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  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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  • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/50—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/50—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines
  • A61K31/503—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines spiro-condensed
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  • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
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  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/08—Antiepileptics; Anticonvulsants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
  • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/22—Anxiolytics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
  • A61P39/02—Antidotes

Definitions

• the present invention is directed 6i ⁇ -pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazine compounds and method of their use.
• this invention is directed to a method of use of 6H-pyrrolo[3,4- ⁇ i]pyridazine compounds in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
• VGCC voltage gated calcium channels
• VSCC voltage sensitive calcium channels
• VGCC voltage gated calcium channels
• VSCC voltage sensitive calcium channels
• Such VGCC are formed by the asssembly of subunit classes such as alpha 1 and alpha 2.
• One subunit in the alpha 2 class is the ⁇ 2 ⁇ subunit.
• the activity of the calcium channel can be modulated by the activities of the component subunits.
• gabapentin is known to bind with high affinity to the ⁇ 2 ⁇ subunit.
• Four isoforms of this ⁇ 2 ⁇ protein are known and gabapentin binds with high affinity to 2 of these ( 2 ⁇ -l and ⁇ 2 ⁇ -2).
• 6-Methyl-6fl r -pyrrolo[3,4- ⁇ i]pyridazine is described in MM.J. Duflos et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 3453-3454(1973). l,4,5,7-tetramethyl ⁇ 6- ⁇ henyl-6#- pyrrolo[3,4-_i]pyridazine, l,4,5-trimethyl-6,7-diphenyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazine, 5,7-dimethyl-l,4,6-triphenyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-(i]pyridazine, 5-methyl-l,4,6,7- tetraphenyl-6i ⁇ -pyrrolo[3,4- ⁇ i] ⁇ yridazine, l,4-bis-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5,7-dimethyl-6- phenyl-6i ⁇ -pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyri
• 5-Cyano-l,4-dimethylpyridazino[4,5- ]indolizine also known as 1,4- dimethyl-2,3,8a-triaza-fluorene-9-carbonitrile
• l,4-dimethyl-6-phenyl-2,3,8a-triaza- fluorene-9-carbonitrile 6-benzolyl-l,4-dimethyl-2,3,8a-triaza-fluorene-9-carbonitrile
• 1,4,6-trimethyl- 2,3,8a-triaza-fluorene-9-carbonitrile are described in K.
• 6-Methyl-l,4-diphenyl-2,3,8a- triaza-fluorene-9-carbonitrile, 6-benzoyl-l ,4-diphenyl-2,3,8a-triaza-fluorene-9- carbonitrile, and l,4,6-triphenyl-2,3,8a-triaza-fluorene-9-carbonitrile are described in K. Matsumoto et al., J. Heterocycl. Chem., 25:1793-1801(1988), K. Matsumoto et al., Heterocycles, 34:2239-2242(1992), K. Matsumoto et al., Heterocycles, 20:1525- 1529(1983), and K.
• 6H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazine compounds that display high-affinity binding - particularly selective binding - to the ⁇ 2 ⁇ subunit of voltage gated calcium channels to provide new medicines in the treatment of neuropathic pain, as well as psychiatric and mood disorders such as, for example, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorders, and panic, as well as in the treatment of pain, Parkinson's disease, cognitive dysfunction, epilepsy, circadian rhythm and sleep disorders - such as shift-work induced sleep disorder and jet-lag, drug addiction, drug abuse, drug withdrawal and other diseases.
• the present invention is directed to a method of use of 6ff-pyrrolo[3,4- cfjpyridazine compounds in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
• the present invention is also directed to the use of 6H-pyrrolo[3,4- ]pyridazine compounds in the treatment of psychiatric and mood disorders such as, for example, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorders, and panic, as well as in the treatment of pain, Parkinson's disease, cognitive dysfunction, epilepsy, circadian rhythm and sleep disorders - such as shift-work induced sleep disorder and jet-lag, drug addiction, drug abuse, drug withdrawal and other diseases.
• the present invention is also directed to novel 6H-pyrrolo[3,4-i]pyridazine compounds that selectively bind to ⁇ 2 ⁇ -l subunit of Ca channels.
• a method of treatment of neuropathic pain, and treatment of psychiatric and mood disorders such as, for example, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorders, and panic, as well as the treatment of pain, Parkinson's disease, cognitive dysfunction, epilepsy, circadian rhythm and sleep disorders - such as shift-work induced sleep disorder and jet-lag, drug addiction, drug abuse, and drug withdrawal of the present invention comprising a step of administering an effective amount of a compound represented by Formula (I):
• R2, R4 R3, and R 5 each independently is -C ⁇ -6alkyl, -
• R6, R7, R8, and R88 each independently is -C ⁇ -6alkyl, -C3. cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl; optionally substituted with 1-5 independent halogen, -CN, -C ⁇ _6alkyl, -O(C0-6al yl), -O(C3-7cycloalkyl), -O(aryl), -N(C 0 -6alkyl)(C 0 - 6alkyl), -N(C ⁇ -6alkyl)(C3_7cycloalkyl), or -N(C ⁇ -6alkyl)(aryl) substituents; and provided that the compound is not selected from the following table:
• the method of this invention administers an effective amount of a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
• R6, R7, R8, and R88 each independently is -Cfj-6alkyl, -C3- 7cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl; optionally substituted with 1-5 independent halogen, -CN, -Ci-6alkyl, -O(C ⁇ -6alkyl), -O(C3-7cycloalkyl), -O(aryl), -N(C 0 -6alkyl)(C ⁇ - 6alkyl), -N(C ⁇ -6alkyl)(C3-7cycloalkyl), or -N(C ⁇ -6alkyl)(aryl) substituents; and provided that the compound is not selected from the following table:
• the method of this invention administers an effective amount of a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
• R6, R7, R8, and R88 each independently is -C ⁇ -6alkyl, -C3-
• the method of this invention administers an effective amount of a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
• R6, R7, R8 ; and R88 each independently is -C ⁇ -6alkyl, -C3-. 7cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl; optionally substituted with 1-5 independent halogen, -CN, -Ci- ⁇ alkyl, -O(C ⁇ -6alkyl), -O(C 3 -7cycloalkyl), -O(aryl), -N(C ⁇ -6alkyl)(C ⁇ - 6alkyl), -N(C ⁇ -6alkyl)(C3_7cycloalkyl), or -N(C ⁇ -6alkyl)(aryl) substituents; and provided that the compound is not selected from the following table:
• this invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (I):
• N-(l,4,5,7-tetramethyl- ⁇ yrrolo[3,4-t ]pyridazin-6-yl)-benzamide 1 ,4,5,7 -tetramethyl-pyrrolo[3,4-tf]pyridazin-6-ylamine picrate, l,4,5,7-tetramethyl-pyrrolo[3,4-fJpyridazin-6-ylamine, 5,7-dimethyl-6-phenyl-6.r7-pyrrolo[3,4- ⁇ i]pyridazine, 5 ,7-dimethyl-2-phehacyl-6H.-pyrrolo[3 ,4- ]pyridazinium bromide,
• alkyl as well as other groups having the prefix “alk” such as, for example, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and the like, means carbon chains which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof.
• alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and the like.
• alkenyl alkynyl and other like terms include carbon chains containing at least one unsaturated C-C bond.
• cycloalkyl means carbocycles containing no heteroatoms, and includes mono-, bi- and tricyclic saturated carbocycles, as well as fused ring systems.
• fused ring systems can include one ring that is partially or fully unsaturated such as a benzene ring to form fused ring systems such as benzofused carbocycles.
• Cycloalkyl includes such fused ring systems as spirofused ring systems.
• cycloalkyl examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, decahydronaphthalene, adamantane, indanyl, indenyl, fluorenyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphalene and the like.
• cycloalkenyl means carbocycles containing no heteroatoms and at least one non-aromatic C-C double bond, and include mono-, bi- and tricyclic partially saturated carbocycles, as well as benzofused cycloalkenes.
• Examples of cycloalkenyl examples include cyclohexenyl, indenyl, and the like.
• aryl means an aromatic substituent which is a single ring or multiple rings fused together. When formed of multiple rings, at least one of the constituent rings is aromatic.
• the preferred aryl substituents are phenyl and naphthyl groups.
• cycloalkyloxy unless specifically stated otherwise includes a cycloalkyl group connected by a short C ⁇ _2alkyl length to the oxy connecting atom.
• C ⁇ -6alkyl includes alkyls containing 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or no carbon atoms.
• An alkyl with no carbon atoms is a hydrogen atom substituent when the alkyl is a terminal group and is a direct bond when the alkyl is a bridging group.
• hetero unless specifically stated otherwise includes one or more O, S, or N atoms.
• heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl include ring systems that contain one or more O, S, or N atoms in the ring, including mixtures of such atoms.
• the hetero atoms replace ring carbon atoms.
• a heterocycloCsalkyl is a five-member ring containing from 4 to no carbon atoms.
• heteroaryls include pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoqumolinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinoxalinyl, furyl, benzofuryl, dibenzofuryl, thienyl, benzthienyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, and tetrazolyl.
• heterocycloalkyls examples include azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, imidazolinyl, pyrolidin-2-one, piperidin-2-one, and thiomorpholinyl.
• heteroC ⁇ -4alkyl means a heteroalkyl containing 3, 2, 1, or no carbon atoms. However, at least one heteroatom must be present. Thus, as an example, a heteroC ⁇ -4alkyl having no carbon atoms but one N atom would be a -NH- if a bridging group and a -NH2 if a terminal group. Analogous bridging or terminal groups are clear for an O or S heteroatom.
• amine unless specifically stated otherwise includes primary, secondary and tertiary amines substituted with C ⁇ -6 a lkyl.
• carbonyl unless specifically stated otherwise includes a C ⁇ - ⁇ alkyl substituent group when the carbonyl is terminal.
• halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms.
• optionally substituted is intended to include both substituted and unsubstituted.
• optionally substituted aryl could represent a pentafluorophenyl or a phenyl ring.
• optionally substituted multiple moieties such as, for example, alkylaryl are intended to mean that the aryl and the alkyl groups are optionally substituted. If only one of the multiple moieties is optionally substituted then it will be specifically recited such as "an alkylaryl, the aryl optionally substituted with halogen or hydroxyl.”
• Compounds described herein contain one or more double bonds and may thus give rise to cis/trans isomers as well as other conformational isomers.
• the present invention includes all such possible isomers as well as mixtures of such isomers.
• Compounds described herein can contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to diastereomers and optical isomers.
• the present invention includes the use of all such possible diastereomers as well as their racemic mixtures, their substantially pure resolved enantiomers, all possible geometric isomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• the above Formula I is shown without a definitive stereochemistry at certain positions.
• the present invention includes the use of all stereoisomers of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Further, mixtures of stereoisomers as well as isolated specific stereoisomers are also included. During the course of the synthetic procedures used to prepare such compounds, or in using racemization or epimerization procedures known to those skilled in the art, the products of such procedures can be a mixture of stereoisomers.
• salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids.
• the compound used in the present invention is acidic, its corresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases, including inorganic bases and organic bases.
• Salts derived from such inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper (ic and ous), ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganese (ic and ous), potassium, sodium, zinc and the like salts. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts.
• Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as cyclic amines and substituted amines such as naturally occurring and synthesized substituted amines.
• Other pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases from which salts can be formed include ion exchange resins such as, for example, arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2- dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N- ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine,
• the compound used in the present invention is basic, its corresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids.
• acids include, for example, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like.
• compositions used of 2H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridazine compounds of the present invention comprise a compound represented by Formula I (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof) as an active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally other therapeutic ingredients or adjuvants.
• Such additional therapeutic ingredients include, for example, i) opiate agonists or antagonists, ii) calcium channel antagonists, iii) 5HT receptor agonists or antagonists iv) sodium channel antagonists, v) NMD A receptor agonists or antagonists, vi) COX-2 selective inhibitors, vii) NK1 antagonists, viii) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ("NSAID"), ix) GABA-A receptor modulators, x) dopamine agonists or antagonists, xi) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ("SSRI”) and/or selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (“SSNRI”), xii) tricyclic antidepressant drugs, xiv) norepinephrine modulators, xv) L-DOPA, xvi) buspirone, xvii) lithium, xviii) valproate, ixx) neurontin (gabapentin), xx)
• compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
• Creams, ointments, jellies, solutions, or suspensions containing the compound of Formula I can be employed for topical use. Mouth washes and gargles are included within the scope of topical use for the purposes of this invention.
• Dosage levels from about O.OImg kg to about 140mg/kg of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of psychiatric and mood disorders such as, for example, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, panic, bipolar disorders, and circadian disorders, as well as being useful in the treatment of pain which are responsive to calcium channel modulation, or alternatively about 0.5mg to about 7g per patient per day.
• schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, and panic may be effectively treated by the administration of from about O.Olmg to 75mg of the compound per kilogram of body weight per day, or alternatively about 0.5mg to about 3.5g per patient per day. Pain may be effectively treated by the administration of from about O.Olmg to 125mg of the compound per kilogram of body weight per day, or alternatively about 0.5mg to about 5.5g per patient per day.
• the calcium channel modulating compounds of this invention can be administered at prophylactically effective dosage levels to prevent the above-recited conditions.
• the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
• a formulation intended for the oral administration to humans may conveniently contain from about 0.5mg to about 5g of active agent, compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95 percent of the total composition.
• Unit dosage forms will generally contain between from about lmg to about lOOOmg of the active ingredient, typically 25mg, 50mg, lOOmg, 200mg, 300mg, 400mg, 500mg, 600mg, 800mg or lOOOmg.
• the compounds used represented by Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, of this invention can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
• the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral (including intravenous).
• the pharmaceutical compositions used in the present invention can be presented as discrete units suitable for oral administration such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient.
• compositions can be presented as a powder, as granules, as a solution, as a suspension in an aqueous liquid, as a non- aqueous liquid, as an oil-in-water emulsion or as a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
• the compound represented by Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices.
• the compositions may be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy. In general, such methods include a step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier that constitutes one or more necessary ingredients.
• the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both. The product can then be conveniently shaped into the desired presentation.
• compositions used in this invention may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of Formula I.
• the compounds of Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can also be included in pharmaceutical compositions in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds.
• the pharmaceutical carrier employed can be, for example, a solid, liquid, or gas.
• solid carriers include lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid.
• liquid carriers are sugar syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, and water.
• gaseous carriers include carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
• any convenient pharmaceutical media may be employed.
• water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like may be used to form oral liquid preparations such as suspensions, elixirs and solutions; while carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like may be used to form oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets.
• carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like may be used to form oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets.
• tablets and capsules are the preferred oral dosage units whereby solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed.
• tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques
• a tablet containing the composition of this invention may be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients or adjuvants.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• Each tablet preferably contains from about O.lmg to about 500mg of the active ingredient and each cachet or capsule preferably containing from about 0. lmg to about 500mg of the active ingredient.
• a tablet, cachet, or capsule conveniently contains O.lmg, lmg, 5mg, 25mg, 50mg, lOOmg, 200mg, 300mg, 400mg, or 500mg of the active ingredient taken one or two tablets, cachets, or capsules, once, twice, or three times daily.
• Pharmaceutical compositions used in the present invention suitable for parenteral administration may be prepared as solutions or suspensions of the active compounds in water.
• a suitable surfactant can be included such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose.
• Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils. Further, a preservative can be included to prevent the detrimental growth of microorganisms.
• compositions used in the present invention suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions.
• the compositions can be in the form of sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of such sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
• the final injectable form must be sterile and must be effectively fluid for easy syringability.
• the pharmaceutical compositions must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage; thus, preferably should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
• the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g. glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), vegetable oils, and suitable mixtures thereof.
• compositions used in the present invention can be in a form suitable for topical use such as, for example, an aerosol, cream, ointment, lotion, dusting powder, or the like. Further, the compositions can be in a form suitable for use in transdermal devices. These formulations may be prepared, utilizing a compound represented by Formula I of this invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, via conventional processing methods. As an example, a cream or ointment is prepared by mixing hydrophilic material and water, together with about 5 wt% to about 10 wt% of the compound, to produce a cream or ointment having a desired consistency. Pharmaceutical compositions used in this invention can be in a form suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid.
• the mixture forms unit dose suppositories.
• Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art.
• the suppositories may be conveniently formed by first admixing the composition with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in moulds.
• the pharmaceutical formulations described above may include, as appropriate, one or more additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
• additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
• additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
• additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
• other adjuvants can be included to render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient
• another aspect of the invention is the treatment in mammals of, for example, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, panic, bipolar disorders, circadian rhythm and sleep disorders, pain, Parkinson's disease, cognitive dysfunction, epilepsy, drug addiction, drug abuse and drug withdrawal - maladies that are amenable to amelioration through modulation of the calcium channel - by the administration of an effective amount of the compounds of this invention.
• mammals includes humans, as well as other animals such as, for example, dogs, cats, horses, pigs, and cattle. Accordingly, it is understood that the treatment of mammals other than humans is the treatment of clinical correlating afflictions to those above recited examples that are human afflictions.
• the compound used in this invention can be utilized in combination with other therapeutic compounds.
• the combinations of the clacium channel modulating compound used in this invention can be advantageously used in combination with i) opiate agonists or antagonists, ii) mGluR5 antagonists, iii) 5HT receptor agonists or antagonists iv) sodium channel antagonists, v) NMDA receptor agonists or antagonists, vi) COX-2 selective inhibitors, vii) NK1 antagonists, viii) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ("NSAID”), ix) GABA-A receptor modulators, x) dopamine agonists or antagonists, xi) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ("SSRI”) and or selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (“SSNRI”), xii) tricyclic antidepressant drugs, xiii) norepinephrine modulators, xiv) L-DOPA
• the membranes were incubated with 7nM [ 3 H]- GABApentin for lh at rt in the absence or the presence of at least 11 concentrations of the compounds to be tested. The non-specific binding was measured in the presence of lOO ⁇ M GABApentin.
• the suspension was filtered onto 96 well Whatmann GF/B filter plate (Packard) and washed 3 times with ice-cold assay buffer.
• the plate was dried and 50 ⁇ L of microscint 20 (Packard) was added in each well. The plate was sealed and was counted using a Packard Topcount. The plate was counted (2min) in normal cpm count mode and transforms in DPM with a constant quench correction.
• Packard microscint 20
• the compounds of this invention displayed efficacy in the above model by IC 5 o values of less than lO ⁇ M.
• the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain was used to assess the effects of test compounds on nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia (S.H. Kim and J.M. Chung, Pain 50:355-363(1992)).
• Rats were tested for tactile allodynia (decreased hindpaw withdrawal threshold to non- noxious punctate stimulation) by applying a series of calibrated von Frey filaments to the plantar aspect of the left hindpaw ipsilateral to the site of nerve injury.
• the mean 50% hindpaw withdrawal threshold (g.) was determined using the Dixon "up-down" non-parametric test (Chaplan et al., J. Neurosci. Methods, 53:55-63(1994)). Rats that displayed a pre-drug withdrawal threshold >4g were not considered allodynic and were excluded from the study. Following determination of pre-drug withdrawal thresholds, rats received either an i.p. or p.o. injection of test compound.
• EXAMPLE 1 produced a 65% effect after i.p. dosing at 30 mg/kg
• EXAMPLE 50 produced a 100% effect after i.p. dosing at 20 mg/kg
• EXAMPLE 115 produced a 60% effect after i.p. dosing at 30 mg/kg i.p.
• Polymorphism may result in isolation of materials with different melting points in some preparations.
• the structure and purity of all final products were assured by at least one of the following techniques: TLC, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry or microanalytical data.
• yields are for illustration only.
• NMR data is in the form of delta ( ⁇ ) values for major diagnostic protons, given in parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) as internal standard, determined at 300MHz, 400MHz or 500MHz using the indicated solvent.
• TMS tetramethylsilane
• Conventional abbreviations used for signal shape are: s. singlet; d. doublet; t. triplet; m. multiplet; br. broad; etc.
• Ar signifies an aromatic signal.
• Chemical symbols have their usual meanings; the following abbreviations are used: v (volume), w (weight), b.p. (boiling point), m.p. (melting point), L (liter(s)), mL (milliliters), g (gram(s)), mg (milligrams(s)), mol (moles), mmol (millimoles), eq (equivalent(s)).
• EXAMPLE 1 2,5-dimethyl-l-(4-ethoxyphenyl) ⁇ yrrole (EXAMPLE 1) (l.Og, 4.7mmol) and toluene (15mL) at 0°C was added dropwise SnCl 4 (4.7mL, 4.7mmol, 1.0M solution in CH 2 C1 2 ) and benzoyl chloride (0.54mL, 4.7mmol). The mixture was warmed to rt and heated at 50°C overnight.
• EXAMPLE 1 2,5-dimethyl-l-(4-ethoxyphenyl) ⁇ yrrole
• Example 65 As outlined in Example 65, l-[4-acetyl-l-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl- phenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-lif-pyrrol-3-yl]-ethanone (20 mg) reacted with l-bromo-2- fluoro ethane (50 ⁇ L), in the presence of K 2 CO 3 powder (50 mg), to afford l- ⁇ 4- acetyl-l-[4-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-2-methyl-phenyl]-2,5-dimethyl-lH-pyrrol-3-yl ⁇ - ethanone: MS (ESI) 332 (M + H) + .
• Example 65 As outlined in Example 65, l-[4-acetyl-l-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-2,5-dimethyl- lJ ⁇ -pyrrol-3-yl]-ethanone (Example 52, 20 mg) reacted with 1-bromo-propane (100 ⁇ L), in the presence of K 2 CO 3 powder (50 mg), to afford l-[4-acetyl-2,5-dimethyl-l- (4- ⁇ ropoxy-phenyl)-l#-pyrcol-3-yl]-ethanone: MS (ESI) 328 (M + H) + .
• Example 65 l-[4-acetyl-l-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-2,5- dimethyl-lH-pyrrol-3-yl]-ethanone (Example 52, 20 mg) reacted with allyl bromide (50 ⁇ L), in the presence of K 2 CO 3 (50 mg), to afford l-[4-acetyl-l-(4-allyloxy- phenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-ltf-py ⁇ ol-3-yl]-ethanone: MS (ESI) 326 (M + H) + .
• Example 65 Utilizing the general procedure outlined in Example 65, l-[4-acetyl-l- (2,4-dihydroxy -phenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-lH-pyrrol-3-yl]-ethanone prepared as in Example 70 (12 mg, 0.4 mmol) reacted with bromoethane (30 ⁇ L, excess), in the presence of K 2 CO 3 (10 mg), to afford l-[4-acetyl-l-(2,4-diethoxy-phenyl)-2,5- dimethyl-lH- ⁇ yrrol-3-yl]-ethanone: MS (ESI) 344 (M + H) + .
• Example 91-367 were synthesized in library mode. l-Chloro-6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)- 4,5,7-trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazine (50 mg per vessel) or l-Chloro-6-(2- methoxy-4-ethoxyphenyl)-4,5,7-trimethyl-6J ⁇ -pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazine (prepared as in example 85 utilizing 2-methoxy-4-ethoxy aniline)(50 mg per vessel), and polystyrene resin-bound N-methylmorpholine (1.1 eq.) were dry loaded into reaction vessels. Amines (2 eq.) in pyridine (1 mL) was added to the vessels.
• Example 104 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 419 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-N-(pyridin-3- ylmethyl)-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 105 476 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 419 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-N-(pyridin-3- ylmethyl)-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 106 4-(2- ⁇ [6-(4-ethoxy-2- 448 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1- yl]amino ⁇ ethyl)phenol
• Example 119 N-(2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden- 458 2-ylmethyl)-6-(4-ethoxy-2- methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 120 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 444 methoxyphenyl)-N-1 H- indazol-6-yl-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 128 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- 444 trimethyl-N-(5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-1 ,8- naphthyridin-2-ylmethyl)- 6H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin- 1 -amine
• Example 129 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 440 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-N-[2-(tetrahydro-
• Example 133 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 432 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-N-(3- methylbenzyl)-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-1 - amine
• Example 134 6-(4-ethoxy-2- methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-N-(spiro[2.5]oct-
• Example 138 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 439 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-N-[(1- methylpjperidin-4- yl)methyl]-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 139 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 487 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-N-(1- phenylpiperidin-4-yl)-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-1 - amine
• Example 141 1-(4- ⁇ [6-(4-ethoxy-2- 502 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1- yl]amino ⁇ phenyl)-3- methylimidazolidin-2-one
• Example 143 N-(2-ethoxybenzyl)-6-(4- 462 ethoxy-2-methoxyphenyl)- 4,5,7-trimethyl-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-1 - amine
• Example 144 4-[6-(4-ethoxy-2- 460 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -yl]-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-1 ,4- benzoxazepine
• Example 150 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 475 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-N-(2-methyl-1 ,3- benzothiazol-5-yl)-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-1 - amine
• Example 158 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 462 methoxyphenyl)-N-(3- isopropoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 159 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 385 methoxyphenyl)-N-(2- methoxyethyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 168 7-chloro-4-[6-(4-ethoxy-2- 494 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -yl]-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-1 ,4- benzoxazepine
• Example 169 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 462 methoxyphenyl)-N-[2-(4- methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-
• Example 173 N-cyclopropyl-6-(4-ethoxy- 367 2-methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 174 (3aR,9bR)-2-[6-(4-ethoxy- 484
• Example 186 1-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1 ,4- 531 benzodioxin-5- yl)piperazin-1 -yl]-6-(4- ethoxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-
• Example 188 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 432 methoxyphenyl)-N-(4- ethylphenyl)-4,5,7- tri methyl-6H-pyrrolo[3 ,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 189 1-azetidin-1-yl-6-(4- 367 ethoxy-2-methoxyphenyl)- 4,5,7-trimethyl-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazine
• Example 193 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 397 methoxyphenyl)-1 ,5,7- trimethyl-4-morpholin-4-yl- 6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazine
• Example 194 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 500 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-N- ⁇ 2-[4-
• Example200 2-[6-(4-ethoxy-2- 483 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -yl]-2,3,4,9- tetrahydro-1 H-beta- carboline
• Example 207 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-N-1 H- 450 indazol-5-yl-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -aminium chloride
• Example 208 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 507 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-N-[(1 -piperidin-1 ⁇ ylcyclohexyl)methyl]-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-1 - amine
• Example 237 1 -(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1 - 424 yl)-6-(4-ethoxy-2- methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazine
• Example 240 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- 403 trimethyl-N-[(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]- 6H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin- 1 -amine
• Example 241 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- 368 trimethyl-N-(2- methylbutyl)-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-1 - amine
• Example 262 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 384 methoxyphenyl)-N- isobutyl-4,5,7-trimethyl- 6H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin- 1 -amine
• Example 263 1 -[4-(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5- 531 ylmethyl)piperazin-1 -yl]-6-
• Example 266 1 -[4-(4- 507 chlorophenyl)piperazin-1 - yl]-6-(4-ethoxy-2- methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazine
• Example 269 1-[6-(4-ethoxy-2- 556 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -yl]-4-[3-
• Example 286 8-[6-(4-ethoxy-2- 454 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1-yl]-1 ,4-dioxa- 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane
• Example 291 N- ⁇ 1 -[6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)- 409 4,5,7-trimethyl-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-1 - yl]pyrrolidin-3- yljacetamide
• Example 292 6-(4-ethoxy-2- 425 methoxyphenyl)-1 -(4- ethylpiperazin-1 -yl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazine
• Example 296 N'-[6-(4-ethoxy-2- 427 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -yl]-N,N- diethylethane-1 ,2-diamine
• Example 297 1'-[6-(4-ethoxy-2- 479 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1-yl]-1 ,4'- bipiperidine
• Example 301 N-(1 ,3-dihydro-2- 416 benzofuran-5-yl)-6-(4- ethoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 302 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- 428 trimethyl-N-(1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalen-1 - yl)-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 310 N-(2,3- 408 dimethylcyclohexyl)-6-(4- ethoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 311 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-N-(2- 355 methoxyethyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 315 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-N-(4- 404 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 316 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1 ,5,7- 365 trimethyl-4-piperidin-1 -yl- 6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazine
• Example 322 1 -(4-benzylpiperazin-1 -yl)- 457 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazine
• Example 324 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-N- 439 (isoquinolin-8-ylmethyl)- 4,5,7-trimethyl-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-1 ⁇ amine
• Example 325 N-(2-ethoxybenzyl)-6-(4- 432 ethoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 329 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-N-(4- 404 methoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 330 N-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-6- 492 (4-ethoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazin-1 -amine
• Example 334 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1 ,5,7- 434 trimethyl-4-[(1S,5R)-1 ,3,3- trimet ⁇ h ⁇ yl ⁇ -6 n - azabicyclo[3.2.1 ]oct-6-yl] 6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazine
• Example 335 1 '-[6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)- 449 4,5,7-trimethyl-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-1 - yl]-1 ,4'-bipiperidine
• Example 338 1 -[4-(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5- 501 ylmethyl)piperazin-1 -yl]-6- (4-ethoxyphenyl)-4,5,7- trimethyl-6H-pyrrolo[3,4- d]pyridazine
• Example 340 1-[4-(3,4- 471 dimethylphenyl)piperazin- 1 -yl]-6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)- 4,5,7-trimethyl-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazine
• Example 345 1 -(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-l ⁇ 394 yl)-6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)- 4,5,7-trimethyl-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazine
• Example 350 N-benzyl-6-(4- 402 ethoxyphenyl)-N,4,5,7- tetramethyl-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-1 • amine
• Example 351 1- ⁇ 4-[2-(4- 504 chlorophenyl)ethyl]piperidi n-1 -yl ⁇ -6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-
• Example 359 4-[6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)- 394 4,5,7-trimethyl-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-1 ⁇ yl]piperazine-1- carbaldehyde
• Example 360 6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1 ,5,7- trimethyl-4-(4- methylpiperazin-1 -yl)-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazine
• Example 364 1 -[6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)- 4,5,7-trimethyl-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-1 - yl]-N,N-diethylpiperidine-3- carboxamide
• Example 365 N-[6-(4-ethoxyphenyl)- 397 4,5,7-trimethyl-6H- pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-1 - yl]-N-ethyl-N',N'- dimethylethane-1 ,2- diamine
• Acetyl chloride (0.36mL, 5.0mmol) and SnCl 4 (5.0mL of a l.OM solution in CH 2 C1 2 , 5.0mmol) were added dropwise to a stirring solution of l-(p- ethoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-2-phenyl-pyrrole (554mg, 2.0mmol) and toluene (lOmL) at 0°C. The mixture was warmed to rt and then heated at 50°C overnight.

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