Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
  • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
  • A61K9/703—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms characterised by shape or structure; Details concerning release liner or backing; Refillable patches; User-activated patches
  • A61K9/7084—Transdermal patches having a drug layer or reservoir, and one or more separate drug-free skin-adhesive layers, e.g. between drug reservoir and skin, or surrounding the drug reservoir; Liquid-filled reservoir patches
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
  • A61K47/32—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. carbomers, poly(meth)acrylates, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
  • A61P15/16—Masculine contraceptives

Definitions

• DHT Dihydrotestosterone
• the transdermal dosage form can be an ointment, cream, gel, powder, transdermal patch, lotion, spray or the like.
• the dosage form is produced from a non-5 ⁇ -reducible androgen provided in at least a therapeutically effective amount and is disbursed within a pharmaceutically-acceptable transdermal carrier.
• the carrier can be an ointment based, gel based, cream based, lotion based, powder based, spray based or a transdermal patch into which the androgen is formulated.
• the non-5 ⁇ -reducible androgen is a 7 ⁇ -modified androgen and in particular, MENT.
• Figure 4 illustrates the permeation profile (flux) of MENT and T across rat skin from the gel described in example 1 (A) (2) (pharmacist value lubricating jelly).
• Figure 5 illustrates the permeation profile (flux) of MENT and T across rat skin from a transdermal patch described in example 1 (B).
• Figure 6 illustrates the permeation profile (flux) of MENT and T across rat skin from a cream formulation described in example 1 (C)(1) (cream base A).
• Figure 9 - illustrates the permeation profile (flux) of MENT and T across rat skin from gel O described in example 1 (D).
• Figure 11 illustrates the permeation profile (flux) of MENT and T across rat skin from gel F described in example 1 (D).
• Figure 12 illustrates the permeation profile (flux) of MENT and T across rat skin from gel P described in example 1 (D).
• Figure 19 - illustrates MENT blood levels following topical application to rabbit skin measured in concentration of MENT ng/mL versus time for gel formulation T at a dosage of 0.8 mg/0.4 mL gel.
• testosterone derivatives having a non-hydrogen substituent in the 6 ⁇ or 7 ⁇ position.
• testosterone derivatives encompasses compounds having the basic four ring structure of testosterone, optionally modified at the 3, 5, 9, 11, 17 or 19 positions. Examples of such compounds include: 7- ⁇ -methyl testosterone, 7- ⁇ -methyl-l 1 ⁇ -hydroxytestosterone, 7- ⁇ ,17-dimethyltestosterone,
• 6- ⁇ -methyl-ll ⁇ -hydroxytestosterone 6- ⁇ ,17-dimethyltestosterone, 6- ⁇ ,17-dimethyl-ll ⁇ -hydroxytestosterone, 6- ⁇ ,17-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone, and 6- ⁇ ,17-dimethyl-ll ⁇ -hydroxy-19-nortestosterone
• the 7 ⁇ -methyl compounds for use in the invention can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,341,557 which is incorporated herein by reference. Synthesis of the other compound identified herein have also been described in the literature.
• the transdermal dosage forms of the present invention will have application in a wide range of indications including, without limitation, androgen replacement therapy, contraception, primary hypogonadism, testicular failure, baldness, aging, loss of bone mass, muscle wasting and cachexia, BPH, and prostate cancer. Therefore, the dose of androgen necessary can vary significantly. Furthermore, the potency, bioequivalence and bioactivity of the androgens useful for these indications can vary significantly. That can also have a dramatic effect on dosing. Other factors including the size, health and biochemistry of the subject also play a significant role in dosing.
• references to an amount of an androgen dose generally refer to the amount that is bioavailable over a 24 hour period.
• a transdermal patch may be formulated with 2 milligrams of MENT.
• the flux of MENT coupled with the area of the patch may dictate that in 24 hours, only 1.25 milligrams is dispensed. And of that, only 1 milligram is actually bioavailable. That 1 milligram, is never present all at once.
• the total which is bioavailable over the course of 24 hours is 1 milligram. This is therefore the amount of bioavailable MENT.
• 1 milligram of MENT over 24 hours can provide steady-state blood levels of over 1.0 nmol/L throughout the day.
• Transdermal dosage forms in accordance with the present intention can take any number of forms. These formulations can include powders, cosmetics, ointments, gels, creams, lotions, salves and the like. .Androgen can be formulated into transdermal patches by mixing the androgen with a material which is itself adhesive or by adhering a non-adhesive drug containing reservoir or carrier to the skin of the subject using a backing material having adhesive at its peripheral, skin facing surface. Hydrogel materials, which are adhesive or non-adhesive, can be used for this purpose. Drugs can also be formulated into adhesive and non-adhesive bandages.
• the topical dosage forms of the present invention are prepared according to procedures well known in the art and may contain other active ingredients (also referred to herein as the "androgen").
• the androgen may be formulated into a preparation suitable for topical adrninistration in an ointment, lotion, gel, cream, topical spray and/or powder.
• Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening, gelling and/or emulsifying agents.
• bases may thus, for example, include water and/or an oil such as petrolatum, liquid paraffin or a vegetable oil such as peanut oil or castor oil.
• Gels may be produced using well known techniques from conventional pharmaceutically acceptable gelling agents including, without limitation, modified celluloses such as methyl cellulose, hydroxy methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, starch, modified starches, natural and synthetic gums including tragatanth, guar, acacia, carrageenan and the like, gelatin, sodium alginate, PVP, polyvinyl alcohol, and CARBOPOL's available from CRODA, Inc. of Edison, New Jersey. Powders may be formed with the aid of any suitable powder base, e.g. talc, lactose, starch, etc. Drops may be formulated with an aqueous base or non-aqueous base also comprising one or more dispersing agents, suspending agents, solubilizing agents, etc.
• modified celluloses such as methyl cellulose, hydroxy methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, starch, modified starches, natural and synthetic gums including tragatanth, guar,
• compositions according to the invention may also include one or more preservatives or bacteriostatic agents, e.g. methyl hydroxybenzoate, propyl hydroxybenzoate, chlorocresol, benzalkonium chlorides, etc.
• preservatives or bacteriostatic agents e.g. methyl hydroxybenzoate, propyl hydroxybenzoate, chlorocresol, benzalkonium chlorides, etc.
• compositions according to the invention may also contain other active ingredients such as antimicrobial agents, particularly antibiotics.
• the proportion of androgen in the compositions according to this aspect of the invention depends on the precise type of formulations to be prepared but will range of from 0.5% to 90% by weight. Generally, however, for most types of preparations advantageously the proportion used will be within the range of from 1.0 to 80% and more preferably 5.0 - 50% by weight.
• Formulating dosage forms in accordance with the present invention may be as simple as measuring a desirable amount of a specific androgen and homogeneously blending the androgen with a carrier or base, such as a cream, lotion, gel, etc., as described above.
• a carrier or base such as a cream, lotion, gel, etc.
• the androgen can be introduced prior to gel formation or physically blended with the gel thereafter.
• the androgen could also be blended with a known amount of, for example, a drug releasing adhesive before the adhesive has formulated into a patch and/or dried, cross-linked, or the like as discussed herein. Often however the androgen will have to be solubilized in a solvent prior to formulation with the carrier.
• Formulating the androgen in a solvent would allow the material to be conveniently homogeneously mixed with certain bases such as adhesive materials, creams and ointments.
• Use of a solvent may also help in emulsification and/or absorption on for example, gauze patches used in an adhesive style bandage.
• suitable solvents include fatty acids such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, capric acid and the like, as well as fatty esters or alcohols. Further suitable solvents include other non-toxic, non-volatile solvents commonly used in dermal or transdermal compositions for dissolving like compounds.
• the proportion may range from about 5 to about 70 weight percent based on the whole composition.
• the androgen is substantially dissolved in the solvent so that when mixed with the adhesive or other carrier materials, the androgen is dispersed and/or dissolved.
• transdermal patches Another particularly useful transdermal dosage form for delivering androgens in accordance with the present invention are transdermal patches. While there are an almost infinite variety of transdermal patches which can be used, there are many which share a number of common elements.
• patches useful in accordance with the present invention include an occlusive outer surface or backing layer.
• the backing layer is preferably a thin film or sheet. In many instances, because of the area of skin to which the device is to be attached, the device, and therefore the backing layer, is flesh colored for cosmetic reasons. But that need not be the case.
• the backing layer normally provides support and a protective covering for the patch device.
• the backing layer is preferably made of a material or combination of materials that is substantially impermeable to the drug containing layer or layers with which it can be in contact, i.e., to the drug carrier layer and the androgen and, possibly other active ingredient(s) contained therein, the adhesives, etc.
• a primary objective is to prevent seepage of the active ingredient through the backing layer of the device so, if the backing layer is coated on the surface in contact with the remainder of the device with an adhesive layer that is active ingredient impermeable, this impermeable adhesive layer will perform this purpose even if the backing layer is not totally impermeable to the active ingredient.
• the backing layer be impermeable to the active ingredient, although in most instances it normally is, and when it is not a layer providing this barrier function, such as an active ingredient impermeable adhesive layer, will be situated between the backing layer and the carrier layer.
• substantially impermeable it is meant that the other components in contact with the backing layer or component under consideration will not appreciably permeate through such layer or component for the normal period of use and storage of the device.
• the actual material used for the backing layer will depend on the properties of the materials in contact therewith.
• suitable materials include, for example, cellophane, cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, plasticized vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene chloride (e.g., SARAN), paper, cloth and aluminum foil.
• the material used is preferably impermeable to the active ingredient.
• the material which forms this backing layer may be flexible or non- flexible.
• a flexible backing layer is employed to conform to the shape of the body member to which the device is attached.
• the material which forms the backing layer is a film or a composite film.
• the composite can be a metallized (e.g., aluminized) film or a laminate of two or more films or a combination thereof.
• a laminate of polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene or a polyethylene/ metallized polyethylene terephthalate/polyethylene laminate can be employed.
• the preferred polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinylidene chloride (SARAN).
• the backing layer may be affixed to the androgen containing carrier layer(s) either directly, where the carrier layer is both adhesive to the skin and the backing layer, or by an adhesive layer.
• the adhesive layer may be active ingredient (androgen) impermeable to prevent seepage of the androgen from the carrier layer to the backing layer, and should be androgen impermeable when the backing layer is not.
• the adhesive layer and the backing layer may extend peripherally beyond the carrier layer about the entire periphery thereof so as to create an extended peripheral area of the backing layer with the adhesive layer peripherally extending beyond the carrier layer coextensively with the extended peripheral area of the backing layer. Therefore, another purpose of the adhesive layer can be to secure the device to the skin or mucosa.
• the adhesive layer is a pressure-sensitive adhesive suitable for contact with the skin or mucosa, e.g., dermatologically acceptable.
• Active ingredient (androgen) impermeable adhesives are typically coated onto the carrier or backing layer in liquid form.
• the liquid form of the adhesives are obtained either by dissolution or suspension of the adhesive components in a liquid vehicle or emulsion or by heating a thermoplastic adhesive above its melt temperature.
• the adhesive layer is then either dried by evaporation of the liquid vehicle or emulsion or hardened by cooling thermoplastic material below its melt temperature.
• Active ingredient impermeable adhesives are thus defined as being impermeable to the active ingredient when the adhesive layer is substantially dry or hardened.
• suitable pressure sensitive adhesive materials for use in the present invention as the active ingredient impermeable adhesive layer include some natural rubber and synthetic rubber adhesives and cross-linkable laminating adhesives.
• suitable natural rubber adhesives include R-1072 from B. F. Goodrich Co., No. 735 from C. L. Hathaway, and No. 5702 from Evans St. Clair.
• Examples of synthetic rubber adhesives include Jowatherem 270-00 and Jowatherem S-3202 from Jowat Corp. and 70-9416 from National Starch.
• laminating adhesives include the Dow Corning laminating silicone adhesives and the Lord Corporation Tycel 7900 series laminating adhesives.
• the adhesives most impermeable to most active ingredients are cross-linkable laminating adhesives, which are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• the thickness of the active ingredient impermeable adhesive layer is that thickness that provides sufficient impermeability to the active ingredient (and if necessary, to the other components of the device with which the impermeable adhesive layer is in contact) so that the active ingredient does not seep out of the device as explained above.
• the impermeable adhesive layer joining the backing layer to the carrier layer will have a thickness between about two and about five mils, and preferably will have a thickness of about two mils.
• Cross-linkable pressure-sensitive adhesives provide even greater impermeability of the adhesive layer to active agents and enhancers. By increasing the cross-link density of the adhesive layer, an even greater barrier to active agent diffusion is provided.
• the patches of the present invention may also include an active ingredient permeable adhesive layer between the carrier layer and the skin or mucosa of the subject, joining the device thereto.
• Certain embodiments may utilize a plurality of such active ingredient permeable adhesive layers.
• an active ingredient permeable adhesive layer can be used to affixes a rate-controlling polymer layer to a surface of the androgen containing carrier layer.
• the device is then affixed to the skin or mucosa of the subject by a second active ingredient permeable adhesive layer which is applied to the surface of the rate-controlling polymer layer opposite to carrier layer.
• At least the active ingredient (androgen) permeable adhesive layer that joins the device to the skin or mucosa of the subject is preferably dermatologically acceptable.
• Each active ingredient permeable adhesive layer is also preferably a pressure-sensitive adhesive. Any of the well-known, dermatologically acceptable, pressure-sensitive adhesives which permit drug migration there through can be used in the present invention.
• Some suitable permeable adhesives include acrylic or methacrylic resins such as polymers of alcohol esters of acrylic or methacrylic acids and alcohols such as n-butanol, isopentanol, 2-methylbutanol, 1-methyl-butanol, 1-methyl-pentanol, 2- methylpentanol, 3-methylpentanol, 2-ethyl-butanol, isooctanol, n-decanol, or n- dodecanol, alone or copolymerized with ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, methacrylamides, N-alkoxymethyl acrylamides, N-alkoxymethyl methacrylamides, N-t-butyl-acrylamide, itaconic acid, vinyl acetate, N-branched alkyl maleamic acids wherein the alkyl group has 10-24 carbon atoms, glycol diacrylates, or mixtures of these
• pressure-sensitive adhesives include polyisobutylene pressure sensitive adhesives, rubber pressure-sensitive adhesives and silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives.
• the adhesives may also be compounded with tackifiers and stabilizers as is well-known in the art.
• Adhesives that are preferred for their active agent permeability include acrylic copolymer adhesives such as Avery Chemical Company's AS-351 HSX, preferably at a coating weight of between 25 and 35 g/m 2 .
• This pressure-sensitive adhesive is a cross-linkable polymer which provides a permanently tacky film having a total solids content of about 52%, Brookfield viscosity (LVT/Spindle No. 4/12 RPM @ 25° C.) of from about 15,000 to 25,000 cps.
• Another such adhesive is sold by Monsanto under the designation GELVA Multipolymer Emulsion 2484, and comprises a stable aqueous acrylic emulsion pressure-sensitive adhesive having a solids content of 59% and a viscosity of 1,500 to 2,300 cps.
• acrylic adhesives include Gelva 788 and 733 from Monsanto, PS-41 from C. L.-Hathaway, Vr-0833 from H. B. Fuller, Adcot 73A207A from Morton Chemical, Nos. 80-2404, 80-1054, 72- 9056 and 72-9399 from National Starch, Nos. E-2015, E-2067 and E-1960 from Rohm & Haas, M-6112 from Uniroyal, Inc.
• the active ingredient permeable adhesive layers preferably contain some of the active ingredient when the device is placed on the skin. This provides an initial active ingredient presence at the skin or mucosa and eliminates delay in absorption of the active ingredient or in topical application, if that is desired. Thus, the active ingredient is immediately available to the host.
• the initial active ingredient presence may be due to the migration through the adhesive layer or layers and, if present, rate-controlling layer, or to an amount of the active ingredient mixed in with the active ingredient permeable adhesive layer or layers or rate- controlling layer during manufacture.
• rate-controlling layer or to an amount of the active ingredient mixed in with the active ingredient permeable adhesive layer or layers or rate- controlling layer during manufacture.
• the androgen and/or a permeation enhancer may be present in several of the laminate layers utilized, this may be the result of incorporation of the ingredients in only one of the layers, followed by migration of the ingredients to other layers.
• the materials which can be used for creation of the active ingredient permeable adhesive layers may also be used as adhesive carrier layers for the androgen and any other drug or excipient to be administered with the androgen.
• the patch When used as the drug reservoir, the patch may also include one or more rate controlling layers as discussed herein.
• the width (i.e., surface area) and thickness of the permeable adhesive layer for contact with the skin or mucosa is that width and thickness which provides sufficient permeability to the active agent or active agent enhancer and a suitable surface area to allow the dosage rate desired to the skin or mucosa.
• the androgen carrier layer(s) may be monolithic polymeric active ingredient (androgen) carrier layers.
• these monolithic active ingredient carrier layers basically comprise a thermoplastic polymeric matrix which is admixed with the androgen and any other active agent, enhancer or excipient.
• the monolithic polymer matrix carrier layers may be made by blending the androgen with a matrix polymer in a common solvent and then evaporate the solvent to form a plastic film.
• the carrier layers of the present invention may also be formed by blending a thermoplastic matrix polymer with the active agent at an elevated temperature above which the polymer softens and melts, but below which the androgen in negatively affected, at which temperature the polymer is molten and fluid. This has been referred to as melt-blending. See, U. S. Patent No. 5,662,926 the text of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• the present invention further includes embodiments in which more than one carrier layer is present or more than one rate-controlling layer is present, or both, in any order, provided that at least one rate-controlling polymer layer, if present, is situated between a carrier layer and the skin or mucosa of the host.
• At least one carrier layer is melt-blended with an active agent, active agent enhancer, or both, otherwise the other layers may include an androgen, androgen enhancer, or both, or may be substantially free of an androgen or androgen enhancer.
• the androgen or androgen enhancer may be melt-blended with the other layers or combined with the other layers by conventional methods.
• the active agent and thermoplastic matrix polymer can be melt-blended in an extruder and then formed into the carrier layer by extrusion. Coextrution of various layers is also possible as is known in the art.
• the enhancer should be an active agent enhancer heat stable at the melt temperature of the carrier polymer, rate-controlling polymer or active agent permeable adhesive into which it is to be melt-blended.
• Suitable thermoplastic matrix polymers for the carrier layer include the class of elastomeric resins which are polyether block amides commercially designated by the trademark PEBAX. Another class of suitable thermoplastic matrix polymers is the thermoplastic polyurethanes. Of this class, the polyether polyurethanes are preferred. These include such commercial polyurethane compositions such as Dow Chemical Company's PELLETHANE, including its 2363-80 AE grade thereof; K. J. Quin's Q-THANE; B.F. Goodrich's ESTANE; Mobay Chemical Company's TXTN; and others.
• Suitable thermoplastic matrix polymers also include various polyesters, such as the copolymers of various cyclic polyesters including DuPont's HYTREL, including its 4056 grade thereof, and General Electric's LOMOD both of which are copolymers of polyether prepolymers and polybutylene terephthalate and polyisobutylene terephthalate, respectively, as well as Eastman Chemical's PCCE.
• Other suitable polymers include ethylene methacrylic and acrylic acid copolymers such as ethylene methacrylic acid having the commercial designation NUCREL 699.
• Suitable adhesive carriers also include any of the non-toxic polymers, particularly those of the type used to carry drugs for transdermal delivery including natural or synthetic elastomers, such as polyisobutylene, styrene, butadiene, styrene isoprene block copolymers, acrylics, urethanes, silicones, styrene butadiene copolymers, methyl acrylate copolymers, acrylic acid, polyacrylates, and polysaccharides such as, karaya gum, tragacanth gum, pectin, guar gum, cellulose, and cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, cellulose acetate and the like, along with other substances known for use in transdermal preparations capable of forming a solid colloid that can adhere to skin and mucosa, used alone or in combination with other suitable carriers.
• natural or synthetic elastomers such as polyisobutylene, styrene, buta
• a particularly preferred carrier is a bioadhesive for application to the dermis.
• the adhesive can be modified so as to adhere to the skin or mucosal tissue, depending on the intended application site.
• preferred adhesives for application to the skin are bioadhesives.
• the term "adhesive” as used herein means a substance, inorganic or organic, natural or synthetic, that is capable of surface attachment to the intended application site.
• bioadhesive as used herein means an adhesive which attaches and preferably strongly attaches to a live or freshly killed biological surface such as skin or mucosal tissue upon hydration. Indeed, to qualify as a bioadhesive, a substance must be capable of maintaining adhesion in moist or wet in vivo or in vitro environments.
• polysaccharide as used herein means a carbohydrate decomposable by hydrolysis into two or more molecules of monosaccharides or their derivatives.
• Suitable polysaccharides include cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethy-lcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose and the like.
• bioadhesives are pectin, a mixture of sulfated sucrose and aluminum hydroxide, hydrophilic poly-saccharide gums such as natural plant exudates, including karaya gum, ghatti gum, tragacanth gum, xanthan gum, jaraya gum and the like, as well as seed gums such as guar gum, locust bean gum, psillium seed gum and the like.
• additives include binders, stabilizers, preservatives and pigments.
• the patch should be made of adhesives customary in medicine and other auxiliaries customary from pharmacopoeias (without skin-damaging or potentially skin-damaging properties). It should be possible for the patch to be charged with active ingredients to the highest possible level, without losing any of its adhesive strength, in order to generate uniformly high blood levels over the longest possible time.
• the acrylate polymer can be any desired homopolymer, copolymer or terpolymer comprising various acrylic acid derivatives.
• the acrylic acid polymer makes up from about 2 to about 95% of the total weight in the total dermal composition, and preferably about 2 to about 90%.
• the amount of acrylate polymer depends on the amount and type of drug used which is incorporated in the medicament used.
• the acrylate polymers of this invention are polymers of one or more monomers of acrylic acids and other copolymerizable monomers.
• the acrylate polymers moreover comprise copolymers of alkyl acrylates and/or methacrylates and/or copolymerizable secondary monomers or monomers having functional groups.
• the acrylate polymer comprises at least 50% by weight of an acrylate or alkyl acrylate monomer, 0 to 20% of a functional monomer which can be copolymerized with acrylate, and 0 to 40% of another monomer.
• Acrylate monomers which can be used with acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are listed below: butyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, isooctyl acrylate, isooctyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2- ethylhexyl methacrylate, decyl acrylate, decyl methacrylate, dodecyl acrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, tridecyl acrylate and tridecyl methacrylate.
• the following functional monomers which can be copolymerized with the above mentioned alkyl acrylates or methacrylates can be employed together with acrylic acid and methacrylic acid: maleic acid, maleic anhydride, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, acrylamide, dimethylacrylamide, acrylon-itrile, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, tert-butylaminoethyl acrylate, tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, methoxyethyl acrylate and methoxyethyl methacrylate. See U.S. Patent No.
• Appropriate adhesive acrylates are commercially obtainable under the trade name Duro-Tak and include the polyacrylate adhesive.
• Appropriate polysiloxanes include pressure-sensitive silicone adhesives which are based on two main constituents: a polymer or adhesive and a tack-increasing resin.
• the polysiloxane adhesive is usually formulated with a crosslinking agent for the adhesive, typically a high molecular weight polydiorganosiloxane, and with the resin to provide a three-dimensional silicate structure via an appropriate organic solvent. Admixing of the resin to the polymer is the most important factor for modifying the physical properties of the polysiloxane adhesive. Sobieski et al., "Silicone Pressure
• topical, transdermal dosage forms of the present invention is the delivery of a selected group of androgens
• other pharmaceutically active agents may be administered as well.
• These may include: psychoactive agents such as nicotine, caffeine, mesocarb, mefexamide, cannabinols such as THC, and the like, sedatives such as diazepam, mepiridine, uldazepam, tybamate, metaclazepam, tetrabarbitol and the like, antidepressants such as amitryptyline, imipramine desipramine, nialamide, melitracen, isocarboxazid, and the like, anticonvulsants such as phenobarbitol, carbamazepine, methsuximide, 2-ethyl- 2-phenylmalonamide (PEMA), phenytoin and the like.
• psychoactive agents such as nicotine, caffeine, mesocarb, mefexamide, cannabin
• Analgesics including narcotic analgesics such as codeine, morphine, analorphine, Demerol and the like, and analgesics such as acetaminophen, aspirin, alprazolam and the like, antimicrobial agents such as sulconazole, siccanin, silver sulfadiazine, bentiacide, and the like, tranquilizers such as meprobamate and the like, antineoplastic agents such as sulfosfamide, rufocromomycin and the like, and antibiotic agents such as tetracycline, penicillin, streptozcin and the like.
• narcotic analgesics such as codeine, morphine, analorphine, Demerol and the like
• analgesics such as acetaminophen, aspirin, alprazolam and the like
• antimicrobial agents such as sulconazole, siccanin, silver sulfadiazin
• the quantity of these other, non-androgen, active agents present in the transdermal patch, and indeed in the creams, lotions, gels, ointments, powders, salves and other transdermal formulations of the present invention is that quantity sufficient to provide a pharmaceutically or physiologically effective dosage rate of the active agent to a subject in need thereof. This quantity can be readily determined by those of ordinary skill in the art.
• the relative proportion of androgen and any other drug in the dosage forms of the present invention will depend on a number of the factors discussed previously including the nature of the dosage form, the indication and the duration of administration, the flux of the androgen and the device etc. However, generally at least about 0.5% by weight of the dosage form will be androgen in accordance with the present invention. More preferably, the amount of androgen will range from between about 1.0 to about 80% by weight, most preferably from between about 5.0 to about 50% by weight.
• the devices of the present invention optionally include a rate- controlling polymer layer which can be the active ingredient permeable adhesive layer. These adhesive or non-adhesive flow regulation layers can modify the rate at which the androgen is administered topically and, therefore, the flux.
• the polymers suitable for use as the rate-controlling polymer layer are conventional in the art and need not be discussed in detail here.
• Some preferred materials include, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), copolyesters (e.g., HYTREL) and polyurethanes.
• the rate of permeation of the active agent through the rate- controlling polymer layer depends on factors such as the affinity of the androgen for the polymer layer, molecular size of the androgen, polymeric structure of the carrier layer and the thickness of the layer. Therefore, the appropriate rate-controlling polymeric material and its thickness depend on the androgen used and the desired rate of permeation.
• the selection of a polymer layer and its thickness provides a means, if desired, for controlling the dosage rate to the skin or mucosa.
• An enhancer to promote the penetration of the androgen through the skin may also be included in either the carrier layer, rate-controlling polymer layer or the active agent permeable adhesive layers.
• the enhancer may be incorporated into these layers by solvent blending or by melt-blending, i.e. by the same processes utilized to incorporate the androgen into either the carrier layer or the rate-controlling polymer layer.
• Suitable enhancers include those described in the above-cited U.S. Pat. No.
• 4,573,996 such as the following enhancers with a sufficiently high boiling point: monovalent, saturated and unsaturated aliphatic and cycloaliphatic alcohols having 6 to 12 carbon atoms such as cyclohexanol, lauryl alcohol and the like; aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as mineral oils; cycloaliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones such as cyclohexanone; N, N-di (lower alkyl) acetamides such as N, N-diethyl acetamide, N, N-dimethyl acetamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl) acetamide, and the like; aliphatic and cycloaliphatic esters such as isopropyl myristate and lauricidin; N, N-di (lower alkyl) sulfoxides such as decylmethyl sulfoxide; essential oils; nitrated aliphatic and cyclo
• the device contains a protective liner attached to the device at the surfaces to be adhered to the skin or mucosa, namely the active agent permeable adhesive layer and, if present, the peripheral adhesive layer.
• the protective liner may be made of the same materials suitable for use in the backing layer as discussed above. Such material is preferably made removable or releasable from the adhesive layers by, for example, by conventional treatment with silicon, Teflon or other suitable coating on the surface thereof. The removal of the device from the protective liner may also be provided by mechanical treatment of the protective liner, e.g., by embossing the protective liner.
• the protective liner can comprise various layers, including paper or paper-containing layers or laminates; various thermoplastics, such as extruded polyolefins, such as polyethylene; various polyester films; foil liners; other such layers, including fabric layers, coated or laminated to various polymers, as well as extruded polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, various polyamides, and the like.
• a particularly preferred embodiment of the protective liner of the present invention includes a laminate of an outer foil layer and an inner layer of plastic, such as polyethylene or the like, which is rendered releasable not only by means of a siliconized coating, but which also includes an embossed or roughened surface.
• Embossment of this surface can be accomplished by a number of conventional methods.
• preparation of embossed surfacing can be accomplished by the use of male-female tooling, preferably enhanced by the application of heat.
• the principle intention of this embossment process is to roughen the surface or render it uneven so that less than the entire surface will be in physical contact with the corresponding adhesive layer.
• the seal provided to the adhesive layer or layers by the protective liner is "peelable” or releasable, by merely pulling apart the edge of the protective liner.
• the adhesive layer or layers for contact with the skin or mucosa remain in contact with the surface of the carrier layer and the peripherally extended backing area, if present, because of the coefficient of adhesion between the adhesives and these layers vis-a-vis the coefficient of adhesion between these adhesive layers and the coated surface of the protective liner. See generally U. S. Patent No. 5,662,926.
• the active agent and thermoplastic matrix polymer can be melt- blended using any art-recognized method for blending polymers with additives.
• the thermoplastic matrix polymer is melt-blended with the active agent at a temperature above the softening point of the polymer using any conventional melt-blending apparatus including extruders, calendars, kneaders, sigma bladed mixers such as Brabender-type mixers, Banbury-type mixers and the like, preferably at a temperature between about 170° C. and about 200° C.
• the active agent can also be melt-blended with the rate-controlling polymer by the above-described method.
• the active agent enhancer can also be melt-blended with either the thermoplastic matrix polymer or the rate- controlling polymer by the above-described method.
• the adhesive layer providing a means for affixing the device to the skin or mucosa for the host is applied to either the carrier layer and the extruded peripheral area of the backing layer, if present. If a rate-controlling polymer layer is affixed to the carrier layer, then any adhesive layer to be affixed to the carrier layer is applied to the rate-controlling polymer layer instead.
• Such adhesive layers can be applied either before or after the carrier layer and backing layer are laminated together.
• certain embodiments include a rate-controlling polymer layer affixed to the carrier layer on the surface to be applied to the skin or mucosa of a host.
• This polymer layer is either adhered to the carrier layer by an active agent permeable adhesive layer, or, this layer can also be extruded with the carrier layer, alone, or with the backing layer.
• layers of the same or different polymers are conventionally extruded together.
• Two or more of the carrier layer, backing layer and rate-controlling polymer layer can be coextruded together in a single step. When all three layers are coextruded, the only adhesive layer required will adhere the rate-controlling polymer layer, and thus the laminate, to the skin or mucosa of the host.
• the device once formed, may be kept sealed in an air-tight pouch prior to use.
• the device of the present invention is used in the same manner as those devices which are conventional in the prior art.
• the releasable protective liner attached to the skin-side surface of the adhesive layer or layers of the device for contact with the skin or mucosa of the host is removed and such surface of the adhesive layer or layers is applied to the desired area of the skin or mucosa.
• a transdermal patch can be very simple in construction. As illustrated in Figure 21, a transdermal patch 10 can include an occlusive, non- androgen permeable backing layer 12 and a monolithic, androgen permeable carrier 14 containing the androgen 16.
• the flux of a specific formulation can be determined using a modified Franz diffusion cell as discussed herein.
• skin from female Sprague-Dawley rats 200-250 g body weight
• the rats are anesthetized, the abdominal skin shaved and then excised. Excess fat and connective tissues are removed.
• the skin (1.77 cm 2 ) is sandwiched between the two chambers of a modified Franz diffusion cell, with the surface of the skin facing the upper (donor) chamber of the cell.
• a measured amount of the androgen containing formulation is applied to the surface of the skin, so that the skin is completely covered.
• the lower (recipient) chamber is filled with sterile saline, which completely bathes the lower surface of the rat skin.
• Such patches could be adhered to the skin of a subject by use of a backing layer having an extended flange which surrounds the drug containing carrier.
• the flange could have a suitable adhesive disposed on the skin contacting surface, such that the resulting structure would resemble an adhesive bandage.

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• 1998
  • 1998-09-16 US US09/154,287 patent/US20020012694A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1998-09-17 CA CA002270177A patent/CA2270177C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1998-09-17 WO PCT/US1998/019399 patent/WO1999013812A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 1998-09-17 JP JP51815599A patent/JP2001527581A/ja active Pending
  • 1998-09-17 BR BR9806213-1A patent/BR9806213A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1998-09-17 EP EP98949365A patent/EP0941039A4/en not_active Withdrawn
• 2003
  • 2003-12-15 US US10/736,428 patent/US20040126418A1/en not_active Abandoned

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