WO1993001831A1 - Induction of cytotoxic t-lymphocyte responses - Google Patents

Induction of cytotoxic t-lymphocyte responses Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1993001831A1
WO1993001831A1 PCT/US1992/006193 US9206193W WO9301831A1 WO 1993001831 A1 WO1993001831 A1 WO 1993001831A1 US 9206193 W US9206193 W US 9206193W WO 9301831 A1 WO9301831 A1 WO 9301831A1
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antigen
protein
patient
composition
carcinoma
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PCT/US1992/006193
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English (en)
French (fr)
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Syamal Raychaudhuri
William H. Rastetter
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Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation
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Priority to RO94-00094A priority Critical patent/RO116459B1/ro
Priority to EP92917479A priority patent/EP0596032B2/en
Priority to HU9400202A priority patent/HU220295B/hu
Priority to JP50307193A priority patent/JP3939746B2/ja
Priority to DE69225710T priority patent/DE69225710T3/de
Priority to KR1019940700218A priority patent/KR100198868B1/ko
Priority to BR9206310A priority patent/BR9206310A/pt
Priority to SK89-94A priority patent/SK282920B6/sk
Priority to DK92917479T priority patent/DK0596032T4/da
Priority to RU94038046/14A priority patent/RU2129439C1/ru
Application filed by Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation filed Critical Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation
Priority to AU24338/92A priority patent/AU666127B2/en
Publication of WO1993001831A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993001831A1/en
Priority to NO19940218A priority patent/NO317203B1/no
Priority to FI940335A priority patent/FI108114B/fi
Priority to BG98410A priority patent/BG62240B1/bg
Priority to FI20011187A priority patent/FI109335B/fi

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/39—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the immunostimulating additives, e.g. chemical adjuvants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/001102—Receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • A61K39/001103—Receptors for growth factors
    • A61K39/001106—Her-2/neu/ErbB2, Her-3/ErbB3 or Her 4/ErbB4
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/001148—Regulators of development
    • A61K39/00115—Apoptosis related proteins, e.g. survivin or livin
    • A61K39/001151—Apoptosis related proteins, e.g. survivin or livin p53
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/001154—Enzymes
    • A61K39/001164—GTPases, e.g. Ras or Rho
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/001169—Tumor associated carbohydrates
    • A61K39/00117—Mucins, e.g. MUC-1
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/00118—Cancer antigens from embryonic or fetal origin
    • A61K39/001182—Carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/00119—Melanoma antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/002—Protozoa antigens
    • A61K39/015—Hemosporidia antigens, e.g. Plasmodium antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
    • A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
    • A61K2039/525—Virus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55566—Emulsions, e.g. Freund's adjuvant, MF59
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N2740/00—Reverse transcribing RNA viruses
    • C12N2740/00011—Details
    • C12N2740/10011—Retroviridae
    • C12N2740/16011—Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV
    • C12N2740/16111—Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV concerning HIV env
    • C12N2740/16134—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
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Definitions

  • Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are believed to be the major host defense mechanism in response to a variety of viral infections and neoplastic or cancerous growth. These cells eliminate infected or transformed cells by recognizing antigen fragments in association with various molecules (termed class I MHC molecules) on the infected or transformed cells. CTLs may be induced experimentally by cytoplasmic loading of certain soluble antigens within specific cells. Immunization with the soluble antigen alone is generally insufficient for specific cytotoxic T- lymphocyte induction.
  • One method by which CTL response may be induced involves the use of recombinant engineering techniques to incorporate critical components of an antigen in question into the genome of a benign infectious agent.
  • the aim of such a strategy is to generate antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to the desired epitope by subjecting the host to a mild, self-limiting infection.
  • Chimeric vectors have been described using vaccinia, polio, adeno- and retro-viruses, as well as bacteria such as Listeria and BCG.
  • Takahashi et al. 85 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.. USA 3105, 1988 describe use of recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the HIV gpl60 envelope gene as a potential tool for induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
  • a second method by which a cell mediated response may be induced involves the use of adjuvants.
  • DETOX includes detoxified endotoxin (monophosphoryl lipid A) from Salmonella minnesota. cell wall skeletons of Mycobacterium phlei. squalene oil and emulsifier.
  • SAF emulsion
  • MDP muramyl dipeptide
  • Vaccines 223, 1987 describe use of SAF-1 which includes TWEEN 80, PLURONIC L121, and squalene or Squalane, with or without muramyl dipeptide, and suggest that their data indicate that the formulation with muramyl dipeptide will be useful for human and veterinary vaccines.
  • Booster shots of the adjuvant were provided without the muramyl dipeptide.
  • the muramyl dipeptide is said to increase antibody production significantly over use of the adjuvant without muramyl dipeptide.
  • Cell mediated immunity was measured as delayed type hypersensitivity by skin tests to determine T-helper cell induction. Such hypersensitivity was stronger and more sustained when muramyl dipeptide was provided in the adjuvant.
  • Patents 4,053,585, and 4,117,113 cyclic peptides (Dreesman et al. , U.S. Patent 4,778,784); Freunds Complete Adjuvant (Asherson et al., 22 Immunology 465, 1972; Berman et al. , 2 International J. Cancer 539, 1967; Allison, 18 Immunopotentiation 73, 1973; and Allison, Non-specific Factors Influencing Host Resistance 247, 1973); ISCOMs (Letvin et al., 87 Vaccines 209, 1987); adjuvants containing non-ionic block polymer agents formed with mineral oil, a surface active agent and TWEEN 80
  • Applicant has discovered a safe and advantageous method and compositions by which CTL responses may be induced in humans and domesticated or agriculturally important animals.
  • the method involves the use of an antigen formulation which has little or no toxicity to animals, and lacks an immunostimulating peptide, (e.g.. muramyl dipeptide) the presence of which would decrease the desired cellular response.
  • an immunostimulating peptide e.g. muramyl dipeptide
  • the methodology is simple to use and does not require extensive in vivo work to alter existing cells by recombinant DNA techniques to make them immunogenic. This discovery is surprising since it was unexpected that such a CTL response could be induced by use of such an antigen formulation lacking immunostimulating peptides or their equivalent.
  • Applicant's findings allow the use of such antigen formulations in a broad spectrum of disease states, or as a prophylactic agents.
  • such antigen formulation administration can be used for the treatment of viral diseases in which a CTL response is important, for example, in the treatment of HIV infection or influenza; it can also be extended to use in treatment of bacterial infections, cancer, parasitic infections, and the like.
  • the antigen formulation with a suitable antigen is useful in prevention of infection by viruses responsible for the aforementioned viral diseases, particularly the prophylaxis of HIV infection, and also for prophylaxis of patients at risk of cancer, for example, after resection of a primary tumor.
  • the invention features a method for inducing a CTL response in a human or domesticated (e.g.. a cat or dog) or agriculturally important animal (e.g.. a horse, cow or pig) to an antigen other than B-cell lymphoma antigen or egg albumin.
  • the method includes the steps of providing the antigen to which the CTL response is desired, and providing a non- toxic antigen formulation which comprises, consists, or consists essentially of, a stabilizing detergent, a micelle-forming agent, and a biodegradable and biocompatible oil.
  • This antigen formulation preferably lacks any immunostimulating peptide component, or has sufficiently low levels of such a component that the desired cellular response is not diminished.
  • This formulation is preferably provided as a stable oil-in- water emulsion. That is, each of the various components are chosen such that the emulsion will remain in an emulsion state for a period of at least one month, and preferably for more than one year, without phase separation.
  • the antigen and antigen formulation are mixed together to form a mixture (preferably by microfluidization) , and that mixture administered to the animal in an amount sufficient to induce CTL response in the animal. Such administration is required only once.
  • stabilizing detergent is meant a detergent that allows the components of the emulsion to remain as a stable emulsion.
  • Such detergents include polysorbate, 80 (TWEEN) (Sorbitan-mono-9-octadecenoate-poly(oxy-1,2- ethanediyl; manufactured by ICI Americas, Wilmington, DE) , TWEEN 40, TWEEN 20, TWEEN 60, Zwittergent 3-12, TEEPOL HB7, and SPAN 85. These detergents are usually provided in an amount of approximately 0.05 to 0.5%, preferably at about 0.2%.
  • micelle-forming agent an agent which is able to stabilize the emulsion formed with the other components such that a micelle-like structure is formed. Such agents preferably cause some irritation at the site of injection in order to recruit macrophages to enhance the cellular response.
  • examples of such agents include polymer surfactants described by BASF Wyandotte publications, e.g.. Schmolka, 54 J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 110, 1977, and Hunter et al. , 129 J. Immunol 1244, 1981, both hereby incorporated by reference, PLURONIC L62LF, L101, and L64, L121, PEG1000, and TETRONIC 1501, 150R1, 701, 901, 1301, and 130R1.
  • the agent is chosen to have a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of between 0 and 2, as defined by Hunter and Bennett, 133 Journal of Immunology 3167, 1984.
  • HLB hydrophile-lipophile balance
  • the agent is preferably provided in an amount between 0.001 and 10%, most preferably in an amount between 0.001 and 5%.
  • the oil is chosen to promote the retention of the antigen in oil-in-water emulsion, i.e.. to provide a vehicle for the desired antigen, and preferably has a melting temperature of less than 65°C such that emulsion is formed either at room temperature (about 20°C to 25 ⁇ C) , or once the temperature of the emulsion is brought down to room temperature.
  • oils include squalene, Squalane, EICOSANE, tetratetracontane, glycerol, and peanut oil or other vegetable oils.
  • the oil is preferably provided in an amount between 1 and 10%, most preferably between 2.5 and 5%.
  • the oil is biodegradable and biocompatible so that the body can break down the oil over time, and so that no adverse affects, such as granulomas, are evident upon use of the oil.
  • a peptide component especially a muramyl dipeptide (MDP) be lacking.
  • MDP muramyl dipeptide
  • Such a peptide will interfere with induction of a CTL response if it provided in an amount greater than about 20 micrograms per normal human formulation administration. It is preferred that such peptides be completely absent from the antigen formulation, despite their apparent stimulation of the humoral compartment of the immune system. That is, applicant has found that, although such peptides may enhance the humoral response, they are disadvantageous when a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response is desired.
  • the antigen formulation is formed from only two of the above three components and used with any desired antigen (which term includes proteins, polypeptides, and fragments thereof which are immunogenic) except egg albumin (or other albumins, e.g., HSA, BSA and ovalbumin) , to induce a CTL response in the above animals or humans.
  • any desired antigen which term includes proteins, polypeptides, and fragments thereof which are immunogenic
  • egg albumin or other albumins, e.g., HSA, BSA and ovalbumin
  • the present formulation both includes a micelle-forming agent, and has no peptides, cell wall skeletons, or bacterial cell components.
  • the present formulation also induces a CTL response which either does not occur with the prior formulations, or is significantly enhanced compared to those formulations.
  • non-toxic is meant that little or no side effect of the antigen formulation is observed in the treated animal or human.
  • Those of ordinary skill in the medical or veterinary arts will recognize that this term has a broad meaning. For example, in a substantially healthy animal or human only slight toxicity may be tolerated, whereas in a human suffering from terminal disease (with a life expectancy of less than about three years) substantially more toxicity may be tolerated.
  • the antigen formulation consists essentially of two or three of the detergent, agent, and oil; the method consists essentially of a single administration of the mixture (antigen plus antigen formulation) to the human or the animal; the human or animal is infected with a virus and suffers one or more symptoms (as generally defined by medical doctors in the relevant field) of infection from the virus; and the antigen formulation is non-toxic to the human or animal.
  • the antigen is chosen from antigenic portions of the HIV antigens: gpl60, gag, pol, Nef, Tat, and Rev; the malaria antigens: CS protein and Sporozoite surface protein 2; the Hepatitis B surface antigens: Pre-Sl, Pre-S2, HBc Ag, and HBe Ag; the influenza antigens: HA, NP and NA; Hepatitis A surface antigens; the Herpes virus antigens: EBV gp340, EBV gp85, HSV gB, HSV gD, HSV gH, HSV early protein product, cytomegalovirus gB, cytomegalovirus gH, and IE protein gP72; the respiratory syncytial virus antigens: F protein, G protein, and N protein; and the tumor antigens carcinoma CEA, carcinoma associated mucin, carcinoma P21, carcinoma P53, melanoma MPG, melanoma p97, and carcinoma
  • the invention features a composition comprising, consisting, or consisting essentially of an antigen mixed with an antigen formulation described above, and the antigen is chosen from those antigenic portions listed above.
  • the invention features methods of treating a patient infected with HIV virus, suffering from malaria, suffering from influenza, suffering from hepatitis, suffering from a cancer, infected with herpes virus, or infected with respiratory syncytial virus, by administering a composition including an appropriate antigen (e.g. - selected from those listed above) mixed with one of the above antigen formulations.
  • a composition including an appropriate antigen e.g. - selected from those listed above
  • FIGS. 1A - IC are graphical presentations of data comparing CTL induction by various ovalbumin formulations; E:T represents effector to target ratio in all Figures.
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B are graphical presentations of data comparing CTL induction by various 3-galactosidase formulations;
  • FIG. 3 is a graphical presentation of data comparing CTL induction by ovalbumin in a liposome and in an antigen formulation
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 are graphical presentations of data showing the effect of CD4 and CD8 cell depletion on CTL induction
  • FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of data showing CTL induction by a mixture of pluronic and TWEEN and an antigen
  • FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of data showing CTL induction with a mixture of by Squalane and TWEEN and an antigen
  • FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of data showing CTL induction by a mixture of Squalane and pluronic and an antigen
  • FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of the induction of anti-gpl20IIIb antibodies in monkeys with various antigen formulations.
  • FIGS. 10A - 10B are graphical presentations of data comparing the gpl20-specific CTL response in monkeys immunized with vaccinia-gpl20 and gpl20-AF.
  • Antigen formulations useful in this invention are generally described above. Those of ordinary skill in this art will recognize that equivalent Formulations are readily prepared and can be expected to have equivalent properties in induction of a CTL response. Such Formulations are readily tested for their properties using techniques equivalent to those described in the examples below. There follow examples of the invention with the use of an antigen formulation (AF) composed of about 15% Squalane (0.6% TWEEN 80) and (0.0045-3.75% pluronic) in a phosphate buffered saline (Imed STP) .
  • AF antigen formulation
  • an emulsion of the AF included : 150 mg Squalane, 0.045-37.5 mg poloxamer 401 (PLURONIC L121) , 6 mg polysorbate 80 (TWEEN 80), 0.184 mg potassium chloride, 0.552 mg potassium phosphate monobasic, 7.36 mg. sodium chloride, 3.3 mg sodium phosphate dibasic (anhydrous), per 1 ml water, pH 7.4.
  • This emulsion was microfluidized using standard technique (Microfluidics Model MllOF) with a back-pressure module at 11-14,000 psi with gradual return to atmosphere pressure, cooling and packing in wet ice.
  • antigen was mixed with the microfluidized Squalane (S) , pluronic (P) and TWEEN 80 (T) mixture to achieve a final concentration of 5% Squalane,
  • Squalane-TWEEN 80, pluronic-TWEEN 80 or Squalane-pluronic were prepared at the same concentration as for the three components mixture. Pluronic, Squalane or TWEEN 80 was also prepared individually to determine the effect of individual component on the CTL induction. Substitutions of TWEEN 80
  • TWEEN 40 or Zwittergent for TWEEN 80 were also made to determine the effect of various TWEEN derivative on the
  • Eicosone or Triacontone and substitution for the co- polymer pluronic in the same three components formulation were made by PEG 1000, Pleuronic L62LF, and the Tetronics 1501 and 150R1.
  • various analogs in various combinations were mixed and tested for ova specific CTL induction. They are a mixture of cholesterol - TWEEN 80, Squalane - TWEEN 20, Pristane - TWEEN 80 or olive oil - TWEEN 80.
  • the microfluidized mixture of Squalane-TWEEN 80 was mixed with dextrose to a final concentration of 5%.
  • the combinations of excipients were mixed in a microfluidizer to made a stable emulsion.
  • two components formulations were mixed with various concentration of MDP for CTL and humoral response inductions. Table 1 describes a comprehensive list of various formulations used in this study.
  • Syntex adjuvant formulation (microfluidized; SAFm) was used as an adjuvant control and consists of two parts.
  • Part I consists of phosphate buffered saline containing a final concentration of 5% Squalane, 1.25% pluronic and 0.2% TWEEN 80 (vehicle or I-SAF) .
  • Part II consists of N- Acetylmuramyl-L-Threonyl-D-Isoglutamine (Thr-MDP) , a derivative of mycobacterium cell wall component.
  • antigen is mixed with microfluidized vehicle (part I) to obtain a homogeneous emulsion.
  • mice were also immunized with soluble antigens mixed with alum according to the manufacturer's manual (Pierce Chemical, Rockford, IL) or with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) .
  • the STP antigen formulation is used for induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in mice.
  • mice Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that such a mouse model is indicative that equivalent experiments or treatments will similarly induce cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in humans, domesticated, or agricultural animals.
  • the amount of antigen formulation and antigen useful to produce the desired cellular response may be determined empirically by standard procedures, well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, without undue experimentation. Thus, if desired to minimize the side effects of treatment with such a mixture those of ordinary skill in the art may determine a minimum level of such a mixture for administration to a human, domesticated, or agricultural animal in order to elicit a CTL response, and thereby induce immunity to a desired antigen.
  • such a mixture will be injected by any one of a number of standard procedures, but particularly preferred is an intramuscular injection at a location which will allow the emulsion to remain in a stable form for a period of several days or several weeks.
  • mice Female C57BL/6 (H-2 b ) and BALB/c (H-2 d ) mice were purchased from Harlen Sprague (San Diego, California) .
  • Ovalbumin (ova , Grade VII; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) was used in the native form.
  • /3-galactosidase, (jS-gal, Grade VIII; BRL) was used in the native form and after boiling in 1 M NaOH for 2 min to give an alkali digest.
  • Recombinant gpl20 was purchased from American Biotechnology.
  • Tumor Cells and Transfectants The tumor cells used were the la " lines EL4 (C57BL/6, H-2 b thymoma) and P815 (DBA/2, H-2 d mastocytoma) . Derivation of the ova-producing EL4 transfectant, EG7-ova, is described previously by Moore et al. , 54 Cell 777, 1988.
  • the jS-gal-producing transfectant, P13.1 was derived by electroporation of 10 7 P815 cells in 1 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with 10 mg of PstI linearized pCHHO (Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology Inc., Piscataway, NJ) and 1 mg of Pvul linearized pSV2 neo (Southern et al. , 1 J. Mol. APPI. Genet. 327, 1982) followed by selection in 400 ⁇ g/ml of the antibiotic G418.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the C3-4 transfectant was derived from the BALB/c hybridoma Igm 662 by transfecting with a plasmid encoding the /--gal gene fused to the third and fourth exon of IgM heavy chain (Rammensee et al. , 30 Immunogenetics 296, 1989).
  • the gpl ⁇ OIIIb expressing 3T3 fibroblast, 15-12, was provided by Dr. Germain of NIH (Bethesda, MD) .
  • the K transfected L cell line was provided by Dr. Carbone, Monash University, Australia.
  • the D d and L d transfected L cell lines were provided by Dr. Ted Hensen, Washington University, St. Louis.
  • mice were immunized intravenously with a 200 ⁇ l suspension of 25 x 10° splenocytes, after a cytoplasmic loading as described by Moore et. al. supra. and Carbone et al., J. EXP. Med. 169:603, 1989).
  • 30 ⁇ g of each protein antigen was injected per mouse in the footpad and the tailbase subcutaneously. Each injection consists of 67 ⁇ l of microfluidized antigen formulation
  • mice were immunized with soluble antigens in CFA, or in alum in a total volume of 200 ⁇ l.
  • Spleen cells (30 x 10 6 ) from normal or immunized mice which had been primed at least 14 days earlier were incubated with 1.5 x 10 6 EG7 -ova (irradiated with 20,000 rad) for ova responses or 1.5 x 10 6 C3-4 cells (irradiated with 20,000 rad) for jS-gal response in 24 well plates at 37"C in 7% C0 2 /air. All the tissue cultures were performed in a complete medium consisting of IMDM medium, see. Whittaker Manual (Welkersville, MD) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) , 2mM glutamine, gentamycin and 2 x 10" 5 M 2-mercaptoethanol.
  • FCS fetal calf serum
  • mAbs monoclonal antibodies
  • RL.172 anti-CD4
  • mAbs 3.168 anti-CD8
  • the mAb RL.172 and mAb 3.168 were obtained from Dr. Jonathan Sprent at Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA.
  • Spleen cells (30 x 10 6 ) from normal or immunized mice which had been primed at least 21 days earlier were incubated with 1.5 x 10 6 15-12 cells (treated with 200ug of mitomycin C for 45 minutes per 10 8 cells) , or with 500 ⁇ g of 18111b peptide containing the dominant CTL epitope in Balb/c mice in complete IMDM media (Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, CA) containing 10% pre-screened FCS (ICN Flow; ICN Biochemicals, Inc., Costa Mesa, CA) , 2mM glutamine, gentamycin and 2 x 10" 5 M 2-mercaptoethanol.
  • spleen cells were cultured in complete IMDM containing 5% ConA supernatant.
  • mAbs RL.172 anti-CD4 or mAbs 3.168 (anti-CD8) in presence of low tox. rabbit complement (Cederlane Laboratories, Ltd., Hornby Ontario, Canada) for removal of CD4 + or CD8 + T cells (22, 23).
  • the mAb RL.172 and mAb 3.168 were a gift from Dr. Jonathan Sprent at Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA.
  • Target cells (1 x 10 6 ) were labeled with 100 ⁇ Ci [ 51 Cr] sodium chromate for 60 min.
  • 50 ⁇ l of a 1 mg/ml peptide solution in HBSS was added during the targets labeling with 51 Cr.
  • 10 4 labeled targets and serial dilutions of effector cells were incubated in 200 ⁇ l of RP10 for 4 h at 37 * C.
  • Spontaneous release in the absence of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) was ⁇ 25% of maximal release by detergent in all experiments. Determination of Antibody Responses in Mice and Monkeys
  • the OD 405 was taken after 10 to 15 minutes.
  • all the steps were the same except both the blocking of plates and the dilution of sera were done in 5% normal goat serum in Hank's balanced salt solution.
  • Synthetic peptides corresponding to amino acid sequences 253-276 (Sequence Listing No. 1: EQLESIINFEKLTEWTSSNVMEER; where the standard one letter code is used to represent each amino acid) of ovalbumin (ova 253-276) , amino acid sequences 84-102 of myelin basic protein (MBP 84-102) (Sequence Listing No. 2: DENPWHFFKNIVTPRTPP) , and synthetic peptides corresponding to amino acid sequences 308-322 (18111b sequence) of gpl20IIIb, were assembled by solid phase peptide synthesis using an Applied Biosystems 430A synthesizer.
  • peptides were desalted on a Sephadex G-25 column, and samples of the peptides then HPLC purified by reverse phase chromatography on a Vydac preparative C-18 column. Purified peptides (98%) were solubilized in HBSS at a final concentration of 10 mg/ml and diluted to the desired concentration in the complete media.
  • Protein samples e.g.. 3-galactosidase
  • 1 N NaOH e.g. 1 N NaOH
  • boiled for 2 minutes e.g. 1 N NaOH
  • resulting peptide fragments were separated from the reactants using a C-18 SEP-PAK apparatus (Waters) , and eluted with 95% acetonitrile and lyophilized.
  • mice immunized with spleen cells loaded cytoplasmically with soluble ova were primed for ova specific, class I restricted CTL response.
  • the ova-expressing EL4 transfectant EG7-ova was employed for in vitro stimulation of in vivo primed splenic lymphocytes and also used as target for ova specific CTL mediated killing.
  • C57BL/6 mice were immunized once with various amounts of ova (30 ⁇ g - 1 mg per mouse) with or without an antigen formulation. Mice were injected subcutaneously and in the tailbase. Spleen cells were taken from the immunized mice at least two weeks after the immunizations and in vitro stimulated with the EG7-ova transfectants. An ova concentration as low as 30 ⁇ g was as effective as a 1 mg dose. Therefore, the CTL studies were routinely performed with spleen cells from 30 ⁇ g ova-primed mice. After five days of in vitro culture with EG7-ova, priming was assessed by the presence of ova specific effectors capable of lysing EG7-ova.
  • mice immunized with 30 ⁇ g ova in the antigen formulation described above shown as AF in the figures
  • showed a significant transfectant specific CTL response FIG. 1C
  • the extent of EG! -ova killing by the ova-AF immunized spleen cells was comparable to that of ova-loaded spleen cells immunized mice (FIG. IB) .
  • FIG. 2B demonstrates that 30 ⁇ g of /3-galactosidase in AF induced strong specific CTL response against transfectant.
  • E:T effector-to-target
  • ⁇ -gal-AF immunized mice showed about 80% of specific C3-4 killing.
  • FIG. 2A E:T ratio
  • mice were immunized with soluble ova encapsuled in two types of liposomes, one of which was a pH sensitive liposome.
  • spleen cells were stimulated in vitro. as described above, and tested against 51 Cr-labeled EG7-ova or EL4.
  • FIG. 3 shows a representative result demonstrating that ova in liposome could not prime mice for substantial CTL induction. Similar results were observed when ova was immunized in alum.
  • ova-AF primed CTL with a similar specificity to those primed by transfectants, or by cytoplasmically loaded ova (FIGS. 1A, IB and 1C) .
  • ova-AF primed effector cells effectively lysed EGl-ova , and an untransfected EL4 cells coated with 50 ⁇ g/10 8 cells of ova peptide, but did not lyse EL4 cells coated with 50 ⁇ g/10 8 cells of MBP peptide.
  • Example 3 CTL effectors are CD8 + T cells That soluble protein antigens in AF induce CD8 + effector T cells was shown as follows. Splenocytes from immunized mice were cultured for five days with irradiated transfectants in vitro. Thereafter, cells were harvested and depleted of CD4 + or CD8 + T cells by using monoclonal anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 antibodies plus complement. Depleted populations were then tested against 51 Cr-EG7-ova in the ova system or 51 Cr-P13.1 in the /3-gal system. The data shown in FIG. 4 indicates that, in the ova system, depletion of CD8 + T cells abrogated cytolytic activity conferred by the whole effector cell population. However, depletion of CD4 + T cell population did not have any effect on the lysis of EGl-ova .
  • CD4 + or CD8 + populations were depleted from spleens of ova-AF immunized mice and from naive mice. These treated populations were then stimulated in vitro with EG7-ova alone, or in a combination of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells from ova-AF immunized mice, or in various combination of CD4 + or CD8 + T cells from ova-AF immunized mice with the CD4 + or CD8 + cells from naive mice.
  • FIG. 5 shows that primed CD8 + cells are essential for the manifestation of a secondary CTL response in vitro . These data also indicate that for the effective secondary CTL response in vitro, CD4 + T cells are required. CD4 + cells are not needed for priming.
  • the above examples demonstrate the effect of the antigen formulation on the induction of class I restricted CTL responses against soluble protein antigens.
  • the antigen formulation mediated soluble antigen induced CTL priming, and is similar in activity to that induced by transfectants and by splenocytes cytoplasmically loaded with soluble ova or / S-gal.
  • EG7-ova, cytoplasmically loaded ova splenocytes, and ova-AF induced (a) class I restricted CD8 + CTL; (b) CTL that recognize target sensitized with ova 253-276 synthetic peptide; and (c) long lived CTL after only one immunization.
  • the gpl60 IIIB expressing cell line (15-12) was produced in the Balb/c fibroblast-derived 3T3 cell line. It was obtained from Drs. Ron Germain and Jay Berzofsky, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, M.D.
  • the gpl60 expressing cell line was employed for in vitro stimulation of in vivo primed splenic lymphocytes, and also used as target for gpl60 specific CTL induction.
  • the 18111b peptide which contains the dominant CTL epitope was used for in vitro stimulation.
  • IL-2 was added in the media. Balb/c mice were immunized once with 1 ⁇ g of gpl20 per mouse with or without AF.
  • mice were injected subcutaneously and in the tailbase. Spleen cells were taken from the immunized mice three weeks after immunization and in vitro stimulated with irradiated gpl60 transfectants or with the 18111b peptide. After five days of culture in vitro, priming was assessed by the presence of specific effectors capable of lysing gpl60 transfectants, and not the untransfected cell lines. In some experiments, vac:gpl60 infected P815 cells were used as a target. The results are shown in Table 4A, where CTL response is potentiated with AF and gpl20.
  • the optimum AF formulation for gpl20 specific CTL induction (after one immunization with 1 ⁇ g of gpl20 in AF) is the one which contains no or minimal pluronic.
  • mice were immunized multiple times with 5 ⁇ g of gpl20 in AF containing a higher concentration of pluronic (3.75%) substantial CTL induction was seen (data not shown) .
  • Example 6 Determination of critical components necessary for CTL induction To determine whether all the above-noted components are necessary for antigen specific CTL induction, mice were immunized with ovalbumin in a microfluidized formulation of various combinations of two of the three components presented in the AF above substituting PBS in place of the third component. Two component combinations used were as follows; Squalane/TWEEN in PBS, Squalane/Pluronic in PBS or Pluronic/TWEEN in PBS. Another set of groups were included where mice were immunized with ova formulated in a one component system i.e.. Squalane in PBS, Pluronic in PBS or TWEEN in PBS only.
  • the above three component antigen formulations consist of: 0.300g TWEEN 80 (Aldrich, WI) , l.875g Pluronic L121 (BASF, NJ) , and 7.5g Squalane (Aldrich, WI) , brought to 50 ml with PBS.
  • the two-component formulations were: Squalane/TWEEN: 0.300g TWEEN 80, and 7.5g Squalane, brought to 50 ml with PBS.
  • Pluronic/TWEEN 1.875g Pluronic L121, and 0.300 g TWEEN 80, brought to 50 ml with PBS.
  • Pluronic/Squalane 1.875g Pluronic L121, and 7.5g Squalane, brought to 50 ml with PBS.
  • the three component, varied pluronic concentration formulations were: The Squalane and TWEEN concentrations were kept as before but the pluronic concentration was altered. For 50 ml volumes .
  • the samples were then processed through a microfluidizer, model HOT, Microfluidics Corp, and bottled and stored at 4°C until use.
  • Ovalbumin (ova , Sigma, MO) was weighed and brought to a 0.3mg/ml solution in HBSS (Whittaker, supra) .
  • the stock 0.3mg/ml solution was combined with the two-component formulations in the following amounts: 5 parts Ovalbumin 0.3 mg/ml solution, 3.3 parts 2-component formulation, and 1.7 parts HBSS.
  • /3-gal and HIV gpl20 were mixed with the AF.
  • the formulation was vortexed and kept on ice until injected. All solutions were combined just prior to injection.
  • mice received 200 ⁇ l of one formulation containing 30 ⁇ l of ova by injection subcutaneously and at the tail base. Mice were allowed to rest for at least two to four weeks prior to spleen harvest.
  • spleen cells were prepared and in vitro stimulated with irradiated EG7-ova. After five days of culture, the presence of ova specific CTL was measured by testing against 51 Cr-EG7-ova or 51 Cr-EL4 in a 4-hour 51 Cr release assay.
  • the data shown in FIGS. 6- 8 demonstrate that Ovalbumin formulated in microfluidized two component system can prime ova specific CTLs in vivo.
  • soluble antigen was mixed with microfluidized excipients to obtain a stable homogeneous emulsion with particle sizes ranging from 250-300 nm.
  • STP Squalane-TWEEN 80-pluronic
  • ST Squalane-TWEEN 80
  • PT pluronic-TWEEN 80
  • SP Squalane-pluronic
  • mice were also immunized with ova-SAFm (containing 70 ⁇ g of MDP) or ova-alum as adjuvant controls.
  • mice were immunized with spleen cells cytoplasmically loaded with soluble ova .
  • Other combinations and substitutes were also used, and the results are presented in Table 1.
  • mice The results demonstrate that 30 ⁇ g of ova in combination with STP or ST primes class I restricted CTL response in mice.
  • the priming of ova specific CTL by ova in STP or by ova in ST appears to be better than that induced by spleen cells cytoplasmically loaded with soluble ova.
  • ova in PT or in SP could induce ova specific CTL responses in mice but inconsistently and poorly.
  • the addition of MDP to ST formulation did not compromise the ova specific CTL induction in mice (Table 2) .
  • Mice immunized with as much as l mg ova in (a) HBSS, in (b) SAFm or (c) absorbed to alum did not prime ova specific CTL.
  • mice were immunized with 30 ⁇ g ova in various formulations
  • Example 7 Components Necessary for ova Specific Antibody Production
  • mice were immunized three times at 2 week intervals with 30 ⁇ g of ova in HBSS, STP, ST, PT or SP.
  • mice were also immunized with ova-SAFm, as SAFm is known to induce a strong antibody response.
  • mice Seven days after the second and third immunizations, mice were bled and the sera tested for ova specific antibody response. The results are shown in Table 3. They indicate that mice immunized with ova in STP, ST or in SAFm display similar anti-ova responses after three immunizations. Table 3
  • mice I ⁇ imunized with" No. mice responded Anti-ov ⁇ antibody titcr" total mice injected (1/sera dilution)
  • Example 8 HIV gpl20 Specific CTL Induction
  • HIV gpl20 IIIB was used as a third antigen system to determine CTL induction in STP or other 2 and 3 component formulation variations.
  • Mice were immunized with 1 ⁇ g of gpl20 Illb in HBSS, STP, PT or in ST.
  • mice were immunized with 1 ⁇ g of gpl20IIIb in SAFm or CFA (Complete Freund's Adjuvant) (Table 4B) .
  • CFA Complete Freund's Adjuvant
  • mice were immunized with 1 ⁇ g of g ⁇ l20_Q in various formulationi
  • % cytoloxicity was calculated by subtracting Ihe percent kill against antigen non-expressing cell lines
  • a Mice were immunized with 1 ⁇ g of gpl20_Qb in various formulation.
  • b Spleen cells from various groups were stimulated in vitro with 1801b peptide and IL-2.
  • c Cytoloxicity was tested against "cr labeled 3T3 or 15-12 cells. The percent specific cytoloxicity was calcuUted by subtracting the percent kill against antigen non-expressing cell lines.
  • Example 9 Induction of gpl20 Specific Humoral Response in Mice
  • mice were immunized with 1 ⁇ g of gpl20IIIb three times at two-week intervals. The animals were bled and tested for the presence of IgG antibodies detecting gpl20IIIb in a solid phase ELISA assay.
  • the results of experiment 1 demonstrate that gpl20-in ST or PT are better immunogens than gpl20-HBSS, gpl20SAFm (Table 5) , or gpl20- STP.
  • the results in experiment 2 demonstrate that gpl20 in ST or STP (containing pluronic concentrations of 1.5% or 3.75%) can induce high-titered antibody responses.
  • mice responded/ Anti-gpl20 antibody titer* gpl20 in total mice injected (1/sera dilation)
  • a Mice were immunized with l ⁇ g of gpl20H_b three times in various formulations, b Anti-gpl20 antibody titer was calculated as described in Table 3.
  • Example 10 gpl20 Specific antibody Responses in monkeys Monkeys (two per group) were immunized with gpl20- SAFm, gpl20-SPT, gpl20-ST, or gpl20-HBSS.
  • a group of monkeys were immunized with recombinant vaccinia containing gpl60 Illb. Monkeys were immunized at two week intervals and bled two weeks and three weeks after the second immunization.

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