Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/004—Surface-active compounds containing F
  • C11D1/006—Surface-active compounds containing fluorine and phosphorus
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82B—NANOSTRUCTURES FORMED BY MANIPULATION OF INDIVIDUAL ATOMS, MOLECULES, OR LIMITED COLLECTIONS OF ATOMS OR MOLECULES AS DISCRETE UNITS; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • B82B3/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures by manipulation of individual atoms or molecules, or limited collections of atoms or molecules as discrete units
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
  • C11D1/34—Derivatives of acids of phosphorus
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D2111/00—Cleaning compositions characterised by the objects to be cleaned; Cleaning compositions characterised by non-standard cleaning or washing processes
  • C11D2111/10—Objects to be cleaned
  • C11D2111/14—Hard surfaces
  • C11D2111/22—Electronic devices, e.g. PCBs or semiconductors
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S438/00—Semiconductor device manufacturing: process
  • Y10S438/906—Cleaning of wafer as interim step

Definitions

• the present invention generally relates to surfactants that exhibit solubility in carbon dioxide, and systems utilizing the same.
• carbon dioxide is often limited in that many materials such as water exhibit limited solubility therein.
• fluorosurfactants have been developed to potentially assist in the dispersion of water in carbon dioxide. See e.g., Harrison, K.; Goveas, J.; Johnston, K. P.; O'Rear, E. A. Langmuir 1994, 10, 3536, Johnston, K. P.; Harrison, K. L.; Clarke, M. J.; Howdle, S. M.; Heitz, M. P.; Bright, F. V.; Carlier, C; Randolph, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 624, Eastoe, J.; Bayazit, Z.; M artel, S.; Steytler, D. C; Hennan, R. K.
• W/C microemulsions containing appreciable water quantities have been achieved ' , allowing for their use in a number of applications such as nanoparticle synthesis, organic reactions, voltammetric measurements, and enzymatic conversions.
• W/C water-in- carbon dioxide
• the invention provides a method of removing water from a first composition of matter.
• the method comprises contacting a first composition of matter comprising water with a second composition of matter comprising: (1 ) at least one surfactant comprising at least one phosphate group and (2) a solvent comprising carbon dioxide, wherein at least a portion of the surfactant is soluble in the solvent, such that the at least one surfactant removes at least a portion of the water from the first composition.
• the invention provides a method of applying a surfactant to a substrate.
• the method comprises providing a composition of matter comprising at least one surfactant comprising (1 ) at least one phosphate group and (2) a solvent comprising carbon dioxide, wherein at least a portion of the surfactant is soluble in the solvent; and applying the composition of matter onto a substrate such that the carbon dioxide separates from the surfactant and wherein the surfactant coats the substrate.
• compositions of matter comprising (1 ) at least one surfactant comprising at least one phosphate group and (2) a solvent comprising carbon dioxide.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a 31 P NMR spectra of [2-(F-hexyl)ethyl] dimorpholinophosphate before (top) and after (bottom) being solubilized in carbon dioxide.
• FIG. 2 illustrates cloud point curves for various phosphate-containing surfactants.
• FIG. 3 illustrates cloud point curves for various phosphate-containing surfactants.
• FIG. 4 illustrates cloud point curves for varipus phosphate-containing anionic surfactants.
• FIG. 5 illustrates cloud point curves for various phosphate-containing anionic surfactants.
• FIG. 6 illustrates water uptake for various phosphate-containing anionic surfactants.
• FIG. 7 illustrates water uptake for various phosphate-containing anionic surfactants.
• FIG. 8 illustrates water uptake for various phosphate-containing anionic surfactants.
• FIG. 9 illustrates water uptake for various phosphate-containing anionic surfactants.
• the invention relates to a composition of matter.
• the composition of matter comprises: (1 ) at least one surfactant comprising at least one phosphate group and (2) a solvent comprising carbon dioxide.
• the surfactant may be illustrated in a number of embodiments.
• the surfactant comprises at least one fluorocarbon group.
• the at least one fluorocarbon group is considered to have an affinity for carbon dioxide, i.e., the at least one fluorocarbon group is "CO 2 -philic".
• the at least one fluorocarbon group comprises a hydrogen spacer attached to an oxygen atom which is, in turn, attached to the phosphate group.
• the at least one fluorocarbon group is of the formula:
• the surfactant may further comprise a hydrocarbon- containing group attached to the phosphate group.
• the hydrocarbon-containing group is, in certain embodiments, "CO 2 - phobic", does not have affinity for carbon dioxide. Nonetheless, it should be appreciated that when present in branched form, the hydrocarbon-containing group may be useful for dispersing charged surfactants in CO 2 . See Eastoe et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society; 2001 ; 723(5); 988-989.
• the hydrocarbon-containing chain is of the formula:
• the surfactant may be present as an anionic surfactant.
• anionic surfactants are of the formulas (VIII) and (IX) as well as others set forth in detail hereinbelow:
• R is a branched or straight chained hydrocarbon (e.g., C n H 2n + ⁇ wherein n ranges from 1 to 24) or hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon group and M is a countercation such as, for example, K + , Na + , or NH + .
• the surfactants may be present in the form of hybrid surfactants.
• hybrid surfactant is defined as a surfactant having at least one fluorocarbon group and at least one hydrocarbon-containing group. Examples of these are of the formulas ' (X), (XI), and (XP): As set forth below, the hybrid surfactants also encompass anionic surfactants in various embodiments.
• RH may be independently selected and is a branched or straight-chained hydrocarbon group (e.g., C n H 2n +i wherein n ranges from 1 to 24). RH is preferably C 8 H 17 or C ⁇ H 2 g. In another embodiment, R H may contain a fluorocarbon group such as, for example, C n F2n+i(CH 2 )m wherein n ranges from 1 to 24 and m ranges from 1 to 24.
• RF is independently selected and is a branched or straight chained fluorocarbon group (e.g., hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon group) (e.g., C n F 2n +i (CH )m wherein n ranges from 1 to 24 and m ranges from 1 to 24 ) wherein M + is a countercation such as, for example, K + , Na + , or NH 4 + .
• Preferred groups for RH are, without limitation, C 6 F ⁇ 3 (CH 2 ) 2 and C ⁇ oF 2 ⁇ (CH 2 ) 2 and preferred groups for R H are, without limitation, C H 9 , C 8 H ⁇ 7 , C 12 H 25 , and C ⁇ 6 H 33 .
• is a functional group such as hydroxy (-OH), alkyl (such that a phosphate bond is formed) and a phosphoamide groups (such as, for example, piperidine, morpholine, and the like).
• M + is NH +
• R F and RH are each independently selected and preferably range from C 2 F 5 (CH 2 ) 2 to C 8 F ⁇ 7 (CH 2 ) 2 -
• Another preferred anionic surfactant according to the present invention is of the following formula:
• R F ranges from CF 3 (CH 2 ) n to C 2 F 49 (CH 2 ) n wherein n ranges from 1 to 24.
• the surfactant may be present in the form of a cationic surfactant.
• cationic surfactants are, without limitation, those represented by the formulas (VI) and (VII) (e.g., piperazinium phosphates):
• R may be a branched or straight chained hydrocarbon group (e.g., C n H 2n+ ⁇ wherein n ranges from 1 to 24) or a hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon group including, for example, C n F2n+i(CH 2 )m wherein n ranges from 1 to 24 and m ranges from 1 to 24, and X is a counteranion which may be a halogen (e.g., chloride, bromide), triflate, or "BarF" (anion of Kobayashi's reagent as set forth below):
• a halogen e.g., chloride, bromide
• BarF anion of Kobayashi's reagent as set forth below
• one or more morpholine units may be attached to the phosphate group.
• Embodiments represented by formulas (I) through (V) and (IX) and (X) describe such structures.
• certain embodiments illustrate at least one fluorocarbon-containing group attached to the phosphate group.
• a fluorocarbon group is attached to a hydrocarbon spacer (e.g., 1 to 12 methylene units long) which is in turn attached to an oxygen atom and then the phosphorous atom as illustrated.
• m and n are each independently selected with m ranging from 1 to 24 and n ranging from 1 to 24.
• m may be 6, 8, or 10, and n is 2.
• n is 2.
• m may be 6 or 8 and n is 2.
• n is independently selected and ranges from 1 to 24.
• m is 10.
• Hybrid morpholine-containing surfactants can also be employed and are of the formula:
• x ranges from 1 to 24, m ranges from 1 to 24, and n ranges from 1 to 24.
• x is 8
• m is 6, and n is 2.
• the surfactants are believed to be potentially capable of reverse micelle and/or water-in carbon dioxide emulsion (i.e., microemulsion) formation.
• such compositions containing water may. be present as homogeneous fluids or phases.
• the invention provides a reverse micelle that comprises the composition of matter as defined herein and water.
• the term "reverse micelle” is defined as a micelle in which a water component is on the inner portion of the micelle.
• the "hydrophilic" segment of each surfactant present in the reverse micelle is on the inner portion of the micelle, while the "CO 2 -philic” segment of each surfactant is on the outer portion of the micelle.
• the surfactants are useful in a number of applications.
• the reverse micelles may be capable of encapsulating a number of pharmaceutically active agents therein, the selection of which is known to one skilled in the art.
• the surfactants can also be employed in cleaning or water removal in applications such as C0 2 -based lithography, wherein a relatively small amount of water used in development can be dissolved and "swept away" into the phase containing predominantly carbon dioxide as well as synthesizing nanoparticles within microemulsion water pools.
• Organic (i.e. polymers) and inorganic nanoparticles can be also prepared using microemulsion water pools as reactors/templates.
• the surfactants can also be used in extraction applications, e.g., metal extractions from aqueous solutions.
• Various amounts of water may be taken-up by the compositions of matter and methods of the present invention.
• the amount of water may range from above about 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 40 to about 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 100, 150, or 200 percent based on the weight of the surfactant.
• the surfactant is capable of taking up 100 percent of its own weight in the form of water.
• carbon dioxide is employed in a liquid or supercritical form.
• the composition of matter typically employs carbon dioxide as a continuous phase, with the composition of matter preferably comprising from about 50, 60, or 75 weight percent to about 80, 90, or 99 weight percent of carbon dioxide.
• the temperature employed during the process is preferably below 31 °C.
• the CO is utilized in a "supercritical" phase.
• supercritical means that a fluid medium is at a temperature that is sufficiently high that it cannot be liquefied by pressure. The thermodynamic properties of CO are reported in Hyatt, J. Org. Chem.
• the critical temperature of CO 2 is about 31 °C.
• the methods of the present invention are preferably carried out at a temperature range from about 20°C to about 60°C.
• the pressures employed preferably range from about 1000 psia (6.9 MPa) to about 5500 psia (37.9 MPa).
• composition of matter may also comprise components in addition to those described above. Preferably, these components do not react with the surfactant.
• exemplary components include, but are not limited to, polymer modifier, water, rheology modifiers, plasticizing agents, antibacterial agents, flame retardants, and viscosity reduction modifiers. Co-solvents and co- surfactants may also be optionally employed. These components may be used if they do not react with the reactive functional polymer.
• co-solvents that could be used include, but are not limited to, alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol); fluorinated and other halogenated solvents (e.g., chlorotrifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, perfluoropropane, chlorodifluoromethane, and sulfur hexafluoride); amines (e.g., ⁇ /-methyl pyrrolidone); amides (e.g., dimethyl acetamide); aromatic solvents (e.g., benzene, toluene, and xylenes); esters (e.g., ethyl acetate, dibasic esters, and lactate esters); ethers (e.g., diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and glycol ethers); aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane,
• co-surfactants that may possibly be used include, but are not limited to, longer chain alcohols (i.e., greater than or equal to C 8 ) such as octanol, decanol, dodecanol, cetyl alcohol, laurel alcohol, and the like; and species containing two or more alcohol groups or other hydrogen bonding functionalities; amides; amines; and other like components.
• longer chain alcohols i.e., greater than or equal to C 8
• Suitable other types of materials that are useful as co-surfactants are well known by those skilled in the art, and may be employed in the composition of matter of the present invention. Mixtures of the above may be used.
• the invention also provides a method of the separating the surfactant from the carbon dioxide and applying the surfactant to a substrate.
• the method comprises providing a composition of matter comprising at least one surfactant comprising (1 ) at least one phosphate group and (2) a solvent comprising carbon dioxide, wherein at least a portion of the surfactant is soluble in the solvent; and applying the composition of matter onto a substrate such that the carbon dioxide separates from the surfactant and wherein the surfactant coats the substrate.
• Techniques for separating and applying materials to a substrate are known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No.
• Examples of methods for separating the surfactant include, without limitation, boiling off the carbon dioxide and leaving the surfactant behind, and precipitation of the surfactant into a non-solvent either by introducing a non-solvent to a vessel or reactor containing the surfactant or the transfer of the vessel or reactor contents to another vessel containing a non-solvent for the surfactant.
• the separation and application steps may be carried out together and include, as an example, passing (e.g., spraying or spray-drying) a solution containing the surfactant through an orifice to form particles, powder coatings, fibers, and other coatings on the substrates.
• a solution containing the surfactant may be passed through an orifice to form particles, powder coatings, fibers, and other coatings on the substrates.
• substrates may be employed such as, without limitation, metals, organic polymers, inorganic polymers, textiles, and composites thereof.
• Exemplary substrates include, without limitation, integrated- circuits, silicon wafers, silicon wafers with vias containing water, low-dielectric constant surfaces used as interlayer dielectrics on integrated circuits, a MEM, a porous material, a micro-porous material, a nano-porous material, a non-woven material, surfaces to be cleaned, surfaces to be treated with passivation layers, surfaces to be coated, surfaces to be treated with a self-assembled monolayer (“SAM”), photoresist coated surfaces, optical interfaces, optical relays, optical fibers, metallized surfaces, and micromirrors.
• SAM self-assembled monolayer
• the surfactant may form a low surface energy coating on the substrate.
• Examples of embodiments of substrates include, without limitation, textiles, papers, fiber optics, as well as other surfaces.
• compositions of matter and in particular the surfactant, are useful in a number of applications such as, but not limited to, cleaning processes, solvent pool formation for polymerization processes, inorganic particle synthesis, and enzymatic reactions.
• composition of matter may include various amounts of surfactant.
• the composition of matter comprises from about 1 , 2, 5, or 7 to about 5, 8, 10, 15, or 20 percent by weight of surfactant.
• the invention provides a method of removing water from a composition of matter.
• the method comprises contacting a first composition of matter comprising water with a second composition of matter comprising: (1 ) at least one surfactant comprising at least one phosphate group and (2) a solvent comprising carbon dioxide, wherein at least a portion of the surfactant is soluble in the solvent, such that the at least one surfactant removes at least a portion of the water from the first composition.
• Embodiments describing the second composition of matter comprising the surfactant are set forth hereinabove, as well as for the solvent comprising carbon dioxide.
• the second composition of matter may be present as a homogeneous phase prior to and after contacting the first composition of matter, although other embodiments may also be contemplated, i.e., the second composition of matter may be heterogeneous.
• the first composition of matter comprising water may be present in the form of a number of embodiments, such as, for example, various articles of manufacture.
• embodiments include, without limitation, integrated circuits, silicon wafers, silicon wafers with vias containing water, low- dielectric constant surfaces used as interlayer dielectrics on integrated circuits, a MEM, a porous material, a micro-porous material, a nano-porous material, a non- woven material, surfaces to be cleaned, surfaces to be treated with passivation layers, surfaces to be coated, surfaces to be treated with a self-assembled monolayer (“SAM”), photoresist coated surfaces, optical interfaces, optical relays, optical fibers, metallized surfaces, and micromirrors.
• SAM self-assembled monolayer
• Methods for carrying out water removal may be conducted in systems, vessels, cells, and apparatuses known to one skilled in the art.
• Such systems, vessels, cells, and apparatuses include, without limitation, those capable of withstanding high pressure.
• Such .equipment may be optionally contain agitation and heating means, the selection of which is known.
• the methods of water removal may be carried out by employing batch, continuous, and semi- continuous systems.
• the surfactants that are employed in the invention may be formed by various techniques such as, for example, as set forth in Sadtler, V. M.; Jeanneaux, F.; Krafft, M. P.; Rabai, J.; Riess, J. G. New Journal of Chemistry. 1998, 609. Other synthesis routes may also be used.
• morpholinosurfactants having fluorocarbon units attached thereto may be formed by first phosphorylation of a fluorinated alcohol by phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 3 and (CH 3 CH 2 ) 2 ⁇ .
• the formation of di- and triesters and the chlorination of the alcohol can potentially be avoided by using dry ether and an excess of triethylamine, which results in the precipitation of triethyiammonium chloride.
• Perfluoroalkyl)alkyldimorpholinophosphates are subsequently obtained obtained by a reaction with morpholine.
• the synthesis of bis[(F-alkyl)alkyl]monomorpholinophosphates also may involve the direct phosphorylation of F-alkylated alcohols by OPCI 3 , followed by reaction with morpholine as described in Sadtler, V. M., et al.
• Piperazine surfactants may be made by following the teachings of Katritzky, A.R., Davis, T.L., Rewcastie G.W., Rubel, G.O., and Pike, M.T., Langmuir 1988 4, 732-735.
• Katritzky, et al. the following synthesis path may be followed for forming sulfony! piperazinium compounds:
• piperazinium phosphate surfactants by substituting ⁇ /-methylpiperazine for morpholine in the synthetic pathway utilized for morpholinophosphate surfactant synthesis.
• the methylated nitrogen can then be quaternized by iodomethane to provide one variant of the desired compounds.
• An exemplary synthesis route is given below. 2 eq.
• Neutral or anionic surfactants may be formed according to the above embodiment. It should be appreciated that these surfactants may be formed by other synthesis route.
• R H is C m H 2m + ⁇ wherein m ranges from 1 to 24 and R F may be C n F 2n + 1 wherein n ranges from 1 to 24.
• steps 1 and 2 can take place at a temperature ranging from about 0°C to about 10°C with warming to room temperature for about 6 to about 12 hours under an inert atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen or argon).
• steps 3 and 4 take place under ambient conditions.
• the above synthesis employs equipment and techniques known in the art such as conventional glass round bottom flasks and stir bars. Other types of equipment can also be employed.
• the morpholinophosphate surfactants were prepared as described in Sadtler, V. M. et al. These compounds were purified by silica gel chromatography.
• the anionic phosphate surfactants were synthesized by adapting known methods for preparing phosphates with fluorinated chains (see Krafft, M.-P.; Rolland, J.-P.; Vierling, P.; Riess, J. G. New Journal of Chemistry 1990, 14, 869.) and forming the sodium salt via neutralization in ethanol (see Romsted, L. S.; Zanette, D. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 4690.).
• the compounds exhibited the expected 1 H, 19F, and 31 P NMR spectral patterns and also possessed adequate purity as determined by elemental analysis (Atlantic Microlabs, Norcross, GA), i.e., defined as generally within 0.3 % of the expected calculated analytical elemental percentages.)
• CO 2 was injected with the aid of an ISCO compression pump connected to the cell through high-pressure steel tubing.
• the cell was further attached to a Sensotec pressure transducer and an Omega thermocouple for pressure and temperature readouts, respectively. Measured amounts of surfactant and water were added at room temperature prior to pressurization with C0 2 . Samples were heated (controlled to + O. C) in the cell through the use of variac-controlled heating tape.
• Cloud points (judged as the reversible onset of a visually fully opaque solution) were taken on the cooling cycle by isothermally varying the pressure through volume changes facilitated by the hand-controlled piston.
• the cell was tipped at a downward angle to aid in the observation of any phase-separated liquids. The cell was cleaned thoroughly between experiments.
• UV-Vis spectra were acquired using a Perkin Elmer Lambda 40 spectrometer. Pressurized solutions were prepared in a 2.5 mL stainless steel cell, equipped with two 1 in. diameter x 5/8 in. thick sapphire windows enclosing a 1 cm solution path length. Appropriate amount of surfactant and water were placed into the cell chamber, along with a % in. magnetic stir bar for agitation. A film of methyl orange (for a concentration of 5 x 10 "5 M) was pre-cast and dried on one of the sapphire windows by addition of a stock solution via syringe. The chamber was tightly sealed, and the cell was pressurized and stirred until a clear, one-phase solution was present .
• the C0 2 solubility of the surfactants was carried out using a stainless steel view cell (2.5 mL internal volume) specially designed for high pressure studies.
• CO 2 /surfactant solutions were held within two sapphire glass windows (sealed with Teflon® o-rings) which were, in turn, held in place by threaded steel caps fit to brass washers. Attached to the cell were steel tubings for injecting CO 2 and for venting the system, as well as a thermocouple and transducer to monitor internal temperature and pressure, respectively.
• CO 2 was transferred to the cell by way of an ISCO single pump compressor.
• a % inch magnetic bar was included to stir solutions.
• The-chamber temperature could be raised with the aid of variac-controlled heating elements.
• Bis-[2-(F-hexyl)ethyl]phosphate, sodium salt was synthesized according to the following example.
• Phosphorous oxychloride (5.27 g, 34.3 mmol) was added via syringe to 200 mL anhydrous diethyl ether, under nitrogen.
• the mixture was cooled to 0 °C, and a solution of 1H, 1H, 2r7, 2/-/-perfluorooctanol (25 g, 68.7 mmol) and triethylamine (17.4 g, 172 mmol) in 100 mL diethyl ether was slowly added, leading to the formation of white precipitate.
• 2-(F-decyl)ethyl]octylphosphate, sodium salt was synthesized as follows. Phosphorous oxychloride (1.3 g, 8.6 mmol) was added via syringe to 25 mL anhydrous diethyl ether, under argon. The mixture was cooled to 0 °C, and a solution of 1H, 1H,2H,2H-peri ⁇ orododecano ⁇ (4.65 g, 8.2 mmol) and triethylamine
• the white solid (triethylamine hydrochloride salt) was filtered and the filtrate was condensed via rotary evaporation and dissolved in a 20 mL mixture of acetonitrile and chloroform (19/1 ). 1 mL of water was slowly added and the solution was stirred overnight, providing a white solid, which was washed with acetonitrile and filtered. The solid was triturated in chloroform, the insoluble material filtered away, and the chloroform removed via rotary evaporation to provide 3.0 g of the neutral phosphate (48.4 percent) The corresponding sodium salt was prepared in quantitative yield via neutralization with 1 equivalent of sodium hydroxide in ethanol (mp > 225 °C).
• R H is C 4 H 9 ("8-4"), C 8 H 17 (“8-8"), C ⁇ 2 H 25 ("8-12”), and C 16 H 33 ("8- 16"). Cloud point curves for these surfactants are set forth in FIG 2.
• RH is C H 9 ("8-4").
• a cloud point curve for this surfactant is set forth in FIG. 4.
• R H is C 4 H 9 ("12-4") and C 8 H 17 (“12-8") .
• a cloud point curve for this surfactant is set forth in FIG. 5.
• Example 15 Water Uptake Evaluation (Anionic Surfactant) The water uptake capability of an anionic surfactant was evaluated wherein the surfactant is of the formula:
• R H is C 4 H 9 ("12-4").
• the concentration of surfactant in carbon dioxide was 2.5 weight percent. The results are set forth in FIG. 6.
• R H is C 4 H 17 ("12-8").
• R H is C 12 H 25 ("12-12").
• the concentration of surfactant in carbon dioxide was 2.5 weight percent. The results are set forth in FIG. 8.

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