WO2001075378A1 - Method of controlling preheating power and mechanism for providing preheating - Google Patents
Method of controlling preheating power and mechanism for providing preheating Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001075378A1 WO2001075378A1 PCT/JP2001/002430 JP0102430W WO0175378A1 WO 2001075378 A1 WO2001075378 A1 WO 2001075378A1 JP 0102430 W JP0102430 W JP 0102430W WO 0175378 A1 WO0175378 A1 WO 0175378A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- phase
- motor
- preheating
- voltage
- current
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
- H02P27/02—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using supply voltage with constant frequency and variable amplitude
- H02P27/024—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using supply voltage with constant frequency and variable amplitude using AC supply for only the rotor circuit or only the stator circuit
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/70—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof
- F24F11/80—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air
- F24F11/83—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air by controlling the supply of heat-exchange fluids to heat-exchangers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/89—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P29/00—Arrangements for regulating or controlling electric motors, appropriate for both AC and DC motors
- H02P29/60—Controlling or determining the temperature of the motor or of the drive
- H02P29/62—Controlling or determining the temperature of the motor or of the drive for raising the temperature of the motor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/30—Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
- F24F11/46—Improving electric energy efficiency or saving
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/70—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof
- F24F11/80—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air
- F24F11/83—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air by controlling the supply of heat-exchange fluids to heat-exchangers
- F24F11/85—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air by controlling the supply of heat-exchange fluids to heat-exchangers using variable-flow pumps
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2600/00—Control issues
- F25B2600/02—Compressor control
- F25B2600/021—Inverters therefor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/15—Power, e.g. by voltage or current
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/70—Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a technique for controlling electric power consumed for preheating a motor, particularly a motor for a compressor of an air conditioner, to be constant. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a technique for preheating a compressor motor driven by a pulse width modulation inverter.
- lubricating oil has been employed to reduce friction of motor bearings.
- Such technology is also employed in compressor motors of air conditioners.
- compressor motors of air conditioners in particular handle refrigerants, and have the property that refrigerants are easily dissolved in refrigeration oil, which is the lubricating oil, at low temperatures. Therefore, when the compressor motor of the air conditioner was driven at a low temperature, the motor would rotate with the concentration of the refrigerating machine oil reduced, so there was a high possibility that the sliding parts of the compressor would seize due to friction.
- a crank heater is provided around the compressor motor to provide preheating before the motor rotates, thereby reducing the solubility of the refrigerating machine oil in the refrigerant.
- a technology has been adopted in which the compressor motor supplies current from the impeller under the condition that the motor does not rotate without providing a crank heater. ing.
- the frequency may be increased while the applied current is reduced, or DC may be used.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and provides a technique capable of giving a constant preheating to a motor irrespective of a change in a receiving voltage. It also provides a technology that provides constant preheating power regardless of the temperature of the motor coil.
- the preheating power control method wherein the multi-phase motor is driven by an inverter (15), and the coils (Lu, Lw) To give the preheating to the multi-phase motor by applying a current from the inverter to the multi-phase motor, while applying the current at a predetermined cycle (T) from the inverter to the multi-phase motor under the condition that the multi-phase motor does not rotate,
- the duty (D) which is the ratio of the time during which the voltage is applied to the coil to the cycle, is set smaller.
- the method for controlling preheating power according to the second aspect wherein the current is supplied to the polyphase motor when the preheating is applied to the polyphase motor. Do not apply a rotating magnetic field.
- a method for controlling preheating power according to any one of the first to third aspects, wherein the multi-phase motor is used for a compressor of an air conditioner. It is a motor.
- the method for controlling preheating power according to the second aspect, wherein the multi-phase motor is a three-phase motor, and the impeller is a three-phase inverter.
- a pair of switching elements of each phase is positive and negative (Q u, Qv, Q w , Qx, QY, QZ) has the positive of the switching element of the first phase (U)
- the switching element (Q z) Gao down of the negative side of the second phase (W), the positive side and the negative side of the switching element of the third phase (V) (Qv ;. and Q gamma) is the first period for turning on in a complementary manner same time (t n), the first phase, all of the second and third phases, the positive or the negative side of the switching element (Qu, Q v, Qw; Qx, QY, QZ) turn on and the second period ( t.ff ) forms the above cycle.
- the duty is a known calibration voltage (Vr) and a calibration current.
- the product of (I ref) and the calibration duty (Do) is set to a value obtained by dividing the product of the current (I m) and the voltage (Vm) given to the motor.
- a seventh aspect of the present invention is the method for controlling preheating power according to the second aspect, wherein the duty is set to be larger as the temperature of the polyphase motor is higher.
- An eighth aspect of the present invention is the method for controlling preheating power according to the second aspect, wherein the preheating is performed on refrigerating machine oil of a compressor.
- a preheating mechanism wherein a multi-phase motor (30) having a coil (L u, Lw) and the multi-phase motor are operated in open phase to generate heat.
- An operation control unit An operation control unit.
- a preheating generator according to a ninth aspect, wherein the operation control unit includes an inverter (15); A current is applied to the polyphase motor at a predetermined cycle (T) under the condition that the motor does not rotate, and as the DC voltage (Vm) applied to the inverter increases, the ratio of the time during which the voltage is applied to the coil to the cycle increases. Duty (D) is set small.
- An eleventh aspect of the present invention is the preheating mechanism according to the tenth aspect, wherein the current is supplied to the polyphase motor by the rotating magnetic field when the preheating is applied to the polyphase motor. Do not give.
- the preheating mechanism according to any one of the ninth aspect to the eleventh aspect, wherein the polyphase motor is a compressor motor of an air conditioner. is there.
- a thirteenth aspect of the present invention is the preheating mechanism according to the tenth aspect, wherein the multi-phase motor is a three-phase motor, and the impeller is a three-phase inverter.
- each phase positive side ⁇ Pi negative side of the pair of switching elements (Qu, Qv, Qw, Qx , Qy, Q 2) has, the positive of said Suitchinda element of the first phase (U) (Qu) is turned on, the switching element (Qz) on the negative side of the second phase (W) is turned on, and the positive and negative switching elements (Q V ; and Q gamma) is the first period for turning on in a complementary manner same time (t. n), the first phase, all of the second and third phases, the positive or the negative side of the switching element ( The second period (t. If ) in which Qu, QV, Qw; Qx, QY, QZ) are turned on forms the above cycle.
- the preheating generating mechanism according to the tenth aspect or the thirteenth aspect, wherein the duty is equal to a known calibration voltage (V re i ) and a calibration current. It is set to a value obtained by dividing the product of (and the calibration duty (Do) by the product of the current (Im) and the voltage (Vm) given to the motor.
- An aspect according to an i5th aspect of the present invention is the preheating mechanism according to the tenth aspect, wherein the duty is set to be larger as the temperature of the polyphase motor is higher.
- the preheating mechanism according to the 10th aspect is provided, wherein the preheating is performed on the refrigerating machine oil of the compressor.
- the multiphase motor generates heat due to the open-phase operation, and the preheating is applied to the multiphase motor. .
- the duty varies to compensate for the variation of the DC voltage applied to the impeller, so that the DC Preheating can be performed with a predetermined power regardless of voltage fluctuation. Therefore, neither excessive power consumption nor insufficient preheating is caused.
- the preheating power control method since the rotating magnetic field is not applied to the polyphase motor, the polyphase motor rotates. Preheat without any. Therefore, it is possible to avoid a phenomenon in which the bearings are worn to generate the preheating, which is a conflicting purpose.
- the motor since the motor does not rotate while applying the rotating magnetic field, that is, so-called “slip” is not used, the generation of sound is suppressed.
- a preheating power control method In such a preheating generating mechanism, the solubility of the lubricating oil in the refrigerant handled in the compressor motor of the air conditioner can be reduced. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the motor from rotating in a state in which the refrigerating machine oil, which is a lubricating oil, is dissolved in the refrigerant and the concentration of the refrigerating machine oil is reduced, and the bearing is seized by friction.
- the positive and negative switching elements of the third phase are phase-captured during the first period. Since they are turned on at the same time, virtually no current flows in the third phase coil of the polyphase motor.
- the current flowing in the first period is maintained by the inductance of the first and second phase coils of the motor. Accordingly, the current continues to flow in the same direction with respect to the series connection of the first phase and the second phase coils, and a substantially constant current can continue to flow to the motor without generating a rotating magnetic field.
- the obtained duty value is obtained by changing a desired power to a current and a voltage applied to a motor. Divided by the product of Therefore, the preheating power can be kept constant regardless of the values of the current and the voltage applied to the motor.
- the motor is rotated in a state where the refrigerant is hardly dissolved in the refrigerating machine oil and the concentration of the refrigerating machine oil is reduced. Is avoided. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the sliding portion of the compressor from burning due to friction.
- FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram illustrating a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 to FIG. 5 are circuit diagrams illustrating the operation of the first embodiment of the present invention. You.
- FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the operation of the first exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram illustrating a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing a motor 30 for a compressor of an air conditioner to which a control method according to a first embodiment of the present invention is applied, and a drive circuit thereof.
- a voltage provided from a three-phase AC power supply 10 is converted into a rippled DC current by a diode bridge 11 having a known configuration. This is filtered by, for example, a choke input type filter, and a DC voltage is applied to the inverter 15.
- the inverter 15 performs switching of pulse width modulation under the control of the control circuit 20, and supplies, for example, a three-phase alternating current to the motor 30.
- the choke input type filter includes a capacitor 13 having one end and the other end connected to the negative output terminal of the diode bridge 11, and the other end of the capacitor 13.
- An inductor 12 is provided between the diode bridge 11 and the positive output terminal.
- the negative output terminal of the diode bridge 11 is, for example, grounded.
- the control circuit 20 is composed of, for example, a central processing unit, and controls the operation of the inverter 15. Naturally, in the normal operation, the operation of rotating the motor 30 is performed by the inverter 15, but in the preheating operation, the switching of supplying power to the motor 30 is performed by the inverter 15 without rotating the motor 30. Let it do.
- the control circuit 20 has two analog input ports AN 0 and AN 1 for inputting the voltage detection value V m and the current detection value Im which are the outputs of the voltage detection circuit 21 and the current detection circuit 22 respectively. .
- the voltage detection circuit 21 is composed of, for example, a filter, measures a voltage at a connection point between the inductor 12 and the capacitor 13, and outputs this as a voltage detection value Vm.
- the current detection circuit 22 is composed of, for example, a peak hold circuit and an average value circuit. The current detection circuit 22 measures a current flowing between the negative output terminal of the diode bridge 11 and the inverter 15 and calculates the current detection value I. Output as m. To measure this current, for example, die A resistor 14 is interposed between the negative output terminal of the auto ridge 11 and the negative input terminal of the inverter 15, and the voltage drop is measured here. As long as the voltage or current applied to the motor 30 is measured, the measurement may be performed in a manner other than the above.For example, the voltage or current may be measured at a position closer to the AC power supply 10 than the diode bridge 11. May be measured.
- FIGS. 2 to 5 are circuit diagrams for explaining the operation of the inverter 15 which supplies so-called open-phase operation to supply heat to the motor 30 in order to preheat the coil of the motor 30 to generate heat. It is.
- the voltage applied between the positive side input terminal and the negative input terminal of the inverter 1 5 In either figure shows as a virtual power supply E d.
- Transistor Qu, a Q v, Qw, Qx, QY respectively Qz U AiTadashigawa, V AiTadashigawa, W AiTadashigawa, U-phase negative side, V-phase negative side, W-phase negative side switching transistor.
- the motor 30 includes a U-phase coil Lu, a V-phase coil Lv, and a W-phase coil Lw connected in a Y-connection.
- Transistors Qu, pairs of Q x, the transistor Q v, the pair of Q Y, transistor Qw, the pair of Q z, are connected in series between the respective positive side input terminal of Inpata 1 5 and the negative side input terminal . Then, for each phase, a connection point between the paired transistors is connected to a coil of the motor 30. In each pair, the positive switching transistor and the negative switching transistor are not simultaneously turned on. Note that the so-called dead time in which these are simultaneously turned off will be ignored in the present embodiment.
- the solid line of the bold line and the thin line indicates a conducting path
- the broken line indicates a non-conducting path
- a thick solid line indicates a path through which substantially no current flows
- a thin solid line indicates a path through which substantially no current flows.
- Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5 are voltage vectors V, respectively. , V 4) VB, shows a current path in response to V 7.
- Such a transition of the voltage vector is performed by the control circuit 20 controlling the voltages applied to the gates of the switching transistors Qu, Qv, Qw, Qx, QY, and Qz.
- the negative-side switching transistors Q x , Q Y , and Q z are on in any of the U phase, the V phase, and the W phase, so that no voltage is applied to the motor 30.
- the current flowing in another voltage vector is maintained.
- a current flows from the coil U-phase coil Lu to the W-phase coil Lw, and the state where the current is maintained is illustrated.
- the positive-side switching transistors Qu, Qv, and Qw are on in all of the U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase, and therefore, no voltage is applied to the motor 30. But the voltage vector V. As in the case of, the state where the current flowing from the coil U-phase coil Lu to the W-phase coil Lw is maintained is illustrated.
- Such four aspects of the voltage vector are periodically and repeatedly realized by the inverter 15.
- V 4 the direction of the current flowing through the V-phase coil Lv are opposite to each other. Therefore, if the period for driving the inverter 15 is taken equally in both modes, and the four voltage vector modes are repeated at a certain frequency, Due to its inductance, almost no current flows through the V-phase coil Lv. Therefore, the current flows from the coil U-phase coil Lu to the W-phase coil Lw without any substantial current flowing through the V-phase coil Lv.
- the voltage vector V is the mode of the four voltage vectors. , V 4 , V 6) If V 7 is repeated in this order with a period T, the voltage vector V. , V? There was through the period that runs no voltage is applied to the motor 30, so that the voltage E d applied to the motor 3 0 throughout the duration of the voltage vector V 4, V 6 is executed. Moreover, although current continues to flow through the motor 30, no rotating magnetic field is generated, so that the motor 30 does not rotate and preheating occurs. Therefore, the refrigerating machine oil of the motor 30 can be preheated while avoiding a conflicting phenomenon in which the bearings are worn to generate the preheating.
- Period t. n is the sum of the periods during which the voltage vectors V 4 and V s are executed, and the period t. ff is the voltage vector V. , V? Is the sum of the periods during which In other words, period t.
- n positive sweep rate Tsu quenching transistor Qu in U-phase, negative sweep rate Tsu quenching transistor Q z in W phase, while also on each, in the V-phase positive side switching transistor Qv and the negative sweep rate Tsu quenching transistor Q
- the desired power consumption for preheating is determined in advance by W r .
- the control circuit 20 stores the voltage detection value Vm and the current detection value Im when the receiving voltage is, for example, 200 V as the calibration voltage V rei and the calibration current I, respectively.
- the duty D value at this time is also the calibration duty D.
- the duty D is varied while measuring the preheating power consumed by the motor 30, and the duty D and the current detection value Im when the preheating power becomes "W re i " are respectively calibrated duty D.
- the calibration current I r is assumed to be f.
- the voltage detection value Vm and the current detection value Im are supplied to the control circuit 20 by the analog input ports AN0 and AN1, respectively, while the calibration duty D is provided.
- the calibration current I and the calibration voltage Vrd are stored in the control circuit 20. Therefore, the voltage vector V. , V 4 , V 6 , and V 7 can be controlled by the control circuit 20 to change the duty D according to the above equation.
- this embodiment is more advantageous in that a so-called “motor slip” occurs and the sound generated from the motor increases.
- FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram showing a compressor motor 30 of an air conditioner to which the control method according to the second embodiment of the present invention is applied, and a drive circuit thereof, according to the first embodiment.
- the difference is that the temperature measuring element 31 is provided in the motor 31 and the control circuit 20 inputs the data.
- the impedance is substantially determined by the DC resistance R.
- the DC resistance R of the coil has a temperature dependency such that it increases as the temperature increases. Therefore, if the voltage detection value Vm is equal, the higher the temperature, the lower the current detection value Im, and if the duty D is equal, the preheating power also decreases. The preheating power can be compensated for such a temperature change of the impedance of the motor 30.
- the temperature of the motor 30 is measured by the temperature measuring element 31 and the data is transmitted to the control circuit 20.
- the control is performed to cancel this, for example, to increase the duty value as the temperature obtained from the temperature measuring element 31 increases. It can be performed. If the duty value is increased, the average value of the voltage applied to the motor is also increased, and the preheating power can be increased. That is, the preheating power can be set to a desired value regardless of the temperature of the motor 30.
- This method can be similarly applied even when the current supplied to the motor 30 for generating the preheating is an alternating current.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU42788/01A AU758162C (en) | 2000-03-30 | 2001-03-26 | Method of controlling preheating power and mechanism for providing preheating |
US09/979,661 US6617819B2 (en) | 2000-03-30 | 2001-03-26 | Method of controlling preheating power and mechanism for providing preheating |
EP01915797A EP1271071A4 (en) | 2000-03-30 | 2001-03-26 | METHOD FOR CONTROLLING PREHEATING POWER AND PREHEATING MECHANISM |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2000-93442 | 2000-03-30 | ||
JP2000093442A JP3757745B2 (ja) | 2000-03-30 | 2000-03-30 | 予熱電力の制御方法及び予熱発生機構 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2001075378A1 true WO2001075378A1 (en) | 2001-10-11 |
Family
ID=18608626
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2001/002430 WO2001075378A1 (en) | 2000-03-30 | 2001-03-26 | Method of controlling preheating power and mechanism for providing preheating |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6617819B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1271071A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3757745B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1171115C (ja) |
AU (1) | AU758162C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2001075378A1 (ja) |
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US11336206B2 (en) | 2020-09-23 | 2022-05-17 | Rockwell Automation Technoligies, Inc. | Switching frequency and PWM control to extend power converter lifetime |
CN112728725B (zh) * | 2021-01-22 | 2022-02-11 | 珠海格力节能环保制冷技术研究中心有限公司 | 一种压缩机的控制装置、方法和空调 |
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- 2001-03-26 AU AU42788/01A patent/AU758162C/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-03-26 EP EP01915797A patent/EP1271071A4/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-03-26 WO PCT/JP2001/002430 patent/WO2001075378A1/ja active IP Right Grant
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1366598A (zh) | 2002-08-28 |
AU4278801A (en) | 2001-10-15 |
EP1271071A4 (en) | 2010-03-17 |
AU758162C (en) | 2003-10-16 |
EP1271071A1 (en) | 2003-01-02 |
JP3757745B2 (ja) | 2006-03-22 |
US6617819B2 (en) | 2003-09-09 |
CN1171115C (zh) | 2004-10-13 |
US20030098298A1 (en) | 2003-05-29 |
JP2001286183A (ja) | 2001-10-12 |
AU758162B2 (en) | 2003-03-20 |
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