WO2004038386A2 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zur bestimmung des luftgehalts, des luftabscheideverhaltens und der oberflächenschaumbildung von ölen - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren zur bestimmung des luftgehalts, des luftabscheideverhaltens und der oberflächenschaumbildung von ölen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004038386A2 WO2004038386A2 PCT/EP2003/011684 EP0311684W WO2004038386A2 WO 2004038386 A2 WO2004038386 A2 WO 2004038386A2 EP 0311684 W EP0311684 W EP 0311684W WO 2004038386 A2 WO2004038386 A2 WO 2004038386A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- air
- differential pressure
- mixer
- measuring
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 125
- 239000012208 gear oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013530 defoamer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- XMTQQYYKAHVGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(3,4-DICHLOROPHENYL)-1,1-DIMETHYLUREA Chemical compound CN(C)C(=O)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 XMTQQYYKAHVGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005293 duran Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010913 used oil Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
- G01N11/02—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material
- G01N11/04—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material through a restricted passage, e.g. tube, aperture
- G01N11/08—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material through a restricted passage, e.g. tube, aperture by measuring pressure required to produce a known flow
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/26—Oils; Viscous liquids; Paints; Inks
- G01N33/28—Oils, i.e. hydrocarbon liquids
- G01N33/2835—Specific substances contained in the oils or fuels
- G01N33/2841—Gas in oils, e.g. hydrogen in insulating oils
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N7/00—Analysing materials by measuring the pressure or volume of a gas or vapour
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
- G01N13/02—Investigating surface tension of liquids
- G01N2013/0241—Investigating surface tension of liquids bubble, pendant drop, sessile drop methods
- G01N2013/025—Measuring foam stability
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/26—Oils; Viscous liquids; Paints; Inks
- G01N33/28—Oils, i.e. hydrocarbon liquids
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for determining the air content, the air separation behavior and the surface foam formation of oils, in particular gear oils, with the features of the preamble of claim 1 and a method for operating a device for determining the air content, the air separation behavior and the surface foam formation of oils. in particular gear oils, with the features of the preambles of claims 11, 12, 13.
- Oil / air dispersions in gear oil lead to reduced efficiency of gearboxes and in extreme cases can lead to oil leaks.
- the ability of the oil to quickly separate the incorporated air is therefore an important quality criterion and measuring systems for determining the air separation behavior (LAV) of oils are therefore of great importance.
- a device for determining the air separation behavior of oils with an air-oil mixer and a differential pressure sensor is known from Castrol.
- the air-oil mixer has a container that can be partially filled with oil and has a glass front with a propeller that is only slightly submerged in the oil.
- the propeller can be raised to 10,000 rpm and swirls the oil.
- Different hydrostatic pressures and the difference between them determine the air content in the oil via two superimposed pressure measuring points.
- a disadvantage of this State of the art is the little practical, high metrological effort, such as precisely manufactured pressure connections and very finely resolved differential pressure transducers, due to the low pressure differences to be resolved.
- the oil rotating in this prior art exerts additional pressure on the measuring points. Thus must the sample after the 'air entry is first brought to rest, resulting in delayed data acquisition.
- Such LAV measuring systems do not fully correlate with the situation in the transmission.
- the object of the invention is to provide a device for determining the air content, the air separation behavior and the surface foam formation of oils, in particular gear oils, with early measurement value acquisition and a practical method for operating a device for determining the air content, the air separation behavior and the surface foam formation of ' Specify oils, especially gear oils, with early data acquisition.
- the solution is achieved with a device for determining the air content, the air separation behavior and the surface foam formation of oils, in particular gear oils, with the features of claim 1 and with a method for operating a device for determining the air content, the air separation behavior and the surface foam formation of oils, in particular of. gear oils, with the features of claims 11, 12 and 13.
- Advantageous embodiments of the invention are shown in the subclaims.
- a device for determining the air content, the air separation behavior and the surface foam formation of oils, in particular gearboxes oil provided with an air-oil mixer and a differential pressure transducer.
- a delivery device is provided, which delivers the oil through pipes of the air-oil mixer.
- a compressed air connection conveys air into the pipes of the air-oil mixer.
- the differential pressure sensor detects differential pressures in the oil via at least two bores on a Venturi tube that are spaced apart from one another in the direction of oil flow. The venturi generates' differential pressures due to change in cross-sectional area that are to the respective density of the oil proportional.
- the density of the oil and thus its air content can be determined from the measured differential pressures.
- the flow rate results from the volume flow set on the conveyor and the cross-sectional conditions in the Venturi tube.
- the device according to the invention results in a substantially larger measuring range for the differential pressure, and the measurement resolution is therefore easier to carry out.
- the change in the density of the oil ie its changing air content and thus the air separation behavior of the oil, can be determined.
- the volume of the surface foam (ml) can be recorded using a collecting container (glass ball).
- the compressed air connection can be controlled, so that the supply of air can be switched off.
- a mixer is provided for the intensive turbulent mixing of the air with the oil in the pipes.
- At least one separator in the form of a volume vessel is provided in the pipelines, so that larger air bubbles can be separated in the venturi tube in front of the measuring section when the air supply is open and there is a large excess of air of approx , Large air bubbles with a ⁇ > 4 mm in particular could otherwise falsify the measured differential pressure if, for. B. an air bubble would just pass through the measuring parts in the Venturi tube and there would be dispersion at the measuring point in front of it, which would lead to large differential pressures and could prevent stable measured values in the long run.
- the separator has a diameter of approximately 20 mm or preferably approximately 30 mm.
- the air-oil mixer is provided with a collecting container for surface foam.
- a temperature for different test temperatures There is a removable container with an aluminum plate on the front and the air-oil mixer and the pipes can be arranged with the venturi tube in the adjustable container so that the measuring circuit can be tempered using an oil bath.
- a circulating thermostat is provided for the temperature-controllable container, which makes the oil bath in the container heatable to 200 ° C.
- an A / D converter card and a computer are provided and the differential pressure sensor is connected to the computer via the A / D converter card, so that the measurements can be carried out automatically.
- the delivery device is designed as a gear pump with a maximum volume flow of 3 607 ml / min and thermal stability up to 130 ° C.
- ⁇ In accordance with the invention is a method for the determination of the air content at various flow rates with the inventive apparatus characterized by filling of preferably 150 ml of the test oil over the volume of the vessel in the air-oil mixers, turning on a water-jet pump so that oil in hoses or . is sucked in a viewing window above a measuring cell of the differential pressure sensor, preventing the oil in the hoses above the measuring cell from re-heating, switching on the delivery device, filling in further oil to be checked until the pipelines of the air-oil mixer are filled without bubbles, adjusting the Air supply and placing the conveyor direction (e.g. 3 400 ml / min) to maximum flow, pumping over the oil to be tested and measuring the differential pressure after 7 min of air supply.
- the inventive apparatus characterized by filling of preferably 150 ml of the test oil over the volume of the vessel in the air-oil mixers, turning on a water-jet pump so that oil in hoses or . is sucked in
- the method for determining the air separation behavior with the device according to the invention is characterized by filling preferably 150 ml of the oil to be tested via the volume vessel into the air-oil mixer, switching on a water jet pump, so that oil enters the hoses or viewing window above a measuring cell of the differential pressure sensor is sucked, preventing the oil in the hoses or viewing windows above the measuring cell from being re-heaved, switching on the delivery device, filling in more oil to be checked until the pipelines of the air-oil mixer are filled without bubbles, adjusting the delivery device to one determined flow for 7 min with air intake, measuring the differential pressure, stopping the air supply, timing and measuring the respective differential pressure at regular intervals.
- another method for determining the Lucasabscheide s with the inventive apparatus characterized by filling preferably '150 ml of the funnel to be tested oil through the fill in the air-oil mixers, turning on a water-jet pump so that oil, into tubes above a measuring cell of the differential pressure transducer is sucked, preventing the oil from flowing back into the hoses above the measuring cell, switching on the delivery device, filling in more oil to be checked until the pipelines of the air-oil mixer are filled without bubbles, regulating the air supply, if necessary via two needle valves Setting the conveyor to a specific flow for 7 minutes, Measuring the differential pressure, stopping the air supply, timing and measuring the differential pressure at regular intervals.
- the temperature of the oil to be tested is set via the thermostats set about 20 ° C higher; defined for 90 ° C and 130 ° C.
- Fig. 1 is a front view of the device according to the invention.
- Fig. 2 is a diagram with the device according to the invention detected differential pressures for an oil to be tested.
- a device 1 for determining the air separation behavior of gear oils is provided with an air-oil mixer 2 and a differential pressure sensor 3.
- a conveyor 4 is provided as a gear pump with a maximum volume flow of 3 607 ml / min and thermal stability up to 130 ° C., which sucks the oil through pipes 5 of the air-oil mixer 2.
- All metal-made parts of the device 1 are made of V2A stainless steel.
- plastic such as seals, hoses, etc.
- PTFE or FKM is used and for these parts, as in the pump head, the Gear pump, no silicone-containing materials used.
- a compressed air connection 6 feeds air into the pipelines 5 of the air-oil mixer 2 via needle valves (not shown).
- the compressed air connection 6 can be controlled, so that the supply of air can be switched off.
- the differential pressure sensor 3 detects the differential pressures in the oil 2 in the conveying direction of the oil .vonence spaced bores 7, (not shown) 8 on a venturi '9 and via hoses 12, 13.
- a mixer is provided to intensive turbulent mixing of the air with the oil in the pipes 5.
- a separator 15 in the form of a volume vessel is provided in the pipelines 5, so that when the air supply is open and there is a large excess of air of approx. 6 l / min air in 150 ml oil, larger air bubbles can be separated in the Venturi tube 9 in front of the measuring section.
- the separator 15 has a diameter of 30 mm.
- the air-oil mixer 2 is provided with a collecting container 14.
- a temperature-controlled container with a glass or steel plate is provided on the front, and the air-oil mixer 2 and the pipelines 5 are arranged with the Venturi tube 9 in a temperature-controlled container (not shown) in such a way that the measuring circuit via a Oil bath can be tempered in the temperature-controlled container.
- a circulation thermostat is provided for the temperature-controlled container, which makes the oil bath in the container heatable to 200 ° C.
- An A / D converter card (not shown) and a computer 12 are connected to the differential pressure sensor 3 so that the measurements can be carried out automatically.
- Method for operating the device 1 A method for.
- the air content at constant volume flows is determined with the device 1 by pouring 150 ml of the oil to be tested into the air-oil mixer 2 via the volume vessel, switching on a water jet pump (not shown), so that oil enters the hoses or viewing window 12 , 13 is sucked above the differential pressure sensor 3 designed as a measuring cell.
- the backflow of the oil in the hoses 12, 13 is prevented by closing the plug valves.
- the conveyor 4 is switched on, further oil to be tested is filled in until the pipelines of the air-oil mixer are filled without bubbles, the air supply is adjusted and the conveyor is set to 3,400 ml / min. Pumping over the oil to be tested takes 7 minutes and. then the display of the differential device is noted.
- the conveying device 4 sucks the oil to be checked clockwise through the pipelines 5 and can pump with an air intake, so that separate rules for the air supply can be omitted.
- the device 1 Before the measurements are evaluated, the device 1 is preferably to be calibrated with water, with a fitting function which can be applied to the evaluation algorithm being determined with at least two series of measurements. With more the fitting function can be improved as two series of measurements.
- the oil to be tested has to be pumped for 7 minutes at the maximum volume flow to be set with the air supply open and then the first measured value is recorded and then all volume flows to be set must be measured quickly, whereby in addition to the differential pressures, the temperature of the test item Oil is to be absorbed.
- the temperature of the oil to be tested is set using the thermostats in the tank, which are set about 20 ° C higher.
- the oil to be tested is mixed for 7 minutes with the air supply open and then the differential pressure is recorded and the air supply is stopped. Then the timing begins and the differential pressure is recorded at regular intervals.
- Fig. 2 '
- the differential pressures recorded with the device 1 are plotted in an upper row of points for an oil to be tested with defoamer and in a lower row without defoamer.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)
- Nozzles (AREA)
- Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP03758039A EP1554560A2 (de) | 2002-10-26 | 2003-10-22 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur bestimmung des luftgehalts, des luftabscheideverhaltens und der oberflächenschaumbildung von ölen |
US10/532,508 US7395694B2 (en) | 2002-10-26 | 2003-10-22 | System and method for determining an air content, air release ability and for foam forming on oil surfaces |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10249957.8 | 2002-10-26 | ||
DE10249957A DE10249957A1 (de) | 2002-10-26 | 2002-10-26 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Luftgehalts und des Luftabscheideverhaltens von Ölen |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004038386A2 true WO2004038386A2 (de) | 2004-05-06 |
WO2004038386A3 WO2004038386A3 (de) | 2004-07-08 |
Family
ID=32087215
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2003/011684 WO2004038386A2 (de) | 2002-10-26 | 2003-10-22 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur bestimmung des luftgehalts, des luftabscheideverhaltens und der oberflächenschaumbildung von ölen |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7395694B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1554560A2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE10249957A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2004038386A2 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007054146A1 (de) * | 2005-11-07 | 2007-05-18 | Hydac Filtertechnik Gmbh | Vorrichtung zum ermitteln der filtrierbarkeit von fluiden, insbesondere von getriebeölen |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10241103B2 (en) * | 2016-05-16 | 2019-03-26 | Ayalytical Instruments, Inc. | Foam testing apparatus |
CN107449693B (zh) * | 2017-09-16 | 2023-12-01 | 中国地质大学(武汉) | 一种基于无间断连续收集计算页岩含气量的装置和方法 |
CN107449641B (zh) * | 2017-09-16 | 2023-12-01 | 中国地质大学(武汉) | 一种无间断连续收集页岩解吸气的装置和方法 |
CN108801900A (zh) * | 2018-06-29 | 2018-11-13 | 中国神华能源股份有限公司 | 弯曲管柱内部泥浆润滑性检测装置及方法 |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2081896A (en) * | 1980-08-06 | 1982-02-24 | Ford Motor Co | Device for measuring the gas content of liquids |
DE3433017A1 (de) * | 1984-09-07 | 1986-03-20 | Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, 8000 München | Vorrichtung zum messen von gasgehalten in fluessigkeiten |
FR2670894A1 (fr) * | 1990-12-21 | 1992-06-26 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede et dispositif de determination du taux de gaz dans un liquide. |
US5965805A (en) * | 1997-09-30 | 1999-10-12 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Apparatus and method for determining the air entrainment characteristics of liquids |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3232097A (en) * | 1963-03-22 | 1966-02-01 | Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc | Fuel monitoring and control system |
DE2551260A1 (de) * | 1975-11-14 | 1977-05-18 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur pruefung der schaumstabilitaet |
DE4036344C2 (de) * | 1990-11-15 | 1997-11-20 | Gebhard Dipl Ing Schramm | Meßverfahren und Meßinstrument zur Bestimmung des Schaumbildungs- und -zerfallverhaltens von Flüssigkeiten |
FR2677768B1 (fr) * | 1991-06-11 | 1994-08-05 | Agronomique Inst Nat Rech | Dispositif de caracterisation des proprietes moussantes d'un produit au moins partiellement soluble. |
GB9113067D0 (en) * | 1991-06-18 | 1991-08-07 | Nat Grid Company The Public Li | Determining the volume of gases in transformer cooling oil |
US5406828A (en) * | 1993-11-16 | 1995-04-18 | Yellowstone Environmental Science, Inc. | Method and apparatus for pressure and level transmission and sensing |
US5423226A (en) * | 1993-11-16 | 1995-06-13 | Yellowstone Environmental Science, Inc. | Flow measurement system |
US5375459A (en) * | 1993-12-13 | 1994-12-27 | Henkel Corporation | Defoamer testing apparatus |
JP3262682B2 (ja) * | 1994-11-14 | 2002-03-04 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 空燃比センサ特性解析装置 |
DE19740095C2 (de) * | 1997-09-12 | 2000-06-08 | Cognis Deutschland Gmbh | Verfahren zum Bestimmen der Schaumeigenschaften von Tensiden |
EP1073885B1 (de) * | 1998-04-23 | 2002-03-06 | Lattice Intellectual Property Limited | Messung eines gasmassenbruchteils |
DE19949922C1 (de) * | 1999-10-16 | 2001-05-31 | Sita Messtechnik Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Messen der Schaumeigenschaften von Flüssigkeiten |
-
2002
- 2002-10-26 DE DE10249957A patent/DE10249957A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-10-22 EP EP03758039A patent/EP1554560A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-10-22 WO PCT/EP2003/011684 patent/WO2004038386A2/de active Application Filing
- 2003-10-22 US US10/532,508 patent/US7395694B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2081896A (en) * | 1980-08-06 | 1982-02-24 | Ford Motor Co | Device for measuring the gas content of liquids |
DE3433017A1 (de) * | 1984-09-07 | 1986-03-20 | Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, 8000 München | Vorrichtung zum messen von gasgehalten in fluessigkeiten |
FR2670894A1 (fr) * | 1990-12-21 | 1992-06-26 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede et dispositif de determination du taux de gaz dans un liquide. |
US5965805A (en) * | 1997-09-30 | 1999-10-12 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Apparatus and method for determining the air entrainment characteristics of liquids |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007054146A1 (de) * | 2005-11-07 | 2007-05-18 | Hydac Filtertechnik Gmbh | Vorrichtung zum ermitteln der filtrierbarkeit von fluiden, insbesondere von getriebeölen |
US7926327B2 (en) | 2005-11-07 | 2011-04-19 | Hydac Filtertechnik Gmbh | Apparatus for determining the filterability of fluids, in particular of transmission oils |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE10249957A1 (de) | 2004-05-06 |
EP1554560A2 (de) | 2005-07-20 |
US20060162430A1 (en) | 2006-07-27 |
WO2004038386A3 (de) | 2004-07-08 |
US7395694B2 (en) | 2008-07-08 |
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