode connections of various embodiments of the invention.
- FIG. 3A shows a first embodiment of a device,. which, similar to the embodiment explained with reference to FIGS. 1A to IC, has a melting vessel 3 with an essentially square outline.
- the side walls 16 of the melting vessel are each arranged perpendicular to the ground, so 'that the melting vessel 3 has a rectangular shape.
- the electrodes 501 and 502 are on opposite sides of the melting vessel attached, so that the heating current over the entire width of the melting vessel, the melt between must pass through the electrodes in the melting vessel .3, whereby a uniform distribution of the heating power in the melt is achieved
- the electrodes 501 and '502 connected to the poles of an AC power source 18 as the device for generating alternating current and form an electrode pair.
- the electrodes 501 and 502 are also in the lower part of the
- 3B shows an embodiment of the device with two opposite, obliquely arranged side walls 161 and .162 of the melting vessel.
- the electrodes 501 and. 502 each occupy a flat area of these side walls. Due to the oblique arrangement of the electrodes relative to one another, the current travels a greater distance in the upper region of the melting vessel, where the melt has a higher temperature and associated better conductivity. In this way it is achieved that the ohmic resistances along the different paths are at least partially matched to one another, which leads to a more homogeneous one
- 3C shows an embodiment of the device 1 with a plurality of electrode pairs. Two of the electrodes each
- the electrodes 501 and 502 are connected to the
- the electrode configuration of this embodiment is particularly suitable for heating melts with high electrical conductivity, since the independent operation of a plurality of electrode pairs effectively increases the electrode area and thus high current densities. the melt to achieve sufficient heating outputs. let achieve.
- the pairs of electrodes must be arranged in such a way that a shunt via electrically conductive wall elements, in particular melt vessel parts or electrodes, is avoided.
- 3D shows a further embodiment of the device with a plurality of electrode pairs.
- the electrodes here are not arranged next to one another, but rather one above the other.
- the two electrodes 501 and 502 form a pair of electrodes which are supplied by the AC power source 18 and closer to the surface of the molten pool above that of the AC power source
- FIG. 3E shows an embodiment with an annular electrode 501 and a second electrode 502 in the form of a bottom electrode.
- the electrode 501 takes an annular region of the side wall 16 of the cylindrical melting vessel 3 with a circular or. oval floor plan. Instead of the circular or oval plan shown, it can also have the shape of a polygon.
- the other embodiments shown as examples can also have one or more bottom electrodes.
- Such bottom electrodes are advantageous among other things for targeted.
- Heating output in the lower area of the melting vessel ensures optimal volume utilization or avoids dead volumes.
- the embodiment of the device shown in FIG. 3F also comprises a cylindrical melting vessel 3 with a circular or oval outline.
- the electrodes 501 and 502 are arranged in the cylindrical side wall and each form
- a cylindrical melting vessel as shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 3E and 3F, has a smaller surface area of the inner wall than cuboid melting vessels, which leads to the derivation of
- FIG. 4 shows a further embodiment of the device 1 according to the invention, which is designed in particular as a continuous melting unit.
- the melting vessel 3 is preferably designed as a skull crucible.
- the electrodes 5 are arranged on opposite sides of the melting vessel 3 and form flat regions of the side wall 16.
- a cover 27 is arranged in which there is an insert 30 for the addition of melting material.
- the melt is removed via an outlet 10.
- a gas burner is arranged in the outlet, which prevents the melt from cooling when being discharged through the outlet.
- a ⁇ cooled bridge 26 is also arranged so that it dips into the melt 22 from above through the melt pool surface 24. This avoids that melting material which has not yet melted can get directly into the outlet 10, but rather remains in the melting vessel 3 for a sufficiently long time.
- a gas burner is also arranged in the upper furnace above the molten bath surface 24, with which the melt 22 can be preheated to a sufficient temperature, for example when starting up, until it has a conductivity sufficient for conductive heating.
- Skull walls and the electrodes 5 result in a temperature gradient within the melt from the central area to the cooled walls. This creates a hot zone 23 in the central region of the melt 22, the temperature of which is caused by the interaction of cooling and
- Heating power can be set so that it more. than 150 ° K, preferably more than 250 ° K higher than that Electrode surfaces. This also creates a strong convection flow in the melt with the formation of one or more convection rollers 25. In this way, the melting material is passed through the melting vessel and dead zones in the melt 22 are avoided, in which the melting material remains in the melting vessel for too long.
- the convection can also be assisted by a blowing nozzle 32 .mu.m, through which, for example, oxygen or noble gases can be blown into the melt 22. •
- FIG. 5 shows measured diagrams of temperatures as a function of the heating current.
- Alkaline-free display glass was used as the melting material.
- the curve shown in dotted lines shows the dependence of the temperature in the hot zone 23 of the melt.
- the measurement curve shown with a solid line represents the temperature measurement values on the melt pool surface 24 and the measurement curve shown in dashed lines shows the measurement values on the electrode surface.
- Cooling with two was used for the electrode. Cooling circuits used. For this purpose, one of the cooling circuits was operated with air as the coolant, which was directly connected to a good heat-conductive plate on which the. Melt contact material is arranged, comes into contact.
- the measurement curves show that with the method according to the invention a temperature difference between hot zone 25 and
- Electrode surface of 242 ° C was reached.
- the temperature difference can also be increased, inter alia, by adding water to the cooling air to form an aerosol.
- FIGS. 6A to 6c show process steps using schematic cross sections through a melting unit 1 a startup process or commissioning.
- 6A shows the initial state in which the melting vessel 3 of the melting unit 1 is filled with solid melting material 35.
- the melted material 35 can be added, for example, as cullet or batch.
- start electrodes 37 and 39 are inserted into the melt.
- the start electrodes 37 and 39 are connected to a current source or power supply 41.
- a small area of the melting material is now heated, for example on the surface by means of a fossil burner, until its conductivity is sufficient for conductive heating via the starting electrodes.
- the conductive heating then creates a molten area 220 between the electrodes 37 and 39.
- the electrodes 37, 39 can now be slowly moved apart, with the area 220 between them increasing accordingly.
- the electrodes 51 and 52 integrated in the wall of the melting vessel 3 can be preheated. This takes place in each case via a power supply 33 connected to the melt contact material of the electrodes, with which a cross current supply and thus ohmic heating of the melt contact material is carried out.
- the walls of the melting vessel 3 can additionally be lined on the side facing the melt with an electrically and thermally poorly conductive material, for example with ceramic plates or Si0 2 slip.
- melt material is also melted in the area of the electrodes and forms melted areas 221 and 222, respectively. If the starting electrodes have moved so far apart that they come close to the electrodes 51 and 52, the melted areas 221 and 222 finally come into contact with the melted area 220. In this way, a melted
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
- Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
- Glass Melting And Manufacturing (AREA)
- Crucibles And Fluidized-Bed Furnaces (AREA)
- Waste-Gas Treatment And Other Accessory Devices For Furnaces (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2003289901A AU2003289901A1 (en) | 2002-12-03 | 2003-11-27 | Method and device for heating melts |
JP2004556201A JP2006516046A (ja) | 2002-12-03 | 2003-11-27 | 溶融物加熱方法および装置 |
DE10393837T DE10393837B8 (de) | 2002-12-03 | 2003-11-27 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Beheizung von Schmelzen |
US10/537,702 US20060144089A1 (en) | 2002-12-03 | 2003-11-27 | Method and apparatus for heating melts |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10256657 | 2002-12-03 | ||
DE10256657.7 | 2002-12-03 | ||
DE10256594 | 2002-12-04 | ||
DE10256594.5 | 2002-12-04 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004052054A1 true WO2004052054A1 (de) | 2004-06-17 |
Family
ID=32471497
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2003/013353 WO2004052054A1 (de) | 2002-12-03 | 2003-11-27 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur beheizung von schmelzen |
PCT/EP2003/013352 WO2004052053A1 (de) | 2002-12-03 | 2003-11-27 | Heizvorrichtung mit elektrode zur konduktiven beheizung von schmelzen |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2003/013352 WO2004052053A1 (de) | 2002-12-03 | 2003-11-27 | Heizvorrichtung mit elektrode zur konduktiven beheizung von schmelzen |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20060144089A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1568253A1 (de) |
JP (2) | JP2006509179A (de) |
KR (2) | KR101034368B1 (de) |
AU (2) | AU2003288186A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE10393837B8 (de) |
WO (2) | WO2004052054A1 (de) |
Cited By (3)
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DE102006003535A1 (de) * | 2006-01-24 | 2007-08-02 | Schott Ag | Verfahren zur Temperaturbeeinflussung einer Schmelze |
WO2016005681A1 (fr) | 2014-07-08 | 2016-01-14 | Saint-Gobain Isover | Dispositif de fusion du verre comprenant un four, un canal et un barrage |
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- 2003-11-27 AU AU2003288186A patent/AU2003288186A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-11-27 KR KR1020057010203A patent/KR101034368B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-11-27 WO PCT/EP2003/013353 patent/WO2004052054A1/de active Application Filing
- 2003-11-27 JP JP2004556200A patent/JP2006509179A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-11-27 US US10/537,702 patent/US20060144089A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-11-27 EP EP03780073A patent/EP1568253A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-11-27 KR KR1020057010205A patent/KR20050095825A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-11-27 DE DE10393837T patent/DE10393837B8/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-11-27 JP JP2004556201A patent/JP2006516046A/ja active Pending
- 2003-11-27 AU AU2003289901A patent/AU2003289901A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-11-27 WO PCT/EP2003/013352 patent/WO2004052053A1/de active Application Filing
- 2003-11-27 US US10/536,538 patent/US7530238B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007085397A1 (de) * | 2006-01-24 | 2007-08-02 | Schott Ag | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum korrosionsschutz von elektroden bei der temperaturbeeinflussung einer schmelze |
DE102006003535A1 (de) * | 2006-01-24 | 2007-08-02 | Schott Ag | Verfahren zur Temperaturbeeinflussung einer Schmelze |
DE102006003534A1 (de) * | 2006-01-24 | 2007-08-02 | Schott Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Korrosionsschutz von Elektroden bei der Temperaturbeeinflussung einer Schmelze |
WO2007085398A3 (de) * | 2006-01-24 | 2007-10-18 | Schott Ag | Verfahren zur temperaturbeeinflussung einer schmelze |
JP2009523698A (ja) * | 2006-01-24 | 2009-06-25 | ショット アクチエンゲゼルシャフト | 溶融物の温度操作方法 |
US8869564B2 (en) | 2006-01-24 | 2014-10-28 | Schott Ag | Method for temperature manipulation of a melt |
WO2016005681A1 (fr) | 2014-07-08 | 2016-01-14 | Saint-Gobain Isover | Dispositif de fusion du verre comprenant un four, un canal et un barrage |
FR3023550A1 (fr) * | 2014-07-08 | 2016-01-15 | Saint Gobain Isover | Dispositif de fusion du verre comprenant un four, un canal et un barrage |
CN106660854A (zh) * | 2014-07-08 | 2017-05-10 | 圣戈班伊索福公司 | 包括炉、通道和挡板的用于熔化玻璃的装置 |
AU2015287465B2 (en) * | 2014-07-08 | 2019-04-18 | Saint-Gobain Isover | Glass melting device comprising a furnace, a duct and a barrier |
RU2696731C2 (ru) * | 2014-07-08 | 2019-08-05 | Сэн-Гобэн Изовер | Устройство для плавления стекла, включающее печь, канал и перегородку |
CN106660854B (zh) * | 2014-07-08 | 2019-11-26 | 圣戈班伊索福公司 | 包括炉、通道和挡板的用于熔化玻璃的装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2003289901A1 (en) | 2004-06-23 |
US7530238B2 (en) | 2009-05-12 |
DE10393837D2 (de) | 2005-10-13 |
KR20050089810A (ko) | 2005-09-08 |
EP1568253A1 (de) | 2005-08-31 |
DE10393837B8 (de) | 2008-01-10 |
JP2006516046A (ja) | 2006-06-15 |
KR101034368B1 (ko) | 2011-05-16 |
US20060137402A1 (en) | 2006-06-29 |
DE10393837B4 (de) | 2007-09-20 |
KR20050095825A (ko) | 2005-10-04 |
WO2004052053A1 (de) | 2004-06-17 |
AU2003288186A1 (en) | 2004-06-23 |
JP2006509179A (ja) | 2006-03-16 |
US20060144089A1 (en) | 2006-07-06 |
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