WO2002070444A1 - Procede de production du bisphenol a - Google Patents
Procede de production du bisphenol a Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002070444A1 WO2002070444A1 PCT/JP2002/001535 JP0201535W WO02070444A1 WO 2002070444 A1 WO2002070444 A1 WO 2002070444A1 JP 0201535 W JP0201535 W JP 0201535W WO 02070444 A1 WO02070444 A1 WO 02070444A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- bisphenol
- phenol
- adduct
- solution
- filter
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C37/11—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by reactions increasing the number of carbon atoms
- C07C37/20—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by reactions increasing the number of carbon atoms using aldehydes or ketones
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C37/68—Purification; separation; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation
- C07C37/70—Purification; separation; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation by physical treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C37/68—Purification; separation; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation
- C07C37/70—Purification; separation; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation by physical treatment
- C07C37/82—Purification; separation; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation by physical treatment by solid-liquid treatment; by chemisorption
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C37/68—Purification; separation; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation
- C07C37/70—Purification; separation; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation by physical treatment
- C07C37/84—Purification; separation; Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation by physical treatment by crystallisation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- C07C2531/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- C07C2531/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
- C07C2531/08—Ion-exchange resins
- C07C2531/10—Ion-exchange resins sulfonated
Definitions
- Bisphenol A is known to be an important compound as a raw material for engineering plastics such as polycarbonate resin and polycarbonate resin, or epoxy resin, and the demand for bisphenol A is increasing more and more in recent years. It is in.
- an acid has a catalytic action such as decomposition of bisphenol A into phenol and isopropyl alcohol under high temperature conditions.
- a typical example of the acid is sulfonic acid in the production of bisphenol A using a sulfonic acid type cation exchange resin. This sulfonic acid reacts with iron and bisphenol A at a high temperature of 110 ° C. or more to produce a black solid sulfonic acid-containing heavy substance (hereinafter, may be referred to as an impurity). Generate Especially in the presence of water, the generation of this contaminant is accelerated. In order to improve the hue of the product Bisphenol A, it is necessary to remove these contaminants effectively. In particular, in recent years, as a raw material for polycarbonate resin, which is increasing in demand for optical applications, bisphenol A, which is more colorless and higher in purity than ever, is required.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for efficiently producing high-quality bisphenol A having a good hue by reducing sulfonic acid-containing heavy substances in a product under such circumstances. is there.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies to achieve the above object, and as a result, in a post-treatment step of a reaction mixture obtained by condensing phenol and acetone in the presence of an acid catalyst, bisphenol A and phenol were used. Dissolving the adduct of the present invention using a solution containing phenol, and crystallizing the adduct from the solution; at least one of the steps of separating the adduct is performed by a filter. It has been found that the purpose can be achieved by providing a filtration step. The present invention has been completed based on such findings.
- the present invention comprises the steps of: condensing excess phenol and acetone in the presence of an acidic catalyst to produce bisphenol A; and (A) concentrating a reaction mixture substantially free of the acidic catalyst.
- B a step of crystallizing and separating an adduct of bisphenol A and phenol from the concentrated residual liquid obtained in the above step (A), and
- C a bisphenol A crystallized and separated in the above step (B).
- Dissolving the adduct of phenol and phenol with a phenol-containing solution (D) crystallizing and separating the adduct of bisphenol A and phenol from the solution obtained in step (C) above; After dissolving the adduct using a fuanol-containing solution,
- bisphenol A is produced by condensing excess phenol and acetone in the presence of an acidic catalyst.
- an acid-type ion exchange resin can be used as the acidic catalyst.
- the acid-type ion exchange resin is not particularly limited, and those conventionally used as a catalyst for bisphenol A can be used. From the viewpoint of catalytic activity and the like, in particular, the sulfonic acid-type cation exchange resin is used. Is preferred.
- the sulfonic acid type cation exchange resin is not particularly limited as long as it is a strongly acidic cation exchange resin having a sulfonic acid group, and examples thereof include a sulfonated styrene divinylbenzene copolymer and a sulfonated crosslinked styrene polymer.
- a strongly acidic cation exchange resin having a sulfonic acid group examples thereof include a sulfonated styrene divinylbenzene copolymer and a sulfonated crosslinked styrene polymer.
- Phenolformaldehyde sulfonic acid resin, benzeneformaldehyde monosulfonic acid resin and the like. ⁇ may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- mercaptans are usually used in combination with the acid-type ion exchange resin as a cocatalyst.
- This mercaptan refers to a compound having an SH group in a free form in the molecule, such as an alkyl mercaptan, a substituent such as a carboxyl group, an amino group, or a hydroxyl group.
- Alkyl mercaptans having at least one kind, for example, mercaptocarponic acid, aminoalkanethiol, mercapto alcohol and the like can be used.
- Examples of such mercaptans include alkyl mercaptans such as methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, n-butyl mercaptan, and n-octyl mercaptan, and thiocarbons such as thioglycolic acid and monomercaptopropionic acid. Examples thereof include acids, aminoalkanethiols such as 2-aminoethanethiol, and mercapto alcohols such as mercaptoethanol. Of these, alkyl mercaptans are particularly preferred in terms of their effect as cocatalysts. In addition, these mercaps may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- These mercaps can be immobilized on the acid-type ion-exchange resin to function as a promoter.
- the amount of the mercaptans is generally the raw material of ⁇ Se tons, from 0.1 to 2 0 mole 0/0, preferably, Ru is selected from the range from 1 to 1 0 mol 0/0.
- the proportion of phenol and acetone used. However, it is desirable that the amount of unreacted acetone is as small as possible in view of the ease of purification of the resulting bisphenol A and the economics.Therefore, the phenol should be contained in excess of the stoichiometric amount. It is advantageous to use it. Usually, 3 to 30 moles, preferably 5 to 15 moles of phenol are used per mole of acetone.
- the reaction solvent is generally not required, except that the reaction solution is reacted at a low temperature at which the viscosity of the reaction solution is too high or the solidification makes operation difficult.
- the condensation reaction of phenol and acetate in the present invention may be of a batch type or a continuous type. It is advantageous to use a fixed bed continuous reaction system in which the reaction is carried out by continuously supplying (but not immobilizing the acid type ion exchange resin to the acid type ion exchange resin). At this time, one or more reaction towers may be arranged in series, but industrially, two or more reaction towers filled with an acid-type ion exchange resin are connected in series and fixed. It is particularly advantageous to employ a multi-bed continuous reaction system.
- the acetone / phenol molar ratio is usually selected from the range of 1/30 to 13, preferably 1/15 to 15. If the molar ratio is less than 1 Z30, the reaction rate may be too slow. If the molar ratio is greater than 1Z3, the generation of impurities may increase, and the selectivity for bisphenol A tends to decrease.
- the molar ratio of the mercaptans Z-aceton is usually from 0.1 / 100 to 200/100, preferably 1/100. It is selected in the range of 0 to 100/100. If the molar ratio is less than 0.1 / 100, the effect of improving the selectivity of bisphenol A may not be sufficiently exerted.If the molar ratio is greater than 20/100, the amount may be relatively small. The effect is not so much improved.
- the reaction temperature is usually 40 to 150 ° C, preferably 60 to 110 ° C. ° C. If the temperature is lower than 40 ° C, the reaction rate is low, and the viscosity of the reaction liquid is extremely high. In some cases, the reaction liquid may be solidified. If the temperature exceeds 150 ° C, the reaction control becomes difficult, and bisphenol A (p, p'-isomer) selectivity and the acid-type ion exchange resin of the catalyst may decompose or degrade. Furthermore, the raw material mixture LHSV (liquid hourly space velocity) is generally 0. 2 ⁇ 3 0 hr 1, selected preferably 0. 5 ⁇ 1 0 hr- 1 range.
- LHSV liquid hourly space velocity
- the reaction mixture thus obtained is substantially free of an acid-type ion exchange resin, that is, in the case of a batch reaction system, the catalyst is removed by filtration or the like, and the fixed bed continuous reaction is performed.
- post-processing is performed as it is.
- the following steps (A) to (E) are essential, and an adduct of bisphenol A and phenol is dissolved using a phenol-containing solution. At least one of the steps of crystallizing and separating the adduct from the solution is performed by a filtration step using a filter.
- Step (A) is a step of concentrating the reaction mixture substantially containing no acid-type ion exchange resin.
- this concentration step generally, first, unreacted acetone, by-product water, and low-boiling substances such as alkyl mercaptans are removed by vacuum distillation using a distillation column.
- the vacuum distillation is generally carried out under the conditions of a pressure of about 6.5 to 80 kFa and a temperature of about 70 to 180 ° C. At this time, unreacted phenol is azeotroped, and a part thereof is removed out of the distillation tower from the top of the distillation column together with the low-boiling substance.
- the temperature of the heating source used is preferably set to 190 ° C. or lower in order to prevent the thermal decomposition of bisphenol A.
- SUS304, SUS316 and SUS316L are generally used as materials for the equipment.
- the bottom liquid containing bisphenol A and phenol, etc., from which the low-boiling substances have been removed from the reaction mixture is subjected to vacuum distillation to distill off the phenol and to concentrate the bisphenol A.
- concentration conditions There are no particular restrictions on the concentration conditions, but usually conditions of a temperature of about 100 to 170 ° C. and a pressure of about 5 to 70 kPa are employed. If this temperature is lower than 100 ° C., a high vacuum is required, and if it is higher than 170 ° C., extra heat removal is required in the next crystallization step, which is not preferable.
- the concentration of Bisufuyunoru A in the concentrated residual liquid is good Mashiku 2 0-5 0% by weight, more preferably from 2 0-4 0 weight 0/0. This concentration is low recovery of bisphenol A is less than 2 0 weight 0 / o, there is Re emesis to 5 0 exceeds wt%, the slurry one transfer after crystallization becomes difficult.
- the 1: 1 adduct of bisphenol A and phenol (hereinafter sometimes referred to as phenol adduct) is crystallized and separated from the concentrated residue obtained in the step (A). This is the step of performing
- the concentrated residue is cooled to about 40 to 70 ° C., and phenol adduct is crystallized to form a slurry.
- the cooling at this time may be performed using an external heat exchanger, or a vacuum cooling crystallization method in which water is added to the concentrated residual liquid and cooled using the latent heat of evaporation of water under reduced pressure. You may go there.
- this vacuum cooling crystallization method about 3 to 20% by weight of water is added to the concentrated residue, and crystallization is performed at a normal temperature of 40 to 70 ° C. and a pressure of 3 to 13 kPa. Processing is performed.
- Amount of 3 wt% non Mitsurude of the water is not sufficient heat removal capability, dissolution loss of 1 0 wt 0/0 by weight, Bisufu no Le A becomes large, which is undesirable.
- the crystallization temperature is lower than 40 ° C, the viscosity of the crystallization liquid may increase or solidify, and if the crystallization temperature exceeds 70 ° C, bisphenol A conversion may occur. Dissolution mouth It becomes undesirably large.
- the slurry containing the phenol adduct thus crystallized is separated into fu ⁇ ol adduct and a crystallization mother liquor containing a reaction by-product by known means such as filtration and centrifugation.
- a part of the crystallized mother liquor may be recycled to the reactor as it is, or a part or all of the mother liquor may be subjected to an alkaline decomposition treatment to recover phenol and isopropenyl phenol.
- a part or all of the compound can be isomerized and recycled as a crystallization raw material. .
- the step (C) is a step of dissolving the phenol derivative crystallized and separated in the step (B) using a phenol-containing solution.
- the phenol-containing solution used in the step (C) is not particularly limited.
- the recovered phenol obtained in the concentration step in the step (A) and the phenol solution produced in the crystallization / separation step in the step (B) A washing solution of the phenolic product, a mother liquor in the solid-liquid separation of the crystallized phenolic product produced in the steps after the step (C), and a washing solution of the phenolic product can be exemplified.
- step (C) the above-mentioned phenol-containing solution is added to the phenol adduct obtained in the step (B), the mixture is heated to about 80 to 110 ° C, and the phenol adduct is dissolved by heating, and A bisfunol A-containing solution having a preferred bisfunol A concentration for the precipitation operation is prepared.
- the bisphenol A-containing solution prepared in this way has a low viscosity even at a relatively low temperature and is relatively easy to handle.So the solid-liquid separation of the crystallized phenol in the next step is performed by a filter. Suitable for
- the phenol-adduct crystallization / separation operation and the phenol-adduct dissolution operation using a phenol-containing solution in the (D) ′ step are the same as the above-mentioned steps (B) and (C), respectively.
- the step (E) is a step of heating and melting the phenolic product crystallized and separated in the step (D), and then distilling off the phenol.
- the thus obtained bisphenol A in a molten state is formed into droplets by a granulation device such as a spray drier, cooled and solidified to obtain a product.
- the droplets are formed by spraying, spraying, etc., and cooled by nitrogen, air, or the like.
- the crystallization / separation / dissolution / dissolution / crystallization / separation operation is performed one or more times between the step (C) and the step (D) or in the step (D), the dissolution operation is performed.
- the bisphenol A-containing solution By filtering the lysate with a filter, impurities contained in the lysate can be removed, and the decomposition of bisphenol A under high temperature conditions in the subsequent step can be prevented. As a result, the production of coloring substances is suppressed, and bisphenol A with improved hue is obtained.
- the material of the filter to be used is not particularly limited, but a commonly used glass fiber filter is preferable because it is easy to handle.
- the filtration accuracy of the filter used (the maximum diameter of impurities that can pass through the filter) differs depending on the particle size and content of the impurities, but is usually 20 m or less. 0; preferably not more than Lim.
- the differential pressure before and after passing through the filter at the beginning of operation is about 0.03 to 0.04 MPa, but the differential pressure increases due to clogging and the like. , 0.10 to 0.20 MFa, the filter element is replaced with a new one.
- sulfone from ion exchange resin reacts with bisphenol A and iron from a reactor or the like to produce black solid sulfonic acid-containing heavy substances (impurities).
- impurities are often generated in the low boiling point removal step and the concentration step, which are performed after the reaction of the reaction solution after condensing the phenol and acetone, and thus the filter is installed in the step after the generation of the contaminants. It is important to perform this step, but it is not preferable to install it in a process where the fluid temperature is high after the formation, because bisphenol A will be decomposed before removing contaminants.
- the mixture was distilled under reduced pressure at 4 kPa to distill off the phenol, and concentrated until the bisphenol A concentration became 40% by weight to obtain a phenol'bisphenol A solution.
- the obtained slurry solution was subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain bisphenol A • phenol adduct.
- this solution was filtered through a glass fiber filter [glass fiber filter manufactured by Loki Techno Co., Ltd., filtration accuracy: 10 jLdm], followed by the same vacuum cooling crystallization and solid-liquid separation to obtain bisphenol A • phenol adduct. Obtained.
- this adduct was washed with purified phenol to obtain a bisphenol A / phenol adduct crystal. This adduct crystal was heated and melted at 130 ° C., and then phenol was removed to obtain bisphenol A.
- the above bisphenol A is heated at 220 ° C for 40 minutes in an air atmosphere.
- the hue was visually evaluated using the APHA standard color and found to be APHA 15.
- Example 1 the reaction product solution was filtered through a glass fiber filter (described above), and crystallization was performed by adding a phenol to the separated bisphenol A • phenol adduct and then dissolving the solution using a filter.
- Bisphenol A was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the reaction was not carried out.
- the hue of this bisphenol A was AF HA40.
- Example 1 acetone tons, such as to remove water, (supra) glass fiber filters one at the resulting phenol-bisphenol A solution (Bisufuwenoru A concentration 4 0 by weight 0/6) and concentrated Bisphenol A was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that filtration was further added, and phenol was added to the crystallized and separated phenol adduct, and the filtration of a solution in which the phenol was dissolved was omitted. The hue of this bisphenol A was APHA 30. Industrial applicability
- high-quality bisphenol A having an improved hue can be efficiently produced by reducing sulfonic acid-containing heavy substances in a product.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/258,578 US6686508B2 (en) | 2001-03-05 | 2002-02-21 | Process for producing bisphenol A |
EP02700662A EP1367043A4 (en) | 2001-03-05 | 2002-02-21 | PROCESS FOR PRODUCING BISPHENOL A |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001060201A JP4658355B2 (ja) | 2001-03-05 | 2001-03-05 | ビスフェノールaの製造方法 |
JP2001-60201 | 2001-03-05 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002070444A1 true WO2002070444A1 (fr) | 2002-09-12 |
Family
ID=18919654
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2002/001535 WO2002070444A1 (fr) | 2001-03-05 | 2002-02-21 | Procede de production du bisphenol a |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6686508B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1367043A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4658355B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100843003B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1213978C (ja) |
MY (1) | MY122918A (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI288743B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2002070444A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU2003252295A1 (en) * | 2002-08-28 | 2004-03-19 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Process for producing bisphenol a |
US7598424B2 (en) * | 2003-03-27 | 2009-10-06 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Process for production of bisphenol A |
EP1785188B1 (en) * | 2004-07-02 | 2013-08-07 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Modified ion exchange resin and process for producing bisphenols |
DE102005025788A1 (de) * | 2005-06-04 | 2006-12-07 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von hochreinem Bisphenol A |
CN102304026B (zh) * | 2011-07-04 | 2013-06-19 | 西南石油大学 | 一种脱除双酚a反应液中残留催化剂的方法 |
CN104056490B (zh) * | 2014-07-02 | 2015-12-30 | 南通星辰合成材料有限公司 | 以玻璃纤维过滤实现熔融双酚a造粒喷嘴长周期运行方法 |
WO2018011700A1 (en) | 2016-07-12 | 2018-01-18 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Manufacture of bisphenol a |
EP3487833B1 (en) | 2016-07-22 | 2020-08-26 | SABIC Global Technologies B.V. | Manufacture of bisphenol a |
KR102489404B1 (ko) * | 2019-09-16 | 2023-01-16 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 페놀계 부산물 분해 방법 |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5648561A (en) * | 1993-02-17 | 1997-07-15 | China Petro-Chemical Corporation | Process for the production of high purity and ultrapure bisphenol-A |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2359242A (en) | 1941-08-23 | 1944-09-26 | Dow Chemical Co | Preparation of phenol-ketone condensation products |
US4517387A (en) * | 1982-09-30 | 1985-05-14 | Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd. | Process for production of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane |
US5105026A (en) * | 1990-11-15 | 1992-04-14 | Shell Oil Company | Process for preparing a bisphenol |
PL164289B1 (pl) * | 1990-11-24 | 1994-07-29 | Inst Ciezkiej Syntezy Orga | Sposób otrzymywani blsfenolu A PL PL |
JPH08325184A (ja) * | 1995-05-30 | 1996-12-10 | Mitsubishi Chem Corp | ビスフェノールaの製造方法 |
JP3946845B2 (ja) * | 1997-12-24 | 2007-07-18 | 日本ジーイープラスチックス株式会社 | ビスフェノール類の製造方法およびポリカーボネートの製造方法 |
JP3903634B2 (ja) * | 1999-03-31 | 2007-04-11 | 三菱化学株式会社 | ビスフェノールaの製造方法 |
JP3903644B2 (ja) * | 1999-05-20 | 2007-04-11 | 三菱化学株式会社 | ビスフェノールaの製造方法 |
-
2001
- 2001-03-05 JP JP2001060201A patent/JP4658355B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2002
- 2002-02-21 EP EP02700662A patent/EP1367043A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-02-21 WO PCT/JP2002/001535 patent/WO2002070444A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-02-21 US US10/258,578 patent/US6686508B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-02-21 KR KR1020027014797A patent/KR100843003B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2002-02-21 CN CNB028005279A patent/CN1213978C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-27 TW TW091103662A patent/TWI288743B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-03-01 MY MYPI20020740A patent/MY122918A/en unknown
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5648561A (en) * | 1993-02-17 | 1997-07-15 | China Petro-Chemical Corporation | Process for the production of high purity and ultrapure bisphenol-A |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6686508B2 (en) | 2004-02-03 |
EP1367043A4 (en) | 2005-12-28 |
TWI288743B (en) | 2007-10-21 |
EP1367043A1 (en) | 2003-12-03 |
CN1213978C (zh) | 2005-08-10 |
KR20020097249A (ko) | 2002-12-31 |
KR100843003B1 (ko) | 2008-07-01 |
CN1457334A (zh) | 2003-11-19 |
US20030120120A1 (en) | 2003-06-26 |
JP4658355B2 (ja) | 2011-03-23 |
JP2002255881A (ja) | 2002-09-11 |
MY122918A (en) | 2006-05-31 |
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