WO1998042829A1 - Verfahren zur reinigung und kristallisierung von proteasom - Google Patents
Verfahren zur reinigung und kristallisierung von proteasom Download PDFInfo
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- WO1998042829A1 WO1998042829A1 PCT/EP1998/001653 EP9801653W WO9842829A1 WO 1998042829 A1 WO1998042829 A1 WO 1998042829A1 EP 9801653 W EP9801653 W EP 9801653W WO 9842829 A1 WO9842829 A1 WO 9842829A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y304/00—Hydrolases acting on peptide bonds, i.e. peptidases (3.4)
- C12Y304/25—Threonine endopeptidases (3.4.25)
- C12Y304/25001—Proteasome endopeptidase complex (3.4.25.1)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
- C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
- C12N9/58—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from fungi
- C12N9/60—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from fungi from yeast
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for obtaining a purified eucaryotic crystallizable proteasome preparation and the proteasome preparation obtainable by the method. Furthermore, the invention relates to a purified eukaryotic proteasome preparation in crystallized form. With the help of the crystal data from this proteasome preparation, new proteasome inhibitors can be identified and obtained, in particular with the aid of computer-aided ModeHing programs.
- the proteasome is the central enzyme in protein degradation both in the cytosol and in the cell nucleus. It is involved in many biological processes, including removing abnormal, misfolded or misassembled proteins, responding to stress (by processing or breaking down transcription regulators), cell cycle control (by breaking down cyclines), cell differentiation and metabolic adaptation (by destroying Transcription factors or metabolic enzymes) and the cellular immune response (by generating antigenic peptides presented by MHC class I molecules).
- the 26S proteasome is needed for these cellular functions, which are based on the degradation of proteins that require ubiquitin and ATP.
- the nucleus and proteolytic chamber are formed by the 2OS proteasome.
- the 2OS proteasome from the archaebacterium Thermoplasma aeidophilu was analyzed by X-ray crystallography at a resolution of 0.34 nm. It has a cylindrical shape with a length of 14.8 nm and a maximum or minimum diameter of 11.3 nm or 7.5 nm. It consists of 28 subunits that are in a particle as 4 homoheptamers Rings al ßl ßloil with D7 symmetry are arranged (Löwe et al., (1995), Science 268, 533-539). In the T.
- T. acidophilum proteasome the N-terminal threonine residue of the ⁇ subunits is the binding site of inhibitory peptide aldehydes and essential for 5 the hydrolytic activity.
- Stock et al. ((1996), Curent Opinion in Biotechnology, 7: 376-385) describe the structure and function of T. acidophilum proteasomes. A transfer of T. acidophilum data to eukaryotic proteasomes is not possible because the homology of the proteasomes between these species is too low.
- Eukaryotic proteasomes are considerably more complex than the archaebacterial proteasome.
- the 2OS proteasome from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is made up of a total of seven different ⁇ -type 5 and seven different / 3-type subunits, which have already been cloned and sequenced, cf. z. B. Heinemeyer et al. (1994), Biochemistry 33, 12229-12237).
- the eukaryotic 20S proteasomes e.g. B. from yeast and from 20 mammals, are very closely related in terms of the amino acid sequences of subunits and their coarse structure recognizable by electron microscopy.
- ⁇ -type subunits of the mammalian 2OS proteasome form an orderly and well-defined structure (Kopp et al. (1995), J. Mol. Biol. 25 248, 264-272).
- LMP2, LMP7 and MECL1 three additional non-essential subunits of the 20S proteasome, called LMP2, LMP7 and MECL1
- LMP2, LMP7 and MECL1 can replace constitutive components after induction with the cytokine interferon ⁇ .
- Their expression or deletion deliberately changes the peptidase specificity of the proteasome and the expression level of MHC class I molecules on the cell surface.
- Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of proteasome units are described, for example, in Japanese applications JP-A-04 077 497, JP-A-04 077 498, JP-A-04 117 283, JP-A-05 317 059, JP-A- 07 255 476, JP-A-08 116 972, JP-A-08 205 871 and JP-A-08 217 796 and in Japanese Patent 40 51 896.
- Inhibitors for the proteasome are, for example, in JP-A-05 000 968, WO 92/20 804, WO 94/17 816, WO 95/24 914, WO 95/25 533, WO 96/13 266, WO 96/32 105 (lactacystin analogs) and US-A-55 80 854 (peptide aldehyde inhibitors).
- WO 91/13904 describes the identification and characterization of a chymotrypsin-like protease, which is present as a multicatalytic protease, and its use for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
- the use of substrates specific for chymotypsin activity for testing or screening inhibitors as described herein leads exclusively to the identification of inhibitors which are specific for chymotrypsin-like activity.
- the object on which the invention is based was therefore to provide a process which enables the crystallization of eukaryotic proteasome preparations, so that the development of new inhibitors is simplified with the aid of the crystal structure.
- the object of the invention is achieved by a method for obtaining a purified eukaryotic proteasome preparation, comprising the steps:
- step (c) chromatographic separation into fractions on an ion exchange medium, e.g. B. Q-Sepharose, (d) testing the fractions obtained in step (c) and collecting the active fractions,
- an ion exchange medium e.g. B. Q-Sepharose
- step (f) testing the fractions obtained in step (e) and collecting the active fractions, (g) concentrating the pooled fractions,
- step (h) chromatographic separation over a gel filtration medium in a molecular weight range from 5 kD to 5 MD, e.g. B. Superose and (i) testing the fractions obtained in step (h) and collecting the active fractions.
- Any eukaryotic cells can be used as starting material for the method according to the invention, e.g. B. animal cells, plant cells or fungal cells such as yeast cells.
- yeast cells e.g. B. Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- the fractions are usually tested during the enrichment process by determining the proteolytic activity typical of proteasomes.
- known chromogenic peptides can be used as substrates.
- the fractions are preferably tested in such a way that two parallel determinations of the proteolytic activity are carried out, one in the absence and the other in the presence of a proteasome inhibitor, e.g. B. Lactacystin is performed. This type of testing allows a clear differentiation between the proteasomes containing Fractions from other fractions with proteolytic activity.
- the implementation of the enrichment comprises three chromatographic separation steps (c), (e) and (h), of which at least one can be carried out in an FPLC system, eg. B. Step (h).
- the process according to the invention gives a purified proteasome preparation which is present in a sufficient amount and purity, so that subsequent crystallization is made possible.
- Another object of the present invention is thus a purified eukaryotic proteasome preparation which can be obtained by the method according to the invention.
- Yet another object of the present invention is a purified eukaryotic proteasome preparation in a crystallizable form.
- Yet another object of the present invention is a purified crystallized eukaryotic proteasome preparation.
- the crystallized proteasome preparation can also contain a proteasome inhibitor.
- suitable known proteasome inhibitors are lactacystin or analogues thereof or tripeptide aldehydes such as calpain inhibitor.
- the eukaryotic proteasome preparation according to the invention comprises a 2OS proteasome, ie a complex of 28 subunits, each containing 2 molecules of seven different o-type subunits and seven different / 3-type subunits.
- the complex can also contain metal ions, e.g. B. magnesium, solvent molecules, e.g. B. water, and other polypeptide components.
- the purified eukaryotic proteasome preparation according to the invention can be used to identify and obtain new products.
- teasome inhibitors are used.
- data from the crystal structure of crystallized eukaryotic proteasome preparations are used.
- the identification and extraction of new proteasome inhibitors is preferably carried out in a computer-aided modeling program.
- the inhibitor design can be carried out by visual inspection of graphic representations of the structure, in particular (a) by determining the volumes accessible to ligands at active sites, e.g. b. with the help of the programs
- ligands can be attached by automated ligand fragment docking or adaptation procedures, e.g. B. with the help of the programs DOCK, LUDI, LEAPFROG etc.
- the crystal data of the 3-type proteasome subunits in particular the proteasome subunits jß5 / PRE2, / 31 / PRE3 or / and / 32 / PUP1 or homologous subunits from other eukaryotic proteasomes and neighboring subunits thereof, are particularly preferred for this purpose, e.g. B. 34 / C11 or / and / 37 / PRE4 used.
- the crystal structure data according to the invention of the yeast proteasome can be carried out with known amino acid sequences of the human proteasome Homology modeling can be modified. Such homology modeling can be carried out using molecular graphics programs such as 0, INSIGHT, FR0D0, etc.
- the present invention encompasses homology modeling of the homologous active sites of the active monomers in general and in particular for the purpose of inhibitor design.
- FIG. 1 shows the homology of the amino acid sequences of the yeast proteasome and the human proteasome in the relevant areas.
- FIG. 1 shows the homology between the amino acid sequences from yeast and human coding for the active subunits of the proteasome; the ßl / PRE3, S2 / PUP1, ß5 / PRE2 subfamilies are shown in yellow, green and blue; the residues of the S1 pocket, which influence the specificity changes of the PRE3 subfamily after substitution of the human subunit Y by LMP2 after cytokine induction, are drawn in brown;
- FIG. 2 shows the topology of the 28 subunits of the 2OS
- Figure 3 shows the C ⁇ chain positions of the subunits iS7 / PRE4, jS6 / C5,? 1 '/ PRE3, 32' / PTJPl and / 33 '/ PUP3, in which the -cis and jß-trans-ß- interactions through contacts of Insertion segments are highlighted,
- Figure 5 is a schematic of the proposed chemical steps of autolysis and substrate hydrolysis.
- ßl / PRE3 is shown in gray with the residues contacting Pl in red; ⁇ 2 / PUPl is shown in green and the inhibitor in blue (a); ß2 / PUPl (b), ß5 / PRE2 (c) with analog coloring;
- Figure 7 shows the lower half of the ß-ß chamber.
- the main chain with red circles for the carbonyl oxygen is indicated for the C-terminal sections of the helices H2 of the seven ß-type subunits that define the ß ring area.
- the intermediately processed and unprocessed propeptides of the subunits ß6 / C5, ß7 / PRE4, ß3 / PUPl and ß4 / Cll (green) and the calpain inhibitor (yellow) bound to ßl / PRE3, ß2 / PUPl and ß5 / PRE2 are shown.
- Two magnesium ions, which are located near the ß-ring surface, are drawn as silver circles; and FIG.
- FIG. 8 shows a surface view of the proteasome molecule, cut along the cylinder axis.
- Three of the six calpain inhibitor molecules bound to ßl / PRE3, ß2 / PUPl and ß5 / PRE2 are shown in red as space-filling models.
- the sealed ⁇ openings at both ends of the particle, a few narrow side windows and the sharply cut inner ß-ring faces can be seen. 0
- yeast cells from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were washed twice with ice-cold water and added to cells in a weight ratio in buffer A (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM NaN 3 ) Buffer of 2: 3 suspended.
- the cells were disintegrated for 10 min in a mill (Biomatik, Germany) with glass balls (diameter: 0.5 mm; volume ratio of glass balls to cell suspension: 3: 2). The cell disruption was monitored microscopically.
- the crude extract was centrifuged for 10 min at 10,000 x g 25 in a Sorvall RC 2B centrifuge. The supernatant was centrifuged again at 134,000 x g for 45 min in a Ti-55.2 rotor (Beckmann). The lipids from the top layer were carefully removed and the remaining yellow solutions were combined. The protein concentrations were about 30 50 mg / ml.
- the CL activity of all active fractions was measured again in the presence of lactacystin and the fractions with reduced activity were collected.
- the combined fractions were diluted three times with water and applied to a hydroxyapatite column (3 x 10 cm) equilibrated with 60 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.5.
- the column was washed with 60 mM potassium phosphate pH 7.5 and eluted with a gradient of 60-300 mM potassium phosphate.
- the flow rate was 60 ml / h. 12 ml fractions were collected.
- CL, PGPH and TL activity was measured in all fractions and the active fractions were pooled.
- the combined fractions were concentrated twenty times by ultrafiltration using an AMICON YM30 membrane and the concentrate was applied to a Superose 6 column (1 ⁇ 30 cm) equilibrated with buffer A. Elution was carried out at a flow rate of 18 ml / h in buffer A. The proteasome eluted after 37 min. In this way, 50 mg of crystallizable protein could be obtained from 500 g of yeast cells.
- the crystals were grown in droplets at 24 ° C.
- the protein concentration used for crystallization was 40 mg / ml in 10 mM Tris / HCl (pH 7.5) and 1 mM EDTA.
- the drops consisted of 4 ⁇ l of the protein solution and 2 ⁇ l of a reservoir solution which contained 40 mM magnesium acetate, 0.1 M morpholinoethanesulfonic acid (pH 6.5) and 12% 2,4-methylpentanediol.
- the crystals containing the lactacystin inhibitor were prepared by immersing them in a 1mM lactacystin solution for 6 hours.
- the crystals containing the inhibitor acetyl-leu-leu-norleucine were produced by immersion in a 5 mM calpain solution for 6 h.
- the crystallographic data are given in Table 1.
- the crystals were very well ordered and showed only a slight anisotropy. A resolution of 0.24 nm was thus possible.
- the acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal-inhibited crystals 5 had a somewhat reduced order.
- the anisotropy of the diffraction was corrected using the structure factor amplitudes found with those as calculated from a model with isotropic temperature factors 0 using XPLOR (Bruenger, 1992).
- the crystals were immersed in an anti-freeze buffer (30% MPD, 28 mM magnesium acetate, 0.1 M morpholinoethanesulfonic acid, pH 6.9) 5 and frozen in a stream of 90 ° K cold nitrogen gas.
- the diffraction data were obtained with a 300 mm Mar research imaging plate at a distance of 275 mm (LACT) or 280 mm (CAL) collected.
- a rotation function calculated at 0.5 nm resolution showed two peaks related to the crystal symmetry, which indicated the presence of local diadic molecular axes at bei 86 ° ⁇ 90 ° and ⁇ 94 ° ⁇ 90 °. Their correlation values were half the value of a crystallographic diad as would be expected for an almost ideal molecular double symmetry.
- the T. acidophilum model was used for 5 Patterson search calculations using AMoRe (Navaza (1994), Acta Cryst. A50, 157-163) at a resolution of 0.35 nm. If one took into account the D7 symmetry of the investigation model, these showed a single solution with a correlation value of 0.32 and an R-factor 0 of 56% compared to the next highest peak of 0.28 and 57%.
- the T. acidophilum model was reduced to polyalanine with only a few conserved residues that remained in the ⁇ -type 5 subunit. This model gave an R-factor of 57.7% and was used to calculate a 2F 0 -F C map at 0.24 nm with X-PLOR (Bruenger (1992), X-PLOR version 3.1. A System for X-Ray Crystallography and NMR) used. Electronic density was measured in real space using MAIN (Turk (1992), PhD
- the finished model took into account the inhibitor molecules lactacystin and acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal, 18 magnesium ions, and 1,800 water molecules, respectively.
- the R values are satisfactory and the standard geometry of the bonds and angles is excellent.
- the local molecular diadic symmetry is well conserved, which is also shown by the very low value R baCk 13 % in the final stage of the analysis.
- the 3% increase in R value for data with a resolution of 0.28 nm compared to 0.24 nm is a result of the anisotropic crystal order, which affects the data quality, and the limited inclusion of ordered solvent molecules.
- the 14 genes cloned from yeast, which code for components of the 2 OS proteasome, can be divided into seven o-type and seven ⁇ -type subunits.
- the / 3-type subunits are synthesized as precursors, which are processed into the mature forms present in the assembled proteasome.
- the mature 3-type polypeptides 32 / PUP1, ⁇ 5 / PRE2 and 31 / PRE3 are obtained from their proforms by cleavage between Gly-1 and Thrl with release of the active site Thrl, while / 37 / PRE4 between Asn-9 and Thr-8 and / 36 / C5 between His-10 and Gin- 9 and split as bile processing intermediates are available.
- / 34 / C11 and 33 / PUP3 are not processed and begin with Met (-l) or Met (- 9).
- the subunits PUP1, PRE2 and PRE3 are said to be completely processed, the subunits PRE4 and C5 to be partially processed and the subunits C1 and PUP3 to be unprocessed.
- the electron density for the main chains is defined as follows in the ⁇ -type subunits: ⁇ 2 / Y7: Thr5-Leu236, o; 3 / Y13: Gly4-Gly237, ⁇ 4 / PRE6: Tyr8-Gln244, ⁇ 5 / PUP2: ArglO - Glu243 (7 residues of the insertion are not defined - Glyl2 to Arg 126), c6 / PRE5: Phe4 - Ile233, ⁇ 7 / Cl: Gly5 - Asn241, o; l / C7: Gly6 - Asp240.
- the electron density is defined as follows: 33 / PUP3: Ser-8-Asp 193,, ß6 / C5: Gln-9-Asp 193, ßA / Cll: Met-1-Glnl92, S7 / PRE4 : Thr-8-Ile211, / 32 / PUP1: Thrl-Cys221, 31 / PRE3: Thrl-Leul96, / 35 / PRE2: Thrl-Gly211.
- All seven a- and / 3-type polypeptides have a characteristic ⁇ -sandwich structure. It is formed from two five-stranded antiparallel / S-sheet structures with the helical layers above them, formed from the helices H3, H4, H5 and the helices H1 and H2 underneath. However, they differ in the kinks, which vary in length by one or two amino acid residues, in long insertions which connect secondary structural elements, and in the N-terminal regions and in particular in the C-terminal regions.
- ⁇ 2 / Y7 has a long insertion loop between strands S9 and S10, which is made up of a short ⁇ -helix and a / 3-strand.
- ⁇ l / C7 has one Extension of the Helix H3 by two kinks through the insertion at G180.
- the subunits ⁇ l / C7, ⁇ 3 / Y13, o; 4 / PRE6, ⁇ 5 / PUP2 and al / Cl have longer C-terminal helices H5, which protrude from the particle surface into the solution.
- the highly charged, mostly acidic C-terminal segments are unstructured.
- / 37 / PRE4 has a clear kink between the helices Hl and H2 and an additional cü helix with 2 kinks at rest 145.
- ß6 / C5 has an insertion of 17 residues between H3 and H4 with a complex fold and a short helix.
- ß2 / PUPl has a very long C-terminal extension, which is heavily disordered in its last 11 residues.
- the subunits ß3 / PUP3 and ß6 / C5 have short C-termini, so that the helices H5 do not exist and the strands S10 are extended to enlarge the ß-sheet.
- Helix H5 exists in / 34 / C11, but is 2 kinks shorter than in T. acidophilum.
- Each of the seven o; -type subunits has two neighbors within the heptameric ring, which have o; -cis interactions, and one or two neighboring ß-type subunits in the other ring with ⁇ ; -trans- / Alternating effects.
- the centrally located ß-type subunits have one or two neighboring ß-type subunits in the other ß ring with ß-trans-ß interactions.
- the general architecture of the quaternary structure is the same in the proteasome of T. acidophilum and yeast (Fig. 2): The N-terminal Loop segment, helix HO (residues 20 to 30), loop L, the loop connecting H2 and S5 and the strand S7 mediate ⁇ -cis interactions.
- the ⁇ -cis contacts which appear to be less close, include the loop L, the N end of the helix Hl, the strand S7 and the kink connecting the strand S8 and the helix H3. These contacts come from the D7-symmetrical precursor and can also be found in the T. acidophilum proteasome. Despite the conserved architecture, these contacts are specific to the respective subunits due to their specific amino acid sequences.
- ß-trans- ⁇ -Contacts are made by the Helix HI-Loop Helix H2 motifs, which interact with the same motifs from two neighboring ⁇ subunits. This basic contact motif was also seen in the T. acidophilum structure (see Figure 4a in Löwe et al. (1995), Science 268, 3479-3486), but the insertion at residue 66 of ß7 / PRE4 favors its association with c6 / PRE5 and al / Cl.
- the long insertion in a2 / Yl at residue 210 between strands S9 and S10 binds to ⁇ 2 / PUPl and couples this pair.
- Specific ß-trans-ß interactions are formed by the C-terminal arm of ß7 / PRE4, which is embedded between ß2 '/ P Pl and ßl' / PRE3.
- the C-terminal segment of ß5 / PRE2 interacts with ß3 '/ PUP3 and ß4' / Cll in a similar way ( Figure 3).
- the long insertion of ⁇ 6 / C5 at residue 145 contacts subunit ⁇ 3 '/ PTJP3 and the C-terminal arm of ⁇ 2' / PUPl.
- magnesium Y8 bridges the main chain carboxylate of Aspl93 from ß6 / C5 with the loop 162 to 167 of ß2 '/ PUPl.
- the magnesium Y9 bridges the subunit ß3 / PUP3 via Aspl93 with ß5 '/ PRE3.
- these carboxylate groups are ligands for other magnesium ions, which are located in loops 165 of ⁇ 4 / PUP3 (magnesium W6) or ⁇ 6 / C5 (magnesium W4) and which can play a role in the stabilization of the subunit structure.
- the aspartate residues are completely hidden and their side chains are involved in charge-charge interactions with Arg 19 from ß2 '/ PUPl or Arg 19 from ß5' / PRE2, which further strengthens the ß-trans-ß contacts.
- the ß-type subunits ßl / PRE3 and ß4 / Cll are located on the only molecular diad 5 of the yeast proteasome and are very similar to the dominant ß-trans-ß contact on residues 133-137 of the helix H3 of T. acidophilum.
- Thr 1 Close to Thr 1 are the residues Serl29, Serl69 and 5 Aspl66, which are necessary for the structural integrity of this site, but could also be involved in the catalysis. Mutagenesis has shown that Aspl66 in the protea som of T. acidophilum is essential (Seemüller et al. (1996), Nature 382, 468-470). These residues are invariant in the active subunits PUP1, PRE2 and PRE3.
- ThrlN has hydrogen bonds to Serl680 and O ⁇ and Serl290 v .
- ThrlO 7 has a hydrogen bond to Lys33 r .
- Aspl7 has hydrogen bonds via O ⁇ l to Argl9N and Glyl70N and via 0 02 to Thr / Ser2N and Lys33N f .
- Lys33N r has three hydrogen bonds to Aspl70 ⁇ 2 , Argl90 and ThrlO ⁇ .
- ThrlN can form a hydrogen bond to ThrO 7 and is probably neutral, a state favored by a nearby positively charged lysine residue. Such a charge distribution would also be expected based on the respective standard pKa values. ThrlN is therefore most likely the proton acceptor when ThrlO 7 is involved in an electrophilic center. This is confirmed by the structure of the lactacystin complex, which has an ester between lactacystin and Thrl as a result of a ß-Lacton ring opening after a nucleophilic attack by ThrlO 1 .
- ThrlN is in the right position to serve as a proton shuttle from ThrlO ⁇ to lactacystin-06 '.
- An analogous reaction sequence is proposed for the hydrolysis of the C-terminal fluorophore of fluorogenic substrates, the proton transfer taking place in the amide nitrogen of the leaving group.
- the acyl enzyme generated is deacylated by the water NUK, as shown in sections DE of FIG. 5. Alternatively or in parallel, NUK could attack the peptide bond directly, bypassing intermediate I. 4.4 Inhibitor binding
- S3 / PUP1, ßl / PRE3 and ß5 / PRE2 bound the inhibitor acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal to ThrlO ⁇ , presumably as a hemiacetal. It adopts a ⁇ -conformation and fills the gap between strands which contain residues 20 and 21 and 47 (assigned to loop L in Figure 3 in Löwe et al., 1995, supra), to which it is bound via hydrogen bonds is, which creates an anti-parallel ß-sheet structure.
- the norleucine side chain extends into a pocket (the S1 pocket) that is open at the side to a tunnel that leads to the particle surface.
- the leucine side chain at P2 is not in contact with protein and the leucine side chain at P3 is in contact with the neighboring ⁇ -subunit.
- the S1 specificity pocket is mainly formed by residues 20, 31, 35 49, 53, ie Ala20, Val31, Ile35, Met45, Ala49, Gln53 (K) in ß5 / PRE2 (Fig. 6c), Thr20, Thr31, Thr35, Arg45, Ala49, Gln53 in ⁇ 1 / PRE3 (Fig. 6a), Ser20, Cys31, His35, Gly45, Ala49, Glu53 in ⁇ 2 PUPl (Fig. 6b).
- the rest 45 form the bottom of the bag and appear to largely determine its character.
- Adjacent subunits in the ⁇ rings further contribute to the S1 pockets and modulate their character: ⁇ 2 / PUPl in the case of ⁇ 1 / PRE3 with Hisll4, Hisll6, Serll ⁇ , Aspl20; ß3 / PUP3 in the case of ß2 / PUPl with the residues Aspll4, Aspl20 and Cisll8 and ß6 / C5 in the case of ß5 / PRE2 with Serll ⁇ , Aspll4, Glul20 and Glul22.
- Lactacystin is covalently bound to ß5 / PRE2. This is consistent with the observed chemical modification of subunit X of the mammalian proteasome (Fenteany et al., (1995), Science 268, 726-730) the homologue of PRE2. Its dimethyl side chain at C10 extends into S1 like a valine or leucine side chain, but less deep than Calpain's norleucine side chain. Lactacystin forms several hydrogen bonds with atoms of the main protein chain LactN-Gly470, Lact04 '-Gly47N, Lact09' -Thr21N, Lact06 '-ThrlN.
- ß5 / PRE2 has a methionine residue at position 45 in contact with the branched side chain of lactacystin in the complex.
- the norleucine side chain from Calpain pushes the methionine side chain up to 0.27 nm towards Ile35, which rotates out of the way. These concerted movements make the Sl bag more spacious. This is consistent with the observation that lactacystin inhibits chymotryptic activity against chromogenic substrates.
- ß5 / PRE2 chymotryptic activity is reduced in proteasomes with a ß5 / PRE2 mutant that cannot be processed from their proform (Chen & Hochstrasser (1996), Cell 86 961-972) and by a mutation in ß5 / PRE2, where a Substitution of Ala49 by Val in the SI pocket limits the size (Heinemeyer et al. (1993), J. Biol. Chem. 268, 5115-5120).
- ßl / PRE3 has an arginine residue in position 45 on the bottom of the SI bag, which is well suited for glutamate Pl residues. It is most likely the subunit associated with the proteasome peptidylglutamyl peptide hydrolysis activity (PGPH).
- ß2 / PUPl has a glycine as residue 45 and consequently a spacious SI pocket, delimited at the bottom by His35 and Glu53.
- ß5 / PRE2 contains both chymotryptic and tryptic activity while ßl / PRE3 contains PGPH activity, but both pockets are adaptable in size (PRE2) and polarity (PRE3).
- ß2 / PUPl 5 is suitable for very large PI residues with a basic character. Mutation analyzes have shown that substitutions in ß4 / Cll and ß7 / PRE4 influence the chymotrypsin-like or PGPH activity (Heinemeyer et al. (1993), supra; Hilt & Wolf (1996), TIBS 21, 96-102; Hilt et al . (1993), J. Biol. Chem.
- the 15 beard Thrl site interferes with the deletion of the 15 C-terminal residues of ß7 / PRE4, which form extensive contacts with ßl / PRE3 (FIG. 3).
- ⁇ -type subunits Five ⁇ -type subunits are synthesized with propeptides of different lengths up to 75 amino acids, which are split off during maturation.
- ß2 / PUPl, ß5 / PRE2 and ßl / PRE3 show an autolysis between Gly-1 - Thrl. This is a process that requires the presence of Thrl, Gly-1 and Lys33.
- ThrlO ⁇ as the nucleophile attacking the preceding peptide bond (Schmidtke et al. (1996), EMBOJ. 15, 6887-6898).
- the water NUK is assigned a central role. It is ideally positioned to act as a base for removal of a proton of ThrlO ⁇ and to drive nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon of Gly-1 35.
- Gly-10 is directed towards the positively charged Lys33N f and from Gly47N, which form an oxygen anion hole in analogy to serine proteases, in order to distribute the resulting negative charge when the tetrahedral adduct is formed.
- a rearrangement to the ester can take place after the proton transfer from water NUK to ThrlN and cleavage of the peptide bond.
- the nearby residues Serl290 ⁇ and Serl690 ⁇ support this reaction. Both hydroxyl groups are linked via hydrogen bonds to Aspl66, which is invariant in the active subunits.
- NUK is also likely to be involved in ester hydrolysis as an attacking nucleophile, which is eventually incorporated into the product (Fig. 5, sections a to c).
- the Gly-1 residue appears to be essential since a side chain at position -1 would interfere with the protein backbone at position 168 and would force a configuration that is unsuitable for autolysis.
- the subunits become active when Thrl is released. If the catalytic site is not intact, as in the subunits ß3 / PUP3, ß6 / C5 and ß4 / CH, which lack Thrl, in ß7 / PRE4, in which Lys33 is replaced by Arg, and in constructed variants of LMP2, In the mammalian homologue of ⁇ 1 / PRE3 (Schmidtke et al. (1996), supra) and PRE2 (Chen & Hochstrasser (1996), supra), autolysis does not occur at rest 1.
- ß7 / PRE4 has both essential residues Gly-1 and Thrl, but in a configuration that is very different from that found in the active subunits, since the Thrl side chain is pushed away by the larger Arg33, which replaces the lysine residue ( Figure 4b).
- the detection of defects in the catalytic activity and in the processing proves the structural lability of the Thrl site, which can be disturbed by mutations from neighboring residues of the same or neighboring subunits.
- an inactive mutant in in the vicinity of active subunits can become active itself, which is in line with observations that T. acidophilum species, which have a defect in the processing, are processed upon coexpression with wild-type protein (Seemül-1er et al. (1996) , supra).
- the propeptides play an essential role in the assembly of eukaryotic proteasomes, which can be due to direct or indirect effects through participation in interactions between subunits and / or through stabilization of the structure of subunits.
- the observed structures of the processing intermediates of ß7 / PRE4 (M) and ß6 / C5 and the unprocessed propeptide ß3 / PUP3 indicate that both effects occur because the propeptides are firmly bound to the rest of the protein and interact with other subunits, e.g. . B. Propeptide ß7 / PRE4 with ßl / PRE3 for residues 92 and 115 and propeptide ß6 / C5 with ß7 / PRE4 for 91 and 116.
- the hydrolytic activity of the proteasome is associated with Thrl and the ß-ring surfaces in the interior of the ß-cavity defining the hydrolytic chamber.
- the substrate must penetrate the particle and the product must be released.
- two inlet openings with a diameter of approximately 1.3 nm are open at the ends of the cylindrical particles, which are delimited by an annular surface of kink-forming segments Tyrl26-Gly-Gly-Val of the seven identical Q; subunits.
- N-terminal residues 1 to 12 are disordered in this protein.
- openings are mainly between the tooth-like Helix Hl-Knick-Helix H2 motifs of the c-ß interface (see Figure 4a in Löwe et al. (1995), supra) and lead to the N-terminal threonine residues of the active center. They are covered with polar and charged amino acid side chains that can move to create openings about 1 nm in diameter and possibly allow the passage of unfolded, stretched polypeptide chains.
- the 19S particle which causes the ATP and Ubitiquin dependence of proteolysis by the proteasome, is attached to the particle around the 26S
- proteasome regulator PA28 is bound to ⁇ -type subunits (Kania et al. (1996), Euro. J. Biochem. 236, 510-516). It accelerates peptide cleavage and improves antigen processing. Both regulatory factors could open the inlets in a controlled manner in vivo.
- the 2OS proteasome produces peptide products with a narrow length distribution, predominantly octa- or nonapeptides, a size range that is optimal for the binding of MHC class I molecules (York & Rock (1996), Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14, 369- 396).
- MHC class I molecules York & Rock (1996), Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14, 369- 396.
- peptides generated by 2OS proteasomes from intact proteins are presented by MHC class I molecules (Dick et al. (1994) Immunol. 152, 3884-3894; Niedermann et al. (1996), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8572-8577).
- proteasome inhibitors inhibit the MHC class I presentation of protein antigens (Rock et al. (1994), Cell 78, 761-771) and that the number of MHC class I molecules present on the cell surface is regulated by the inducible proteasome units ß5i / LMP7 and ßli / LMP2, as has been shown in mice with targeted deletions of the genes coding for these proteins (Fehling et al. (1994 ) Science 265, 1234-1237). After IFN- ⁇ stimulation, LMP2 and LMP7 replace the constitutively expressed subunits.
- MHC class I peptides usually have basic or hydrophobic C-terminal residues (see the review article by Engelhard (1994), Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6, 13-23).
- the LMP2 / 7 substitution presumably changes the distribution of peptides so that a larger proportion of the peptides preferred by MHC class I molecules is generated.
- LMP2 replaces Y, the human homologue of ßl / PRE3, LMP7 replaces X, the homologue of ß5 / PRE2. All members of this subfamily show a high degree of sequence identity, but ßli / LMP2 has two striking differences compared to ßl / PRE3 in the SI pocket: Thr31 ⁇ Phe and Arg45 ⁇ Leu.
- the subunits ß7 / PRE4 and ß6 / C5 are partially processed at residues -8 and -9. This creates octa or nonapeptide products that are not from the Enzyme to be released. Both peptides have similar conformations with a thickening that divides two sections with an elongated conformation, which is similar to the conformation of MHC class I-bound peptides.
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PCT/EP1998/001653 WO1998042829A1 (de) | 1997-03-21 | 1998-03-20 | Verfahren zur reinigung und kristallisierung von proteasom |
EP98917038A EP0968279A1 (de) | 1997-03-21 | 1998-03-20 | Verfahren zur reinigung und kristallisierung von proteasom |
AU70394/98A AU7039498A (en) | 1998-03-20 | 1998-03-20 | Method for the purification and crystallization of proteasome |
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US7601512B2 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2009-10-13 | Bayer Cropscience Ag | Methods for identifying inhibitors of the 20S and 26S proteasome |
Citations (2)
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EP0345750A2 (de) * | 1988-06-08 | 1989-12-13 | Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Polyfunktionelle Protease |
WO1991013904A1 (en) * | 1990-03-05 | 1991-09-19 | Cephalon, Inc. | Chymotrypsin-like proteases and their inhibitors |
-
1998
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Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0345750A2 (de) * | 1988-06-08 | 1989-12-13 | Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Polyfunktionelle Protease |
WO1991013904A1 (en) * | 1990-03-05 | 1991-09-19 | Cephalon, Inc. | Chymotrypsin-like proteases and their inhibitors |
Non-Patent Citations (9)
Title |
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D. STOCK ET AL.: "Proteasome: from structure to function", CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 7, no. 4, August 1996 (1996-08-01), PHILADELPHIA US, pages 376 - 385, XP002039636 * |
G. FENTEANY ET AL.: "INHIBITION OF PROTEASOME ACTIVITIES AND SUBUNIT-SPECIFIC AMINO- TERMINAL THREONINE MODIFICATION BY LACTACYSTIN", SCIENCE, vol. 268, no. 5211, 5 May 1995 (1995-05-05), WASHINGTON US, pages 726 - 731, XP000567801 * |
G.A. PERKINS ET AL.: "The 1.5-nm projection structure of Hela cell prosome-MCP (proteasome) provided by two-dimensional crystals", JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY, vol. 113, no. 2, 1994, SAN DIEGO US, pages 124 - 134, XP002039634 * |
H-W. KLAFKI ET AL: "CALPAIN INHIBITOR I DECREASES BETA A4 SECRETION FROM HUMAN EMBRYONAL KIDNEY CELLS EXPRESSING BETA-AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN CARRYING THE APP670/671 DOUBLE MUTATION", NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS, vol. 201, no. 1, January 1995 (1995-01-01), AMSTERDAM NL, pages 29 - 32, XP000603446 * |
J. LÖWE ET AL.: "Crystal structure of the 20S proteasome from the Archaeon T. acidophilum at 3.4 A resolution", SCIENCE, vol. 268, no. 5210, 28 April 1995 (1995-04-28), WASHINGTON US, pages 533 - 539, XP002039635 * |
K.Y. HWANG ET AL.: "Crystallization of '20S' proteasome from rat liver", MOLECULES AND CELLS, vol. 4, no. 3, 1994, SEOUL KR, pages 273 - 275, XP002039633 * |
M. GROLL ET AL.: "Structure of 20S proteasome from yeast at 2.4 A resolution", NATURE, vol. 386, no. 6024, 3 April 1997 (1997-04-03), LONDON GB, pages 463 - 471, XP002039638 * |
W. HILT ET AL.: "Studies on the yeast proteasome uncover its basic structural features and multiple in vivo functions", ENZYME & PROTEIN, vol. 47, no. 4-6, 1993, BASEL CH, pages 189 - 201, XP002039637 * |
Y. MORIMOTO ET AL.: "Ordered structure of the crystallized bovine 20S proteasome", JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY, vol. 117, no. 3, 1995, TOKYO JP, pages 471 - 474, XP002039632 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US7601512B2 (en) | 2002-07-19 | 2009-10-13 | Bayer Cropscience Ag | Methods for identifying inhibitors of the 20S and 26S proteasome |
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