WO1998011556A1 - Boulets metalliques de beryllium pour reacteurs de fusion nucleaire - Google Patents
Boulets metalliques de beryllium pour reacteurs de fusion nucleaire Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998011556A1 WO1998011556A1 PCT/JP1997/003206 JP9703206W WO9811556A1 WO 1998011556 A1 WO1998011556 A1 WO 1998011556A1 JP 9703206 W JP9703206 W JP 9703206W WO 9811556 A1 WO9811556 A1 WO 9811556A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- beryllium
- tritium
- crystal grain
- swelling
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
- G21B1/11—Details
- G21B1/19—Targets for producing thermonuclear fusion reactions, e.g. pellets for irradiation by laser or charged particle beams
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/10—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying using centrifugal force
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/14—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes using electric discharge
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B35/00—Obtaining beryllium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B4/00—Electrothermal treatment of ores or metallurgical products for obtaining metals or alloys
- C22B4/005—Electrothermal treatment of ores or metallurgical products for obtaining metals or alloys using plasma jets
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
- C22B9/16—Remelting metals
- C22B9/22—Remelting metals with heating by wave energy or particle radiation
- C22B9/226—Remelting metals with heating by wave energy or particle radiation by electric discharge, e.g. plasma
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0408—Light metal alloys
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
- G21B1/11—Details
- G21B1/115—Tritium recovery
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
- G21B1/11—Details
- G21B1/13—First wall; Blanket; Divertor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C5/00—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator
- G21C5/12—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator characterised by composition, e.g. the moderator containing additional substances which ensure improved heat resistance of the moderator
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a metal beryllium table for a fusion reactor, and is particularly suitable for use as a neutron multiplier in a fusion reactor blanket.
- metal beryllium pebbles (pebble-shaped metal beryllium) are attracting attention as a neutron multiplier.
- Such a metal beryllium table is also useful as a neutron moderator and reflector in a fusion reactor blanket.
- a method for producing such a metal beryllium bevel a method of reducing beryllium fluoride with magnesium (hereinafter, referred to as a magnesium reduction method) is known.
- This magnesium reduction method has been developed in the United States and other countries as a method for industrially extracting metal beryllium, and is used to produce metal beryllium in the form of a pebble by the following reaction formula. is there.
- pebble metal beryllium was converted to beryllium fluoride. It is formed in molten lithium and floats on the liquid surface of molten beryllium fluoride due to the difference in specific gravity.
- the particle size of the metal beryllium table obtained in this way is generally 5 or more particles, and small particles of less than 5 mra are considered as neutron multipliers for fusion blankets. Pebble yield is extremely poor.
- the metal beryllium table produced by this magnesium reduction method is an intermediate product when industrially extracting metal beryllium, and contains many impurity elements.
- impurity elements such as fluorine and magnesium
- it contains a large amount of volatile impurities such as fluorine and magnesium not only is there a concern about the generation of corrosive gas, but the shape is far from a true sphere, so the packing density in actual equipment is low.
- neutron-multiplier cannot be expected to be sufficiently satisfactory.
- a method called a rotating electrode method has been newly developed (for example, JP-A-3-226508, JP-A-6-228674, etc.).
- an arc or plasma melting electrode and a cylindrical consumable electrode made of metal beryllium are provided in a sealed container filled with an inert gas, and arc or plasma is placed between both electrodes.
- the beryllium droplets are scattered by the centrifugal force generated by the rotation of the consumable electrode while the tip of the consumable electrode is melted by the heat generated at that time, and rapidly cooled and solidified in an inert gas atmosphere. This is a way to get a movie.
- the beryllium pebbles obtained by this method are not only small and uniform in particle size, but also have high purity, high sphericity, and low surface roughness. It has various advantages.
- such a metal beryllium table effectively functions as a neutron multiplier, but on the other hand, when the metal beryllium is irradiated with neutrons, the crystal becomes helicopter in the crystal. The spheres are formed and condensed, producing a volume expansion called sling.
- the beryllium pebbles obtained by the rotating electrode method described above are superior in the sliming resistance as compared with those obtained by the magnesium reduction method, but are still not sufficiently satisfactory.
- the present invention advantageously satisfies the above-mentioned demands, and not only prevents the occurrence of swelling but also effectively improves the tritium releasing ability.
- the aim is to propose a bull.
- the present inventors have carried out a thorough study on the mechanism of tritium release and the occurrence of sliding in a metal belly-removable, and have obtained the following findings.
- tritium is generated in the metal beryllium table by neutron irradiation, but in order for tritium to be released from the surface of the metal beryllium table, it must be diffused from inside the crystal grains to the table surface. I have to move. In general, diffusion Since the crystal grain boundaries proceed more smoothly than within the grains, it is effective to increase the amount of crystal grain boundaries, in other words, to reduce the crystal grain size, in order to improve tritium release ability. it is conceivable that.
- the average crystal grain size of the metal beryllable produced by the rotating electrode method under the conditions according to the ordinary method is usually about 0.6 to 0.8. If the amount of crystal grain boundaries can be increased, an improvement in tritium release ability can be expected.
- the crystal grain boundaries serve as a starting point for helium generated by neutron irradiation to accumulate as bubbles. Therefore, reducing the amount of the crystal grain boundaries may lead to an increase in sleeving. Therefore, it is not preferable to reduce the crystal grain size from the viewpoint of the anti-swelling property.
- the inventors conducted intensive research to solve the above-mentioned conflicting problems, and as a result, found that the particle size and average crystal grain size of the metal beryllium table, and further, the content of impurities, particularly Fe, within a predetermined range. It has been found that, if restricted, trill release ability can be effectively improved without inducing swelling.
- the present invention is based on the above findings.
- the present invention provides a metal base for a nuclear fusion reactor characterized in that the particle size is 0.1 to 1.8 and the average crystal grain size satisfies the range of 0.05 to 0.6. It is a removable.
- the amount of Fe mixed as an impurity is suppressed to 0.04 wt% or less. Preferably.
- the reason why the average crystal grain size of the metal bery removable is limited to the range of 0.05 to 0.6 mm is as follows.
- the average crystal grain size is smaller than 0.05 mra, the number of crystal grain boundaries becomes too large to completely prevent the occurrence of swelling. This is because effective tritium release cannot be expected because the number of grain boundaries is too small, and a particularly preferable range is 0.2 to 0.5 mra.
- Fig. 1 shows that the particle diameter (D) was adjusted to the preferred range of 0.5 to 1.0, while the average crystal grain diameter (d) was varied using various metal beryllium bevels.
- tritium release capability if the diffusion coefficient of tritium in a metal beryllium table is 1.0 X 10—UcinVs or more, and for the anti-swelling property, the amount of swelling generated If the average crystal grain size (d) is in the range of 0.05 to 0.6 dragon, as shown in Fig. 1, tritium can be said to be good in characteristics. Good results have been obtained for both release ability and anti-sledding properties.
- the reason that the particle size is limited to the range of 0.1 to 1.8 is that it is difficult to guarantee an average crystal grain size of 0.05 dragon or more when the particle size is less than 0.1 mm. If it exceeds 8mni, the filling degree of the pebble will decrease, and the neutron power and, consequently, the tritium emission capacity will decrease. Because.
- the preferred range for this particle size is 0.2-1.5.
- the particle diameter can be adjusted by controlling the rotation speed and diameter of the consumable electrode, the arc current between both electrodes, and the like.
- Fig. 2 shows a metal beryllium table with a particle diameter (D) that satisfies the range of 0.1 to 1.8 thighs and an average crystal grain diameter (d) that satisfies the range of 0.05 to 0.6 band.
- D particle diameter
- d average crystal grain diameter
- the generated iron-based inclusions serve as starting points for helium atom accumulation, and swelling occurs. appear. Therefore, it is important to control the Fe content to 0.04 wt% or less.
- this iron-based inclusion also acts as a crystal nucleus in the production of metal beryllium pebbles, if this effect is used to reduce the crystal grain size, at least 0.01 wt. % Fe is preferably contained.
- Figure 1 is a graph showing the effect of the average crystal grain size (d) of the metal beryllium bevel on tritium release ability and swelling resistance.
- Fig. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the ratio dZD of the average crystal grain size (d) and the particle size (D) of the metal beryllium table to tritium release ability and anti-swelling properties.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a rotary electrode device suitable for use in manufacturing beryllium tables. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- FIG. 3 schematically shows a rotary electrode device used for manufacturing a metal beryllium table in the embodiment.
- number 1 is a sealed container
- 2 is a cylindrical consumable electrode made of metal beryllium
- 3 is an arc melting electrode or plasma melting electrode made of water-cooled tungsten
- 4 is the introduction of an inert gas such as helium or argon.
- a hole, 5 is an exhaust hole for the same gas
- 6 is a rotary driving device for the cylindrical consumable electrode.
- the consumable electrode used was beryllium metal with a Fe content of 0.08 wt%.
- an arc or plasma is generated between the arc melting electrode or the plasma melting electrode and the metal consumable electrode made of metal beryllium. While melting the tip of the consumable electrode, the droplets of metal beryllium are scattered by the centrifugal force generated by the rotation of the consumable electrode, and rapidly solidified to produce a bevel-shaped metal beryllium. be able to.
- the temperature of the beryllium droplet melted at the tip of the consumable electrode is suppressed to just above the melting point, and the pressure of the inert gas atmosphere is increased several times.
- the solidification rate of the beryllium droplet can be improved and the crystal grain size of the metal beryllable can be reduced by improving the heat removal capability.
- metal beryllium beads were manufactured under the following conditions. • Atmospheric gas pressure: 9600 Tor r
- the average particle size of the metal beryllium pebbles (comparative example) manufactured under normal conditions was 0.7 mm, and the Fe content was 0.075 wt%.
- the diffusion coefficient of tritium in the metal bery removable was calculated from the obtained tritium release amount
- the diffusion coefficient of tritium in the invention example was 2.0 xlO-' ⁇ rnVs. against, in it 0.7X 10- 1 1 cm Vs in comparative example Atsu 7 this o
- the shelling of the metal beryllium table obtained by conventional magnesium reduction was 8 to 12 vol%.
- a high-purity metal beryllium manufactured by a vacuum melting-vacuum fabrication method may be used as a consumable electrode.
- the crushing strength of the metal bery removable according to the present invention having a mra of an average crystal grain size of 0.4 was measured and found to be 11 to 15 kgf.
- the average particle size is also difficult to be 1.0, and the average crystal particle size is 0.7.
- the crushing strength of the narrow band example is ⁇ to 12 kgf. It was found that the bebble was also superior in crush strength to the comparative example.
- the metal bery removable obtained by the rotating electrode method has been mainly described as an example of the invention.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the above-described particle diameter and average crystal particle diameter, Furthermore, as long as the Fe content is within an appropriate range, the production method does not matter at all.
- the occurrence of swelling can be effectively suppressed, so that the metal bery reamable used as a neutron multiplier of a fusion reactor blanket has resistance to external stress, heat transfer capability, and the like.
- the metal beryllium table of the present invention has excellent crushing strength and thermal conductivity, it is useful as a neutron multiplier and a neutron moderator and reflector in the above-mentioned fusion reactor blanket. It is something.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP10513498A JP3076067B2 (ja) | 1996-09-11 | 1997-09-11 | 核融合炉用の金属ベリリウムペブル |
EP97940345A EP0866467A4 (en) | 1996-09-11 | 1997-09-11 | METALLIC BERYLLIUM BALLS FOR NUCLEAR FUSION REACTORS |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP8/240182 | 1996-09-11 | ||
JP24018296 | 1996-09-11 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1998011556A1 true WO1998011556A1 (fr) | 1998-03-19 |
Family
ID=17055694
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1997/003207 WO1998011557A1 (fr) | 1996-09-11 | 1997-09-11 | Procede servant a preparer des boulets metalliques de beryllium |
PCT/JP1997/003206 WO1998011556A1 (fr) | 1996-09-11 | 1997-09-11 | Boulets metalliques de beryllium pour reacteurs de fusion nucleaire |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1997/003207 WO1998011557A1 (fr) | 1996-09-11 | 1997-09-11 | Procede servant a preparer des boulets metalliques de beryllium |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5958105A (ja) |
EP (2) | EP0872851B1 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP3076068B2 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69726406T2 (ja) |
WO (2) | WO1998011557A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109215809B (zh) * | 2018-09-13 | 2022-03-01 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | 一种超临界二氧化碳反应堆微球形燃料组件 |
JP7280611B2 (ja) | 2019-10-21 | 2023-05-24 | 株式会社化研 | 金属ベリリウム球の連続製造方法 |
EP4258286A1 (en) | 2022-04-04 | 2023-10-11 | Renaissance Fusion | Lithium hydride first wall |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS61194389A (ja) * | 1985-02-25 | 1986-08-28 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 核融合装置のブランケツト |
JPH03226508A (ja) * | 1990-01-31 | 1991-10-07 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | ベリリウム球状粒子の製造方法 |
JPH06228674A (ja) * | 1993-02-04 | 1994-08-16 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | 金属ベリリウムペブルの製造方法 |
JPH06228673A (ja) * | 1993-02-04 | 1994-08-16 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | 金属ベリリウムペブル |
JPH06228602A (ja) * | 1993-02-04 | 1994-08-16 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | 金属ベリリウムペブル |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3784656A (en) * | 1971-12-03 | 1974-01-08 | Whittaker Corp | Method of producing spherical powder by eccentric electrode rotation |
-
1997
- 1997-09-11 EP EP97940346A patent/EP0872851B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-11 WO PCT/JP1997/003207 patent/WO1998011557A1/ja active IP Right Grant
- 1997-09-11 DE DE69726406T patent/DE69726406T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-11 US US09/068,449 patent/US5958105A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-11 EP EP97940345A patent/EP0866467A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-09-11 JP JP10513499A patent/JP3076068B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-11 WO PCT/JP1997/003206 patent/WO1998011556A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-09-11 JP JP10513498A patent/JP3076067B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS61194389A (ja) * | 1985-02-25 | 1986-08-28 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 核融合装置のブランケツト |
JPH03226508A (ja) * | 1990-01-31 | 1991-10-07 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | ベリリウム球状粒子の製造方法 |
JPH06228674A (ja) * | 1993-02-04 | 1994-08-16 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | 金属ベリリウムペブルの製造方法 |
JPH06228673A (ja) * | 1993-02-04 | 1994-08-16 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | 金属ベリリウムペブル |
JPH06228602A (ja) * | 1993-02-04 | 1994-08-16 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | 金属ベリリウムペブル |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP0866467A4 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1998011557A1 (fr) | 1998-03-19 |
EP0866467A4 (en) | 2000-03-01 |
EP0872851A4 (en) | 2000-03-01 |
EP0872851A1 (en) | 1998-10-21 |
JP3076068B2 (ja) | 2000-08-14 |
DE69726406D1 (de) | 2004-01-08 |
DE69726406T2 (de) | 2004-09-09 |
EP0866467A1 (en) | 1998-09-23 |
JP3076067B2 (ja) | 2000-08-14 |
US5958105A (en) | 1999-09-28 |
EP0872851B1 (en) | 2003-11-26 |
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