Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
  • A23C15/00—Butter; Butter preparations; Making thereof
  • A23C15/12—Butter preparations
  • A23C15/126—Butter containing a minority of vegetable oils; Enrichment of butter with fatty acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
  • A23D9/00—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings, cooking oils
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
  • A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
  • A21D2/00—Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking
  • A21D2/08—Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking by adding organic substances
  • A21D2/14—Organic oxygen compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
  • A23C15/00—Butter; Butter preparations; Making thereof
  • A23C15/12—Butter preparations
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
  • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
  • A23D7/003—Compositions other than spreads
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
  • A23D9/00—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings, cooking oils
  • A23D9/007—Other edible oils or fats, e.g. shortenings, cooking oils characterised by ingredients other than fatty acid triglycerides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
  • A23G3/00—Sweetmeats; Confectionery; Marzipan; Coated or filled products
  • A23G3/34—Sweetmeats, confectionery or marzipan; Processes for the preparation thereof
  • A23G3/346—Finished or semi-finished products in the form of powders, paste or liquids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
  • A23L13/00—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L13/40—Meat products; Meat meal; Preparation or treatment thereof containing additives
  • A23L13/42—Additives other than enzymes or microorganisms in meat products or meat meals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
  • A23L33/11—Plant sterols or derivatives thereof, e.g. phytosterols
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
  • A23L7/00—Cereal-derived products; Malt products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L7/10—Cereal-derived products
  • A23L7/109—Types of pasta, e.g. macaroni or noodles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
  • A23G2200/00—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF containing organic compounds, e.g. synthetic flavouring agents
  • A23G2200/08—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF containing organic compounds, e.g. synthetic flavouring agents containing cocoa fat if specifically mentioned or containing products of cocoa fat or containing other fats, e.g. fatty acid, fatty alcohol, their esters, lecithin, paraffins

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for producing a fat mixture of ⁇ -sitosterol, which mixture is health beneficial, homogeneous and stable, lowers the serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, and contains the ⁇ -sitosterol in a partly dissolved and/or microcrystalline form.
• a high serum total cholesterol level, hypertension and smoking are the main risk factors associated with a heart disease (1).
• Sitosterols are mixtures of ⁇ -sitosterol (stigmasta-5-en- 3 ⁇ -ole) and certain saturated sterols, such as ⁇ -sitostanol, containing sterols not less than 95 % , and unsaturated sterols not less than 85 % .
• Sitosterols are broadly present in plants, such as in wheat and rye germ oils, corn oil, and commonly in seed oils. Sitosterols are antihypercholesterolemic agents that inhibit absorption of cholesterol in the intestine, and through the inner walls of blood vessels (2). Sitosterols play a role in the treatment of atherosclerosis when administered in doses of 2—3 grams, three times a day. In the western diet, the daily intake of ⁇ -sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol from food is about 200—400 mg (3), which is of about the same order as our daily cholesterol intake from food.
• the mechanism which inhibits the cholesterol absorption was considered to be based on crystallization and coprecipitation of cholesterol and ⁇ -sitosterol. Mattson et al. (8) showed that 1 gram of ⁇ -sitosterol reduces by 42% the absorption of cholesterol from food containing 500 mg of cholesterol. The reduction of plasma cholesterol may be due to the increased activity of LDL-receptors.
• ⁇ -Sitosterol is a lipophilic compound. In contact with the lipid membranes of intestinal walls, ⁇ -sitosterol will not be absorbed due to its poor water solubility, or only a minor proportion of it will be absorbed; when administered orally, only less than 5% of it will be absorbed (9).
• the activity of ⁇ -sitosterol is based on competitive inhibition of cholesterol absorption in the intestine (10). B-sitosterol interferes with cholesterol resorption and reresorption in the small intestine (11). It is considered that this results from the similarity between the chemical structures of cholesterol and ⁇ -sitosterol (12).
• ⁇ -sitosterol reduces synthesis of cholesterol in the liver by affecting the gene expression of HMG-CoA reductase (13).
• Richter W et al. (14) have shown that ⁇ -sitosterol lowers by 10—15 % the total serum cholesterol level, and by 19% the LDL-cholesterol level, by inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol in the intestine.
• nine adult patients were administered for 5 days with 500 mg of cholesterol, as well as with 1 gram of ⁇ - sitosterol, or 2 grams of ⁇ -sitosteryl oleate.
• Finnish patent application No. 964951 discloses an agent for lowering the cholesterol level in serum, and the use thereof.
• This application relates to the use of an ester of ⁇ -sitostanol with a fatty acid or a mixture of esters of ⁇ -sitostanol with a fat acid as 3 a fat component or as a fat substitute in food products, to the use thereof as such, complementing the diet, and to the compound itself.
• Finnish patent publication No. 98 730 discloses a method for producing a substance to lower high serum cholesterol levels.
• ⁇ -sitostanol obtained from ⁇ - sitosterol by hydrogenating in an organic solvent in the presence of palladium on carbon as a catalyst, and a plant oil are used to produce an ester of ⁇ -sitostanol with a fatty acid, or a mixture of such esters, employing the transesterification technique in the presence of a sodium ethylate catalyst.
• Naturally occurring ⁇ -sitosterol is a crystalline compound.
• free sterols like ⁇ -sitosterol are dissolved only scarcely in oil and fat, and therefore, derivatives of ⁇ -sitosterol, for instance esters that are significantly more soluble in fats are produced for practical reasons, even though, according to some studies (15), these derivatives do not inhibit the absorption of cholesterol as effectively as the free ⁇ - sitosterol.
• Such derivatives soluble in fats may be mixed much more easily into nutrition products to form a homogeneous mixture than a solid, insoluble, coarse ⁇ - sitosterol powder.
• processing to obtain a ⁇ -sitosterol derivative entails additional costs for the product.
• the hydrogenation of ⁇ -sitosterol to ⁇ -sitostanol is necessarily carried out using an organic solvent so that traces of it, as well as traces of the metal catalysts used, may be present in the esterified end product.
• the esterified product is no longer a naturally occurring substance but a man made artificial chemical compound.
• An object of the invention is to provide a method for producing a fat mixture of ⁇ -sitosterol, which is health beneficial, homogeneous and stable, lowers the total serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, and contains the ⁇ -sitosterol in a 4 partly dissolved and/or in a microcrystalline form.
• Another object of the invention is to use such a homogeneous stable fat mixture of ⁇ -sitosterol containing it in a partly dissolved and/or in a microcrystalline form in fat preparations or food products as an agent that lowers the cholesterol level in serum, as well as to use this mixture as such to complement the diet.
• ⁇ -sitosterol may be made partly soluble and/or microcrystalline with the following procedure.
• the problems and disadvantages associated with the state of the art may be avoided with the solution of the present invention.
• ⁇ -sitosterol and food grade oil are mixed, and this mixture is heated until all solids are dissolved in oil. After cooling, water is added into the mixture at the temperature thereof, thereby dispersing fe
• the result will be a homogeneous, stable, fat-like, almost white mass with a consistency closely resembling that of butter, or an oily mixture, depending on the amounts of the components.
• This homogeneous and stable paste is particularly suitable for being mixed into food products, for instance.
• the starting material in this method is ⁇ -sitosterol that may comprise 80—100% of ⁇ -sitosterol and ⁇ -sitostanol, and as impurities 0—20% of other sterols and stanols.
• This starting material containing ⁇ -sitosterol, or ⁇ -sitosterol may be mixed with the food grade oil in an amount of 0.5—80%, preferably 10—30% , the resulting pasty product having an appearance and a viscosity closely resembling those of butter, and being easy to handle. The higher the percentage of ⁇ -sitosterol in the mixture, the harder the mass will be.
• any cooking oil or any food grade oil or fat, or oil or an oily compound of animal origin, and suitable for human consumption may be used, for instance cod-liver oil, or any edible oily substance of plant or animal origin, or 5 mixtures thereof.
• Preferred oils are rapeseed oil, turnip seed oil, sunflower oil, soy bean oil, corn oil, and olive oil.
• the amount of oil is 5—90%, preferably 60—85%, by weight of the mass of the mixture.
• Water used may be any food grade water, the percentage thereof being 5—30%, preferably 10—20%, by weight of the mass of the mixture.
• a mixture of the starting material containing ⁇ -sitosterol and oil is heated at the temperature of 80—140 °C, preferably at 100—120 °C, until the solid starting material containing ⁇ -sitosterol is dissolved in oil.
• water is added thereto essentially at the temperature of the mixture.
• Texture stabilizing surface active agents such as polysorbate (Tween 80, Polysorbat 80), egg lecithin, or soy bean lecithin, known as emulsifying agents, may optionally be added to the mixture in an amount of 0.05—8.0% , by weight.
• stabilizing agents such as sodium chloride, mineral salt, preserving and flavouring agents, and/or various vitamins, for instance the vitamins A and E, food colours and phytophenols may be added.
• the mixture thus prepared is homogeneous and stable under conventional conditions for storing food products.
• ⁇ -sitosterol is in a partly dissolved and/or microcrystalline form. If required, ⁇ -sitosterol may also be dissolved in an oil as described above, and this ⁇ -sitosterol/oil mixture may be used as such in food production.
• the method of the invention makes it possible to produce, in a simple and economic way, a fat mixture of ⁇ -sitosterol which is health beneficial, homogeneous and stable, reduces absorption of cholesterol in the intestine, thus lowering the serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, and contains the ⁇ -sitosterol in a partly dissolved and/or microcrystalline form.
• This method uses a naturally occurring ⁇ - sitosterol, and a food grade oil or fat, without any organic solvents or complicated process steps.
• Fat mixture containing ⁇ -sitosterol may be added into food products that comprise fats of animal or plant origin, or mixtures thereof.
• Suitable food products are various processed meat products such as sausages and cold cuts, processed fish products, food products containing natural fatty acids, dairy products such as cheese, and several other food products containing edible fats or mixtures thereof, for instance sauces and dressings, mayonnaise, spices and spice mixtures, cereal, noodle and pasta products, ice cream, candies, chocolate, cakes, pastries, and the like, as well as edible fats for cooking and baking, and mixtures thereof.
• the starting material was a mixture containing ⁇ -sitosterol and ⁇ - sitostanol in a total amount of 89.2%, ⁇ -sitosterol in an amount of 0.1 %, campesterol and campestanol in a total amount of 8.9%, and arthenols in a total amount of 0.9%.
• the starting material had a solid matter content of 98.8% , melting range of 137—138 °C, and density of 0.49 kg/dm 3 . 7
• this starting material is referred to in the following as the starting material containing ⁇ -sitosterol according to the main component thereof.
• a mixture was prepared containing 20% by weight of ⁇ -sitosterol and 80% by weight of rapeseed oil. The mixture was heated while stirring in a glass jar until the starting material containing ⁇ -sitosterol was dissolved in oil. At that point, the temperature was about 110 °C, and the test was carried out at normal atmospheric pressure.
• tap water having the same temperature as the mixture (60 °C) was added thereto in an amount of about 15 %, by weight of the amount of the mixture, triturating in a mortar.
• the mixture was initially transparent and oily yellow when examined visually. suddenly, the addition of water being almost complete, the mixture became opaque and off-white. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature (22 °C) while mixing. The final composition of the mixture is shown in Table 1.
• the mixture of Table 1 was a white fat mass, having a consistency closely resembling that of butter, and containing ⁇ -sitosterol in a partly dissolved and/or microcrystalline form.
• the mixture was practically tasteless.
• Example 2 Variation of concentrations of the starting material containing ⁇ -sitosterol in the mixture containing oil and water
• Example 2 With the method of Example 1 , mixtures were prepared wherein the proportion of the starting material containing ⁇ -sitosterol was 2.5—60% of rapeseed oil. It was observed that the consistency of the basic mixture was most preferable when the concentration of the starting material containing ⁇ -sitosterol was between 10% and 20% . The mixture has then an appearance and a viscosity comparable to those of butter, and it is easy to handle.
• Example 1 With the method of Example 1 mixtures were prepared replacing rapeseed oil with sunflower oil, corn oil and olive oil. Mixtures were prepared with each of these oils using three different percentages of ⁇ -sitosterol: 5%, 10% and 20% . 9
• surface active agents are necessary for the preparation and stabilization of disperse systems, particularly emulsions. It is often important to use surface active agents able to stabilize the consistency of dispersions, especially for long term storage, for instance to prevent any separation of the emulsion components, or crystallization thereof.
• the mixtures of example 1 were prepared, containing 2% by weight, calculated from the proportion of the water phase, of emulsifiers generally known as surface active agents such as polysorbate (Tween 80, Polysorbat 80), egg lecithin or soy bean lecithin.
• surface active agents such as polysorbate (Tween 80, Polysorbat 80), egg lecithin or soy bean lecithin.
• the resulting compositions were essentially as shown in Table 1, but each containing about 0.3 % , by weight, of a surface active agent.
• the result was a uniform, light yellow mass of the colour of butter that felt like ordinary butter in every respect.
• the taste of the mixture was good and could not be distinguished from that of real butter, except perhaps for a lower salt content.
• the result was a uniform, light yellow mass of the colour of the original rapeseed margarine that felt like ordinary rapeseed margarine in every respect.
• the taste of the resulting mixture was good and could not be distinguished from that of the initial margarine, except perhaps for a lower salt content.
• the result was a uniform mass having a light yellow colour, and a feeling throughout similar to those of the initial light spread used.
• the 11 taste of the resulting mixture was good, and practically, could not be distinguished from that of the initial light spread, except perhaps for a lower salt content.
• ⁇ -sitosterol was heated with the amount of oil needed for pasta preparation until either ⁇ -sitosterol dissolved in oil, or an opalescent uniform flowing liquid was formed, depending on the ratio of ⁇ -sitosterol to oil. This liquid was allowed to cool while triturating it. To the resulting cooled mixture was added either water, or an egg mixture and water, or an egg mixture while triturating at the same time to form an emulsion. A suitable amount of durum wheat flour and salt were then added by .kneading the dough. Water was added as required during kneading. The result was uniform pasta wherein ⁇ -sitosterol could not be detected visually, nor tasted.
• the amount of ⁇ -sitosterol in the pasta was as much as 2 g/100 g of fresh pasta. Amounts exceeding this are not necessary in view of the weight of a pasta portion (125 g of fresh pasta/portion) and considering the suitable concentration of ⁇ - sitosterol for the activity thereof.
• Table 2 shows examples of pasta dough compositions.
• Pasta sheets were prepared in a usual way from this pasta dough.
• the pasta may be served either as fresh pasta or it may be dried for a longer term storage. Both fresh and dried pasta products were cooked in ample water for as long as 10 minutes, ⁇ - sitosterol was not released from the pasta either into the cooking water or into the rinsing water of the cooked pasta.
• Rapeseed oil 1.3 1.3
• ⁇ Suitable water amount may vary depending for instance on the type of durum wheat flour.
• composition of the basic mixture used is shown in Table 1.
• the pizzas were baked at 225 °C for about 25—30 minutes.
• Meatball Mix is an industrially produced mixture of dry ingredients for meatballs of Northern type containing seasonings, starch, soyaflour and bread crumbs.
• Meatballs were baked at 225 °C for 20 mins.
• composition of the basic mixture containing ⁇ -sitosterol is shown in Table 1.
• the basic mixture containing ⁇ -sitosterol could be mixed into the dough very well and the dough was easy to handle and knead since it was not sticky.
• the properties 18 of the bread rolls containing ⁇ -sitosterol totally corresponded to those of the rolls prepared without ⁇ -sitosterol.
• Example 15 Addition of the basic mixture containing ⁇ -sitosterol to a sauce made with milk

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• 1998
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• 1999
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