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  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
  • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
  • C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
  • C07K14/4715—Pregnancy proteins, e.g. placenta proteins, alpha-feto-protein, pregnancy specific beta glycoprotein
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
  • A61P15/08—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives for gonadal disorders or for enhancing fertility, e.g. inducers of ovulation or of spermatogenesis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
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  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/20—Hypnotics; Sedatives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• Chaperonins belong to a wider class of molecular chaperones, molecules involved in post-translational folding, targeting and assembly of other proteins, but which do not themselves form part of the final assembled structure as discussed by Ellis et al. , 1991 , Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60 321-347.
• Most molecular chaperones are "heat shock” or “stress” proteins (hsp); i.e. their production is induced or increased by a variety of cellular insults (such as metabolic disruption, oxygen radicals, inflammation, infection and transformation), heat being only one of the better studies stresses as reviewed by Lindquist et al. , 1988, Annu. Rev. Genet. 22 631-677.
• Cpn ⁇ O has been studied extensively. It has been identified in all bacteria, mitochondria and plastids examined, and a cytoplasmic form, TCP-1 , has been identified in eukaryotic cells; its presence on the surface of some cells has been reported, although this has been questioned in the Ellis reference referred to above and also in van Eden, 1991 , Immunol. Reviews 121 5-28. Until very recently, cpnlO had been identified only in bacteria but structural and functional equivalents have now been found in chloroplasts (Bertsch et al.
• Cpn ⁇ O and cpnlO interact functionally, in the presence of ATP, to mediate protein assembly. Instances of cpnlO acting independently of cpn ⁇ O have not yet been reported but cpn ⁇ O, apparently acting alone, has been implicated in quite disparate events. For example, it is an immuno-dominant target of both antibody and T-cell responses during bacterial infections but, because the protein is so highly conserved, self reactivity is generated.
• EPF EPF
• lymphocytes Several suppressor factors depress the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction in mice and therefore might suppress a possibly maternal immune response against the antigenically alien fetus. More recent studies have shown that production of EPF is not confined to pregnancy.
• EPF is reviewed in detail by Morton et al. , 1992, Early Pregnancy Factor, Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology 10 72-82. The site and regulation of EPF production is described, followed by the purification of EPF from platelets and the relationship of the purified product to EPF derived from other sources. This review also discusses certain aspects of the bioassay for EPF (i.e. the rosette inhibition test) including monitoring purification procedures and investigating sources of production. The biological activity of EPF is discussed and possible clinical applications of
• EPF is a growth regulated product of cultured tumour and transformed cells. These cells are also dependent upon EPF for continued growth i.e. EPF acts in an autocrine mode.
• the invention provides for the production of antibodies specific for cpnlO, cpnlO derivatives or peptides derived from cpnlO.
• the present invention includes within its scope the use of (i) monoclonal and/or polyclonal antibodies to eucaryotic, procaryotic, recombinant or synthetic cpnl O or modifications or fragments thereof, or engineered constructs based on the active site or centre of these antibodies, or (ii) antagonists of cpn lO, based on modifications of the structure of the molecule or fragments thereof.
• Platelet concentrates (from the Blood Bank), up to 7 days clinically outdated, were washed with Tyrodes buffer, following the techniques described in Methods in Enzymology, 1989, 169 7-11 , snap frozen in liquid
• the SP-Sephadex eluate was adjusted to pH 6.3-6.4 with cone. HC1 and applied to a column of Heparin-Sepharose CL-6B (2.5 x 7.5cm; Pharmacia-LKB) previously equilibrated with 0.05 M-sodium phosphate buffer/0.05 M-NaCl pH 6.3. The column was then washed with 5 vol of the same buffer and eluted with 5 vol 0.05 M-Tris-HCl/5 mM-CaCl,/0.2 M-NaCl pH 7.5, applied in the reverse direction to that used for sample application. Hish performance hydrophnhic interaction chroinatopraphy (HIC-h.p.
• fragment 1 Three areas of sequence containing 12 (fragment 1), 27 (fragment 2) and 33 (fragment 3) residues were found to correspond with residues 7 to 18, 27 - 53 and 69 - 101 (the C-terminus) in rat mitochondrial cpnlO.
• residue 52 was different (S in cpnlO, G in rat cpnlO; this change alone could account for human cpnlO being 30 Da larger than rat cpnlO). All other residues were identical, consistent with the highly conserved nature of chaperonins (see FIG. 2c).
• EPF was mixed with cpn ⁇ O, in the presence or absence of ATP, and the mixture fractionated on a TSK G3000SW gel permeation column; resultant fractions were analysed by SDS-PAGE.
• Cpn ⁇ O is a decatetramer and elutes in the excluded volume of this column (exclusion limit 300 000).
• EPF also appears in this fraction, demonstrating formation of a stable complex with cpn ⁇ O.
• This fraction was active in the EPF bioassay but the equivalent fraction from the experiment without ATP (where EPF did not associate with cpn ⁇ O) was not (see FIG. 3a).
• EPF and cpnl O activity reside in the same molecule.
• platelet- derived EPF is a structural and functional homologue of cpnlO; the relationship between cpnl O and activity in the rosette inhibition test was then examined (FIG. 3b).
• immobilised cpn ⁇ O could remove all activity from the archetypal source material, pregnancy serum and activity could be recovered by removing ATP from the immobilised complex.
• this requirement for ATP demonstrates the specificity of the interaction between cpn ⁇ O and the active moiety; cpnlO is thus the molecular entity initiating response in the EPF bioassay.
• Peptides of cpnlO may include the following amino acid sequences: -
• N-peptide 1 e Ac - AGQAFRKFLPLC N-peptide 1 e Ac - AGQAFRKFLPLC
• I- peptide i e EKSQGKVLQATC internal fragment
• Antisera were tested in an ELISA against the relevant antigens (viz. I-peptide or N-peptide; ovalbumin) (5 mg/ml). Bound IgG was detected by the biotm-streptavidin system (Amersham) with o-phenylene diamine as substrate Absorbance was read at 492 nm Anti-N-peptide Abs were also tested in parallel with anti-EPF
• IgG was eluted b ⁇ 0 2M gh cine, pH 2 5
• the pH of the eluate was adjusted with 2M T ⁇ s to approximateh 7 4
• the purity of the Abs in the eluted fractions was determined by SDS-PAGE, then the strongest fractions pooled.
• the anti-peptides Abs titre decreased even with repeated boosting (FIG. 4a, 4b) , while the production of anti-ovalbumin control Abs gave a normal response (FIG. 4c). Note that the titre of anti-ovalbumin Abs in rabbits immunised with the peptide conjugates (FIG. 4a, 4b) decreased as well.
• PCR Polymerase chain reaction
• the primer Pl was designed from the amino acid sequence VLDDKDYFL corresponding to amino acid residues 83-91 of human cpnlO.
• the primer Pl has the sequence 5' ARRAARTARTCYTTRTCRTC 3' where R is A or G and Y is C or T.
• the reverse sequencing primer (RSP) was used for PCR amplification (the non-specific primer) as well as for sequencing DNA constructs and has the sequence 5' CAGGAAACAGCTATGAC 3' .
• the universal sequencing primer has the sequence 5' GTAAAACGACGGCCAGT 3'.
• PCR amplification of the phage library was achieved using a non-specific upstream amplimer (RSP) and Pl , each at 0.5 ⁇ M final concentration, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 (Pharmacia Biotech) , I X polymerase buffer (Boehringer Mannheim) and 5 units of Thermits aquaticus DNA polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim) in a final volume of 50 ⁇ L.
• RSP non-specific upstream amplimer
• Pl 5 units of Thermits aquaticus DNA polymerase
• GCGCGGATCCATGGCAGGACAAGCGTTTAG-3' was designed from the sequence of the initial PCR fragment.
• ATATGAATTCAGTCTACGTACTTTCC-3' was designed from sequence obtained from the Expressed Sequence Tag database via ANGIS (Accession No. HUM00TB037) .
• a 319 bp fragment was amplified from the phage library using the same reaction and cycling conditions as above except the annealing temperature was 50°C.
• Clones transformed with pRM2 were screened for expression of the Glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein on a small culture scale (2 ml) according to methods described by Smith et al. (Smith et al. , 1988, Gene 67 (1) 31-40) .
• An overnight culture was diluted, induced to express the fusion protein by the addition of IPTG to 0.1 mM and grown at 37°C for several hours.
• the cells were pelleted, lysed in PBS/0.1 % Triton X-100 and the lysate mixed with 50% Glutathione-Agarose beads (Sigma Chemical
• the recombinant fusion protein was eluted from the affinity beads by boiling in SDS loading buffer. An aliquot of the sample was run on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel. The gel was fixed and then stained with Coomassie blue. After confirming the expression of the fusion protein the purification of rcpnlO from the GST moiety was undertaken on a larger scale.
• Triton X-100 was added to a final concentration of 0.1 % and cellular debris removed by centrifugation (15 min, 15000 rpm, 4°C).
• Ten ml glutathione-Sepharose 4 B gel (Pharmacia - LKB Biotechnlogy) was added to the supernatant and the slurry mixed for 2 hr, 4°C. The gel was pelleted, washed x 5 with 50 ml PBS/0.1 % Triton X-100 once with 50 ml 0.05 M Tris-
• the recombinant cpnlO has two additional amino acids at the N terminus.
• the N terminus of the recombinant protein is Gly-Ser-Ala whereas the N-terminus of native protein is Ac-Ala.
• the amino acid sequence of the r e c o m b i n a n t c p n l O i s a s f o l l o w s GSAGQAFRKFLPLFDRVLVERSAAETVTKGGIMLPEKSQGKVLQATVEA
• Antibodies were raised against the GST: rcpnlO fusion protein.
• Antibodies against the recombinant protein were raised in rabbits using the same schedule described for producing anti-peptide antibodies. Approximately 10 ⁇ g protein was used for each injection. Rabbit serum was screened for anti-cpnl O antibodies by ELISA, using the technique described for screening anti-peptide antibodies with the exception that plates were coated initially with cpnlO (5 ⁇ g/ml) . The antibody (Ab) titres against cpnlO and against the whole fusion protein (in this case, GST:rcpnl0, 5 ⁇ g/ml, was bound to the plate) in serum of rabbit #42 are shown in FIG . 7.
• pregnancy may be terminated bv administration of antibodies specific for cpnl O to a pregnant subject.
• the antibodies may be raised against cpnl O or derivatives therefrom.
• the administration of these antibodies preferably occurs at the pre-implantation stage (1-2 cell stage) or at the peri-implantation stage.
• Pregnancy termination with anti-cpnl O antibodies is demonstrated below by way of example in a mouse model system.
• the mouse model system is by way of example only and the method is not limited to mice. The method may be applied to any suitable mammalian species including man.
• antibodies used were those prepared against the N-terminal peptide (cpnN) and an internal peptide (cpnl); cpnN and cpnl are active in the rosette inhibition test.
• IgG was precipitated from anti- serum by 45% ammonium sulphate and the concentration determined by
• the IgG preparations were tested in an ELISA against the immunising peptide, conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The preparations were also tested for their ability to neutralise activity in mouse pregnancy serum. Various concentrations of antibody were incubated with an equal volume of mouse serum then the mixtures tested for activity in the rosette inhibition test. The lowest concentration of antibody that could completely neutralise EPF activity was determined (see Cavanagh et al. , 1994, Eur. J. Biochem. 222 551-560) . Ten pg anti-N-peptide Ab neutralised the activity of 1 ml of pregnancy serum while 4 ng anti-I-peptide was needed for complete neutralisation.
• mice Mature outbred male and female Quackenbush mice were caged in pairs at 7.30 a.m. and separated at 8.30 a.m.
• Female mice with vaginal plugs were injected with anti-N-peptide/ovalbumin, anti-I-peptide/ovalbumin or anti-ovalbumin IgG preparations at 9.00 a.m. and 5.00 p.m. on days 1 (day of mating) and 2 of pregnancy.
• the dose of specific IgG injected in the 2 dose regimen was estimated as approximately 1 mg/mouse/day.
• mice were euthana ed with CO-, uteri examined for implanted embryos and the number of corpora lutea (CL) counted. In each group, the number of embryos/CL in the mice treated with the test IgG was compared with the number receiving the same dose of control IgG ( ⁇ 2 test).
• a further aspect of the invention is the suppression of growth of abnormal cells by the administration of antagonists of cpnlO to a subject.
• Said abnormal cells or aberrant growth of normal cells include tumour or cancer cells; aberrant growth of normal cells includes diseases such as in psoriasis or
• Tumour cells include those from both benign and malignant growths. Cells from malignant diseases such as solid tumours and haematological cancers may also be included. An example of the suppressing effect of tumour cell growth is demonstrated by experiments with murine B16 melanoma and MCA-2 fibrosarcoma cell lines.
• control antibodies were exchanged into DMEM and adjusted to a final concentration of 1 mg/ml.
• the preparations were sterilised by passage through a 0.2 ⁇ M cut-off filter (Minisart, Sartorius Gmbh, Goettingen, Germany).
• DMEM alone was similarly treated.
• the murine B16 melanoma and MCA-2 fibrosarcoma cell lines were studied.
• the cells ( 0') were seeded in triplicate, in 0.2 ml culture medium (DMEM + 10% FCS (heat inactivated) containing doses of anti- peptide Abs, or control Ab, in the range 62.5 - 500 ⁇ g Ab/ml (final concentration). Cells were similarly seeded into filtered medium containing no antibody. Cultures were examined after a 96 h culture period. Viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion and uptake of methyl-[ H]thymidine 5'- triphosphate ([ ! H]thymidine; Amersham International, Amersham, UK) was used to monitor the rate of cell division. Relative [ ⁇ ] -thymidine uptake for each antibody dose was calculated by expressing the mean cpm incorporated
• anti-cpnlO- derived peptides Abs inhibit the growth of tumour cells.
• the anti-proliferative effect of culturing B16 and MCA-2 cell lines in increasing doses of anti- peptides Abs is evidence that the growth of these cells is dependent upon continued presence of cpnlO.
• These studies have established that the tumour cells require cpnlO for proliferation in vitro.
• N-terminal fragment and internal fragment are regions of the molecule which are active in the rosette inhibition test and therefore function as active centres.
• Pharmacological antagonists can be constructed, using conventional means, by modification of the structure of these active centres, so that binding to target sites, e.g. tumour cells, may occur without target activation. By interfering with the action of the whole cpnlO molecule on tumour cells, these antagonists will mimic the anti-proliferative effect described above for anti-cpnlO antibodies.
• the invention also includes within its scope an assay for measuring anti-cpnlO antibody in a sample including the steps of:- (1 ) reacting substantially purified cpnlO with the sample; and
• the dosages utlised in the administration of antagonists or antibodies are in the range of 1-1000 (more preferably 50-200) ⁇ g/kg of body weight for antagonists and 1-1000 (more preferably 50-200) mg/kg of body weight for antibodies. These dosages are based on a molecule which has the same molecular weight as cpnl O and dosages should be adjusted accordingly.
• Anti-I- 6 20.8 ⁇ 0.8 17.1 ⁇ 1.1 ⁇ 0.02 peptide- ovalbumin
• FIGURE LEGENDS FIG. la
• FIG. 1A Analysis of EPF purified from 300 units human platelets as in FIG. 1A. Determination of monomeric size. Iodinated EPF was fractionated by SDS- PAGE, 29 the gel sliced (2 mm wide slices) and the distribution of radioactivity and biological activity compared. (Inset) Direct Coomassie Blue staining of the same preparation. FIG. 2b Ion-spray mass spectrum of EPF, displayed as multiply protonated molecular ions. (Inset) Computer reconstruction as molecular mass.
• Amino acid sequence (single letter code) of peptides derived from human EPF, compared with rat cpnlO (underlined). EPF was digested with endoproteinase lys C and endoproteinase glu C, the resultant peptides separated by RP-HPLC and sequenced. The sequence of individual fragments is shown; all except
• 74-101 were derived from the lys digest.
• Immobilised cpn ⁇ O was mixed with human pregnancy serum (6 d gestation) in thke presence or absence of Mg + ATP. Unbound and bound fractions (the latter recovered from the gel by removal of ATP with EDTA) were then tested in the rosette inhibition test. Results are expressed as limiting dose, the highest dilution of sample giving a positive result in the rosette inhibition test.
• Proliferation was assessed by uptake of [ ⁇ Jthymidine into cells incubated with antibody, expressed as a percentage of [-'HJthymidine incubated without antibody.
• Anti-cpnlO I-peptide Abs detect cpnlO on the surface of human Moit 4 leukaemia cells.

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