WO2003027287A1 - Transporteur d'urate specifique du rein et gene associe - Google Patents
Transporteur d'urate specifique du rein et gene associe Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003027287A1 WO2003027287A1 PCT/JP2002/008457 JP0208457W WO03027287A1 WO 2003027287 A1 WO2003027287 A1 WO 2003027287A1 JP 0208457 W JP0208457 W JP 0208457W WO 03027287 A1 WO03027287 A1 WO 03027287A1
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- uric acid
- protein
- gene
- transport
- substance
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
- A61P19/06—Antigout agents, e.g. antihyperuricemic or uricosuric agents
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a gene involved in the transport of uric acid and its analogs in the kidney, or the exchange transport of uric acid and other anions, and the polypeptide encoded by the gene.
- uric acid an organic acid
- uric acid oxidase urilicase
- the action of uric acid oxidase (urilicase) in the liver is further metabolized to allantoin and excreted from the kidneys. Therefore, for other mammals, it is thought that the effect of urinary acid, an intermediate metabolite, on the kinetics of renal dysfunction is small.
- Humans have been suffering from gout caused by hyperuricemia since ancient times, probably because of the loss of the function of Yuricase in the course of its evolution.
- uric acid has been studied by an experimental system using isolated organ perfusion and isolated cell membrane vesicles.
- uric acid has been shown to pass freely through the glomeruli of the kidney, and then to have reabsorption and secretion mechanisms in the proximal tubule.
- it is difficult to analyze the uric acid transport system through the cell membrane in detail using conventional methods, and it has been desired to isolate and analyze the transport system itself.
- uric acid transport in the kidney There are significant species differences in uric acid transport in the kidney, and It is known that there are predominantly reproductive species and resorbable predominant species such as humans and rat dogs. Buyu, a secretory-dominant species, excretes 200-300% of uric acid per unit nephron, while humans, a species with dominant uric acid reabsorption, excrete only about 10% of uric acid per unit nephron. Not performed. It is also known that the response to uric acid excretion enhancers and uric acid excretion inhibitors differs between species having the same dominant uric acid reabsorption. Thus, the uric acid kinetics in the kidney and the response to drugs differ depending on the species, and the bidirectional transport takes place, so the molecular entity of the uric acid transporter is assumed despite its existence. Was not easy to isolate.
- the transporter responsible for uric acid reabsorption is an exchange transporter of uric acid and various anions.
- Pyrazinamide which is currently used as the first-line drug for antituberculosis, has its metabolite, pyrazine sulfonic acid, as an exchange substrate for this exchange transporter, promoting uric acid reabsorption. It has become. It is thought to be the cause of hyperuricemia, which is high in patients receiving antituberculous drugs.
- the transporter responsible for the reabsorption of uric acid in the kidney is thought to play an important role in the pharmacokinetics of uric acid, and by elucidating its molecular entity, a uric acid excretion enhancer It is expected that this will spread to the mechanism of action, elucidation of the cause of renal hypouricemia, and development of new gout remedies.
- uric acid transporter belongs to one of the known transporter families
- uric acid is a dibasic acid having both a pyrimidine structure and an imidazole structure, and is one of organic anions. Therefore, it was predicted that uric acid transpo- sition could be embryologically belonging to 0 AT family.
- 0 AT 4 of the OAT family is located on the tubular side of the kidney and the transporter responsible for uric acid reabsorption is also assumed to be present on the lumen side. It was also expected to be close to four.
- An object of the present invention is to identify and provide a novel uric acid transporter involved in uric acid transport in the kidney—a gene and a urate transporter that is a polypeptide encoded by the gene.
- a novel uric acid transporter involved in uric acid transport in the kidney a gene and a urate transporter that is a polypeptide encoded by the gene.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of Northern blotting analysis of the expression of the UR AT1 gene messenger RNA in human adult and fetal organ tissues.
- FIG. 2 shows the time-dependent results of the uric acid uptake experiment using oocytes injected with cRNA of the URAT1 gene.
- FIG. 3 shows the concentration-dependent results of the uric acid uptake experiment using oocytes injected with cRNA of the URAT1 gene.
- FIG. 4 shows the results of examining the effects of added salts in a uric acid uptake experiment using oocytes injected with cRNA of the URAT1 gene.
- FIG. 5 shows the pH-dependent results of a uric acid uptake experiment using oocytes injected with cRNA of the URAT1 gene.
- FIG. 6 shows the results of preincubation with each organic acid in a uric acid uptake experiment using oocytes injected with cRNA of the URAT1 gene.
- Fig. 7 shows the results of examining the effect of pre-injection of unlabeled lactic acid (lO OmM, lOOnl) in uric acid uptake experiments using oocytes injected with cRNA of the URAT1 gene. Show.
- FIG. 8 shows the results of examining the effects of adding various organic acids or their analogous compounds to the system in a uric acid uptake experiment using oocytes injected with cRNA of the URAT1 gene.
- Fig. 9 shows the results of examining the effects of the addition of probenecid at various concentrations to the system in a uric acid uptake experiment using oocytes injected with cRNA of the URAT1 gene.
- Fig. 11 shows the results of examining the effects of various concentrations of oral sultanate on the system in uric acid uptake experiments using oocytes injected with the URAT1 gene cDNA ⁇ Fig. 11 shows the URAT1 gene in the human genome. The exon-intron structure is shown. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- OAT 2, OAT 3, and OAT 4 were isolated. These have about 40% amino acid sequence homology to each other. Based on these sequences, we searched public information of the Human Genome Project and identified multiple novel gene fragments having homology to ⁇ 1, 2, 3, and 4. We analyzed one of the novel gene fragments that was very close to the OAT4 locus, and identified a possible start codon in it. A specific primer was prepared 5 'upstream of this initiation codon, and this new primer was prepared by the 3, -RACE (3, -rapid amp lificationofc DNA ends) method using messenger RNA from various human tissues. Attempt to isolate genes Was. As a result, a new clone (URAT 1), which had not been reported previously, was identified by the 3'-RACE method using human kidney messenger RNA.
- URAT 1 a new clone (URAT 1), which had not been reported previously, was identified by the 3'-RACE method using human kidney messenger RNA.
- the urate transporter URAT 1 (uratetransorter 1) of the present invention has an ability to transport uric acid and its analogous substances from one to the other via a cell membrane, and further has an exchange transporter using the other anion of the cell membrane as an exchange substrate. (Urate / anionexchanger).
- the protein of the present invention has an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 and, for example, has one or several amino acids deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 Those having an amino acid sequence are mentioned.
- the number of amino acid deletions, substitutions or additions may be such that urate transport activity is not lost, and is usually 1 to about 110, preferably 1 to about 55.
- Such a protein usually has 775%, preferably 990%, amino acid sequence homology to the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the gene isolation by the 3′-RACE method is usually performed by preparing a gene-specific primer rich in guanine or cytosine at about 30 bases upstream of the gene start codon with about 30 bases, and preparing an adapter sequence.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- it can be carried out by using a thermostable polymerase having a higher fidelity.
- the uric acid transporter gene of the present invention can be isolated and obtained by screening a cDNA library prepared using an appropriate mammalian kidney tissue or cell as a gene source. Mammals include non-human animals such as dogs, dogs, horses, goats, sheep, monkeys, monkeys, monkeys, monkeys, rats and mice, as well as humans.
- Screening and isolation of the gene can be suitably performed by homology screening, PCR method and the like.
- the nucleotide sequence of the obtained cDNA is determined by a conventional method, and the translated region is analyzed to determine the protein encoded thereby, that is, the amino acid sequence of ULAT1.
- the fact that the obtained cDNA is the cDNA of a uric acid transporter, ie, that the gene product encoded by the cDNA is a uric acid transporter, can be verified, for example, as follows.
- the resulting U RAT I cDNA can also be expressed by introducing the prepared cRNA (complementary RNA) into oocytes, and its ability to transport (uptake) uric acid into cells is determined by the usual method using uric acid as a substrate. Uptake experiment (S ekine,
- the characteristics of URAT1 such as the characteristics that URAT1 performs time-dependent transport, the substrate selectivity of URAT1, and the PH dependence You can find out.
- a DNA library such as a cDNA library and a genomic DNA library is described in "Molecular Cloning; Sambrook, J., French, E.F. and Maniatis, T .; Published in 1989 from ring Harbor Laboratory Press ”.
- a DNA library such as a cDNA library and a genomic DNA library is described in "Molecular Cloning; Sambrook, J., French, E.F. and Maniatis, T .; Published in 1989 from ring Harbor Laboratory Press ”.
- this may be used.
- the obtained UR AT 1 gene cDNA to screen a genomic DNA library Then, the obtained clone is analyzed. Alternatively, this may be searched using a homology search program based on the information on the result of human genome analysis that has been made public.
- the uric acid transporter (URAT 1) of the present invention can be produced by a gene recombination technique using, for example, cDNA encoding the uric acid transporter.
- DNA such as cDNA
- a urate transporter can be incorporated into an appropriate expression vector, and the resulting recombinant DNA can be introduced into an appropriate host cell.
- expression systems host vector systems
- expression systems for producing polypeptides include, for example, expression systems for bacteria, yeast, insect cells, and mammalian cells. Of these, it is desirable to use insect cells and mammalian cells to obtain functional proteins.
- the DNA encoding the uric acid transporter may be replaced with an appropriate expression vector (eg, retrovirus vector, papilloma virus vector, Insert a suitable promoter in the vaccinia virus vector (SV40 vector, etc.) downstream of an appropriate promoter (eg, SV40 promoter, LTR mouth motor, Eronge-short 1-hyperpromoter, etc.).
- an appropriate expression vector eg, retrovirus vector, papilloma virus vector, Insert a suitable promoter in the vaccinia virus vector (SV40 vector, etc.) downstream of an appropriate promoter (eg, SV40 promoter, LTR mouth motor, Eronge-short 1-hyperpromoter, etc.).
- an appropriate animal cell is transformed with the obtained expression vector, and the transformant is cultured in an appropriate medium to produce a desired polypeptide.
- the mammalian cells used as the host include monkey COS-7 cells, Chinese hamster CHO cells, human HeLa cells, or LLC-PK1 from primary cultured cells derived from kidney tissue, kidney kidney.
- Cell lines such as cells, possum kidney-derived OK cells, and mouse-derived proximal tubule Sl, S2, and S3 cells.
- a cDNA having the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 can be used, and the cDNA is limited to the above-mentioned cDNA.
- one to six codons each encoding one amino acid are known, and the codon to be used may be selected arbitrarily.For example, considering the codon usage of the host used for expression, Highly expressed sequences can be designed.
- DNA having the designed nucleotide sequence can be obtained by chemical synthesis of DNA, fragmentation and binding of the cDNA, partial modification of the nucleotide sequence, and the like.
- Artificial base sequence modification and mutation introduction can be performed by site-specific mu tagenesis using primers consisting of synthetic oligonucleotides encoding the desired alteration.
- rocatl A cad Sci USA Vol. 18, Vol. 56, pp. 566-266, pp. 1984, and the like.
- Nucleotides that octave hybridize to the uric acid transporter gene of the present invention under stringent conditions can be used as a probe for detecting the uric acid transporter gene, and can be used as a probe for detecting the uric acid transporter gene. It can also be used to modulate evening expression, for example, as antisense oligonucleotides, liposomes, and decoys.
- a nucleotide for example, a nucleotide sequence containing a continuous partial sequence of at least 14 bases or a complementary sequence thereof in the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 can be used.
- a longer sequence may be used as the partial sequence, for example, a sequence having 20 bases or more or 30 bases or more.
- an antibody thereof can be obtained using the uric acid transporter of the present invention or a polypeptide having immunological equivalence thereto, and the antibody can be used for detection or purification of the uric acid transporter.
- Antibodies can be produced using the uric acid transporter of the present invention, a fragment thereof, or a synthetic peptide having a partial sequence thereof as an antigen.
- Polyclonal antibodies can be produced by the usual method of inoculating a host animal (for example, rat heron) with an antigen and collecting immune serum.
- Monoclonal antibodies can be produced by the usual hybridoma method. It can be manufactured by the technology of
- the present invention provides a method for screening a substance having a uric acid excretion promoting action.
- the protein of the present invention is for transporting uric acid into cells and is deeply involved in uric acid reabsorption.
- uric acid was added to the system in which the protein of the present invention was expressed, and a screening substance was further added to reduce the uric acid.
- the cells used in this screening system are not limited to the oocytes used in the experiments described below, and various living cells can be used as long as they can express the protein of the present invention. be able to.
- the present invention provides a method for screening a substance having a uric acid excretion regulating action using the protein of the present invention.
- the uric acid excretion regulating action of the present invention has a uric acid excretion promoting action or a uric acid excretion inhibiting action, and is preferably a uric acid excretion promoting action for the treatment and prevention of hyperuricemia and gout.
- the excretion regulating action includes a uric acid excretion promoting action.
- the present invention provides a uric acid excretion regulator screened by the above-mentioned screening method.
- Preferred uric acid excretion regulators include uric acid excretion promoters.
- the uric acid excretion regulator screened by the method of the present invention can regulate the uptake of uric acid by uric acid transporters involved in uric acid transport in the kidney and the like, and thus reabsorbs uric acid such as hyperuricemia and gout. It can be used as an active ingredient of a medicament for the treatment and prevention of various diseases related to.
- the thus obtained active ingredient can be used as a pharmaceutical composition using a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- a specific primer was prepared using 28 bases 5 ′ upstream of the predicted start codon, and a 3′-RACE (3′—rapid amp lificationofc DNA) using messenger RNA from various human tissues was prepared. ends), we attempted to isolate this novel gene.
- a single clone (URAT 1) was obtained by the 3′-RACE method using human kidney messenger RNA.
- the single band obtained by the PCR method was subcloned into the pCRII-TOPO vector using the TA cloning method, and then the pcDNA3.1 (+) vector as the expression vector was subcloned. Subcloned.
- a novel cDNA (URAT1 cDNA) having uric acid transport activity was obtained (see below for analysis of transport function).
- the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA (URAT1 cDNA) obtained above was determined by an automatic sequencer (manufactured by Applied Biosystems) using a specific primer. (Described in SEQ ID NO: 1)
- URAT 1 The expression of the U RAT1 gene in each human tissue (Northern blotting) was analyzed (Fig. 1).
- URAT 1 the total length of the c DNA was labels with 32 P- d CT P, which is used as a probe, using a filter one of the blotting RNA extracted from various human tissues (Clontech) Haiburidize One shot.
- a strong band was detected in the kidney. Bands were detected in kidney in human fetal tissue.
- Example 2 Analysis of uric acid transporter function
- CRNA RNA complementary to cDNA was prepared in vitro from plasmid containing URAT 1c DNA using T7 RNA polymerase (Sekine, T., etal., J.B.). iol. Chem., Vol. 272, 185 82 6—185 229, 199 7).
- the obtained cRNA was purified according to the method already reported (Sekine, T., etal., J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 272, volume 185-26—1852). 9, p. 9), injected into oocytes of African frog, and an uptake experiment with radiolabeled uric acid was performed on the oocytes.
- oocytes expressing URAT1 showed uptake of [ 14 C] uric acid.
- Oocytes expressing UR AT1 showed a time-dependent uptake of [ 14 C] uric acid. This indicated that URAT1 is a transporter that not only binds uric acid but also transports it into cells.
- U RAT1 is an exchange transporter (exchaganger) between uric acid and monocarboxylic acid.
- Pyrazinamide an antituberculosis drug
- U RAT 1 is an exchange transporter (exchaganger) between uric acid and monocarboxylic acid.
- Pyrazinamide an antituberculosis drug
- U RAT 1 is an exchange transporter (exchaganger) between uric acid and monocarboxylic acid.
- Pyrazinamide an antituberculosis drug
- Pyrazinedicarboxylic acid which has a similar structure to pyrazinecarboxylic acid, showed a slightly weaker inhibitory effect.
- Anionic substances and cationic substances such as tetraaminoethylammonium paraaminohippurate did not show any inhibitory effect (Fig. 8).
- Drugs such as probenecid, benzbromarone, sulfinvirazone, and phenylbutazone, which are used to treat hyperuricemia, significantly inhibited URAT1 uptake of uric acid.
- Oral sultan an antihypertensive agent, is known to promote uric acid excretion, but oral sultan also significantly increases URAT 1 uptake of uric acid, similar to its metabolite EXP-3,174. Was inhibited.
- UR AT 1 is the action point of typical uric acid excretion enhancers currently used in clinical practice.Uric acid uptake in UR AT 1 was measured using various concentrations of probenecid and oral sultan. The inhibitory effect on the action was examined (FIGS. 9 and 10). The IC 50 values were about 50 M and 20 M, respectively.
- the structure of the UR AT1 gene in the human genome was analyzed. Using the homology search program to search for information on the published results of the human genome analysis, the exon-intron structure of the URAT1 gene was revealed. As shown in FIG. 11, the URAT1 gene was composed of 10 exons, and the start codon was in the first exon. Industrial applicability
- kidney-specific uric acid transporter for selectively transporting uric acid according to the present invention and its gene are examined in vitro for the transport of uric acid and uric acid analogs at the site where the transporter is expressed. Enables prediction of the pharmacokinetics of a compound based on Uric acid is a factor closely related to hyperuricemia and gout, and it is thought that the discovery of this transpo- ron will contribute to elucidation of the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia and gout in the future.
- the transposon has a function of reabsorbing uric acid in the kidney, and is considered to contribute to elucidation of the causative gene of renal hypouricemia in which the uric acid reabsorption mechanism is defective. Furthermore, elucidation of a novel compound that suppresses the function of the transporter and a regulatory factor that modulates the expression can contribute to the development of a new therapy for hyperuricemia and gout.
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Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP02758863A EP1428880B1 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-08-22 | Kidney-specific urate transporter and gene thereof |
AU2002325545A AU2002325545B2 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-08-22 | Kidney-specific urate transporter and gene thereof |
US10/485,236 US20040265819A1 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-08-22 | Kidney-specific urate transporter and gene thereof |
DE60225699T DE60225699T2 (de) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-08-22 | Nierenspezifischer urattransporter und dessen gen |
CA2456172A CA2456172C (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-08-22 | Kidney-specific urate transporter and uses thereof |
HK04109088A HK1066241A1 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2004-11-18 | Kidney-specific urate transporter and gene thereof |
US11/644,193 US7510847B2 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2006-12-21 | Kidney-specific urate transporter and gene thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2001-290291 | 2001-09-21 | ||
JP2001290291A JP3824899B2 (ja) | 2001-09-21 | 2001-09-21 | 腎臓及び胎盤型尿酸トランスポーターとその遺伝子 |
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US10485236 A-371-Of-International | 2002-08-22 | ||
US11/644,193 Division US7510847B2 (en) | 2001-09-21 | 2006-12-21 | Kidney-specific urate transporter and gene thereof |
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WO2003027287A1 true WO2003027287A1 (fr) | 2003-04-03 |
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PCT/JP2002/008457 WO2003027287A1 (fr) | 2001-09-21 | 2002-08-22 | Transporteur d'urate specifique du rein et gene associe |
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US (2) | US20040265819A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1428880B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3824899B2 (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE389720T1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2002325545B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2456172C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE60225699T2 (ja) |
HK (1) | HK1066241A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2003027287A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (7)
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EP1698348A4 (en) * | 2003-11-14 | 2008-02-27 | Human Cell Systems Inc | CURATIVE OR PREVENTIVE REMEDY FOR VASCULAR DISORDERS AND HYPERTENSION AND SCREENING METHOD THEREOF |
JP4643566B2 (ja) | 2004-03-01 | 2011-03-02 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | N−アシルヒドラゾンのアリル化方法 |
AR051780A1 (es) * | 2004-11-29 | 2007-02-07 | Japan Tobacco Inc | Compuestos en anillo fusionados que contienen nitrogeno y utilizacion de los mismos |
JP5574357B2 (ja) * | 2008-06-04 | 2014-08-20 | ジェイファーマ株式会社 | 腎臓尿酸トランスポーター |
WO2010150525A1 (ja) | 2009-06-22 | 2010-12-29 | 国立大学法人東京大学 | 尿酸トランスポーター、並びに、尿酸輸送関連疾患素因及び炎症関連疾患素因の評価方法及び評価キット、検査体及び薬 |
CN104023723B (zh) | 2011-11-03 | 2017-05-31 | 阿迪亚生命科学公司 | 3,4‑二取代的吡啶化合物、其使用方法以及包含该化合物的组合物 |
JP6628226B2 (ja) | 2014-01-17 | 2020-01-08 | 洋孝 松尾 | 痛風発症素因の評価方法 |
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US20040034192A1 (en) * | 2000-01-06 | 2004-02-19 | Seishi Kato | Human proteins having hyprophobic domains and dnas encoding these proteins |
AU2001239860A1 (en) * | 2000-02-25 | 2001-09-03 | Incyte Genomics, Inc. | Transporters and ion channels |
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2001
- 2001-09-21 JP JP2001290291A patent/JP3824899B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2002
- 2002-08-22 US US10/485,236 patent/US20040265819A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-08-22 CA CA2456172A patent/CA2456172C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-08-22 AT AT02758863T patent/ATE389720T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-08-22 EP EP02758863A patent/EP1428880B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-08-22 WO PCT/JP2002/008457 patent/WO2003027287A1/ja active IP Right Grant
- 2002-08-22 AU AU2002325545A patent/AU2002325545B2/en not_active Expired
- 2002-08-22 DE DE60225699T patent/DE60225699T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2004
- 2004-11-18 HK HK04109088A patent/HK1066241A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
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2006
- 2006-12-21 US US11/644,193 patent/US7510847B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
DATABASE GENBANK [online] 21 January 2001 (2001-01-21), "NIH-MGC 602107541F1 NCI CGAP Kid14 Mus usculus cDNA clone IMAGE:4235795 5', mRNA sequence", XP002961054, Database accession no. (BF782700) * |
LIPKOWITZ MICHAEL S. ET AL.: "Functional reconstitution, membrane targeting, genomic structure and chromosomal localization of a human urate transporter", THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, vol. 107, no. 9, May 2001 (2001-05-01), pages 1103 - 1115, XP002182345 * |
RACE JOANNE E. ET AL.: "Molecular cloning and characterization of two novel human renal organic anion teansporters (hOAT1 and hOAT3)", BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 255, no. 2, 1999, pages 508 - 514, XP002124962 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US7510847B2 (en) | 2009-03-31 |
CA2456172A1 (en) | 2003-04-03 |
DE60225699T2 (de) | 2009-04-23 |
EP1428880B1 (en) | 2008-03-19 |
CA2456172C (en) | 2011-04-12 |
JP2003093067A (ja) | 2003-04-02 |
JP3824899B2 (ja) | 2006-09-20 |
AU2002325545B2 (en) | 2007-11-01 |
ATE389720T1 (de) | 2008-04-15 |
HK1066241A1 (en) | 2005-03-18 |
EP1428880A1 (en) | 2004-06-16 |
EP1428880A4 (en) | 2005-03-30 |
US20070117162A1 (en) | 2007-05-24 |
DE60225699D1 (de) | 2008-04-30 |
US20040265819A1 (en) | 2004-12-30 |
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