US9607731B2 - Dielectric electroactive polymers comprising an ionic supramolecular structure - Google Patents

Dielectric electroactive polymers comprising an ionic supramolecular structure Download PDF

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US9607731B2
US9607731B2 US14/650,041 US201314650041A US9607731B2 US 9607731 B2 US9607731 B2 US 9607731B2 US 201314650041 A US201314650041 A US 201314650041A US 9607731 B2 US9607731 B2 US 9607731B2
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ionic
polymer network
interpenetrating polymer
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US20150318074A1 (en
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Anne Ladegaard Skov
Soren Hvilsted
Lidia Gonzalez Burdalo
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Danmarks Tekniskie Universitet
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/28—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances natural or synthetic rubbers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L77/06—Polyamides derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L83/04—Polysiloxanes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
    • H01B3/307—Other macromolecular compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
    • H10N30/80—Constructional details
    • H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
    • H10N30/857—Macromolecular compositions

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an ionic interpenetrating polymer network comprising at least one elastomer and an ionic supramolecular structure, said ionic supramolecular structure comprising the reaction product of at least two chemical compounds wherein each of said compounds has at least two functional groups and wherein said compounds are able to undergo Lewis acid-base reactions.
  • the invention relates in particular to an ionic interpenetrating polymer network comprising an elastomeric matrix incorporating an ionic supramolecular structure for use in electroactive polymers (EAPs) having a high dielectric permittivity.
  • EAPs electroactive polymers
  • Electroactive polymers are polymers that exhibit a change in size or shape when stimulated by an electric field or reversibly generate energy when motioned. Typically, an EAP is able to undergo a major deformation while sustaining large forces.
  • Dielectric electroactive polymers are materials in which actuation is caused by electrostatic forces on an elastomeric film sandwiched between two electrodes which squeeze the elastomer upon application of an electric field. When an electric voltage is applied, an electrostatic pressure is exerted on the film, reducing its thickness and expanding its area due to the applied electric field. Examples of EAP's are dielectric elastomers. Dielectric electroactive polymers are used e.g. as actuators as so-called “artificial muscles” and as generators in energy-harvesting.
  • a drawback of DEAP's for a wide range of applications is the high operation voltage, which tends to be several thousand volts when actuation strains higher than 2-3% are wanted.
  • the operation voltage can be reduced by reducing the thickness of the elastomer film, decreasing the mechanical stiffness of the material or increasing the relative dielectric permittivity thereof.
  • a reduction of the thickness to less than 5 ⁇ m seems, however, not possible for mass-produced films (Matysek et al., in Proc. SPIE-EAPAD, San Diego, p. 76420D (2010)).
  • a reduction of the stiffness has been shown in a tri-block copolymer using block specific oil as plasticizer (Shankar et al., Macromol. Rapid Comm.
  • the prior art dielectric electroactive polymers exhibit a relative dielectric permittivity ( ⁇ r ) of only about 5-20 at 0.1 Hz and it is envisaged that the energy density of DEAP's should be substantially higher in order to be commercially interesting. Thus the dielectric permittivity seems to be an important tuning parameter for obtaining DEAP's with a high energy density.
  • DEAP Dielectric ElectroActive Polymer
  • an ionic supramolecular structure comprising the reaction product of at least two chemical compounds wherein each of said compounds has at least two functional groups and wherein said compounds are able to undergo Lewis acid-base reactions and incorporate said supramolecular structure into an elastomer, an ionic interpenetrating polymer network may be obtained having greatly improved relative dielectric permittivity.
  • the present invention relates to an ionic interpenetrating polymer network comprising:
  • the present invention relates to a method for preparing the ionic interpenetrating polymer network according to the invention comprising the steps of:
  • the present invention relates to a method for preparing the ionic interpenetrating polymer network according to the invention comprising the step of mixing said at least two chemical compounds with at least one elastomer, optionally by the addition of heat.
  • the present invention relates to a use of the ionic interpenetrating polymer network according to the invention as dielectric electroactive polymer (DEAP).
  • DEP dielectric electroactive polymer
  • FIG. 1 shows the relative dielectric permittivity as a function of frequency for the ionic interpenetrating polymer networks according to examples 2.2a and 2.2b, respectively, and
  • FIG. 2 shows the dielectric loss as a function of frequency for the same ionic interpenetrating polymer networks.
  • ionic supramolecular structure refers to molecules formed by bonding smaller molecules or molecular subunits together via ionic bonding.
  • ionic interpenetrating polymer network refers to compositions comprising at least one polymer and an ionic supramolecular structure as defined above at least partially interlaced on a polymer scale.
  • the term “elastomer” refers to compositions of matter that have a glass transition temperature, Tg, at which there is an increase in the thermal expansion coefficient, and includes both amorphous polymer elastomers and thermoplastic elastomers (thermoplastics).
  • An elastomer exhibits an elasticity deriving from the ability of the polymer chains of the elastomer to reconfigure themselves to distribute an applied stress.
  • a commercially available elastomer may, in addition to the polymer itself, include fillers and additives.
  • fillers are e.g. reinforcing fillers such as silica and carbon black as well as fillers with e.g. color enhancement such as titanium dioxide.
  • backbone of the at least two chemical compounds means the continuous chain of the molecule in question.
  • poly(ethylene glycol) refers to a compound of the formula HO—CH 2 —(CH 2 —O—CH 2 ) n —CH 2 —OH, wherein n is from 2 to 150.
  • PEG's are often labelled according to their molecular weight, and thus e.g. PEG 400 refers to a poly(ethylene glycol) having a molecular weight of approximately 400 daltons.
  • PPG poly(propylene glycol)
  • PPG refers to a compound of the formula HO—CH(CH 3 )—CH 2 —O—(CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—O) n —CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—O—CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—OH, wherein n is from 2 to 150.
  • polysiloxane refers to a compound of the form R 2 SiO, wherein R is a hydrocarbon group.
  • PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
  • PU polyurethane
  • R and R′ are alkyl or aryl groups and n is the number of repeating units.
  • alkyl means a linear, cyclic or branched hydrocarbon group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclobutyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • alkylene is used in the following to specify moieties derived from alkanes in which two H atoms have been removed to form a diradical species.
  • the simplest alkylene is methylene —CH 2 —, and other alkylenes include ethylene —CH 2 —CH 2 —, propylene —C 3 H 6 — and butylene —C 4 H 8 —.
  • alkylene includes branched, linear and cyclic alkylenes, with linear alkylenes being most preferred.
  • alkenyl means a linear, cyclic or branched hydrocarbon groups having 2 to 24 carbon atoms, and comprising (at least) one unsaturated bond.
  • alkenyl groups are vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl and decaenyl.
  • Preferred examples of alkenyl are vinyl, allyl, butenyl, especially allyl.
  • alkenylene is used in the following to specify moieties derived from alkenes in which two H atoms have been removed to form a diradical species. Examples include ethenylene —CH 2 ⁇ CH 2 — and propenylene —C 3 H 4 — moieties.
  • alkenylene includes branched, linear and cyclic alkenylene, with linear alkenylene being most preferred.
  • halogen includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
  • aryl refers to an unsaturated cyclic system.
  • Aryl groups may comprise from 4-12 atoms, suitably from 6-8 atoms, most suitably 6 atoms.
  • “Aryl” is preferably phenyl (—C 6 H 5 ).
  • aromatic is intended to mean a carbocyclic ring system, such as phenyl, naphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, anthracyl, phenanthracyl, pyrenyl, benzopyrenyl, fluorenyl and xanthenyl.
  • heteromatic is intended to mean an aromatic carbocyclic ring system where one or more of the carbon atoms have been replaced with heteroatoms, e.g. nitrogen ( ⁇ N— or —NH—), sulphur, and/or oxygen atoms.
  • heteroaryl groups are oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, coumaryl, furanyl, thienyl, quinolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzodiazolyl, benzooxozolyl, phthalazinyl, phthalanyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoquinolyl, acridinyl, carbazolyl, dibenzazepinyl, indolyl, benzopyrazolyl, phenoxazonyl.
  • heteroaryl groups are benzimidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, furyl, thienyl, quinolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl in particular benzimidazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, furyl, thienyl, quinolyl, tetrazolyl, and isoquinolyl.
  • dendrimer denotes repetitively branched molecules.
  • a dendrimer is typically symmetric around a core and often adopts a spherical three-dimensional morphology.
  • dendrimers include poly(ethylene imine) dendrimers and poly(propylene imine) dendrimers.
  • Dendrimers of different generations can be prepared. The generation number, such as G1, G2, and G3, respectively, indicates the number of different branch points such that generation G0 is a simple star, generation G1 will be a star with the ends of the chains acting as branch points and so forth.
  • ⁇ is synonomous with the term “ ⁇ r ” and stands for relative dielectric permittivity, i.e. the ratio of the amount of electrical energy stored in a material by an applied voltage, relative to that stored in a vacuum.
  • relative dielectric permittivity is used in the present context interchangeably with the term “relative permittivity”.
  • the elastomer is at least one silicone rubber selected from the group consisting of RTV (Room Temperature Vulcanizing) silicone rubbers, HTV (High Temperature Vulcanizing) silicone rubbers and LSR (Liquid Silicone Rubbers).
  • the elastomer is a silicone rubber selected from the group consisting of polysiloxanes, such as a polyalkylsiloxane, preferably polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
  • PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
  • a preferred silicone rubber is an RTV silicone such as silica-reinforced PDMS (PolyDiMethylSiloxane).
  • silica-reinforced PDMS PolyDiMethylSiloxane
  • An example of a commercially available silica-reinforced PDMS is SylgardTM 184 from Dow Corning or Elastosil RT625 from Wacker Chemie AG.
  • the ionic supramolecular structure comprises the reaction product of at least two chemical compounds, of which at least one of said compounds comprises a backbone selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene) glycol, poly(propylene) glycol, polysiloxane, polyalkylsiloxane, polyurethane and mixtures thereof.
  • the backbone is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG), poly(propylene) glycol (PPG), polydimethylsiloxane and mixtures thereof.
  • PEG and PPG backbones provide good flexibility and low Tg's which is advantageous in terms of potentially good compatibility.
  • the ionic supramolecular structure comprises the reaction product of at least two chemical compounds, wherein at least one of these comprises at least two amine functional groups and is selected from the group consisting of NH 2 —R 1 —NH 2 , wherein Fe is selected from the group consisting of linear and branched C 1-24 alkyl and C 2-24 alkenyl and cyclic C 3-24 alkyl and C 3-24 alkenyl, optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, nitro, hydroxyl, and CF 3 ; di- or triamino-C 1-24 alkylamine, wherein the alkyl moiety thereof is linear or branched C 1-24 alkyl or cyclic C 3-24 alkyl, optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, nitro, hydroxyl, and CF 3 ; di- or triamino-C 2-24 alkenylamine, wherein the al
  • said chemical compound comprising at least two amine functional groups is selected from the group consisting of 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,5-diaminopentane, hexamethylene diamine (HMDA), 1,10-decanediamine, 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP), (tris-2-aminoethyl) amine (TAEA), 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB), poly(propylene imine) dendrimer (G1), poly(propylene imine) dendrimer (G2), poly(propylene imine) dendrimer (G3), poly(propylene glycol) diamine, poly(ethylene glycol) diamine, poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(propylene glycol) diamine, poly(propylene glycol) triamine, poly(ethylene glycol) triamine, poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(propylene glycol) triamine, poly(ethylene glyco
  • polyetheramines include amines of the Jeffamines® D Series (D400, D2000), Jeffamines® ED Series such as ED2003, Jeffamines® EDR Series (EDR-148, EDR-176), Jeffamines® triamines (T series) (T403, T3000, T5000) from Huntsman, and commercially available aminoalkylterminated polyalkylsiloxanes, such as aminopropylterminated polydimethylsiloxanes, include DMS-A15 and DMS-A31 from Gelest, Inc.
  • the poly(propylene imine) dendrimer (G1), poly(propylene imine) dendrimer (G2), poly(propylene imine) dendrimer (G3) may be obtained commercially from SYMO-Chem B.V., The Netherlands.
  • the ionic supramolecular structure comprises the reaction product of at least two chemical compounds, wherein at least one of these comprises at least two carboxy, sulfonic or phosphonic acid functional groups or anhydrides thereof and is selected from the group consisting of di-, tri- or tetra-carboxy-, di-, tri- or tetra-sulfonic or di-, tri- or tetraphosphonic acid-substituted linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic compounds optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, nitro, hydroxyl, and CF 3 ; alkylenediaminetetracarboxylic acid; dialkylenetriaminepentacarboxylic acid, poly(ethylene glycol)biscarboxymethyl ether, poly(propylene glycol)biscarboxymethyl ether, ⁇ , ⁇ -disulfonate-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)
  • said chemical compound comprising at least two carboxy, sulfonic or phosphonic acid functional groups is selected from the group consisting of citric acid (CA), tricarballylic acid (TCAA), trimesic acid (TMA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DETPA), poly(ethylene glycol)biscarboxymethyl ether, poly(propylene glycol)biscarboxymethyl ether, ⁇ , ⁇ -disulfonate-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol), ⁇ , ⁇ -disulfonate-functionalized poly(propylene glycol) and ⁇ , ⁇ -dicarboxylate-functionalized dimethylsiloxane.
  • CA citric acid
  • TCAA tricarballylic acid
  • TMA trimesic acid
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • DETPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
  • poly(ethylene glycol)biscarboxymethyl ether poly(
  • Non-limiting examples of the above chemical compound comprising at least two carboxy or sulfonic acid functional groups include a chemical compound selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelic acid, sebacic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanediocic acid, tridecanedioic acid, tetradecanedioic acid, hexadecanedioic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, and terepthalic acid, and 1,4-, 2,3-, and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid
  • the ionic interpenetrating polymer network further comprises one or more additives, such as fillers or reinforcing substances.
  • said additive is selected from the group consisting of particles such as SiO 2 , TiO 2 , BaTiO 3 , CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 , or resins such as Vinyl Q resins from Gelest Inc.
  • the additive is SiO 2 .
  • Such additives may be present in a commercially available elastomer or may be added to the ionic interpenetrating polymer network separately. The amount of additive necessary will vary widely depending on the ionic interpenetrating polymer network in question but usually is in the range 0-40% by weight, such as 5-30% by weight, such as 10-25% by weight of the ionic interpenetrating polymer network.
  • the ionic interpenetrating polymer network has a relative dielectric permittivity ⁇ r at 0.1 Hz of at least 1 ⁇ 10 1 , such as at least 1 ⁇ 10 2 , preferably at least 1 ⁇ 10 3 , such as at least 1 ⁇ 10 4 , more preferred at least 1 ⁇ 10 5 , such as at least 1 ⁇ 10 6 .
  • the ionic interpenetrating polymer networks according to the invention provide unexpected properties such as a high dielectric permittivity over a broad range of frequencies combined with a low degree of dielectric dissipation. This means that the ionic interpenetrating polymer networks will be highly efficient without any substantial loss of dielectric energy.
  • the ionic interpenetrating polymer networks according to the invention are contemplated to maintain their elastic moduli and thus their desired mechanical properties.
  • the preparation of the ionic supramolecular structure is performed by mixing of stoichiometric amounts of said at least two chemical compounds.
  • the preparation of the ionic supramolecular structure is performed by mixing a molar surplus of either one of said at least two chemical compounds, such as wherein one of said at least two chemical compounds is present in a molar ratio of at least 1.25:1 over the at least one further compound, such as a ratio of about 1.5:1, such as a ratio of about 2:1.
  • preparation of the ionic supramolecular structure is performed in the absence of a solvent.
  • preparation of the ionic supramolecular structure may be performed by simple mixing of said at least two chemical compounds neat with or without heating. The degree of heating needed, if any, depends on the specific chemical compounds used.
  • the preparation of the ionic interpenetrating polymer network is performed as a two-steps process, wherein step one comprises preparation of the ionic supramolecular structure by mixing of said at least two chemical compounds, followed by mixing of said ionic supramolecular structure with at least one elastomer.
  • the preparation of the ionic interpenetrating polymer network is performed as a one-step process comprising the step of mixing said at least two chemical compounds with at least one elastomer.
  • the preparation of the ionic interpenetrating polymer network is performed by mixing of amounts of said ionic supramolecular structure and said at least one elastomer in the range 1:9 to 2:1 by weight, such as in the range 1:4 to 1:3, preferably about 1:1 by weight.
  • the preparation of the ionic interpenetrating polymer network is preferably performed by mixing of about equal amounts by weight of said ionic supramolecular structure and said at least one elastomer.
  • preparation of the ionic interpenetrating polymer network is performed in the absence of a solvent.
  • preparation of the ionic interpenetrating polymer network may be performed by providing the elastomer and adding said at least two chemical compounds neat whereby the ionic supramolecular structure is formed in situ.
  • Subsequent mixing to obtain a homogenous mixture is performed, with or without heating, whereupon the ionic interpenetrating polymer network is cured in a manner known per se, such as by heating to a temperature in the range 60-130° C., such as about 70-120° C., such as about 70-110° C., such as about 60-100° C., such as about 70-90° C., such as about 80° C. for a period of time depending on the elastomer used, such as a period of time of about 12-24 hours, such as about 20 hours.
  • the curing may take place by means of UV radiation in a manner known per se.
  • the ionic supramolecular structure is covalently grafted to at least one elastomer.
  • the ionic supramolecular structures may be derivatized to comprise olefinic terminated groups, e.g. by converting some of the primary amino groups of the amines suggested into allyl end groups whereupon, due to said vinyl and allyl end groups, the elastomer, such as a PDMS chain and the ionic supramolecular structures will be able to be grafted into Si—H groups in a competitive reaction.
  • ionic supramolecular polymers having the compositions as listed in Table 1 below were prepared as follows. Silica (SiO 2 ) was used as model for a silicone elastomer.
  • the ionic supramolecular structures (entries 1-7, 9 and 19-22 below) were prepared by simple mixing of stoichiometric amounts of HMDA or TAEA or poly(propylene imine) dendrimers (PPI G1 and PPI G2) and the different dicarboxylic acids (DiCOOH-PEG 250 and 600, respectively) without the use of solvent followed by manual stirring. A network formation was directly observable as the formation of these ionic systems was exothermic. Furthermore, a viscosity increase of the mixtures could be observed. In the case of the ionic supramolecular structure (entry 11) heating was needed since DiCOOH-PEG 4756 is a solid.
  • the ionic supramolecular structures were prepared by simply mixing followed by magnetically stirring of stoichiometric amounts of the different Jeffamines® used (D400 and D2000) and the different carboxylic acids (CA, TCAA, TMA, EDTA and DETPA) without the use of solvent. No heating developed in these cases. The mixtures were subjected to heating for 25 min at 100° C., 25 min at 150° C. and finally 30 min at 200° C. since the carboxylic acids (CA, TCAA, TMA, EDTA and DETPA) are solid and have moderate-high melting points. Once the carboxylic acids were melted and hence ionic supramolecular structures formed, an increase of viscosity was observed.
  • the ionic supramolecular structures including 10% of hydrophobic fumed SiO 2 particles were prepared by formation of the ionic supramolecular structures by simple mixing followed by manual stirring without the use of solvent as the first step, and secondly, the silica particles were added.
  • a Speed Mixer instrument was used in order to get homogeneously dispersed mixtures. The instrument was set at 3000 rpm for 3 min. This procedure was repeated 5-6 times. The numbers reporting the various ratios of the constituents of the mixtures employed always refer to the particular functionality.
  • Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) of ionic supramolecular structures Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) 0.1 1.02 1.08 ⁇ 10 1 1.13 ⁇ 10 2 1.20 ⁇ 10 3 1.26 ⁇ 10 4 1.33 ⁇ 10 5 10 6 Entry Composition Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz 1 HMDA + DiCOOH-PEG 250 (1:1) 2.9 ⁇ 10 6 9.0 ⁇ 10 5 1.5 ⁇ 10 5 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 2.7 ⁇ 10 2 9.0 ⁇ 10 1 3.5 ⁇ 10 1 17.3 2 TAEA + DiCOOH-PEG 250 (1:1.5) 3.8 ⁇ 10 3 1.3 ⁇ 10 2 2.0 ⁇ 10 1 8.4 3.9 2.3 1.7 1.4 3 PPI G1 + DiCOOH-PEG 250 (1:2) 8.1 ⁇ 10 5 2.9 ⁇ 10 5 6.7 ⁇ 10 4 6.0 ⁇ 10 3 3.2 ⁇ 10 2 9.3 ⁇ 10 1 8.6 ⁇ 10 1 16.0 4 PPI G2 +
  • IPNs Ionic Interpenetrating Polymer Networks
  • Ionic interpenetrating polymer networks were prepared by mixing of equal amounts by weight of the elastomer Elastosil® RT625 A/B from Wacker Chemie AG and different supramolecular structures.
  • Elastosil® RT625 A/B is a two parts kit to be used in a 9:1 ratio of Part A to Part B as the manufacturer recommends.
  • the supramolecular structures were formed by simple mixing of stoichiometric amounts of poly(propylene imine) dendrimer (PPI G1) and two dicarboxylic acids (DiCOOH-PEG 250 and 600, respectively) without any use of solvent.
  • Elastosil® RT625 A/B was used in the ratio 9:1 by mixing 9.0196 g of A and 1.0064 g of B. The mixture was prepared using a Speed Mixer instrument set at 3500 rpm for 60 s.
  • IPNs ionic interprenetrating polymer networks
  • Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) of ionic supramolecular structures 0.1 1.02 1.08 ⁇ 10 1 1.13 ⁇ 10 2 1.20 ⁇ 10 3 1.26 ⁇ 10 4 1.33 ⁇ 10 5 10 6 Entry Composition Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz 1 HMDA + DiCOOH-PEG 600 (1:1) + 10% SiO 2 2.08 ⁇ 10 6 7.49 ⁇ 10 5 2.43 ⁇ 10 5 3.38 ⁇ 10 4 1.52 ⁇ 10 3 54.7 23.6 12.20 2 TAEA + DiCOOH-PEG 600 (1:1.5) + 10% SiO 2 7.21 ⁇ 10 5 7.16 ⁇ 10 4 4.63 ⁇ 10 3 81.38 17.16 10.82 7.06 5.09 3 D400 + DiCOOH-PEG 250 (1:1) + 10% SiO 2 4.82 ⁇ 10 5 1.13 ⁇ 10 5 7.61 ⁇ 10 3 1.20 ⁇ 10 2 17.24 12.12 6.06 3.94 4 D2000 + DiCOOH-P
  • Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) of ionic supramolecular structures 0.1 1.02 1.08 ⁇ 10 1 1.13 ⁇ 10 2 1.20 ⁇ 10 3 1.26 ⁇ 10 4 1.33 ⁇ 10 5 10 6 Entry Composition Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz 1 DMS-A15 + DiCOOH-PEG 250 (1:1) 5.27 ⁇ 10 7 5.29 ⁇ 10 4 3.03 ⁇ 10 3 81.4 27.4 22.3 14.4 9.58 2 DMS-A31 + DiCOOH-PEG 250 (1:1) 3.17 3.12 3.11 3.10 3.10 3.10 3.10 3.09 3 DMS-A15 + DiCOOH-PEG 600 (1:1) 1.22 ⁇ 10 5 2.47 ⁇ 10 4 1.41 ⁇ 10 3 34.6 11.0 9.65 6.15 4.77 4 DMS-A31 + DiCOOH-PEG 600 (1:1) 6.28 3.61 2.87 2.59 2.19 2.17 2.15 2.13
  • Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) of ionic supramolecular structures 0.1 1.02 1.08 ⁇ 10 1 1.13 ⁇ 10 2 1.20 ⁇ 10 3 1.26 ⁇ 10 4 1.33 ⁇ 10 5 10 6 Entry Composition Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz 1 DMS-A11 + DiCOOH-PEG 250 (1:1) 2.02 ⁇ 10 6 8.04 ⁇ 10 5 2 ⁇ 10 5 2.32 ⁇ 10 4 7.54 ⁇ 10 2 29.0 14.5 9.41 2 DMS-A11 + DiCOOH-PEG 600 (1:1) 1.44 ⁇ 10 6 5 ⁇ 10 5 1.18 ⁇ 10 5 1.16 ⁇ 10 4 2.26 ⁇ 10 2 21.0 35.0 11.7 3 DMS-A11 + DiPO(OH) 2 -PEG 840 (2:1)* 2.05 ⁇ 10 4 3.13 ⁇ 10 3 3.91 ⁇ 10 2 28.0 5.62 4.12 3.22 2.78 4 DMS-A11 + DMS-B
  • Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) of ionic supramolecular structures Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) 0.1 1.02 1.08 ⁇ 10 1 1.13 ⁇ 10 2 1.20 ⁇ 10 3 1.26 ⁇ 10 4 1.33 ⁇ 10 5 10 6 Entry Composition Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz 1 TCAA + DMS-A15 (1:1.5) 5.06 ⁇ 10 2 24.1 4.36 4.02 3.98 3.88 3.77 3.63 2 TCAA + DMS-A31 (1:1.5) 2.99 2.95 2.91 2.90 2.90 2.89 2.87 2.87 3 CA + DMS-A15 (1:1.5) 13.2 8.64 7.85 5.45 4.16 3.39 2.47 2.27 4 CA + DMS-A31 (1:1.5) 3.51 3.25 2.66 2.41 2.14 2.04 1.72 1.66 5 EDTA + DMS-A15 (1:2) 18.6 6.21 3.75 3.46 3.08 2.72 2.49 2.36 6 EDTA + DMS-A31 (1:2) 2.52 1.82 1.
  • Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) of ionic supramolecular structures Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) 0.10 0.20 1.02 2.00 7.68 Entry Composition Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz 1 HMDA + DMS-B25 (1:1) 1.24 ⁇ 10 9 2.44 ⁇ 10 7 2.14 ⁇ 10 7 2.98 ⁇ 10 7 1.18 ⁇ 10 7 2 TAEA + DMS-B25 (1:1.5) 3.05 ⁇ 10 8 5.30 ⁇ 10 8 3.12 ⁇ 10 7 2.24 ⁇ 10 7 2.54 ⁇ 10 7 3 PPI G1 + DMS-B25 (1:2) 6.17 ⁇ 10 8 4.40 ⁇ 10 8 2.73 ⁇ 10 7 1.91 ⁇ 10 7 1.25 ⁇ 10 7 4 PPI G2 + DMS-B25 (1:4) 8.41 ⁇ 10 8 4.89 ⁇ 10 8 — 2.15 ⁇ 10 7 1.16 ⁇ 10 7 5 D400 + DMS-B25 (1:1) 1.73 ⁇ 10 8 1.12 ⁇ 10 8 1.55 ⁇
  • Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) of ionic supramolecular structures Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) 0.10 0.20 1.02 2.00 7.68 Entry Composition Hz Hz Hz Hz 1 AMS-132 + DiCOOH-PEG 1.31 ⁇ 10 9 4.24 ⁇ 10 8 8.97 ⁇ 10 7 1.34 ⁇ 10 8 5.42 ⁇ 10 7 250 (1:1) 2 AMS-132 + DiCOOH-PEG 4.88 ⁇ 10 9 1.32 ⁇ 10 8 1.24 ⁇ 10 8 8.67 ⁇ 10 7 5.01 ⁇ 10 7 600 (1:1) 3 AMS-132 + DiPO(OH) 4 -PEG 9.51 ⁇ 10 9 3.09 ⁇ 10 9 4.18 ⁇ 10 6 1.16 ⁇ 10 8 8.99 ⁇ 10 7 840 (2:1) 4 AMS-132 + DMS-B25 (1:1) 7.31 ⁇ 10 9 3.42 ⁇ 10 9 3.65 ⁇ 10 8 2.11 ⁇ 10 7 5.86 ⁇ 10 7 5 AMS-162 + DiCOOH-PEG
  • Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) of ionic supramolecular structures 0.1 1.02 1.08 ⁇ 10 1 1.13 ⁇ 10 2 1.20 ⁇ 10 3 1.26 ⁇ 10 4 1.33 ⁇ 10 5 10 6 Entry Composition Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz 1 PPI G1 + DiCOOH-PEC 600 (1:2) 1.3 ⁇ 10 6 3.8 ⁇ 10 5 6.3 ⁇ 10 4 4.7 ⁇ 10 3 1.6 ⁇ 10 2 47 69 14.3 2 PPI G1 + DiCOOH-PEG 600 (1:3) 79.2 21.2 7.29 5.33 5.06 4.97 4.42 3.74 3 PPI G1 + DiCOOH-PEG 600 (1:4) 6.21 ⁇ 10 2 1.39 ⁇ 10 2 30.5 8.63 5.48 5.17 4.70 3.98
  • the following ionic interpenetrating networks were prepared in a manner analogously to the procedure described in example 2, however wherein the curing time was 1 day at 80° C. and about 6 hours at 110° C.
  • the thickness of the samples ranged from 0.8-1.6 mm.
  • Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) of ionic supramolecular structures Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) 0.1 1.02 1.08 ⁇ 10 1 1.13 ⁇ 10 2 1.20 ⁇ 10 3 1.26 ⁇ 10 4 1.33 ⁇ 10 5 10 6 Entry Composition Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz 1 RT625 + (AMS-162 + 12.1 11.0 7.4 5.5 4.6 4.0 3.6 3.4 DiCOOH-PEG 250 (1:2)) (1:1) 2 RT625 + (AMS-162 + 15.0 13.0 9.2 7.4 6.0 4.7 4.0 3.9 DiCOOH-PEG 600 (1:2)) (1:1) 3 RT625 + (AMS-162 + 176.0 94.1 69.2 31.0 13.8 7.6 5.1 4.4 DiCOOH-PEG 600 (1:2)) (1:1) + 10% SiO 2 4 RT625 + (AMS-162 + 67.0 57.3 33.4 14.0 6.7 5.6 5.0 4.4 DiPO(OH) 2 -PEG
  • the following ionic interpenetrating networks were prepared in a manner analogously to the procedure described in example 2, however wherein the curing time was 1 day at 80° C. and 3 hours at 110° C.
  • the thickness of the samples ranged from 0.9-1.8 mm.
  • Their relative permittivities were determined as described in example 2 and appear from the table below.
  • Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) of ionic supramolecular structures Relative permittivities ( ⁇ ′) 0.1 1.02 1.08 ⁇ 10 1 1.13 ⁇ 10 2 1.20 ⁇ 10 3 1.26 ⁇ 10 4 1.33 ⁇ 10 5 10 6 Entry Composition Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz 1 RT625 + (IAEA + DiCOOH-PEG 250 (1:1.5)) (1:1) 12.4 8.6 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.1 4.8 4.6 2 RT625 + (IAEA + DiCOOH-PEG 600 (1:1.5)) (1:1) 69.4 23.7 18.6 16.6 14.2 13.0 10.2 7.8 3 RT625 + (PPI G2 + DiCOOH-PEG 250 (1:4)) (1:1) 84.6 47.9 30.9 22.5 17.8 12.9 8.6 6.6 4 RT625 + (PPI G2 + DiCOOH-PEG 600 (1:4)) (1:1) 4.3 ⁇ 10 3 720 143 38.

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