WO2001083912A2 - Element d'architecture de forme allongee et pouvant etre eclaire - Google Patents

Element d'architecture de forme allongee et pouvant etre eclaire Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001083912A2
WO2001083912A2 PCT/GB2001/001907 GB0101907W WO0183912A2 WO 2001083912 A2 WO2001083912 A2 WO 2001083912A2 GB 0101907 W GB0101907 W GB 0101907W WO 0183912 A2 WO0183912 A2 WO 0183912A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
architectural member
lighting
transparent
lighting element
architectural
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2001/001907
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2001083912A3 (fr
Inventor
Peter Norman Langmead
Original Assignee
Mils Technology Plc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB0010679A external-priority patent/GB0010679D0/en
Application filed by Mils Technology Plc filed Critical Mils Technology Plc
Priority to GB0228208A priority Critical patent/GB2379466B/en
Priority to AU52375/01A priority patent/AU5237501A/en
Publication of WO2001083912A2 publication Critical patent/WO2001083912A2/fr
Publication of WO2001083912A3 publication Critical patent/WO2001083912A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F11/00—Stairways, ramps, or like structures; Balustrades; Handrails
    • E04F11/02—Stairways; Layouts thereof
    • E04F11/104—Treads
    • E04F11/16—Surfaces thereof; Protecting means for edges or corners thereof
    • E04F11/163—Protecting means for edges or corners
    • E04F11/166—Protecting means for edges or corners with means for fixing a separate edging strip
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F19/00—Other details of constructional parts for finishing work on buildings
    • E04F19/02—Borders; Finishing strips, e.g. beadings; Light coves
    • E04F19/06—Borders; Finishing strips, e.g. beadings; Light coves specially designed for securing panels or masking the edges of wall- or floor-covering elements
    • E04F19/062—Borders; Finishing strips, e.g. beadings; Light coves specially designed for securing panels or masking the edges of wall- or floor-covering elements used between similar elements
    • E04F19/063—Borders; Finishing strips, e.g. beadings; Light coves specially designed for securing panels or masking the edges of wall- or floor-covering elements used between similar elements for simultaneously securing panels having different thicknesses
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S4/00—Lighting devices or systems using a string or strip of light sources
    • F21S4/20—Lighting devices or systems using a string or strip of light sources with light sources held by or within elongate supports
    • F21S4/22—Lighting devices or systems using a string or strip of light sources with light sources held by or within elongate supports flexible or deformable, e.g. into a curved shape
    • F21S4/24—Lighting devices or systems using a string or strip of light sources with light sources held by or within elongate supports flexible or deformable, e.g. into a curved shape of ribbon or tape form, e.g. LED tapes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S4/00—Lighting devices or systems using a string or strip of light sources
    • F21S4/20—Lighting devices or systems using a string or strip of light sources with light sources held by or within elongate supports
    • F21S4/28—Lighting devices or systems using a string or strip of light sources with light sources held by or within elongate supports rigid, e.g. LED bars
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V33/00—Structural combinations of lighting devices with other articles, not otherwise provided for
    • F21V33/006—General building constructions or finishing work for buildings, e.g. roofs, gutters, stairs or floors; Garden equipment; Sunshades or parasols
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F11/00—Stairways, ramps, or like structures; Balustrades; Handrails
    • E04F11/02—Stairways; Layouts thereof
    • E04F11/104—Treads
    • E04F2011/1046—Miscellaneous features of treads not otherwise provided for
    • E04F2011/1048—Miscellaneous features of treads not otherwise provided for with lighting means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
    • F21W2111/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems for signalling, marking or indicating, not provided for in codes F21W2102/00 – F21W2107/00
    • F21W2111/02—Use or application of lighting devices or systems for signalling, marking or indicating, not provided for in codes F21W2102/00 – F21W2107/00 for roads, paths or the like
    • F21W2111/027—Use or application of lighting devices or systems for signalling, marking or indicating, not provided for in codes F21W2102/00 – F21W2107/00 for roads, paths or the like for indicating kerbs, steps or stairs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
    • F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an elongated architectural member such as a stair nosing adapted to carry a lighting element.
  • Lighting elements are increasingly being used to display the location of stairs, walls and obstructions and especially to delineate escape routes in the case of fire or other emergencies when visibility is hampered for example by smoke or by failure of main lighting systems.
  • Lines of small, bright mini incandescent bulbs or light emitting diodes disposed at low level have been found to improve visibility, rather like reflective "cats eyes" on the roads.
  • Such low level lighting is already commonplace in cinemas and aircraft.
  • Various official bodies, including public authorities, shipping authorities and insurance underwriters, together with architects, are specifying it as part of their safety strategy.
  • Stair nosing units that is to say protective edges for treads on a stairway, provide a convenient location for low level lighting and the present invention is largely described with reference to such units. It is however to be understood that the invention is applicable to other architectural members, for example skirting boards, dado rails, curtain rails, picture rails, cornices, soffits, doorway architraves, window frames, or conservatory support bars.
  • Stair nosing units typically elongate with plastic or metal parts and a generally "L"-shaped cross section, are used not only to protect the edge of a stair tread projecting over the stair riser but also to provide a firm hold for any stair covering, for example carpets, linoleum or plastic tiles or sheets.
  • the units are usually provided in a lengthwise direction, i.e. across the width of the stair, with a recess adapted to receive an elongate wear pad. It is also known for them to be provided in the said lengthwise direction with one or two slots adapted to receive elongate lighting elements.
  • Illuminated stair nosings may be made from metal and/or plastic materials.
  • the portions associated with the lighting elements, which may include a protective cover, may be made of transparent or translucent plastic material.
  • the known iUuminated stair nosing units have several disadvantages. Since their component parts are made to slide or clip together when assembled there is some clearance in the fit, which causes the nosing to creak or rattle when trodden upon.
  • the clearances also allow the ingress of spilt liquids and cleaning materials, together with dust and dirt from shoes etc.
  • the light is distributed through the whole nosing, making for obtrusive levels of lighting in undesired directions, and allowing a clear view of any underlying imperfections such as rough-cut carpet edges. Stair nosings with two slots for lighting elements are more expensive and require more power.
  • the invention relates to an elongate architectural member adapted to carry an elongate lighting element
  • the elongate architectural member comprises an opaque part and an integral transparent or translucent part and further comprises a channel adapted to retain an elongate lighting element, part of which channel is made from the opaque material and part from the transparent or translucent material.
  • the transparent or translucent part is disposed to collect light and, by reflection and refraction, guide light to be visible from locations different from that in which the lighting element shines directly.
  • the invention thus provides an illuminatable elongate architectural member having a channel adapted to carry an elongate lighting element to radiate light directly from the member, characterised in that the member includes a transparent or translucent part formed integrally with an opaque part, the said parts being so disposed that the transparent or translucent part collects light from the lighting element and by a combination of reflection and refraction additionally radiates light indirectly through the transparent or translucent part.
  • Illuminatable architectural members according to the invention may be employed simply for decorative purposes or general lighting requirements but also offer particular advantages for security or safety purposes, in which application they can both illuminate and define an exit path or escape route.
  • the invention is well suited for use with stair nosing units but is equally applicable to other architectural features. It provides for a direct light beam to iUuminate stairs, passageways, gangways, corridors etc. together with an indirect light beam to delineate the edge of the stair, wall or other architectural feature on which it is mounted.
  • the direct beam illuminates the path to be followed, while the indirect beam draws particular attention to features such as steps and sharp edges in or alongside the path.
  • Elements according to the invention ar ⁇ well suited to use in public auditoriums such as cinemas, theatres and concert halls and in large vehicles such as ships, motor coaches and aircraft.
  • the integral construction of the member ensures that the complete unit is an integral homogenous whole. This provides for robust strength while avoiding the creaking or rattling associated with previous units.
  • the combination of transparent/translucent parts and opaque parts permits both the direct and indirect lighting to be emitted in the desired directions. In one embodiment of the invention there is no part of the member in front of the lighting element, thereby permitting the direct lighting to emerge with no transmission losses. In another embodiment the transparent or translucent part extends in front of the lighting element, thereby affording physical protection for the lighting element but with a small loss in lighting output.
  • the configuration of the opaque part allows light paths to be controlled by blanking off the directions in which it is desired that light shall not pass.
  • the architectural members according to the invention are conveniently formed by co- extrusion.
  • the opaque part can advantageously include elongated flanges ("edge traps") to cover the edges of adjacent covering material, for example floor carpet or wallpaper.
  • the flanges serve both to hold the adjacent material neatly in place and to mask any rough edges that it would otherwise present.
  • the opacity of the flanges and the absence of illumination in them assist in not drawing attention to any such rough edges.
  • the unit can conveniently include a recess adapted to receive a wear strip, for example to take the wear and tear of passing feet.
  • the wear strip may be for example a tile of carpet or other flooring material, and can be replaced from time to time without the need to replace the whole unit.
  • the outer surface of the transparent/translucent part is preferably roughened so as to diffuse the light emerging from it.
  • the roughening is provided by longitudinal grooves.
  • the grooves can be formed during its extrusion.
  • the architectural member has an L-shaped cross section, with elongated flat sides joined at right angles along a long edge. This shape fits readily over a stair edge, door pillar or wall corner. Most of one flat side is made of opaque material whereas a major portion of the other flat side is made of transparent/translucent material.
  • the L-shape is preferably configured so that the channel to receive the elongate lighting element is disposed on the stair riser, such that the direct lighting is projected in a forward direction from the riser.
  • the architectural member is preferably made of an extendable plastic.
  • This may be any rigid thermoplastic offering transparent/translucent properties and, with suitable pigments and/or fillers, a sufficient level of opacity.
  • Acrylic plastics are generally preferred, for example methyl methacrylate or poly vinyl chloride.
  • a suitable thickness of the plastic material is in the range 1.5 to 2.5 mm.
  • the lighting element should provide for both the direct and indirect ltirninous radiation. It must therefore have both a forward and a sideways component (upwards in the case of the stair riser location) and must be located in the channel in relation to the transparent/translucent part so that the sideways/upwards component enters an edge of that part to be directed by refraction and reflection to emerge at the desired points.
  • the lighting element may comprise one or more incandescent bulbs, elongated filament lamps or fluorescent tubes, but preferably comprises a cold lighting source, for example light emitting diodes (LEDs) or cold cathode or electeophosphorescent units.
  • a cold lighting source for example light emitting diodes (LEDs) or cold cathode or electeophosphorescent units.
  • the transparent/translucent part of the member should be shaped to accommodate the intended form of lighting element. For example, a different internal configuration of the channel is required for tubular lighting elements compared with LED strip lighting.
  • the invention offers great flexibility in the relative intensity of the direct lighting and the indirect lighting and provides for a considerable range of choices in the type and layout of the lighting source.
  • the indirect lighting is of lower intensity than the direct lighting. This has the advantage of making the observer aware of the delineated feature while not unduly distracting attention from the illuminated path to be followed.
  • Elements according to the invention have particular advantages in an auditorium.
  • the direct lighting beam can be pointed away from the audience to give adequate light for moving about safely on stairs and gangways while not shining into their eyes when they are watching the performance.
  • the indirect lighting while necessarily visible to the audience to draw attention to stair edges and other obstructions, can be of much lower intensity than the direct lighting so that it does not cause visual distraction or discomfort.
  • the lighting combination can therefore be fully effective while soft and unobtrusive.
  • Different lighting sources in different architectural members or within an individual lighting element may be of different colours, either for decorative purposes or to conform to a defined colour coding, for example for safety purposes.
  • the transparent or translucent part of the member can itself be coloured.
  • the lighting element is of adjustable luminous output. This permits high or low intensities of lighting according to the prevailing conditions. In a public auditorium the output could be of high intensity during entrance and exit of the audience but reduced to a low level for the period of the performance
  • Individual lighting elements can be illuminated intermittently, for example to provide a flashing mode to draw particular attention to a preferred exit path or to impose an apparent direction of movement along the member or from one member to the next. For safety purposes it may be advantageous to impose a direction of movement which leads to the nearest exit.
  • the intermittent pattern and frequency can be imposed by a programmed controller.
  • the lighting may be permanently on but alternatively need only be switched on in the event of an emergency.
  • the member according to the invention When used as the edge portion of a skirting board the member according to the invention is preferably disposed so that the direct lighting points horizontally to illuminate the adjacent floor and the indirect lighting provides a less bright upwards illumination.
  • This configuration has the advantage when used for emergency escape that the escapee is encouraged to move close to the floor in order to get the clearest lighting image.
  • One particularly convenient form of lighting element for use with the architectural members of the invention is provided by flexible plastic strip incorporating individual LEDs.
  • a length of such strip is located in the lighting channel and connected to a power source.
  • the architectural member can usefully include a distribution conduit beneath or alongside the channel for the lighting element, whereby the ends of the flexible plastic strip can be folded into the said conduit, together with its associated electrical connectors and supply wiring, and thus present to an observer a smooth and tidy appearance at the ends of the member.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of a stairway fitted with nosing units according to the invention
  • Figure 2 is a perspective view of one of the nosing units illustrated in Figure l;
  • Figure 3 is a perspective view, on an enlarged scale, of part of the nosing unit illustrated in Figure 2;
  • Figure 4 is a version of Figure 3 showing light transmission paths through the nosing unit.
  • FIG. 1 shows a stairway 7 provided with carpet sections 5 and stair nosings 1.
  • Each nosing unit 1 comprises an upper leading edge element 2 of transparent plastic and an L-shaped base element 4 of opaque plastic The units are formed by co-extrusion of the edge elements 2 and base elements 4. In an alternative embodiment the edge element 2 is translucent. The units are formed by co-extrusion of the edge elements 2 and base elements 4.
  • the base element 4 has carpet edge traps 13 which are configured to form with the edge element 2 a slot 3 adapted to receive and retain an elongate lighting element 6, and a recess 10 adapted to receive a wear strip (not shown).
  • the base of the wear strip recess 10 is a channeled member 9.
  • Figure 2 shows an elongate lighting element 6 ready to be inserted into the slot 3 between the leading edge element 2 and the lower carpet edge trap 13.
  • the lighting element 6 is flat bar of transparent plastic with seven bright mini incandescent bulbs 12 embedded therein.
  • the outer surface of the leading edge element 2 has longitudinal grooves 14 which extend across the width of the unit. These are most clearly seen in Figures 3 and 4, which also show the ends of bonding zones 16 extending across the width of the unit and providing a firm integral bond between the edge element 2 and base element 4, thereby ensuring that the complete unit 1 is an integral homogenous whole.
  • Figure 4 shows the light pattern emerging from the unit 1 when the elongate lighting element 6 is in position and illuminated.
  • Direct light from the lighting element 6 radiates in a generally forward direction indicated by the arrow 18.
  • Indirect light 17 from the lighting element 6 is collected through the indicated area at the lower end of the edge element 2 and is both reflected and refracted through the edge element 2 and its surface grooves 14 to emerge in different directions 19 as a diffuse beam with much lower light intensity than the direct light 18.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
  • Steps, Ramps, And Handrails (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un nez de marche ou autre élément d'architecture de forme générale allongée, tel que plinthe ou architrave d'embrasure, adapté pour loger un élément d'éclairement (6) dans un but décoratif ou de sécurité, comprenant un canal (3) à partir duquel l'élément d'éclairement rayonne la lumière directement, ainsi qu'une pièce transparente ou translucide (2) réalisée d'une seule pièce avec une pièce opaque (4), lesdites pièces étant disposées de façon que la pièce transparente ou translucide (2) collecte la lumière provenant de l'élément d'éclairement et que, par une combinaison de réflexion et de réfraction, rayonne en plus la lumière, indirectement à travers la pièce transparente ou translucide (2). Le faisceau lumineux direct peut éclairer un parcours pouvant être suivi de façon sure, par exemple, au travers de corridors, couloirs, allées, etc., cependant que le faisceau indirect attire particulièrement l'attention sur des points particuliers potentiellement dangereux, tels que marches et bords à angles vifs se présentant le long de ce parcours.
PCT/GB2001/001907 2000-05-03 2001-05-01 Element d'architecture de forme allongee et pouvant etre eclaire WO2001083912A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0228208A GB2379466B (en) 2000-05-03 2001-05-01 Illuminatable elongated architectural member
AU52375/01A AU5237501A (en) 2000-05-03 2001-05-01 Illuminatable elongated architectural member

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0010679A GB0010679D0 (en) 2000-05-03 2000-05-03 A stair nosing with integral light guide
GB0010679.9 2000-05-03
GB0031794.1 2000-12-29
GB0031794A GB0031794D0 (en) 2000-05-03 2000-12-29 Illuminatable elongated architectural member

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001083912A2 true WO2001083912A2 (fr) 2001-11-08
WO2001083912A3 WO2001083912A3 (fr) 2002-03-07

Family

ID=26244208

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2001/001907 WO2001083912A2 (fr) 2000-05-03 2001-05-01 Element d'architecture de forme allongee et pouvant etre eclaire

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AU (1) AU5237501A (fr)
GB (1) GB2379466B (fr)
WO (1) WO2001083912A2 (fr)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20120085116A1 (en) * 2010-10-08 2012-04-12 Lg Innotek Co., Ltd. Refrigerator with ultraviolet light emitting diode
DE202012101384U1 (de) * 2012-04-16 2013-07-17 Hanning & Kahl Gmbh & Co. Kg Bodenintegrierbares Leitsystem
WO2015007940A1 (fr) * 2013-07-17 2015-01-22 David Fernandez Gascon Profil d'angle pour assembler des pièces coupées en angle
FR3038636A1 (fr) * 2015-07-10 2017-01-13 Cine Sol Nez de marche lumineux
CN106906965A (zh) * 2017-04-28 2017-06-30 金梁复材（北京）科技有限公司 一种踏步板及扶梯
FR3060100A1 (fr) * 2016-12-08 2018-06-15 Andre Vicente Nez eclaire pour une structure sensiblement verticale
FR3061224A1 (fr) * 2016-12-22 2018-06-29 Bernard Proot Profile de finition electriquement conducteur
US11326351B2 (en) * 2019-03-19 2022-05-10 Stairrods (Uk) Ltd Bull nose stair nosing

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2433437B (en) * 2005-12-23 2011-02-16 Gradus Ltd Stair nosing
GB2459380B (en) * 2008-04-22 2012-07-04 Keith Rigby Flexible staircase/wallboard interface
CN109668073A (zh) * 2017-10-16 2019-04-23 华夏晶锐照明科技（北京）股份有限公司 台阶灯

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2185503A (en) * 1986-01-21 1987-07-22 Paul William Baker Illuminated step edging
US5810468A (en) * 1997-06-02 1998-09-22 Shimada Enterprises, Inc. Step lighting
EP0898030A1 (fr) * 1997-08-21 1999-02-24 Santo Kagaku Co., Ltd. Elément antidérapant d'escalier

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2185503A (en) * 1986-01-21 1987-07-22 Paul William Baker Illuminated step edging
US5810468A (en) * 1997-06-02 1998-09-22 Shimada Enterprises, Inc. Step lighting
EP0898030A1 (fr) * 1997-08-21 1999-02-24 Santo Kagaku Co., Ltd. Elément antidérapant d'escalier

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20120085116A1 (en) * 2010-10-08 2012-04-12 Lg Innotek Co., Ltd. Refrigerator with ultraviolet light emitting diode
US9028084B2 (en) * 2010-10-08 2015-05-12 Lg Innotek Co., Ltd. Refrigerator with ultraviolet light emitting diode
DE202012101384U1 (de) * 2012-04-16 2013-07-17 Hanning & Kahl Gmbh & Co. Kg Bodenintegrierbares Leitsystem
WO2015007940A1 (fr) * 2013-07-17 2015-01-22 David Fernandez Gascon Profil d'angle pour assembler des pièces coupées en angle
FR3038636A1 (fr) * 2015-07-10 2017-01-13 Cine Sol Nez de marche lumineux
FR3060100A1 (fr) * 2016-12-08 2018-06-15 Andre Vicente Nez eclaire pour une structure sensiblement verticale
FR3061224A1 (fr) * 2016-12-22 2018-06-29 Bernard Proot Profile de finition electriquement conducteur
FR3061225A1 (fr) * 2016-12-22 2018-06-29 Fixat Profile de finition electriquement conducteur
CN106906965A (zh) * 2017-04-28 2017-06-30 金梁复材（北京）科技有限公司 一种踏步板及扶梯
US11326351B2 (en) * 2019-03-19 2022-05-10 Stairrods (Uk) Ltd Bull nose stair nosing

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2379466A (en) 2003-03-12
GB0228208D0 (en) 2003-01-08
GB2379466B (en) 2004-03-03
AU5237501A (en) 2001-11-12
WO2001083912A3 (fr) 2002-03-07

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