Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/12—Radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/18—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for pancreatic disorders, e.g. pancreatic enzymes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives

Definitions

• NTDDM non-insulin dependent diabetes
• Diabetes refers to a disease process derived from multiple causative factors and characterized by elevated levels of plasma glucose or hyperglycemia in the fasting state or after administration of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test. Persistent or uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with increased and premature morbidity and mortality. Often abnormal glucose homeostasis is associated both directly and indirectly with alterations of the lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism and other metabolic and hemodynamic disease. Therefore patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus are at especially increased risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications, including coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy.
• diabetes mellitus There are two generally recognized forms of diabetes.
• type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
• IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• NTDDM noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus
• type 2 diabetes or noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NTDDM)
• NTDDM noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus
• patients often have plasma insulin levels that are the same or even'elevated compared to nondiabetic subjects; however, these patients have developed a resistance to the insulin stimulating effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in the main insulin-sensitive tissues, which are muscle, liver and adipose tissues, and the plasma insulin levels, while elevated, are insufficient to overcome the pronounced insulin resistance.
• Insulin resistance is not primarily due to a diminished number of insulin receptors but to a post-insulin receptor binding defect that is not yet understood. This resistance to insulin responsiveness results in insufficient insulin activation of glucose uptake, oxidation and storage in muscle and inadequate insulin repression of lipolysis in adipose tissue and of glucose production and secretion in the liver.
• the available treatments for type 2 diabetes which have not changed substantially in many years, have recognized limitations. While physical exercise and reductions in dietary intake of calories will dramatically improve the diabetic condition, compliance with this treatment is very poor because of well-entrenched sedentary lifestyles and excess food consumption, especially of foods containing high amounts of saturated fat.
• sulfonylureas e.g.
• tolbutamide and glipizide which stimulate the pancreatic ⁇ -cells to secrete more insulin, and/or by injection of insulin after the response to sulfonylureas fails, will result in high enough insulin concentrations to stimulate the very insulin-resistant tissues.
• dangerously low levels of plasma glucose can result from these last two treatments, and increasing insulin resistance due to the even higher plasma insulin levels can occur.
• the biguanides increase insulin sensitivity resulting in some correction of hyperglycemia.
• the two biguanides, phenformin and metforrnin can induce lactic acidosis and nausea/diarrhea, respectively.
• the glitazones i.e.
• 5-benzylthiazolidine-2,4-diones are a more recently described class of compounds with potential for a novel mode of action in preventing or ameliorating many symptoms of type 2 diabetes. These agents substantially increase insulin sensitivity in muscle, liver and adipose tissue in several animal models of type 2 diabetes resulting in partial or complete correction of the elevated plasma levels of glucose without occurrence of hypoglycemia.
• disorders of lipid metabolism or dyslipidemias include various conditions characterized by abnormal concentrations of one or more lipids (i.e. cholesterol and triglycerides), and or apolipoproteins (i.e., apolipoproteins A, B, C and E), and/or lipoproteins (i.e., the macromolecular complexes formed by the lipid and the apolipoprotein that allow lipids to circulate in blood, such as LDL, NLDL and DDL) .
• lipids i.e. cholesterol and triglycerides
• apolipoproteins i.e., apolipoproteins A, B, C and E
• lipoproteins i.e., the macromolecular complexes formed by the lipid and the apolipoprotein that allow lipids to circulate in blood, such as LDL, NLDL and DDL
• Cholesterol is mostly carried in Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL), and
• HDL High Density Lipoproteins
• LDL cholesterol low Density lipoprotein
• HDL cholesterol high Density Lipoproteins
• An example of an HDL raising agent is nicotinic acid, a drug with limited utility because doses that achieve HDL raising are associated with undesirable effects, such as flushing.
• Dyslipidemias were originally classified by Fredrickson according to the combination of alterations mentioned above.
• the Fredrickson classification includes 6 phenotypes (i.e., I, Ha, lib, HI, IV and V) with the most common being the isolated hypercholesterolemia (or type Ha) which is usually accompained by elevated concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol.
• the initial treatment for hypercholesterolemia is often to modify the diet to one low in fat and cholesterol, coupled with appropriate physical exercise, followed by drug therapy when LDL- lowering goals are not met by diet and exercise alone
• a second common form of dyslipidemia is the mixed or combined hyperlipidemia or type Hb and HI of the Fredrickson classification.
• This dyslipidemia is often prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
• this dyslipidemia there are modest elevations of LDL-cholesterol, accompanied by more pronounced elevations of small dense LDL-cholesterol particles, VLDL and/or IDL (i.e., triglyceride rich lipoproteins), and total triglycerides.
• concentrations of HDL are often low.
• Peroxisome proliferators are a structurally diverse group of compounds that when administered to rodents elicit dramatic increases in the size and number of hepatic and renal peroxisomes, as well as concomitant increases in the capacity of peroxisomes to metabolize fatty acids via increased expression of the enzymes of the beta-oxidation cycle.
• Compounds of this group include but are not limited to the fibrate class of lipid modulating drugs, herbicides and phthalate plasticizers.
• Peroxisome proliferation is also triggered by dietary or physiological factors such as a high-fat diet and cold acclimatization.
• PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha
• PPAR ⁇ peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma
• PPAR ⁇ peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta
• PPAR ⁇ is also associated with the activity of fibrates and fatty acids in rodents and humans.
• Fibric acid derivatives such as clofibrate, fenofibrate, benzafibrate, ciprofibrate, beclofibrate and etofibrate, as well as gemfibrozil, each of which are PPAR ⁇ ligands and/or activators, produce a substantial reduction in plasma triglycerides as well as some increase in HDL.
• the effects on LDL cholesterol are inconsistent and might depend upon the compound and/or the dyslipidemic phenotype. For these reasons, this class of compounds has been primarily used to treat hypertriglyceridemia (i.e, Fredrickson Type IV and V) and/or mixed hyperlipidemia.
• the PPAR ⁇ receptor subtypes are involved in activating the program of adipocyte differentiation and are not involved in stimulating peroxisome proliferation in the liver.
• the DNA sequences for the human isotypes are described in Elbrecht, et al., BBRC 224;431-437 (1996)! In mice, PPAR ⁇ 2 is expressed specifically in fat cells. Tontonoz et al, Cell 79: 1147-1156 (1994) provide evidence to show that one physiological role of PPAR ⁇ 2 is to induce adipocyte differentiation.
• PPAR ⁇ 2 regulates the expression of genes through interaction with other proteins and binding to hormone response elements, for example in the 5' flanking regions of responsive genes.
• An example of a PPAR ⁇ 2 responsive gene is the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 gene.
• peroxisome proliferators including the fibrates and fatty acids, activate the transcriptional activity of PPAR's
• prostaglandin J2 derivatives have been identified as potential natural ligands of the PPAR ⁇ subtype, which also binds thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agents with high affinity.
• PPAR ⁇ The human nuclear receptor gene PPAR ⁇ (hPPAR ⁇ ) has been cloned from a human osteosarcoma cell cDNA library and is fully described in A. Schmidt et al, Molecular Endocrinology, 6 : 1634-1641 (1992). It should be noted that PPAR ⁇ is also referred to in the literature as PPAR ⁇ and as NUC1, and each of these names refers to the same receptor; in Schmidt et al. the receptor is referred to as NUC1.
• hNUClB a human PPAR subtype, hNUClB.
• the amino acid sequence of hNUClB differs from human PPAR ⁇ (referred to therein as hNUCl) by one amino acid, i.e., alanine at position 292.
• hNUClB protein represses hPPAR ⁇ and thyroid hormone receptor protein activity.
• WO97/28149 It has been disclosed in WO97/28149 that agonists of PPAR ⁇ are useful in raising HDL plasma levels.
• WO97/27857, 97/28115, 97/28137 and 97/27847 disclose compounds that are useful as antidiabetic, antiobesity, anti- atherosclerosis and antihyperlipidemic agents, and which may exert their effect through activation of PPARs.
• glitazones exert their effects by binding to the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) family of receptors, controlling certain transcription elements having to do with the biological entities listed above.
• PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
• PPAR ⁇ has been implicated as the major molecular target for the glitazone class of insulin sensitizers.
• glitazones that are PPAR agonists have been approved for use in the treatment of diabetes. These are troghtazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, all of which are primarily or exclusively PPAR ⁇ agonists.
• glitazones are beneficial in the treatment of NTDDM, there have been some serious adverse events associated with the use of the compounds. The most serious of these has been liver toxicity, which has resulted in a number of deaths. The most serious problems have occurred using troghtazone, which was recently withdrawn from the market because of toxicity concerns.
• PPAR agonists that are not glitazones and do not contain 1,3-thiazolidinedione moieties, but that modulate the three known PPAR subtypes, in concert or in isolation, to varying degrees (as measured by intrinsic potency, maximal extent of functional reponse or spectrum of changes in gene expression).
• Such classes of compounds are expected to be useful in the treatment of diabetes and associated conditions, dyslipidemias and associated conditions and several other indications and may be free of some of the side effects that have been found in many of the glitazones.
• the class of compounds described herein is a new class of PPAR agonists that do not contain a 1,3-thiazolidinedione moiety and therefore are not glitazones.
• the class of compounds includes compounds that are primarily PPAR ⁇ agonists and PPAR ⁇ partial agonists. Some compounds may also have PPAR ⁇ activity in addition to the PPAR ⁇ activity, so that the compounds are mixed PPAR ⁇ / ⁇ agonists. These compounds are useful in the treatment, control and/or prevention of diabetes, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance.
• the compounds of the invention exhibit reduced side effects relating to body and heart weight gain in preclinical animal studies compared with other PPAR ⁇ compounds including rosiglitazone.
• the compounds may also be useful in the treatment of mixed or diabetic dyslipidemia and other lipid disorders (including isolated hypercholesterolemia as manifested by elevations in LDL-C and or non-HDL-C and/or hyperapoBliproteinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and/or increase in triglyceride- rich-lipoproteins, or low HDL cholesterol concentrations), atherosclerosis, obesity, vascular restenosis, inflammatory conditions, neoplastic conditions, psoriasis, polycystic ovary syndrome and other PPAR mediated diseases, disorders and conditions.
• mixed or diabetic dyslipidemia and other lipid disorders including isolated hypercholesterolemia as manifested by elevations in LDL-C and or non-HDL-C and/or hyperapoBliproteinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and/or increase in triglyceride- rich-lipoproteins, or low HDL cholesterol concentrations
• atherosclerosis including isolated hypercholesterolemia as manifested by elevations
• the present invention is directed to compounds of formula I:
• Rl is methyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 F;
• R2, R3 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, Ci- C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3- C$ cycloalkyl, aryl, OC1-C6 alkyl, OC2-C6 alkenyl, OC2-C6 alkynyl, ' O-aryl, OH, SCi- C6 alkyl, SC2-C6 alkenyl, SC2-C6 alkynyl, SO2C1-C6 alkyl, SO2C2-C6 alkenyl, SO2C2-C6 alkynyl,OCON(R 5 ) 2 , OCO(Ci- C ⁇ -alkyl) and CN, wherein all instances of alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl are optionally linear or branched and all instances of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and aryl are optional
• R5 and R6 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, OH and C1-C5 alkyl, and R5 and R6 groups that are on the same carbon atom optionally may be joined to form a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group;
• R7 and R ⁇ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, and C ⁇ _5 alkyl, or R7 and R8 optionally may be joined to form a C3-C6 cycloalkyl group;
• R9 is selected from the group consisting of H and CJ . -C5 alkyl, said alkyl being optionally linear or branched;
• Y is O or S
• n 0-5;
• the present compounds are effective in lowering glucose, lipids, and insulin in diabetic animals and lipids in non-diabetic animals.
• the compounds are expected to be efficacious in the treatment, control and/or prevention of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NTDDM) in humans and in the treatment, control, and/or prevention of conditions associated with NTDDM, including hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertrigyceridemia, atherosclerosis, vascular restenosis, inflammatory conditions, neoplastic conditions, and other PPAR mediated diseases, disorders and conditions.
• NTDDM non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
• the invention has numerous embodiments. It provides compounds of formula I, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds, prodrugs of these compounds, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising any of the compounds described and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Rl is CH3.
• Rl is CH3;
• R2, R3 5 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, Ci- C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C alkynyl, C3- Cs cycloalkyl, aryl, OC1-C6 alkyl, OC2-C6 alkenyl, OC2-C6 alkynyl, O-aryl, OH, SCi- C6 alkyl, SC2-C6 alkenyl, SC2-C6 alkynyl, OCON(R 5 ) 2 , OCO(C ⁇ - C6-alkyl) and CN, wherein all instances of alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl are optionally linear or branched and all instances of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and aryl are optionally substituted with 1-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,
• R2 ; R3 ? and R4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OCH3, OCF3, F, CI and CH3, where CH3 is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from F, CI, and OCH3.
• R2, R3, and R4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OCH3, OCF3, and Cl.
• R5 and R6 are H.
• Rl and R8 are each independently CH3 or H.
• R9 is H.
• Y is O.
• n is 0, 1, or 2. In a more specific subset of this group of compounds, n is 1.
• Another group of compounds having formula I includes compounds in which Arl is phenyl, 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl.
• a subset of this group of compounds includes compounds in which Arl 1S phenyl or 2-naphthyl. In either case, Arl 1S substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from R4.
• aryl substituents are phenyl groups.
• Rl is CH3;
• R2 is selected from the group consisting of H, OCH3, and OCF3;
• R3, R5, R6 ( and R9 are H;
• R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, CI, and OCH3;
• R7 and R8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and CH3;
• Y is O
• n 1
• Example 5 2-(2- ⁇ [l-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)-2-methyl-5-(methoxy)-lH-indol-3- yl]methyl ⁇ phenoxy)pro ⁇ anoic acid
• Example 6 2-(3- ⁇ [l-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)-2-methyl-5-(methoxy)-lH-indol-3- yl]methyl ⁇ phenoxy)propanoic acid
• Example 16 (2S)-2-(2- ⁇ [l-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-lH- indol-3-yl]methyl ⁇ phenoxy)propanoic acid
• Example 17 2-(3,- ⁇ [l-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-lH-indol- 3-yl]methyl ⁇ phenoxy)propanoic acid
• Example 28 (2R)-2-(3- ⁇ 2-[l-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethoxy)- lH-indol-3-yl]ethyl ⁇ phenoxy)propionic acid
• Example 29 (2S)-2- ⁇ 3-[l-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-lH - indol-3-yl]phenoxy jpropionic acid
• Example 31 2- ⁇ 3-[l-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-lH-indol-3- yl]phenoxy ⁇ -2-methylpropanoic acid.
• a method for treating, controlling or preventing diabetes mellitus, and particularly non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I;
• a method for treating, controlling, or preventing hyperglycemia in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I;
• a method for treating, controlling, or preventing hypercholesterolemia in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I
• a method for treating, controlling, or preventing hypertriglyceridemia in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I;
• a method for treating, controlling, or preventing dyslipidemia, including low HDL cholesterol, in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a . compound of Formula I;
• a method for treating, controlling, or preventing atherosclerosis in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I. It is understood that the sequellae of atherosclerosis (angina, claudication, heart attack, stroke, etc.) are thereby treated.
• Alkyl as well as other groups having the prefix “alk”, such as alkoxy or alkanoyl, means carbon chains which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof, unless the carbon chain is defined otherwise.
• alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and the like.
• Alkenyl means carbon chains which contain at least one carbon- carbon double bond, and which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof.
• alkenyl examples include vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, 1- propenyl, 2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, and the like.
• Alkynyl means carbon chains which contain at least one carbon- carbon triple bond, and which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof. Examples of alkynyl include ethynyl, propargyl, 3-methyl-l-pentynyl, 2-heptynyl and the like.
• Cycloalkyl means mono- or bicyclic saturated carbocyclic rings, each having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, unless otherwise stated. The term also includes a monocyclic ring fused to an aryl group in which the point of attachment is on the non- aromatic portion. Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like.
• Aryl when used to describe a substituent or group in a structure means a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic compound in which all the rings are aromatic and which contains only carbon ring atoms.
• aryl can also refer to an aryl group fused to a monocyclic cycloalkyl or monocyclic heterocycle in which the point(s) of attachment is on the aromatic portion.
• Heterocyclyl “heterocycle,” and “heterocyclic” means a fully or partially saturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring system containing at least one heteroatom selected from N, S and O, each of said rings having from 3 to 10 atoms.
• aryl substitiuents include phenyl and naphthyl.
• Aryl rings fused to cycloalkyls are found in indanyl, indenyl, and tetrahydronaphthyl.
• Examples of aryl fused to heterocyclic groups are found in 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, benzopyranyl, 1 ,4-benzodioxanyl, and the like.
• heterocycles include tetrahydrofuran, piperazine, and morpholine.
• Preferred aryl groups are phenyl rings.
• Heteroaryl (and heteroarylene) means a mono-, bi- or tricyclic aromatic ring containing at least one ring heteroatom selected from N, O and S (including SO and SO2), with each ring containing 5 to 6 atoms.
• heteroaryl examples include pyrrolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, furanyl, triazinyl, thienyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl (including S-oxide and dioxide), furo(2,3-b)pyridyl, quinolyl, indolyl, isoquinolyl, dibenzofuran and the like.
• "Halogen” includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• composition as in pharmaceutical composition, is intended to encompass a product comprising the active ingredient(s), and the inert ingredient(s) that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients.
• pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Compounds of Formula I may contain one or.more asymmetric centers and can thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures and individual diastereomers.
• the present invention is meant to comprehend all such isomeric forms of the compounds of Formula I.
• Some of the compounds described herein may contain olefinic double bonds, and unless specified otherwise, are meant to include both E and Z geometric isomers.
• Some of the compounds described herein may exist with different points of attachment of hydrogen, referred to as tautomers. Such an example may be a ketone and its enol form, known as keto-enol tautomers.
• the individual tautomers as well as mixtures thereof are encompassed with compounds of Formula I.
• Compounds of the Formula I having two asymmetric centers may be separated into diastereoisomeric pairs of enantiomers by, for example, fractional crystallization from a suitable solvent, for example methanol or ethyl acetate or a mixture thereof.
• a suitable solvent for example methanol or ethyl acetate or a mixture thereof.
• the pair of enantiomers thus obtained, and enantiomeric pairs in general, may be separated into individual stereoisomers by conventional means, for example by the use of an optically active acid or base as a resolving agent or chiral separation columns.
• any enantiomer of a compound of the general Formula I or la may be obtained by stereospecific synthesis using optically pure starting materials or reagents of known configuration.
• salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids including inorganic or Organic bases and inorganic or organic acids.
• Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts. Salts in the solid form may exist in more than one crystal structure, and may also be in the form of hydrates.
• Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N - dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2- dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethyl-morpholine, N- ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine, and the like.
• basic ion exchange resins such as
• salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids.
• acids include acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like.
• Particularly preferred are citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric, and tartaric acids.
• Prodrugs which are compounds that are converted to the claimed compounds as they are being administered to a patient or after they have been administered to a patient, are also claimed as part of this invention.
• a non-limiting example of a prodrug of the carboxylic acids of this invention would be an ester of the carboxylic acid group, for example a Ci to Cg ester, which may be linear or branched, which metabolizes to a compound claimed herein.
• An ester which has functionality that makes it more easily hydrolyzed after administration to a patient may also be a prodrug.
• Prodrugs of the class of compounds of this invention may be described as compounds having the Formula I, wherein R9 is now defined as a group that is easily removed under physiological conditions during or after administration to a mammalian patient to yield a compound having Formula I, where R is H, or the carboxylate anion thereof (in solution), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , where the substituents and groups and values of n are as defined above for compounds having Formula I.
• prodrugs of Formula I include compounds in which OR9 of the CO2 group is selected from the group consisting of -ORlO, -OCH2ORIO, - OCH(CH3)ORl0, -OCH2OC(O)RlO, -OCH(CH3)OC(O)Rl0 t -OCH2OC(O)ORlO, - OCH(CH3)OC(O)ORlO, -NRl lRll, and -ONRHRH, where each RlO is independently selected from C ⁇ _6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or two groups selected from -CO2H, -CONH2 , -NH2, -OH, -OAc, NHAc, and phenyl; and wherein each Rl 1 is independently selected from H and RlO.
• Compounds having Formula la, where R9 has the chemical structure described above, are described as prodrugs. However, regardless of whether they are active as prodrugs, yielding
• Compounds of the present invention are potent ligands. with agonist or partial agonist activity on the various peroxisome proliferator activator receptor subtypes, particularly PPAR ⁇ .
• the compounds may also be ligands or agonists of the PPAR ⁇ subtype as well, resulting in mixed PPAR ⁇ / ⁇ agonism or in agonism of mainly the PPAR ⁇ subtype.
• These compounds are useful in treating, controlling or preventing diseases, disorders or conditions, wherein the treatment is mediated by the activation of an individual PPAR subtype ( ⁇ or ⁇ ) or a combination of PPAR subtypes (e.g. ⁇ / ⁇ ), and particularly the PPAR ⁇ subtype.
• One aspect of the present invention provides a method for the treatment, control or prevention of such diseases, disorders, or conditions in a mammal which comprises administering to such mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
• Compounds of the present invention may be useful in treating, controlling or preventing many ' PPAR mediated diseases and conditions, including, but are not limited to, (1) diabetes mellitus, and especially rion-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NTDDM), (2) hyperglycemia, (3) low glucose tolerance, (4) insulin resistance, (5) obesity, (6) lipid disorders, (7) dyslipidemia, (8) hyperlipidemia, (9) hypertriglyceridemia, (10) hypercholesterolemia, (11) low HDL levels, (12) high LDL levels, (13) atherosclerosis and its sequelae, (14) vascular restenosis, (15) irritable bowel syndrome, (16) inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, (17) other inflammatory conditions, (18) pancreatitis, (19
• Another aspect of the invention provides a method for the treatment, control, or prevention of hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and/or dyslipidemia, which comprises administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a PPAR agonist or partial agonist having formula I.
• the PPAR agonist may be used alone or advantageously may be administered with a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, particularly an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor such as lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, rivastatin, itavastatin, or ZD-4522.
• the PPAR agonist may also be used advantageously in combination with other lipid lowering drugs such as cholesterol absorption inhibitors (for example stanol esters, sterol glycosides such as tiqueside, and azetidinones such as ezetimibe), ACAT inhibitors (such as avasimibe), and with niacin, bile acid sequestrants, microsomal triglyceride transport inhibitors, and bile acid reuptake inhibitors.
• cholesterol absorption inhibitors for example stanol esters, sterol glycosides such as tiqueside, and azetidinones such as ezetimibe
• ACAT inhibitors such as avasimibe
• niacin niacin
• bile acid sequestrants bile acid sequestrants
• microsomal triglyceride transport inhibitors microsomal triglyceride transport inhibitors
• bile acid reuptake inhibitors bile acid reup
• Another aspect of the invention provides a method of treating inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis by administering an effective amount of a PPAR agonist, which may be a PPAR ⁇ agonist, a PPAR ⁇ agonist, or a PPAR ⁇ / ⁇ dual agonist.
• a PPAR agonist which may be a PPAR ⁇ agonist, a PPAR ⁇ agonist, or a PPAR ⁇ / ⁇ dual agonist.
• Additional inflammatory diseases that may be treated with the instant invention include gout, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, ARDS, psoriasis, vasculitis, ischemia reperfusion injury, frostbite, and related diseases.
• Any suitable route of administration may be employed for providing a mammal, especially a human, with an effective dose of a compound of the present invention.
• oral, rectal, topical, parenteral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, and the like may be employed.
• Dosage forms include tablets, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, capsules, creams, ointments, aerosols, and the like.
• compounds of Formula I are administered orally.
• the effective dosage of active ingredient employed may vary depending on the particular compound employed, the mode of administration, the condition being treated and the severity of the condition being treated. Such dosage may be ascertained readily by a person skilled in the art.
• the compounds of the present invention are administered at a daily dosage of from about 0.1 milligram to about 100 milligram per kilogram of animal body weight, preferably given as a single daily dose or in divided doses two to six times a day, or in sustained release form.
• the total daily dosage is from about 1.0 milligrams to about 1000 milligrams, preferably from about 1 milligrams to about 50 milligrams. In the case of a 70 kg adult human, the total daily dose will generally be from about 7 milligrams to about 350 milligrams. This dosage regimen may be adjusted to provide the optimal therapeutic response.
• compositions which comprise a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof as an active ingredient, as well as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids including inorganic bases or acids and organic bases or acids.
• the compounds of Formula I can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
• the carrier may. take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral (including intravenous).
• any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed, such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations, such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions; or carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations such as, for example, powders, hard and soft capsules and tablets, with the solid oral preparations being preferred over the liquid preparations.
• oral liquid preparations such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions
• carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations such as, for example, powders, hard and soft capsules and tablets, with the solid oral preparations being preferred over the liquid preparation
• tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. If desired, tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques. Such compositions and preparations should contain at least 0.1 percent of active compound. The percentage of active compound in these compositions may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be between about 2 percent to about 60 percent of the weight of the unit. The amount of active compound in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that an effective dosage will be obtained.
• the active compounds can also be administered intranasally as, for example, liquid drops or spray.
• the tablets, pills, capsules, and the like may also contain a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin.
• a dosage unit form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to . materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil.
• a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil.
• Various other materials may be present as coatings or to modify the
• tablets may be coated with shellac, sugar or both.
• a syrup or elixir may contain, in addition to the active ingredient, sucrose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and a flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor.
• Compounds of formula I may also be administered parenterally.
• Solutions or suspensions of these active compounds can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant such as hydroxy-propylcellulose.
• Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
• the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
• the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
• the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g. glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.
• Compounds of Formula I may be used in combination with other drugs that may also be useful in the treatment, prevention, suppression or amelioration of the diseases or conditions for which compounds of Formula I are useful. Such other drugs may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefor, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of Formula I. When a compound of Formula I is used contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form containing such other drugs and the compound of Formula I is preferred. However, the combination therapy also includes therapies in which the compound of Formula I and one or more other drugs are administered on different overlapping schedules.
• compositions of the present invention include those that contain one or more other active ingredients, in • addition to a compound of Formula I.
• Examples of other active ingredients that may be administered in combination with a compound of Formula I, and either administered separately or in the same pharmaceutical composition include, but are not limited to: (a) (i) other PPAR agonists such as the glitazones (e.g.
• troghtazone pioglitazone, englitazone, MCC-555, rosiglitazone, and the like
• compounds disclosed in WO97/27857, 97/28115, 97/28137 and 97/27847 (ii) biguanides such as metformin and phenformin; (iii) protein tyrosine phosphatase- IB (PTP-1B) inhibitors, and (iv) dipeptidyl peptidase TV (DP-IV) inhibitors; (b) insulin or insulin mimetics;
• ⁇ -glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose
• cholesterol lowering agents such as (i) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, rivastatin, itavastatin, ZD-4522 and other statins), (ii) sequestrants (cholestyramine, colestipol, and dialkylaminoalkyl derivatives of a cross-linked dextran), (iii) nicotinyl alcohol, nicotinic acid or a salt thereof, (iv) PPAR ⁇ agonists such as fenofibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil, clofibrate, fenofibrate and benzafibrate), (v) PPAR ⁇ / ⁇ dual agonists, such as KRP-297, (vi) inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, such as for example beta-sitosterol, (vii) acyl CoA holesterol acyltransfera
• antiobesity compounds such as fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, phentiramine, sulbitramine, orlistat, neuropeptide Y5 inhibitors, and ⁇ 3 adrenergic receptor agonists;
• agents intended for use in inflammatory conditions such as aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, azulfidine, and cyclo- oxygenase 2 selective inhibitors.
• the above combinations include combinations of a compound of the present invention not only with one other active compound, but also with two or more other active compounds.
• Non-limiting examples include combinations of compounds having Formula I with two or more active compounds selected from biguanides, sulfonylureas, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, other PPAR agonists, PTP-1B inhibitors, DP-TV inhibitors, and anti-obesity compounds.
• PPAR ⁇ Human PPAR ⁇ 2 , human PPAR ⁇ and human PPAR ⁇ were expressed as gst- fusion proteins in E. coli.
• the full length human cDNA for PPAR ⁇ 2 was subcloned into the pG ⁇ X-2T expression vector (Pharmacia).
• the full length human cDNAs for PPAR ⁇ and PPAR ⁇ were subcloned into the pGEX-KT expression vector (Pharmacia).
• E. coli containing the respective plasmids were propagated, induced, and harvested by centrifugation. The resuspended pellet was broken in a French press and debris was removed by centrifugation at 12,000 X g.
• Recombinant human PPAR receptors were purified by affinity chromatography on glutathione sepharose. After application to the column, and one wash, receptor was eluted with glutathione. Glycerol (10%) was added to stabilize the receptor and aliquots were stored at -80°C.
• TEGM Tris, pH 7.2, 1 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 7 ⁇ L/100 mL ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, 10 mM Na molybdate, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 5 ⁇ g/mL aprotinin, 2 ⁇ g/mL leupeptin, 2 ⁇ g/mL benzamidine and 0.5 mM PMSF) containing 0.1% non-fat dry milk and 10 nM [ ⁇ H2] AD5075, (21 Ci/mmole), ⁇ test compound as described in Berger et al (Novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR ⁇ ) and PPAR ⁇ ligands produce distinct biological effects.
• TEGM 10 mM Tris, pH 7.2, 1 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 7 ⁇ L/100 mL ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, 10 mM Na molybdate, 1 mM dithioth
• TEGM Tris, pH 7.2, 1 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 7 ⁇ L/100 mL ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, 10 mM Na molybdate, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 5 ⁇ g/mL aprotinin, 2 ⁇ g/mL leupeptin, 2 ⁇ g/mL benzamide and 0.5 mM PMSF) containing 0.1% non-fat dry milk and 2.5 nM [3H2]L-783483, (17 Ci/mmole), ⁇ test compound as described in Berger et al (Novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ⁇ (PPAR ⁇ ) and PPAR ⁇ ligands produce distinct biological effects.1999 J Biol Chem 274: 6718-6725).
• the chimeric receptor expression constructs pcDNA3-hPPAR ⁇ /GAL4, pcDNA3-hPPAR ⁇ /GAL4, pcDNA3-hPPAR ⁇ /GAL4 were prepared by inserting the yeast GAL4 transcription factor DBD adjacent to the ligand binding domains (LBDs) of hPPAR ⁇ , hPPAR ⁇ , hPPAR ⁇ , respectively.
• the reporter construct, pUAS(5X)-tk- luc was generated by inserting 5 copies of the GAL4 response element upstream of the herpes virus minimal thymidine kinase promoter and the luciferase reporter gene.
• pCMV-lacZ contains the galactosidase Z gene under the regulation of the cytomegalovirus promoter.
• COS-1 cells were seeded at 12 X 10 cells/well in 96 well cell culture plates in high glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing 10% charcoal stripped fetal calf serum (Gemini Bio-Products, Calabasas, CA), nonessential amino acids, 100 units/ml Penicillin G and 100 mg/ml Streptomycin sulfate at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 10% CO2- After 24 h, transfections were performed with Lipofectamine (GIBCO BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) according to the instructions of the manufacturer.
• transfection mixes for each well contained 0.48 ⁇ l of Lipofectamine, 0.00075 ⁇ g of pcDNA3-PPAPJGAL4 expression vector, 0.045 ⁇ g of pUAS(5X)-tk-luc reporter vector and 0.0002 ⁇ g of pCMV-lacZ as an internal control for transactivation efficiency.
• Cells were incubated in the transfection mixture for 5 h at 37° C in an atmosphere of 10% CO2. The cells were then incubated for -48 h in fresh high glucose DMEM containing 5% charcoal stripped fetal calf serum, nonessential amino acids, 100 units/ml Penicillin G and 100 mg/ml Streptomycin sulfate ⁇ increasing concentrations of test compound.
• Partial agonism was determined by comparison of maximal transactivation activity with standard PPAR agonists such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. If the maximal stimulation of transactivation was less than 50% of the effect observed with standard compounds, then the compound was designated as a partial agonist.
• mice Male db/db mice (10-11 week old C57B1/KFJ, Jackson Labs, Bar Harbor, ME) were housed 5/cage and allowed ad lib. access to ground Purina rodent chow and water. The animals, and their food, were weighed every 2 days and were dosed daily by gavage with vehicle (0.5% carboxymethylcellulose) ⁇ test compound at the indicated dose. Drug suspensions were prepared daily. Plasma glucose, and triglyceride concentrations were determined from blood obtained by tail bleeds at 3-5 day intervals during the study period.
• Glucose, and triglyceride determinations were performed on a Boehringer Mannheim Hitachi 911 automatic analyzer (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN) using heparinized plasma diluted 1:6 (v/v) with normal saline. Lean animals were age-matched heterozygous mice maintained in the same manner.
• the phenolic indole (4) (50 mg, 0.16 mmole) was dissolved in dichloromethane (2 mL). To the phenol solution was added (S)-allyl lactate (24 mg, 0.19 mmole), triphenylphosphine (50 mg, 0.19 mmole), and diethylazodicarboxylate (DEAD) (0.030 mL, 0.19 mmole) and the reaction was monitored by TLC. Once complete the reaction was purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound (44.1 nig, 64%).

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