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  • H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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  • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10S428/917—Electroluminescent

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a layer arrangement for electro-optical devices which contains an electrophosphorescent material and to electroluminescent arrangements which comprise this layer arrangement.
• Electroluminescent arrangements are versatile, for example in the manufacture of screens or displays. Interest in emissive displays and display devices has increased recently, particularly by using the
• Electrophosphorescence to increase the luminous efficacy see Baldo et al., Appl. Phys. Let, Vol 75, No 1, 4, 1999; WO 00/70 655 A2).
• Triplet-based emission of light is known under the term phosphorescence (WO 00/70 655 A2).
• the advantage of phosphorescence over fluorescence is that the majority of triplet-based excitons, which are formed by recombining holes and electrons in an electroluminescent layer, are available for energy transfer under luminescence.
• a coordinated layer structure of the electroluminescent arrangement is necessary.
• a layer structure is known from WO 00/70 655 A2, but it is still not optimal both with regard to long-term stability and with regard to the external quantum yield.
• a hole injection layer is applied to a substrate that is coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) by means of a vacuum process, ie by vapor deposition of a low molecular weight amine.
• ITO indium tin oxide
• the inherent roughness of the ITO surface is inevitably imaged and maintained on the substrate.
• Roughness in particular, has a very negative effect in the operation of an electroluminescent arrangement, since it leads to voltage peaks which result in faster aging and degradation of the layer structure.
• WO 00/70 655 A2 describes organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) which have a hole conductor layer and an electron transport layer. These layers contain compounds, for example tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq 3 ) ; which can only be applied through a complex and expensive vapor deposition process. The much simpler and established processing from solution using spin coating, casting or inkjet processes would be desirable.
• OLEDs organic light-emitting diodes
• polymer films such as polycarbonate or other transparent polymers are used as transparent substrates for the production of the OLEDs.
• ITO indium tin oxide
• the disadvantage is the excessive roughness of the conductive layer, which can lead to short-circuits during operation and high rejects in production. Due to the manufacturing process, the usual inorganic conductive layers on plastic substrates always have greater roughness than on glass.
• ITO-PET polyethylene terephthalate
• the object of the invention was therefore to develop new layer arrangements which enable the emission of light from excited triplet states and which do not show the disadvantages mentioned.
• a layer of an organic conductive polymer system is applied directly to the already existing conductive layer, for example ITO, of the substrate.
• the conductive polymer system surface roughness of the conductive layer on the substrate, especially on plastic substrates, is compensated for.
• the polymer system may span their cracks. Due to its elasticity and toughness, it ensures that even after handling the layer system according to the invention, any cracks that may be present remain covered with conductive paths and that the surface conductivity is not interrupted.
• the invention relates to a layer arrangement consisting of at least one transparent substrate containing an electrically conductive layer, an electro-optically active layer, and a further substrate containing an electrically conductive layer, at least one of the two electrically conductive substrates additionally being coated with an organic conductive polymer system and the electro-optically active layer contains an electrophosphorescent compound.
• the layer arrangement according to the invention allows light emission in the form of phosphorescence and prevents it by using an electrically conductive one
• TCO layer transparent conductive inorganic layer
• An electro-optically active layer is understood to mean a layer which contains an electro-optical connection, i.e. a compound that emits light when electrons and holes recombine.
• electrophosphorescent compounds are compounds which emit light under the appearance of phosphorescence when the electrons and holes are recombined. These compounds also show the appearance of photoluminescence in the form of phosphorescence when excited with light. In contrast to fluorescence, the excitation states that lead to phosphorescence show a longer lifespan.
• the quantum efficiency of fluorescence is theoretically limited from the outset by the spin statistics (25%
• the electrically conductive layer of the transparent substrate is a transparent conductive inorganic layer, the organic conductive polymer system being applied to this layer.
• a layer of is preferably used as the transparent inorganic conductive layer
• Indium tin oxide is used.
• Suitable electrophosphorescent compounds are known from WO 00/70 655 A2.
• phosphorescent organic iridium or osmium compounds can be used.
• the preferred electrophosphorescent compound is fac-tris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium of the formula (I)
• Unsubstituted fac-tris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium of the formula (I) is particularly preferably used as the electrophosphorescent compound.
• substituents are (-C 8 ) alkyl, halogen, cyano (CN) and CF 3 , where both the phenyl ring and the pyridine ring of the phenylpyridine ligands can carry one or more identical or different substituents and each phenylpyridine ligand is preferably identically substituted.
• the substituents are preferably (C 1 -C 6 ) -alkyl, F or CF 3 , particularly preferably F or CF 3 .
• Iridium complexes of the general formula (JJ) can also be used as the electrophosphorescent compound.
• R x and R y independently represent optionally substituted (CrC 8) -alkyl, optionally substituted (C 6 -C 1 o) aryl or halo-substituted (C 6 -C 10) - aryl.
• R x and R y are preferably independently of one another (-C ⁇ alkyl, phenyl or fluorine-substituted phenyl, in particular for (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl or phenyl.
• An example of a suitable iridium complex of the formula (II) is the compound of the formula (II-a)
• Iridium complexes of the general formula (III) are also an electrophosphorescent compound.
• R v and R w together form an aromatic, sulfur-containing heterocycle having 5 or 6 ring atoms, it being possible for further aromatic rings, preferably C 6 rings, to be fused onto this heterocycle.
• R v and R w together form a thiophene ring.
• Iridium complexes of the general formula (IV) can also be used as the electrophosphorescent compound.
• Phenylpyridine ligand and pyridine-2-carboxylic acid ligand may optionally be substituted.
• suitable substituents are (C 1 -C 8 ) alkyl, halogen, cyano (CN) and CF 3 , both the phenyl ring and the pyridine ring of the phenylpyridine ligands and the pyridine ring of pyridine-2-carboxylic acid - Ligands can carry one or more identical or different substituents and each phenylpyridine ligand is preferably substituted identically.
• the substituents are preferably (CrC 6 ) alkyl, F or CF 3 , particularly preferably F or CF 3 .
• the listed iridium complexes of formulas (I) to (IV) can be prepared in a known manner from suitable iridium compounds, preferably iridium ( ⁇ i) acetylacetonate, by ligand exchange. Some of the ligands are commercially available or can be prepared by customary processes.
• the organic conductive polymer system can e.g. around a system
• the conductive polymer system is understood to mean a system which can contain further constituents in addition to the actual organic conductive polymer. These can include film formers, crosslinkers, thermosolvents,
• the organic conductive polymer is a cationically charged polythiophene composed of structural units of the formula (N)
• N and A ⁇ independently of one another represent optionally substituted (-C -C g) alkyl or together form optionally substituted (Ci -Ci g) alkylene, and
• n an integer from 2 to 10,000, preferably 3 to 5,000, in the presence of polyanions.
• Particularly preferred cationic polythiophenes are composed of structural units of the formula (Na) or (Vb)
• R 1 and R 2 independently of one another for hydrogen, optionally substituted (-C-C] .
• G -alkyl, preferably (C ⁇ -C ⁇ o) - > in particular (C ⁇ -Cö) -alkyl, optionally substituted (C2-Cj 2 ) -alkenyl, preferably (C2-C) - alkenyl, optionally substituted (C -C ⁇ cycloalkyl, preferably cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, optionally substituted (C7-Ci5) aralkyl, preferably phenyl (C ⁇ -C 4 ) alkyl, optionally substituted (Cg- Cio) - aryl, preferably phenyl, ⁇ aphthyl, optionally substituted (C ⁇ -C ⁇ g) alkyloxy, preferably (C 1 -C ⁇ o) alkyloxy, for example methoxy, ethoxy, n- or iso-propoxy, or optionally
• R 3 , R 4 independently of one another for hydrogen, but not both at the same time, preferably with (C ⁇ -C ⁇ g) alkyl substituted with at least one sulfonate group (Ci-Cio) -, in particular (Ci-C ⁇ alkyl, substituted with at least one sulfonate group (C 2 -C 2 ) alkenyl, preferably (C -C 8 ) alkenyl, substituted with at least one sulfonate group (C3-C7 ) -Cycloalkyl, preferably cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, with at least one sulfonate group substituted (C 7 -Ci5) aralkyl, preferably phenyl (C 1 -C 4) alkyl, with at least one sulfonate group substituted (C6-C 1 o) aryl, preferably Phenyl, naphthyl, substituted with at least one sul
• n stands for a number from 2 to 10,000, preferably 3 to 5,000.
• R3, R4 are particularly preferably independently of one another hydrogen, but not both at the same time, or one of the radicals indicated above, the radical being substituted by a sulfonate group.
• Cationic or neutral polyalkylenedioxythiophenes of the formulas (Va-1) and (Vb-1) are particularly preferred.
• (-C-C ⁇ g) alkyloxy preferably (C ⁇ -C ⁇ o) alkyloxy, for example methoxy, ethoxy, n- or iso-propoxy or substituted with at least one sulfonate group (C2-C ⁇ g) alkyloxy esters and
• n is an integer from 2 to 10,000, preferably 3 to 5,000.
• R 5 particularly preferably represents one of the radicals indicated above, the radical being substituted by a sulfonate group.
• n in the formulas mentioned is an integer from 4 to 15.
• polymeric carboxylic acids such as polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, polymaleic acids and polymeric sulfonic acids, such as polystyrene sulfonic acids and polyvinyl sulfonic acids, serve as polyanions.
• polycarbonate and sulfonic acids can also be copolymers of vinylcarbonate and vinyl sulfonic acids with other polymerizable monomers, such as acrylic acid esters and styrene.
• the anion of polystyrene sulfonic acid is particularly preferred as the counter ion.
• the molecular weight of the polyacids providing the polyanions is preferably 1,000 to 2,000,000, particularly preferably 2,000 to 500,000.
• the polyacids or their alkali metal salts are commercially available, for example polystyrene sulfonic acids and polyacrylic acids, or else can be prepared by known processes (see, for example, Houben Weyl , Methods of Organic Chemistry, Vol. E 20 Macromolecular Substances, Part 2,
• the polyalkylenedioxythiophenes carry positive and negative charges in the structural unit.
• the polythiophene dispersion can be applied to the transparent conductive substrate by established, inexpensive methods such as casting, printing, spraying, dipping, flooding or inkjet. No expensive vacuum process is necessary.
• a hole conductor layer containing aromatic amine is applied to the electrically conductive polymer system.
• a list of possible amines is given in EP-A 0 532 798.
• An aromatic amine of the formula (VI) is preferably
• R ⁇ and R ⁇ independently of one another for optionally substituted (Ci-Cio) - alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl-substituted substituted aryl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl and
• R ⁇ independently of one another are preferably (C1-C5) alkyl, in particular methyl, ethyl, n- or isopropyl, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butyl, (-C-C4) alkoxycarbonyl- (-C -C5) alkyl, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxycarbonyl (C ⁇ -C4) alkyl, each optionally substituted by (C1-C4) alkyl and / or (C ⁇ -C4) alkoxy Phenyl- (-C-C) alkyl, naphthyl- (-C-C 4 ) alkyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl or naphthyl.
• C1-C5 alkyl in particular methyl, ethyl, n- or isopropyl, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butyl
• R ⁇ and R ⁇ are particularly preferably independently of one another unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl or phenyl or monosubstituted to triple by methyl, ethyl, n-, iso-propyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- and or iso-propoxy
• R6 preferably represents hydrogen, (Ci-Cg) - alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n- or isopropyl, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butyl, or chlorine.
• the tris-nitrophenyl compound can, for example, be converted into the tris-aminophenyl compound by generally known catalytic hydrogenation, for example in the presence of Raney nickel (Houben-Weyl 4/1 C, 14-102, Ullmann (4 ) .13, 135-148).
• the amino compound is reacted in a generally known manner with substituted halogenobenzenes.
• further hole conductors e.g. in the form of a mixture with the tertiary amino compound, used to build up the electroluminescent element.
• this can be one or more compounds of the formula (VI), which also includes mixtures of isomers, and on the other hand also mixtures of hole-transporting compounds with tertiary amino compounds - with the general formula (VI) - with different structures.
• the compounds can be used in any ratio.
• Examples include:
• X 1 to X 4 independently of one another are H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy.
• the layer arrangement according to the invention preferably additionally comprises an electron transport layer.
• an electron transport layer A large number of compounds which are suitable for use in such a layer are already known.
• Alq 3 is used according to WO 00/70 655 A2.
• This compound is a pigment that, due to its insolubility in common solvents, can only be applied in a vapor deposition process.
• a gallium complex from the group Ga (qa) 2 OR 9 , Ga (qa) 2 OCOR 9 or Ga (qa) 2 -O- Ga (qa) 2 is therefore preferably used to produce the electron transport layer, where
• R 9 represents substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or cycloalkyl and (qa) stands for.
• these gallium compounds can be processed both from solution and by means of vapor deposition.
• Suitable solvents are, for example, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol or iso-propanol.
• R 9 preferably stands for halogen or cyano substituted or unsubstituted, optionally branched alkyl, in particular for halogen or cyano substituted or unsubstituted, optionally branched (C 1 -C 8 ) alkyl, particularly preferably for halogen or cyano substituted or unsubstituted, optionally branched (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl. Fluorine and chlorine are preferred as halogen.
• Gallium compounds of the formulas (VII) to (IX) are particularly preferably used.
• the layer arrangement according to the invention contains a barrier layer between the electro-optically active layer and the electron transport layer.
• the barrier layer preferably contains bathocuproin (X).
• Glass, thin glass (flexible glass) or plastics are suitable as the transparent substrate, which is provided with a conductive layer.
• plastics are: polycarbonates, polyesters, copolycarbonates, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyimide, polyethylene, polypropylene or cyclic polyolefins or cyclic olefin copolymers (COC), hydrogenated styrene polymers or hydrogenated styrene copolymers.
• Preferred polymers are polycarbonates, polyesters, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, cyclic olefin copolymers, hydrogenated styrene polymers and hydrogenated styrene copolymers. From the group of polyesters, PET and PEN (polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthenate) are preferred.
• Suitable polymer substrates are, for example, polyester films, PES films from Sumitomo or polycarbonate films from Bayer AG (Makrofol®).
• These substrates can be made scratch-resistant and / or chemical-resistant with an additional layer, e.g. Mamot® films (Bayer AG).
• polycarbonates From the group of polycarbonates, the poly- or copolycarbonates which contain one of the following segments are particularly suitable:
• the layer arrangement according to the invention can be encapsulated.
• the layer arrangement according to the invention is particularly suitable as an electroluminescent device. Accordingly, electroluminescent devices which contain a layer arrangement according to the invention are also a subject of the invention.
• the layer arrangement according to the invention can be produced, for example, as follows: An organic, electrically conductive polymer is applied in the form of a solution or dispersion to a substrate which has been electrically conductively coated with an indium tin oxide layer (ITO layer). A subsequent tempering process serves to remove the solvent components. The preferably used amines of the formula (VI) are then also applied to the layer of the organic conductive polymer system in the form of a wet coating step. Here, too, there is a tempering step to remove the solvent. A subsequent electro-optically active layer and, if appropriate, a barrier layer are applied by a vapor deposition process.
• ITO layer indium tin oxide layer
• a subsequent electron transport layer made of a gallium complex compound is then preferably applied again from a solution, for example in methanol, to the electro-optically active layer or the barrier layer.
• a solution for example in methanol
• a metal substrate, which serves as the cathode, can then be applied, for example, to produce an electroluminescent arrangement.
• the ITO layer acts as an anode.
• the substrate coated in this way was then dried on a hot plate at 110 ° C. for 5 minutes.
• the layer thickness was 60 nm (determined using Tencor, Alphastep 200).
• Table 1 shows the influence of the Baytron®P solution on the surface roughness of the substrate.
• Substrate roughness r a (nm) a) glass / ITO 2.5 b) glass / ITO / Baytron®P 1.6 c) polyester (PET) / ITO 3.9
• the roughness was determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM).
• the pattern d) shows no visible surface cracks even after repeated mechanical treatment - bending, rolling etc.
• the Baytron®P coated substrates can be used to build electro-optically active devices such as electrophosphorescent displays.

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  • 2002-10-04 DE DE50212080T patent/DE50212080D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2002-10-04 KR KR1020107005934A patent/KR101218962B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2002-10-04 WO PCT/EP2002/011130 patent/WO2003034512A1/de not_active Ceased
  • 2002-10-15 TW TW091123627A patent/TWI242036B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation

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