WO1996005512A1 - Chemische sensoren, insbesondere biosensoren auf siliciumbasis - Google Patents
Chemische sensoren, insbesondere biosensoren auf siliciumbasis Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1996005512A1 WO1996005512A1 PCT/DE1995/001056 DE9501056W WO9605512A1 WO 1996005512 A1 WO1996005512 A1 WO 1996005512A1 DE 9501056 W DE9501056 W DE 9501056W WO 9605512 A1 WO9605512 A1 WO 9605512A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- sensor
- sensors according
- active material
- layer
- porous
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
- C12Q1/002—Electrode membranes
- C12Q1/003—Functionalisation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
- G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
- G01N33/5438—Electrodes
Definitions
- the invention relates to chemical sensors, in particular biosensors, based on silicon with a sensor-active coating on a semiconductor substrate acting as a transducer.
- such sensors comprise a surface layer with sensor-active material which is exposed to the medium to be tested - in particular liquid.
- This layer contains the sensor-active material, which is usually used in e.g. membrane made of PVC immobilized is present.
- the signal supplied by the sensor-active material under the influence of an analyte is converted by a transducer element and finally obtained in a recordable form by means of possibly integrated electronic signal processing.
- semiconductor electrodes field effect transistors, potentiometric and amperometric electrodes, etc. are being discussed as transducers.
- the formation of containment provides a certain level of protection for the ion-selective membrane against bleeding and detachment.
- this technology is difficult to implement, that is, it can only be realized with complex lithography technology.
- the aim of the invention is therefore to design sensors of the type mentioned at the outset, by means of which sensor-active material in various forms can be attached to different types of transducer / electronics of the sensor with low susceptibility to interference, with the additional possibility of stabilization is increased and sensitivity increased.
- complex lithography can be used to produce the porous layer.
- the generated three-dimensional sponge structure as a matrix ensures good mechanical anchoring and spatial networking of the sensor-active material in the porous semiconductor substrate.
- a high physical (mechanical) and electrochemical stability under liquid is thus achieved. This is particularly suitable for use in flow-through operation, e.g. as a detector in FIA systems.
- Porous silicon produced by etching treatment has long been known per se and its use in biosensor technology according to JP 61-218 932 A from 1986 has also been considered:
- an ISFET is described, on the surface of which between sources and sink produces an insulating layer and then is coated with polycrystalline silicon, which by anodic treatment converted into a porous silicon layer is said to act as a "film" for a biochemical substance.
- this proposal did not have a stimulating effect on the improved design of biosensors and found no entry into the practice, as can be seen from Knoll's proposal.
- the present invention differs from the content of this Japanese laid-open specification in that the semiconductor substrate acting as a transducer is subjected directly to an etching treatment to produce a porous sponge structure which penetrates into the material from the surface and whose pores have an average pore diameter , which is adapted to the penetration capacity of the sensor-active material.
- Sponge-like porous layers with mesopores and / or macropores are preferred, which - especially with the interposition of a non-conductive insulating layer of small thickness - absorb the sensor-active material, the effectiveness of which per unit area (geometric area) can thus be increased considerably.
- the type and shape of the sensor-active material naturally determine the necessary sponge structure of the porous silicon, which is produced by etching treatment.
- pore formation can be influenced by lighting during the anodic etching treatment, with desired diameter fluctuations in the pore channel being able to be achieved over the length in particular by intermittent incidence of light.
- porous structure that results from the etching of p-silicon and n + or p + silicon (microporous or with so-called “herringbone branches") can be used depending on the type of sensor-active material to be applied.
- etching conditions and the etching result can be found at RL Smith u. SD Collins in J. Appl. Phys. 21 R1 from 1992.
- Process parameters to be varied for the etching treatment according to the invention include:
- the non-conductive layer to be preferably produced on the pore walls of the Si sponge structure can be made in a manner known per se from (in the simplest case) SiO 2 or another dielectric compound, such as Al 2 O 3 or Ta 2 O 5 or also Zr O 2 Si 3 N 4, silicates, glasses, etc. - individually or in combination - exist.
- SiO 2 the existing Si surface of the sponge structure is oxidized in a targeted manner. This can preferably be achieved by uniform thermal, anodic, chemical or even natural oxidation.
- the layer thickness of the resulting non-conductive layer can vary, depending on the pore size, in the range from 1 to 100 nm.
- the underlying metal is e.g. deposited electrochemically, galvanically or from the gas phase and then, as indicated above for Si, converted into the corresponding oxide.
- a covalent connection of sensor-active material to the porous structure appears appropriate, the mean pore diameter of which is chosen between 10 and 10 ⁇ nm.
- the pore surface can be treated by chemical pretreatment or modification, e.g. Silanization, are activated for the connection of sensor-active material.
- Functional crosslinkers spacer molecules, such as Glutardialdehyde, are anchored to the pore interface or wall.
- Complete or partial crosslinking (e.g. only in the area near the surface) of the biomolecules introduced into the pore layer can ensure a particularly stable integration of the biomaterial in the layer.
- Such crosslinking can take place after the biomolecules have been introduced into the porous layer, e.g. can be achieved by exposure to a glutardialdehyde-saturated atmosphere.
- the average pore diameter of layers to be treated in this way should be> .50 nm.
- Biological structures such as enzymes, proteins, antibodies, cells, organelles, tissue sections, etc.
- a carrier matrix made of polymers, such as polyurethane, polyacrylamide, agar-agar, gelatin, etc.
- an average pore size in the range from 10 nm to 100 ⁇ m, in particular ⁇ 20 nm, being selected depending on the size of the material to be introduced into the porous sponge structure.
- pore sizes of at least 50 nm, preferably above 100 nm, are used.
- Glass layers which are introduced into the pores as a liquid sol / gel layer + wetting agent are suitable in particular for chemical sensors - with subsequent annealing to the amorphous glass layer which, depending on the initial cocktail, is used for the detection e.g. different alkali ions are useful. Pore sizes of ⁇ 50 nm, in particular over 100 nm, are also expedient here. Solid layers of galvanically or from the gas phase and also electrochemically deposited metal in the porous material, combined with metal compounds (such as Ag / AgCl etc.), which are useful for the detection of anions, have proven to be suitable for the pore sizes to be provided extraordinarily flexible, pore sizes in the range of 10 - 500 nm appearing particularly expedient.
- FIG. 1 shows a (bio) chemical silicon sensor with enlarged section;
- Figure 2 shows a capacitive field effect sensor;
- FIG. 3 shows a section through a field effect transistor;
- FIG. 4 shows an ion-selective electrode (ISE) to be operated potentiometrically, and
- FIG. 5 shows the arrangement of a sensor array.
- ISE ion-selective electrode
- FIG. 1 shows in cross section the layer structure of the porous (bio) chemical silicon sensor. Doped, monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon is used as base material 2. The doping concentration varies between 3ch
- an ohmic back contact consisting of a conductive layer or layer sequence, e.g. Al, Ti / Pt / Au, Cr / Sb / Au, or similar conductive connections.
- This contact layer can be produced by means of conventional coating methods, such as PVD deposition and ion implantation, or else by means of electrochemical deposition methods.
- the base substrate is built into a chemically inert sample cell (eg Teflon) and the sample acts as an anode with respect to a cathode immersed in the etching solution (eg from Platinum) and a sponge structure 3 is produced in the following manner:
- a chemically inert sample cell eg Teflon
- the sample acts as an anode with respect to a cathode immersed in the etching solution (eg from Platinum) and a sponge structure 3 is produced in the following manner:
- n-silicon is used as the starting material, this results in a different type of pore and channel structure, depending on the lighting intensity and the lighting side.
- the source for example a halogen lamp
- the source is on the opposite side from 1
- vertical, macroporous channels are formed in the bulk of the n-silicon (length corresponds to the layer thickness of the porous structure, diameter: 0.1-10 ⁇ m) horizontal, lateral branches, so-called " Sidebranches' of comparable dimension, 3, from.
- a microporous layer with an isotropic pore structure is formed in the surface area
- the layer thickness of the microporous layer forming parallel to it is essentially determined by the depth of light penetration, i.e. the wavelength of the illumination source is determined.
- the diameter of the vertical channels can also be modified.
- a different pore diameter forms than in the dark phase.
- the result is "wavy, belly-like" vertical pore and ca channel structures that support the mechanical anchoring of the sensor membrane to be subsequently deposited.
- the illumination source is on the side facing 1, macropores are formed in the form of vertical channel structures without lateral branches.
- the pore diameter varies between 100 nm and 10 ⁇ m.
- the length of these vertical channels is in the range of the total layer thickness of the porous layer.
- n -doped silicon forms mesoporous sponge structures (pore diameter: 2 - 50 nm, channel length corresponds to the layer thickness of the porous structure).
- the horizontal branches are not strictly orthogonal to the vertical channels.
- the porous layer structure is comparable to a " herringbone pattern", ie the sidebranches are present at an inclination of ⁇ 45 degrees with respect to the vertical channels.
- Microporous layer structures (average pore diameter ⁇ 2 nm) can be realized primarily using p-silicon as the starting material. In this case, an isotropic, homogeneously distributed pore arrangement is formed. The pore diameter can be adjusted in the range indicated above by the lighting, the porosity can be adjusted on the basis of the variation of the anodizing current.
- the sponge structures obtained are comparable to the results for n -doped silicon.
- the horizontal cross branches correspond analogously in their dimensions to the structure described under b).
- the vertical pore diameters are also like the channel length in their geometric dimensions comparable.
- the sponge structure which can be variably adjusted under a) - d), opens up the possibility of targeted tailoring of the sensor-active (bio-) chemical membrane.
- the sponge structure 3 (detail in FIG. 1 a) is coated with a non-conductive material 4.
- the porous layer formed in this way serves to hold the sensor-active components 5.
- the sensor-active material can be both as an ion-selective membrane and can be designed in the form of biosensor elements, chemical pretreatment (for example by silanization) being able to be provided as required to ensure good 4
- chemical pretreatment for example by silanization
- ion-selective membranes can also be applied to the porous in the same way
- Sponge structure can be transferred.
- the membrane material eg ionophore, plasticizer, PVC matrix
- the membrane material eg ionophore, plasticizer, PVC matrix
- the membrane material eg ionophore, plasticizer, PVC matrix
- the membrane material eg ionophore, plasticizer, PVC matrix
- the membrane material eg ionophore, plasticizer, PVC matrix
- the sensor-active material 6 which may be in the form of a membrane, can function both as a chemical sensor and as a biosensor, depending on the respective layer composition. There is also the possibility of depositing the sensor-active material 6 in the sponge structure and optionally additionally on the sensor surface 6a.
- the sensor element is encapsulated in a suitable measuring cell 8 (e.g. made of Teflon or PMMA) and brought into direct contact with the analyte solution 7. Encapsulation would also be conceivable, however, which corresponds to the basic structure of the description given in FIG. 3 below.
- a suitable measuring cell 8 e.g. made of Teflon or PMMA
- a potential constant, commercially available reference electrode which is introduced in FIG. 7 and connected to 1
- a similar, non-sensitive porous sensor element as a reference element.
- the advantage of the arrangement is above all that it can be miniaturized, which is generally limited by the size of the reference electrode, and in the reduced effect of external influences, such as e.g. different temperature coefficients of sensor element and reference electrode.
- FIG. 1 The construction of a porous (bio-) chemical field effect transistor is shown in FIG.
- the base material used corresponds to that of the capacitive silicon sensor described above.
- the two Depending on the doping of the base material 2, the two have Bags, source and drain, 10 the opposite doping. If the base material is n-doped, the source and drain are p-doped and vice versa.
- a solid support for example a circuit board substrate 13, via a metallic contact 11 (for example Ti / Al, Ti / Pd / Au or the like conductive materials).
- the metalization 11 is applied by an insulator layer or layer sequence 9 and 9a made of SiO 2 or SiO 2 Si3N4 or SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 or SiO 2 / Ta 2 O 5 oa isolated from the base substrate.
- the production of such field effect transistors is known from the literature (K. Horninger, Integrated MOS Circuits, Springer-Verlag (1987) Heidelberg). What is new about this arrangement is the use of the gate area between the two pockets 10 in the form of a porous silicon gate. For this purpose, during the actual processing, ie immediately after the doping of the two pockets 10, a " high-standing" gate as shown in the figure, for example via an additional photolithography and etching step, has to be generated.
- Such a gate could be used also by means of methods used in semiconductor technology, such as, for example, selective epitaxy, etc.
- the sponge structure 3 is produced in the silicon starting material or the subsequent deposition of the sensor-active material 6 takes place in a completely analogous manner to that described for FIG
- Substrate contact 1 to the base support 13 is realized by a conductive adhesive connection 14, for example conductive silver
- the sensor component is protected against the measuring environment with a protective layer 12 made of, for example, epoxy resin or other potting materials, so that only the sensor-active gate area is included the analyte solution is in contact.
- the encapsulation can e however also by means of an installation in a fixed sample cell, as described in Figure 2 take place.
- the possibility of using a non-sensitive sensor element directly instead of an outer reference electrode, similar to the capacitive porous (bio) chemical sensor, can also be solved with this structure in the form of a reference transistor.
- FIG. 4 An exemplary embodiment in the form of a porous, potentiometric (bio-) chemical " ion-selective electrode '(ISE) can be seen from Figure 4.
- the porous sponge structure and its lining with a non-conductive material are produced in an analogous manner as under Figure 1.
- the base substrate 2 is etched from the back of the sample from 1 wet-chemically, for example by means of an HF / water mixture, into the area of the sponge structure, so that it is exposed on the back of the sample, before the sensor-active components 6 as a solid
- the metallic derivation must be implemented, as shown in FIG. 4.1 or 4.2 17, for example from Ag deposited in the pore structure by means of conventional PVD processes (for example by vapor deposition).
- This Ag layer is chloridized using known electrochemical processes in direct connection.
- An additional internal electrolyte 18 is introduced in FIG. 4.2.
- This usually consists of a high-molar salt solution, for example saturated KCl solution, which remains in an organic matrix, for example gelatin, after evaporation of the solvent as an internal electrolyte.
- the semiconductor structure processed in this way is applied by means of a conductive adhesive connection 14, for example conductive silver a carrier 16 (FIG. 4) with electrical contact, for example made of glass, plastic, silicon or ceramic, is fixed. This stabilizes the thin, porous silicon structure on the carrier 16.
- the processing of the sensor-active layer takes place as already explained under FIG. 1.
- the finished porous ISE is applied to a holder 15 made of solution-resistant material with electrical contacting, for example Teflon or plastic.
- the sensor component is protected against the measurement environment with a protective layer 12 made of, for example, epoxy resin or other potting materials, such that only the sensor-active area of the porous ISE is in contact with the analyte solution.
- FIG. 5 shows the arrangement of a (bio) chemical porous semiconductor sensor as a multi-sensor in the form of a sensor array arrangement. Shown here are differently sensitive, porous sensors 19 within a silicon substrate 2.
- the number of sensor elements e.g. four variable sensors
- the individual porous sponge structures are produced and expanded into sensor elements using the process steps listed above.
- the sensor elements described in FIG. 2, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4 can be realized with this.
- the sensor elements are encapsulated in a sample cell or inserted into a fixed housing in a completely analogous manner.
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP95928414A EP0775314B1 (de) | 1994-08-06 | 1995-08-04 | Chemische sensoren, insbesondere biosensoren auf siliciumbasis |
JP50692896A JP4074660B2 (ja) | 1994-08-06 | 1995-08-04 | シリコンをベースとした化学センサ |
AT95928414T ATE271223T1 (de) | 1994-08-06 | 1995-08-04 | Chemische sensoren, insbesondere biosensoren auf siliciumbasis |
DE59510924T DE59510924D1 (de) | 1994-08-06 | 1995-08-04 | Chemische sensoren, insbesondere biosensoren auf siliciumbasis |
US08/793,030 US5874047A (en) | 1994-08-06 | 1995-08-04 | Chemical sensors, in particular silicon-based biosensors |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DEP4427921.3 | 1994-08-06 | ||
DE4427921A DE4427921C2 (de) | 1994-08-06 | 1994-08-06 | Chemische Sensoren, insbesondere Biosensoren, auf Siliciumbasis |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1996005512A1 true WO1996005512A1 (de) | 1996-02-22 |
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ID=6525114
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/DE1995/001056 WO1996005512A1 (de) | 1994-08-06 | 1995-08-04 | Chemische sensoren, insbesondere biosensoren auf siliciumbasis |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5874047A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0775314B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4074660B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR100379663B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE271223T1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2196895A1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE4427921C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1996005512A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
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EP0986747A1 (de) * | 1997-06-04 | 2000-03-22 | Australian Membrane And Biotechnology Research Institute | Verbesserter biosensor |
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EP0986747A4 (de) * | 1997-06-04 | 2001-07-25 | Au Membrane & Biotech Res Inst | Verbesserter biosensor |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE59510924D1 (de) | 2004-08-19 |
KR100379663B1 (ko) | 2003-09-26 |
JPH10504388A (ja) | 1998-04-28 |
US5874047A (en) | 1999-02-23 |
DE4427921A1 (de) | 1996-02-15 |
EP0775314B1 (de) | 2004-07-14 |
DE4427921C2 (de) | 2002-09-26 |
ATE271223T1 (de) | 2004-07-15 |
KR970705027A (ko) | 1997-09-06 |
CA2196895A1 (en) | 1996-02-22 |
JP4074660B2 (ja) | 2008-04-09 |
EP0775314A1 (de) | 1997-05-28 |
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