US9346762B2 - Pyrazole derivatives and their use as LPAR5 antagonists - Google Patents

Pyrazole derivatives and their use as LPAR5 antagonists Download PDF

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US9346762B2
US9346762B2 US14/401,050 US201314401050A US9346762B2 US 9346762 B2 US9346762 B2 US 9346762B2 US 201314401050 A US201314401050 A US 201314401050A US 9346762 B2 US9346762 B2 US 9346762B2
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Marc Nazare
Detlef Kozian
Andreas EVERS
Werngard Czechtizky
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
    • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/02—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for peripheral neuropathies
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    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
    • C07D231/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D231/56—Benzopyrazoles; Hydrogenated benzopyrazoles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
    • A61K31/4155—1,2-Diazoles non condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to pyrazole derivatives of the formula I,
  • the compounds of the formula I are valuable pharmacologically active compounds for use in the treatment of diverse disorders.
  • Compounds of the formula I exhibit a strong anti-aggregating effect on platelets and thus an anti-thrombotic effect and are suitable, for example, for the therapy and prophylaxis of cardiovascular disorders like thromboembolic diseases or restenoses.
  • compounds of the formula I inhibit LPA-mediated activation of mast cells and microglia cells.
  • the compounds of the invention are antagonists of the platelet LPA receptor LPAR5 (GPR92) and can in general be applied in conditions in which an undesired activation of the platelet LPA receptor LPAR5, the mast cell LPA receptor LPAR5 or the microglia cell LPA receptor LPAR5 is present or for the cure or prevention of which an inhibition of the platelet, mast cell or microglia cell LPA receptor LPAR5 is intended.
  • the invention furthermore relates to processes for the preparation of compounds of the formula I, their use, in particular as active ingredients in medicaments, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.
  • thrombotic complications are one of the major causes of death.
  • conditions associated with pathological thrombus formation include deep vein thrombosis, venous and arterial thromboembolism, thrombophlebitis, coronary and cerebral arterial thrombosis, cerebral embolism, renal embolism, pulmonary embolism, disseminated intravascular coagulation, transient ischemic attacks, strokes, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, chronic stable angina, peripheral vascular disease, preeclampsia/eclampsia, and thrombotic cytopenic purpura.
  • Platelet aggregation plays a critical role in these intravascular thrombotic events.
  • Platelets can be activated by mediators released from circulating cells and damaged endothelial cells lining the vessel or by exposed subendothelial matrix molecules such as collagen, lysophosphatidic acid or by thrombin, which is formed in the coagulation cascade.
  • mediators released from circulating cells and damaged endothelial cells lining the vessel or by exposed subendothelial matrix molecules such as collagen, lysophosphatidic acid or by thrombin, which is formed in the coagulation cascade.
  • platelets which normally circulate freely in the vasculature, and other cells, accumulate at the site of a vessel injury to form a thrombus and recruit more platelets to the developing thrombus.
  • thrombi can grow to a sufficient size to partly or completely block arterial blood vessels. In veins thrombi can also form in areas of stasis or slow blood flow.
  • venous thrombi can create emboli that travel through the circulatory system, as they easily detach portions of themselves. These traveling emboli can block other vessels, such as pulmonary or coronary arteries, which can result in the above-mentioned pathological outcomes such as pulmonary or coronary embolism.
  • pulmonary or coronary arteries can block other vessels, such as pulmonary or coronary arteries, which can result in the above-mentioned pathological outcomes such as pulmonary or coronary embolism.
  • morbidity and mortality arise primarily after embolization or distant blockade of vessels, whereas arterial thrombi cause serious pathological conditions by local blockade.
  • Lysophosphatidic acid is an important bioactive phospholipid with a wide range of cellular functions. Levels of LPA are tightly regulated via its synthesis, controlled by two different pathways. The first consisting of phospholipase D (PLD) and phospholipase A2 (PLA 2 ) activity, the second consisting of PLA 2 and lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity.
  • PLD phospholipase D
  • PLA 2 phospholipase A2
  • lysoPLD lysophospholipase D
  • the most commonly used LPA in laboratory praxis is 18:1 LPA (1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate).
  • LPA lipoprotein
  • ATX autotaxin
  • Enpp2 in mice. It has been shown that ATX has lysoPLD activity and that Enpp2 ⁇ / ⁇ mice die in utero at day 9.5. Enpp2 +/ ⁇ mice show reduced LPA plasma levels (van Meeteren et al., Mol Cell Biol (2006), 26, 5015-5022).
  • LPA exerts its extracellular biological effects through binding to G protein-coupled receptors. So far, five different LPA receptors have been identified, LPAR1 (EDG2), LPAR2 (EDG4), LPAR3 (EDG7), LPAR4 (GPR23 and LPAR5 (GPR92). All described LPA receptors belong to the class A (Rhodopsin-like class) of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
  • GPCRs G protein-coupled receptors
  • LPAR5 has been identified in mouse and human dorsal root ganglia and reduced perception of pain was seen in LPAR5 ⁇ / ⁇ mice (Oh et al., J Biol Chem (2008), 283, 21054-21064; Kinloch et al., Expert Opin Ther Targets (2005), 9, 685-698).
  • the coupling of LPARs to different G protein subunits in different cell types in concert with the differential expression of the various LPA receptors on the same cell is the primary reason for the great variety of biological effects of LPA.
  • the influence of LPA on the activation of human platelets has been described in the early 1980s.
  • 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (an alkyl-LPA) has been identified to be a more potent activator in platelets compared to oleoyl-LPA (Simon et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1982), 108, 1743-1750).
  • alkyl-LPA receptor is neither an EDG-type LPA receptor nor GPR23 (Tokumura et al., Biochem J (2002), 365, 617-628; Noguchi et al., J Biol Chem (2003), 278, 25600-25606; Khandoga et al., J Thromb Haemost (2007), 5 Supplement 2: P-M-246 (ISTH 2007)).
  • LPAR5 can be activated more strongly with alkyl-LPA than acyl-LPA (Williams et al., J Biol Chem (2009), 284, 14558-14571).
  • LPA-receptors LPAR4 and LPAR5 are highly expressed by human platelets (Amisten et al., Thromb Res (2008), 122, 47-57). In contrast to LPAR5, which is coupled to G q , LPAR4 couples to G s and can therefore be excluded to participate in LPA-mediated activation of human platelets.
  • LPAR5 was discussed to be the central LPA-receptor responsible for LPA-mediated activation in human platelets (Khandoga et al., Platelets (2008), 19, 415-427). High expression of LPAR5 in human mast cell lines has been demonstrated, for example by Lundequist (Lundequist, J Allergy Clin Immunol (2008), 121, Suppl 1, Abstr 518), and further analyses.
  • Mast cells are part of the immune system and generated as precursor cells in the bone marrow, differentiating to mature mast cells in the homing tissue. Mast cells participate in a variety of pathophysiological processes that range from antimicrobial defense to anaphylaxis and inflammatory arthritis and have thus been discussed to be related to allergic responses. When activated, mast cells degranulate and release a plethora of mediators (cytokines such as TNFa, MCP-1, Rantes) into the interstitium. This indicates a direct contribution of mast cells to neuropathic pain by releasing algogenic mediators after degranulation.
  • mediators cytokines such as TNFa, MCP-1, Rantes
  • Atherosclerosis is promoted by mast cells not only through the release of proinflammatory cytokines, mast cell deficiency attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and infiltrates of activated mast cells can be observed at the site of coronary atheromatous erosion or rupture in myocardial infarction (Sun et al., Nat Med (2007), 13, 719-724; Smith et al., FASEB J (2008), 22, 1065.32; Kovanen et al., Circulation (1995), 92, 1084-1088). These data provide sound evidence for the central role of mast cells in the development and progression of atherosclerotic plaques.
  • Atherosclerotic plaque mast cells contribute to plaque growth and instability via release of stored and newly synthesized mediators such as (a) inflammatory cytokines that lead to an increased invasion of monocytes and their differentiation to macrophages, (b) angiogenic cytokines such as VEGF that might induce angiogenesis in the plaque, with intraplaque hemorrhage leading to an increased risk of plaque rupture and (c) histamine, a vasoactive component known to enhance vascular permeability with the potential risk of increased LDL influx available for foam cell formation.
  • mediators such as (a) inflammatory cytokines that lead to an increased invasion of monocytes and their differentiation to macrophages, (b) angiogenic cytokines such as VEGF that might induce angiogenesis in the plaque, with intraplaque hemorrhage leading to an increased risk of plaque rupture and (c) histamine, a vasoactive component known to enhance vascular permeability with the potential risk of increased LDL influx available for foam cell formation.
  • LPA as a direct activating ligand of mast cells is present at high concentrations in atherosclerotic plaques (Rother et al., Circulation (2003), 108, 741-747).
  • mast cells are involved in a variety of pathologies apart from allergic responses related to pathologies with an inflammatory component.
  • diseases comprise hyperalgesia, asthma, multiple sclerosis and angiogenesis to name only a few (Zuo et al., Pain (2003), 105, 467-479; Toews et al., Biochim Biophys Acta (2002), 1582, 240-250; Norby, APMIS (2002), 110, 355-371).
  • LPAR5 is the key LPA-receptor responsible for LPA-mediated activation.
  • LPAR5 antagonists which antagonize the effect of endogenous LPA on its LPAR5 receptor and which have further advantageous properties, for instance stability in plasma and liver and selectivity versus other receptors whose agonism or antagonism is not intended.
  • This object is achieved in accordance with the invention by providing the pyrazole derivatives of the formula I, which exhibit excellent LPAR5 antagonistic activity and are favorable agents with high bioavailability, and can be used for inhibiting platelet aggregation and treating thromboembolic diseases, for example.
  • WO 2009/109613, WO 2009/109616, WO 2009/109618 and EP 0382276 describe specific 1-benzyl-indazole derivatives for the treatment of diseases based on the expression of MCP-1, CX3CR1 and p40. GuoGang Tu et al, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2011, 26(2), 222-230 describe some compounds derived from the 1,5-diarylpyrazole scaffold with potency towards the inhibition of the CBI receptor. Self C. R. et al, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1991, 34, 772-777 disclose potential disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs including specific 1-phenyl-pyrazole derivatives.
  • a subject of the present invention are the compounds of the formula I, in any of their stereoisomeric forms or a mixture of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
  • the present invention relates to compounds of the formula I, wherein
  • the present invention relates to compounds of the formula I, wherein
  • the present invention relates to compounds of the formula I, wherein
  • the present invention relates to compounds of the formula I, wherein
  • R 1 is selected from the series consisting of (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, Ar and Ar—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, Ar and Ar—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, Ar and Ar—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl and Ar, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl and Ar, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl and Ar, in another embodiment from the
  • an Ar—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl- group representing R 1 is an Ar—(C 1 -C 2 )-alkyl- group, in another embodiment an Ar—CH 2 — group.
  • a group Ar representing R 1 is a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted as specified.
  • a substituted Ar group or phenyl group representing R 1 is substituted by one, two or three, in another embodiment by one or two, in another embodiment by one, identical or different substituents, wherein in one embodiment the substituents are selected from the series consisting of halogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, cyano and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl and cyano, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, and in another embodiment they are identical or different halogen substituents, for example chlorine.
  • compounds of the formula I are defined as above and R 2 and R 3 are independently of each other selected from the series consisting of hydrogen, halogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, Ar, Ar—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-O—, Ar—O— and Ar—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, Ar, Ar—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-O—, Ar—O— and Ar—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, Ar, Ar—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl- and Ar—O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C 1
  • one of the groups R 2 and R 3 is group Ar or contains a group Ar, and the other of the groups R 2 and R 3 is selected from the series consisting of hydrogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl and Ar, in another embodiment from the series consisting of (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl and Ar, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl.
  • a group Ar occurring in R 2 or R 3 is selected from the series consisting of phenyl, naphthyl and an aromatic, 5-membered or 6-membered, monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one ring heteroatom selected from the series consisting of N, O and S, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic, 5-membered or 6-membered, monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one ring heteroatom selected from the series consisting of N, O and S, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl, naphthyl and thienyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl and thienyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl and naphthyl, and in another embodiment it is a phenyl group, which are all unsubstituted or substituted as specified.
  • the number of substituents in a substituted group Ar occurring in R 2 or R 3 is one, two or three, in another embodiment it is one or two, in another embodiment it is one.
  • the substituents on a substituted group Ar occurring in R 2 or R 3 are selected from the series consisting of halogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl, cyano and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, wherein (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl substituents are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more fluorine substitu
  • a (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl substituent present on a group Ar occurring in R 2 or R 3 is a perfluoroalkyl group, for example a trifluoromethyl group CF 3 .
  • halogen substituents present on a group Ar occurring in R 2 or R 3 are fluorine and/or chlorine substituents.
  • compounds of the formula I are defined as above and R 4 and R 5 are independently of each other selected from the series consisting of hydrogen, fluorine and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and isopropyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and methyl, and in another embodiment at least one of the groups R 4 and R 5 is different from hydrogen, or the groups R 4 and R 5 together with the carbon atom carrying them form a (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkane ring, in one embodiment a (C 4 -C 6 )-cycloalkane ring, in another embodiment a (C 5 -C 6 )-cycloalkane ring, which cycloal
  • compounds R 4 and R 5 are independently of each other selected from the series consisting of hydrogen, fluorine and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and isopropyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and methyl.
  • one of the groups R 4 and R 5 is hydrogen and the other is as defined, in another embodiment the groups R 4 and R 5 are both hydrogen, in another embodiment at least one of the groups R 4 and R 5 is different from hydrogen, in another embodiment the groups R 4 and R 5 are both (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, in another embodiment the groups R 4 and R 5 are both (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, and in another embodiment the groups R 4 and R 5 are both selected from the series consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and isopropyl. In one embodiment, the groups R 4 and R 5 are identical.
  • R 4 and R 5 form together with the carbon atom carrying them a (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkane ring, in another embodiment a (C 4 -C 6 )-cycloalkane ring, in another embodiment a (C 5 -C 6 )-cycloalkane ring, which cycloalkane rings are all unsubstituted or substituted as specified.
  • compounds of the formula I are defined as above and R 11 , R 12 , R 13 and R 14 are independently of each other selected from the series consisting of hydrogen, methyl and ethyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of hydrogen and methyl, and in another embodiment they are hydrogen.
  • compounds of the formula I are defined as above and Ar is selected from the series consisting of phenyl and naphthyl, in another embodiment from the series consisting of phenyl and an aromatic, 5-membered or 6-membered, monocyclic heterocycle which comprises one or two identical or different ring heteroatoms selected from the series consisting of N, O and S, in another embodiment one ring heteroatom selected from the series consisting of N, O and S, and in another embodiment Ar is phenyl, which are all unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different substituents selected from the series consisting of halogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, cyano and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-O—, in another embodiment from the series consisting of halogen, (C 1 -C
  • the divalent group V is the group —N(R 14 )—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl- or the group —O—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, the group G is bonded to the (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl moiety thereof.
  • compounds of the formula I are defined as above and V is selected from the series consisting of —N(R 14 )— and —N(R 14 )—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, and in this case G is selected from the series consisting of a direct bond and phenylene, and in another embodiment is phenylene, wherein all phenylene groups are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different substituents selected from the series consisting of halogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, cyano and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-O—, provided that G is not a direct bond if V is —N(R 14 )—, and M is R 11 —O—C(O)—, in another embodiment HO—C(O)—.
  • compounds of the formula I are defined as above and V is selected from the series consisting of R 12 —N(R 13 )— and in this case G and M are not present.
  • V is selected from the series consisting of —N(R 14 )—, —N(R 14 )—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, —O— and —O—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, in another embodiment from the series consisting of —N(R 14 )— and —N(R 14 )—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, in another embodiment from the series consisting of —N(R 14 )— and —N(R 14 )—(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl-, and in this case G is selected from the series consisting of a direct bond and phenylene, and in one embodiment is phenylene, wherein all phenylene groups are unsubstituted or substituted as specified, provided that G is not a direct bond if V is —N(R 14 )— or —O—, and M is R 11 —O—C(O)— or R
  • G is a direct bond
  • G is phenylene which is unsubstituted or substituted as specified.
  • a substituted phenylene group representing G carries one or two identical or different substituents, in another embodiment it carries one substituent, which is selected from the series consisting of halogen and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, and in another embodiment is halogen.
  • a phenylene group representing G is unsubstituted.
  • a phenylene group representing G is selected from the series consisting of 1,3-phenylene and 1,4-phenylene, in another embodiment it is 1,4-phenylene.
  • the group M-G-V—C(O)—C(R 4 )(R 5 )—O—CH 2 — in the compounds of the formula I can be bonded to any of the ring carbon atoms of the 1H-pyrazole ring depicted in formula I, i.e. in position 3, in position 4 or in position 5 of the 1H-pyrazole ring, as is symbolized by the free bond on the CH 2 moiety of the said group, which bond is not directed to a specific ring carbon atom.
  • the group M-G-V—C(O)—C(R 4 )(R 5 )—O—CH 2 — is bonded in position 3 of the pyrazole ring and the compound of the formula I thus is a compound of the formula Ia
  • the said group is bonded in position 4 of the pyrazole ring and the compound of the formula I thus is a compound of the formula Ib
  • the said group is bonded in position 5 of the pyrazole ring and the compound of the formula I thus is a compound of the formula Ic
  • the said group is bonded in position 3 or position 4
  • the said group is bonded in position 3 or position 5
  • the said group is bonded in position 4 or position 5
  • the groups R 2 and R 3 in the compounds of the formula I as well as in the compounds of the formulae Ia, Ib and Ic be bonded to any ring carbon atom of the pyrazole ring depicted in formula I which is not occupied by the group M-G-V—C(O)—C(R 4 )(R 5 )—O—CH 2 —, i.e. in positions 3 and 4, in positions 3 and 5 or in positions 4 and 5 of the pyrazole ring.
  • the groups R 1 to R 5 , V, G and M in the compounds of the formula Ia, Ib and Ic are defined as in the compounds of the formula I.
  • the compound of the formula I is selected from the series consisting of
  • structural elements such as groups or substituents, for example alkyl, cycloalkyl or Ar groups, can occur several times in the compounds of the formula I, they are all independent of each other and can in each case have any of the indicated meanings, and they can in each case be identical to or different from any other such element.
  • alkyl is to be understood as meaning a residue of a saturated acyclic hydrocarbon which can be linear, i.e. straight-chain, or branched. If not otherwise defined, alkyl has 1 to 6 carbon atoms or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl are alkyl residues containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms or 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms, respectively, including methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl, the n-isomers of these residues, isopropyl, isobutyl, 1-methylbutyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, isohexyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and tert-pentyl.
  • alkyl group is substituted or occurs as a substituent on another residue, for example in an alkyl-O-residue (alkyloxy residue, alkoxy residue), an alkyl-O—C(O)— residue (alkyloxycarbonyl residue) or an aryl-alkyl- residue.
  • Alkyl groups can in general, independently of any other substituents which an alkyl groups carries, be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more fluorine substituents, for example by one, two, three, four or five fluorine substituents, or by one, two or three fluorine substituents.
  • fluorine-substituted alkyl group can also be perfluoroalkyl groups, i.e. alkyl groups in which all hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms.
  • fluorine-substituted alkyl groups are —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , —CH 2 F and —CF 2 —CF 3 , of which —CF 3 and —CF 2 —CF 3 are examples of perfluoroalkyl groups.
  • an alkyl group in any occurrence, independently of other occurrences, and independently of any other substituents which the alkyl groups carries, is not substituted by fluorine, in another embodiment it is substituted by fluorine.
  • (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl is to be understood as meaning a residue of a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon cycle containing from 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms in a monocyclic ring.
  • Examples of (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl are cycloalkyl residues containing 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 ring carbon atoms like cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl.
  • All cycloalkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more, for example one, two, three or four, identical or different substituents selected from the series consisting of fluorine and (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl. In one embodiment, a cycloalkyl group is not substituted by fluorine and/or alkyl.
  • (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkane which refers to the group which can be formed by R 4 and R 5 together with the carbon atom carrying them, is to be understood as meaning a cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane or cycloheptane ring one ring carbon atom of which, which is the carbon atom depicted in formula I which carries the groups R 4 and R 5 , is bonded to the adjacent oxygen atom and C(O) group depicted in formula I.
  • Ar is to be understood as meaning phenyl, naphthyl or a residue of an aromatic, 5-membered or 6-membered, monocyclic hydrocarbon ring, wherein in the said hydrocarbon ring one or two ring carbon atoms are replaced by identical or different ring heteroatoms selected from the series consisting of N, O and S, such as furanyl, pyridinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl and thienyl residues, which can all be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different substituents selected from the series consisting of halogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl,
  • Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. In one embodiment, halogen is in any of its occurrences, independently of other occurrences, selected from the series consisting of fluorine, chlorine an bromine, in another embodiment from the series consisting of fluorine and chlorine.
  • Optically active carbon atoms present in the compounds of the formula I can independently of each other have R configuration or S configuration.
  • the compounds of the formula I can be present in the form of pure enantiomers or pure diastereomers or in the form of mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereomers in any ratio, for example in the form of racemates.
  • the present invention relates to pure enantiomers and mixtures of enantiomers as well as to pure diastereomers and mixtures of diastereomers.
  • the invention comprises mixtures of two or of more than two stereoisomers of the formula I, and it comprises all ratios of the stereoisomers in the mixtures.
  • the invention relates both to pure E isomers and pure Z isomers and to E/Z mixtures in all ratios.
  • the invention also comprises all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the formula I.
  • Diastereomers including E/Z isomers, can be separated into the individual isomers, for example, by chromatography. Racemates can be separated into the two enantiomers by customary methods, for example by chromatography on chiral phases or by resolution, for example by crystallization of diastereomeric salts obtained with optically active acids or bases. Stereochemically uniform compounds of the formula I can also be obtained by employing stereochemically uniform starting materials or by using stereoselective reactions.
  • salts of the compounds of formula I are understood to be nontoxic salts that are physiologically acceptable and pharmaceutically utilizable salts.
  • Such salts of compounds of the formula I containing acidic groups are for example alkali metal salts or alkaline earth metal salts such as sodium salts, potassium salts, magnesium salts and calcium salts, and also salts with pharmaceutically acceptable quaternary ammonium ions such as tetramethylammonium or tetraethylammonium, and acid addition salts with ammonia and pharmaceutically acceptable organic amines, such as methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, triethylamine, ethanolamine or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine.
  • Basic groups contained in the compounds of the formula I form acid addition salts, for example with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid, or with organic carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, benzoic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, methanesulfonic acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid.
  • Compounds of the formula I which simultaneously contain a basic group and an acidic group, can also be present as zwitterions (betaines), which are likewise included in the present invention.
  • Salts of compounds of the formula I can be obtained by customary methods known to those skilled in the art, for example by combining a compound of the formula I with an inorganic or organic acid or base in a solvent or dispersant, or from other salts by cation exchange or anion exchange.
  • the present invention also includes all salts of the compounds of the formula I which, because of low physiologically tolerability, are not directly suitable for use in pharmaceuticals but are suitable, for example, as intermediates for carrying out further chemical modifications of the compounds of the formula I or as starting materials for the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • the invention also includes solvates, derivatives and modifications of the compounds of the formula I, for example prodrugs, protected forms and other pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives.
  • the invention relates in particular to prodrugs and protected forms of the compounds of the formula I, which can be converted into compounds of the formula I under physiological conditions.
  • Suitable prodrugs for the compounds of the formula I i.e. chemically modified derivatives of the compounds of the formula I having properties which are improved in a desired manner, for example with respect to solubility, bioavailability or duration of action, are known to those skilled in the art. More detailed information relating to prodrugs is found in standard literature like, for example, Design of Prodrugs, H.
  • Bundgaard (ed.), Elsevier, 1985; Fleisher et al., Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 19 (1996) 115-130; H. Bundgaard, Drugs of the Future 16 (1991) 443; Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism, B. Testa, J. M. Mayer, Wiley-VCH, 2003.
  • Suitable prodrugs for the compounds of the formula I are especially acyl prodrugs and carbamate prodrugs of acylatable nitrogen-containing groups such as amino groups and ester prodrugs and amide prodrugs of carboxylic acid groups which may be present in compounds of the formula I.
  • acyl prodrugs and carbamate prodrugs a hydrogen atoms on a nitrogen atom in such groups is replaced with an acyl group or an ester group, for example a (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl-O—C(O)— group.
  • Suitable acyl groups and ester groups for acyl prodrugs and carbamate prodrugs are, for example, the groups R p1 —CO— and R p2 O—CO—, wherein R p1 can be hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )-cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, Ar, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl-(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl- or Ar—(C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl-, for example, and wherein R p2 has the meanings indicated for R p1 with the exception of hydrogen.
  • (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl is understood as meaning a residue of a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon containing from 6 to 14 ring carbon atoms, for example 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 ring carbon atoms.
  • Examples are phenyl, naphthyl, for example 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl, or biphenylyl.
  • the comprised compounds of the formula I are a subject of the invention in all their stereoisomeric forms and mixtures of stereoisomeric forms in any ratio, and in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as well as in the form of their prodrugs.
  • the present invention also relates to processes for the preparation of the compounds of the formula I, by which the compounds are obtainable and which are another subject of the invention.
  • the compounds of the formula I can be prepared by utilizing procedures and techniques, which per se are well known and appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. Starting materials or building blocks for use in the general synthetic procedures that can be applied in the preparation of the compounds of formula I are readily available to one of ordinary skill in the art. In many cases they are commercially available or have been described in the literature. Otherwise they can be prepared from readily available precursor compounds analogously to procedures described in the literature, or by procedures or analogously to procedures described herein.
  • compounds of the formula I can be prepared, for example in the course of a convergent synthesis, by linking two or more fragments which can be derived retrosynthetically from the formula I. More specifically, suitably substituted starting pyrazole derivatives are employed as building blocks in the preparation of the compounds of formula I. If not commercially available, such pyrazole derivatives can be prepared according to the well-known standard procedures for the formation of the pyrazole ring system. By choosing suitable precursor molecules, these pyrazole syntheses allow the introduction of a variety of substituents into the various positions of the pyrazole system, which can be chemically modified in order to finally arrive at the molecule of the formula I having the desired substituent pattern.
  • positional isomers will occur also during the synthesis by the mentioned reactions.
  • Such mixtures of positional isomers can be separated by modern separation techniques like, for example, preparative HPLC.
  • the functional groups introduced into the ring system during the pyrazole synthesis can be chemically modified.
  • the substituents present on the pyrazole ring system can be modified by a variety of reactions and thus the desired residues can be obtained.
  • a pyrazole carrying a hydrogen atom in a certain position such as the 4-position can also be obtained by saponification and subsequent decarboxylation of pyrazole carrying an ester group in the relevant position.
  • Halogen atoms can be introduced, for example according to procedures like the following described in the literature.
  • N-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium triflate For the fluorination of pyrazoles N-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium triflate can be used (T. Umemoto, S. Fukami, G. Tomizawa, K. Harasawa, K. Kawada, K. Tomita, J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1990) 112, 8563; see also K. Manko et al., J. Fluorine Chem. (1988) 39, 435; R. Storer et al. Nucleosides Nucleotides (1999) 18; 203).
  • Other suitable fluorinating reagents may also be employed where appropriate.
  • the chlorination, bromination, or iodination of pyrazoles can be accomplished by the reaction with elemental halogens or by the use of N-halo-succinimides like NCS, NBS or NIS and many other reagents well known to those skilled in the art.
  • suitable procedures are for example described by M. Rodriguez-Franco et al., Tetrahedron Lett. (2001) 42, 863; J. Pawlas et al., J. Org. Chem. (2000) 65, 9001; Y. Huang et al., Org Lett (2000) 2, 2833; W. Holzer et al., J. Heterocycl. Chem. (1995) 32, 1351; N.
  • a 1H-pyrazol-3-ol can be converted to a 5-chloro-1H-pyrazole by using phosphorous oxychloride, for example.
  • the 5-bromo-1H-pyrazole can be obtained from 1H-pyrazol-3-ol by similar standard procedures using phosphorous oxybromide, phosphorous tribromide or phosphorous pentabromide.
  • Halogens, hydroxy groups (via the triflate or nonaflate) or primary amines (via the diazonium salt), or after interconversion to the corresponding stannanes and boronic acids, present in the pyrazole structure can be converted into a variety of other functional groups like for example —CN, —CF 3 , —C 2 F 5 , ethers, acids, amides, amines, alkyl or aryl groups mediated by means of transition metals, such as palladium or nickel catalysts or copper salts and reagents for example referred to below (F. Diederich, P. Stang, Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions, Wiley-VCH, 1998; M. Beller, C.
  • Ester groups present in the pyrazole nucleus can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding carboxylic acids, which after activation can then be reacted with amines or alcohols under standard conditions. Furthermore these ester or acid groups can be reduced to the corresponding alcohols by many standard procedures.
  • Ether groups present at the pyrazole for example benzyloxy groups or other easily cleavable ether groups, can be cleaved to give hydroxy groups which then can be reacted with a variety of agents, for example etherification agents or activating agents allowing replacement of the hydroxy group by other groups. Sulfur-containing groups can be reacted analogously.
  • a subject of the present invention also is a process for preparing a compound of the formula I, which is outlined in the following scheme,
  • the respective groups can, for example, be introduced into the pyrazole system by standard alkylation procedures well-known to one skilled in the art.
  • the starting pyrazole derivative III that is to be employed in such a reaction carries a hydroxymethylen group.
  • Alkylation of the aforementioned group can, for example, be performed under standard conditions, preferably in the presence of a base like K 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 , NaH or KOtBu, using an alkylating compound of the formula VI wherein LG is a leaving group, such as for example halogen like chlorine, bromine or iodine, or a sulfonyloxy group like tosyloxy, mesyloxy or trifluormethylsulfonyloxy.
  • LG is a leaving group, such as for example halogen like chlorine, bromine or iodine, or a sulfonyloxy group like tosyloxy, mesyloxy or trifluormethylsulfonyloxy.
  • the hydroxymethylene group of a pyrazole derivative of the formula III can be activated by transformation into a leaving group LG by conversion into a halomethylene group or sulfonyloxymethylene group like tosyloxymethylene, mesyloxymethylene or trifluormethylsulfonyloxymethylene to give a pyrazole derivatives of the formula IV.
  • These pyrazole derivatives of the formula IV can then be etherified, for example, under standard conditions, preferably in the presence of a base like K 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 , NaH or KOtBu, using a hydroxy derivative of the formula V.
  • the group LG may, for example, also be a hydroxy group which, in order to achieve the alkylation reaction, can be activated under the well-known conditions of the Mitsunobu procedure (0. Mitsunobu, Synthesis 1981, 1) or by further modified procedures (A. Tunoori, D. Dutta, G. Gunda, Tetrahedron Lett. 39 (1998) 8751; J. Pelletier, S. Kincaid, Tetrahedron Lett. 41 (2000) 797; D. L. Hughes, R. A. Reamer, J. J. Bergan, E. J. J. Grabowski, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110 (1998) 6487; D. J. Camp, I. D. Jenkins, J. Org. Chem. 54 (1989) 3045; D. Crich, H. Dyker, R. J. Harris, J. Org. Chem. 54 (1989) 257).
  • R 1′ , R 2′ , R 3′ , R 4′ , R 5′ , V′, G′ and M′ can be the groups R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , V, G and M as defined in formula I, or optionally in the compounds of the formulae II, Ill, IV, V, VI and I′ the residues R 1′ , R 2′ , R 3′ , R 4′ , R 5′ , V′, G′ and M′ are subsequently converted into the residues R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , V, G and M to give the desired compound of the formula I.
  • the residues R 1 , R 2′ , R 3′ , R 4′ , R 5′ , V′, G′ and M′ contained in the compounds of the formulae II, III, IV, V, VI and I′ can have the denotations of the residues in the compounds of the formula I, or in addition they can also be present in the form of groups that can subsequently be transformed into the final groups of the formula I and, for example, functional groups can be present in the form of precursor groups or of derivatives or in protected form.
  • Nitro groups may be transformed by reduction like catalytic hydrogenation into amino groups.
  • Protective groups can also have the meaning of a solid phase, and cleavage from the solid phase stands for the removal of the protective group. The use of such techniques is known to those skilled in the art (Burgess K (Ed.) Solid Phase Organic Synthesis, New York, Wiley, 2000). For example, a phenolic hydroxy group can be attached to a trityl-polystyrene resin, which serves as a protecting group, and the molecule is cleaved from this resin by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or other acids at a later stage of the synthesis.
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • the residue —V′-G′-M′ in the compounds of the formulae V, VI and I′ which can be identical or different, can be, for example, hydroxy or (C 1 -C 4 )-alkoxy, i.e., the groups —C(O)—V′-G′-M′ present in the compounds of the formulae V, VI and I′ can be, for example, the free carboxylic acids or esters thereof like alkyl esters.
  • the groups can also be any other activated derivative of a carboxylic acid which allows amide or ester formation with a compound of the formula H—V′-G′-M′.
  • the activated derivative can be, for example, an acid chloride, an activated ester like a substituted phenyl ester or thioester, an azolide like an imidazolide, an azide or a mixed anhydride, for example a mixed anhydride with a carbonic acid ester or with a sulfonic acid.
  • These derivatives can all be prepared from the carboxylic acid by standard procedures and can be reacted with an amine or alcohol of the formula H—V′-G′-M′ under standard conditions.
  • a carboxylic acid group —COOH representing —C(O)—V′-G′-M′ in a compound of the formulae V and VI can be obtained, for example by standard hydrolysis procedures, from an ester group introduced into the pyrazole system during a pyrazole synthesis.
  • Compounds of the formula I in which a group —C(O)—V′-G′-M′ is an amide group can be prepared from amines and compounds is a carboxylic acid group or an ester or thioester thereof by common amidation reactions.
  • the compounds containing a carboxylic acid group can be condensed under standard conditions with compounds of the formula H—V′-G′-M′ which are amines by means of common coupling reagents used in peptide synthesis.
  • Such coupling reagents are, for example, carbodiimides like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or diisopropylcarbodiimide, carbonyldiazoles like carbonyldiimidazole (CU) and similar reagents, propylphosphonic anhydride, O-((cyano-(ethoxycarbonyl)-methylene)amino)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TOTU), diethylphosphoryl cyanide (DEPC), bis-(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)-phosphoryl chloride (BOP-Cl), O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU), O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphat
  • the activation of the carboxylic acid function may also favorably be carried out, for example, by conversion of the carboxylic acid group into the pentafluorophenyl ester using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and pentafluorophenol or by using reagents like pentafluorophenyl trifluoroacetate, tert-butyl pentafluorophenyl carbonate, bis(pentafluorophenyl)carbonate, -pentafluorophenyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate, pentafluorophenyl-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, octafluoroacetophenone.
  • the activation of the carboxylic function by conversion to other phenyl esters like for example 4-nitro-phenyl esters or 2-nitro-phenyl esters can be also effective.
  • the activation and the subsequent reaction with a group of the formula H—V′-G′-M′ are usually carried out in the presence of an inert solvent or diluent, for example dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF), diethyl ether, n-heptane, n-hexane, n-pentane, cyclohexane, diisopropyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide, dioxane, toluene, benzene, ethyl a
  • residues R 1′ , R 2′ , R 3′ , R 4′ , R 5′ present in a pyrazole of the formulae II, III, IV, V, VI and I′, or a residue in which functional groups within the residue are present in protected form or in the form of a precursor group can for example be introduced into the pyrazole system by conventional literature procedures for the alkylation, arylation, amination, etherification or thioetherification of pyrazoles well-known to those skilled in the art.
  • the appropriately substituted pyrazole useful for these reactions carries a leaving group like for example halogen, triflate, nonaflate, tosylate, azide, or a diazonium salt.
  • the reaction is carried out in the presence of a base like K 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 , NaH or KOtBu.
  • a base like K 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 , NaH or KOtBu.
  • the desired transformation can also be accomplished with halogens, hydroxy groups (via the triflate or nonaflate) or primary amines (via the diazonium salt) or after interconversion to the corresponding stannane, or boronic acid—present in the pyrazole structure—can be converted into a variety of other functional groups like for example —CN, —CF 3 , —C 2 F 5 , ethers, acids, amides, amines, alkyl or aryl groups mediated by means of transition metals, such as palladium or nickel catalysts or copper salts and reagents for example referred to below (F.
  • transition metals such as palladium or nickel catalysts or copper salts and reagents for example referred to below
  • the compounds of the formula I are effective LPAR5 antagonists which antagonize the effect of endogenous LPA on its LPAR5 receptor.
  • the compounds of the formula I effective platelet, mast cell and microglial cell LPA receptor LPAR5 antagonists.
  • the compounds of the invention antagonize the platelet aggregating effect of the activation of the platelet LPA receptor LPAR5, the LPA-mediated activation of human mast cells and the LPA-mediated activation of microglia cells.
  • the compounds of the formula I of the invention also have further advantageous properties, for instance stability in plasma and liver and selectivity versus other receptors whose agonism or antagonism is not intended. This good selectivity, for example, makes it possible to reduce potential side effects existing with regard to molecules having inadequate selectivity.
  • a subject of the present invention also are the compounds of the formula I and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and/or prodrugs thereof for use as a medicament or as a pharmaceutical, and pharmaceutical compositions which comprise an effective amount of at least one compound of the formula I and/or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof and/or a prodrug thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, i.e. one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substances or excipients and/or auxiliary substances or additives, and can be employed in human, veterinary or phytoprotective use.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier i.e. one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substances or excipients and/or auxiliary substances or additives
  • the activity of the compounds of the formula I can be determined, for example, in the assays described below or in other in vitro or ex vivo assays known to those skilled in the art.
  • the ability of the compounds to inhibit LPA-induced aggregation of platelets may be measured by methods similar to those described in the literature (for example, Holub and Waston in Platelets: A Practical Approach, pp 236-239, Oxford University Press 1996) and by the methods described below.
  • the results of these assays clearly demonstrate that the compounds of the invention are functional antagonists of the platelet LPA receptor LPAR5 and are therefore useful for inhibiting platelet aggregation and thrombus formation.
  • the ability of the compounds to inhibit LPA-induced activation of mast cells or microglial cells may also be measured by using the FLIPR system.
  • the compounds of the formula I and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their prodrugs are generally suitable for the treatment, including therapy and prophylaxis, of conditions in which the activity of LPAR5 receptor plays a role or has an undesired extent, or which can favorably be influenced by inhibiting LPAR5 receptors or decreasing the activity, or for the prevention, alleviation or cure of which an inhibition of LPA receptor LPAR5 or a decrease in the activity is desired by the physician.
  • a subject of the invention also are the compounds of the formula I and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and/or the prodrugs thereof for the use in the treatment, including therapy and prophylaxis, of a disease or disease state responsive to the inhibition of the LPA receptor LPAR5 and/or the reduction or inhibition of platelet aggregation or thrombus formation and/or the reduction or inhibition of activation of mast cells and/or the reduction or inhibition of activation of microglial cells.
  • a subject of the invention also is the use of a compound of the formula I and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and/or the prodrugs thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, including therapy and prophylaxis, of a disease or disease state responsive to the inhibition of the LPA receptor LPAR5 and/or the reduction or inhibition of platelet aggregation or thrombus formation and/or the reduction or inhibition of activation of mast cells and/or the reduction or inhibition of activation of microglial cells.
  • the compounds of the formula I and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their prodrugs are generally suitable for reducing blood thrombus formation, or for the treatment, including therapy and prophylaxis, of conditions and diseases in which the activity of the platelet aggregation plays a role or has an undesired extent, or which can favorably be influenced by reducing thrombus formation, or for the prevention, alleviation or cure of which a decreased activity of the platelet aggregation system is desired by the physician.
  • a specific subject of the present invention thus is the reduction or inhibition of unwanted thrombus formation, in particular in an individual, by administering an effective amount of a compound of the formula I and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or a prodrug thereof, as well as pharmaceutical compositions therefore.
  • the compounds of the formula I and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their prodrugs are generally suitable for reducing mast cell activation, or for the treatment, including therapy and prophylaxis, of conditions and diseases in which the activity of mast cells plays a role or has an undesired extent, or which can favorably be influenced by reducing mast cell activation, or for the prevention, alleviation or cure of which a decreased activity of the mast cell system is desired by the physician.
  • a specific subject of the present invention thus is the reduction or inhibition of unwanted activation of mast cells, in particular in an individual, by administering an effective amount of a compound of the formula I and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or a prodrug thereof, as well as pharmaceutical compositions therefore.
  • the compounds of the formula I and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their prodrugs are generally suitable for reducing microglial cell activation, or for the treatment, including therapy and prophylaxis, of conditions in which the activity of microglial cells plays a role or has an undesired extent, or which can favorably be influenced by reducing microglial cell activation, or for the prevention, alleviation or cure of which a decreased activity of the microglial cell system is desired by the physician.
  • a specific subject of the present invention thus are the reduction or inhibition of unwanted activation of microglial cell, in particular in an individual, by administering an effective amount of a compound of the formula I and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or a prodrug thereof, as well as pharmaceutical compositions therefore.
  • the present invention also relates to the compounds of the formula I and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their prodrugs for the use in the treatment, including therapy and prophylaxis, of thromboembolic diseases, such as deep vein thrombosis, venous and arterial thromboembolism, thrombophlebitis, coronary and cerebral arterial thrombosis, cerebral embolism, renal embolism, pulmonary embolism, disseminated intravascular coagulation, cardiovascular disorders, such as transient ischemic attacks, strokes, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, chronic stable angina, peripheral vascular disease, preeclampsia/eclampsia, and thrombotic cytopenic purpura and development and progression of inflammatory disorders, such as hyperalgesia, asthma, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory pain, angiogenesis, atherothrombosis or allergic responses, or restenoses.
  • thromboembolic diseases such as deep vein thrombosis
  • the present invention also relates to the use of the compounds of the formula I and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their prodrugs for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions or medicaments for inhibition of the LPA receptor LPAR5 or for influencing platelet activation, platelet aggregation and platelet degranulation and promote platelet disaggregation, inflammatory response and/or for the treatment, including therapy and prophylaxis of the diseases mentioned above or below, for example for the production of medicaments for the treatment, including therapy and prophylaxis, of cardiovascular disorders, thromboembolic diseases or restenosis, for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis, venous and arterial thromboembolism, thrombophlebitis, coronary and cerebral arterial thrombosis, cerebral embolism, renal embolism, pulmonary embolism, disseminated intravascular coagulation, transient ischemic attacks, strokes, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, chronic stable angina, peripheral vascular disease, preeclamp
  • the invention also relates to the compounds of the formula I and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their prodrugs for the use in the treatment, including therapy and prophylaxis, of the diseases mentioned above or below, for example for use in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, thromboembolic diseases, atherothrombosis or restenoses, and to methods of treatment aiming at such purposes including methods for said therapies and prophylaxis.
  • the invention also relates to compounds of the formula I and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for the use in the treatment, including therapy and prophylaxis, of disease states such as abnormal thrombus formation, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, thromboembolism, acute vessel closure associated with thrombolytic therapy or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), transient ischemic attacks, stroke, intermittent claudication or bypass grafting of the coronary or peripheral arteries, vessel luminal narrowing, restenosis post coronary or venous angioplasty, maintenance of vascular access patency in long-term hemodialysis patients, pathologic thrombus formation occurring in the veins of the lower extremities following abdominal, knee or hip surgery, a risk of pulmonary thromboembolism, or disseminated systemic intravascular coagulatopathy occurring in vascular systems during septic shock, certain viral infections or
  • the invention also relates to compounds of the formula I and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for the use in the treatment, including therapy and prophylaxis, of disease states such as inflammatory pain, asthma, angiogenesis, demyelating diseases of (a) the central nervous system such as, multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, optic neuritis, Devic's disease and (b) the peripheral nervous system such as Guillain-Barre syndrome or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, as well as to the use of a compound of the formula I and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, including therapy and prophylaxis of said disease states.
  • disease states such as inflammatory pain, asthma, angiogenesis, demyelating diseases of (a) the central nervous system such as, multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, optic neuritis, Devic's disease and (b) the peripheral nervous system such as Guillain-Barre syndrome or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneur
  • the compounds of the formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and their prodrugs can be administered to animals, preferably to mammals, and in particular to humans as pharmaceuticals for therapy or prophylaxis. They can be administered alone, or in mixtures with one another or in the form of pharmaceutical compositions, which permit enteral or parenteral administration.
  • compositions according to the invention can be administered orally, for example in the form of pills, tablets, lacquered tablets, coated tablets, granules, hard and soft gelatine capsules, solutions, syrups, emulsions, suspensions or aerosol mixtures.
  • Administration can also be carried out rectally, for example in the form of suppositories, or parenterally, for example intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, in the form of injection solutions or infusion solutions, microcapsules, implants or rods, or percutaneously or topically, for example in the form of ointments, solutions or tinctures, or in other ways, for example in the form of aerosols or nasal sprays.
  • compositions according to the invention are prepared in a manner known per se and familiar to one skilled in the art, pharmaceutically acceptable inert inorganic and/or organic carrier substances and/or auxiliary substances being used in addition to one or more compounds of the formula I and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their prodrugs.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable inert inorganic and/or organic carrier substances and/or auxiliary substances being used in addition to one or more compounds of the formula I and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their prodrugs.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable inert inorganic and/or organic carrier substances and/or auxiliary substances being used in addition to one or more compounds of the formula I and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their prodrugs.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable inert inorganic and/or organic carrier substances and/or auxiliary substances being used in addition to one or more compounds of the formula I and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their prodrugs.
  • Carrier substances for soft gelatine capsules and suppositories are
  • Suitable carrier substances for the production of solutions for example injection solutions, or of emulsions or syrups are, for example, water, saline, alcohols, glycerol, polyols, sucrose, invert sugar, glucose, vegetable oils, etc.
  • Suitable carrier substances for microcapsules, implants or rods are, for example, copolymers of glycolic acid and lactic acid.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions normally contain about 0.5% to about 90% by weight of the compounds of the formula I and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their prodrugs.
  • the amount of the active ingredient of the formula I and/or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or its prodrugs in the pharmaceutical compositions normally is from about 0.5 mg to about 1000 mg, preferably from about 1 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can contain auxiliary substances or additives such as, for example, fillers, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, wetting agents, stabilizers, emulsifiers, preservatives, sweeteners, colorants, flavorings, aromatizers, thickeners, diluents, buffer substances, solvents, solubilizers, agents for achieving a depot effect, salts for altering the osmotic pressure, coating agents or antioxidants. They can also contain two or more compounds of the formula I, and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or their prodrugs.
  • a pharmaceutical composition contains two or more compounds of the formula I
  • the selection of the individual compounds can aim at a specific overall pharmacological profile of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • a highly potent compound with a shorter duration of action may be combined with a long-acting compound of lower potency.
  • the flexibility permitted with respect to the choice of substituents in the compounds of the formula I allows a great deal of control over the biological and physico-chemical properties of the compounds and thus allows the selection of such desired compounds.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can also contain one or more other pharmaceutically, therapeutically and/or prophylactically active ingredients.
  • the dose can vary within wide limits and, as is customary and is known to the physician, is to be suited to the individual conditions in each individual case. It depends, for example, on the specific compound employed, on the nature and severity of the disease to be treated, on the mode and the schedule of administration, or on whether an acute or chronic condition is treated or whether prophylaxis is carried out.
  • An appropriate dosage can be established using clinical approaches well known in the medical art.
  • the daily dose for achieving the desired results in an adult weighing about 75 kg is from 0.01 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg, preferably from 0.1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, in particular from 0.1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, (in each case in mg per kg of body weight).
  • the daily dose can be divided, in particular in the case of the administration of relatively large amounts, into several, for example 2, 3 or 4, part administrations. As usual, depending on individual behavior it may be necessary to deviate upwards or downwards from the daily dose indicated.
  • the compounds of the present invention are also useful as standard or reference compounds, for example as a quality standard or control, in tests or assays involving the inhibition of the LPA receptor LPAR5.
  • Such compounds may be provided in a commercial kit, for example, for use in pharmaceutical research involving the LPA receptor LPAR5.
  • a compound of the present invention can be used as a reference in an assay to compare its known activity to a compound with an unknown activity. This would ensure the experimenter that the assay was being performed properly and provide a basis for comparison, especially if the test compound was a derivative of the reference compound.
  • compounds according to the present invention can be used to test their effectiveness.
  • a compound of the formula I can also advantageously be used as an antiaggregant outside an individual.
  • an effective amount of a compound of the invention can be contacted with a freshly drawn blood sample to prevent aggregation of the blood sample.
  • a compound of the formula I or its salts can be used for diagnostic purposes, for example in vitro diagnoses, and as an auxiliary in biochemical investigations.
  • a compound of the formula I can be used in an assay to identify the presence of the LPA receptor LPAR5 or to isolate the LPA receptor LPAR5 containing tissue in a substantially purified form.
  • a compound of the invention can be labeled with, for example, a radioisotope, and the labeled compound bound to the LPA receptor LPAR5 is then detected using a routine method useful for detecting the particular label.
  • a compound of the formula I or a salt thereof can be used as a probe to detect the location or amount of LPAR5 activity in vivo, in vitro or ex vivo.
  • the compounds of the formula I can be used as synthesis intermediates for the preparation of other compounds, in particular of other pharmaceutical active ingredients, which are obtainable from the compounds of the formula I, for example by introduction of substituents or modification of functional groups.
  • an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid or acetic acid was used, for example when trifluoroacetic acid was employed to an acid-labile protecting group, for example a tBu group, or when a compound was purified by chromatography using an eluent which contained such an acid, in some cases, depending on the work-up procedure, for example the details of a freeze-drying process, the compound was obtained partially or completely in the form of a salt of the acid used, for example in the form of the acetic acid salt, formic acid salt or trifluoroacetic acid salt or hydrochloric acid salt.
  • an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid or acetic acid was used, for example when trifluoroacetic acid was employed to an acid-labile protecting group, for example a tBu group, or when a compound was purified by chromatography using an eluent which contained such an acid, in some cases, depending on the work-up procedure, for example the details of a freeze-drying process, the
  • starting materials or intermediates bearing a basic center like for example a basic nitrogen were either obtained and used as free base or in salt form like, for example, a trifluoroacetic acid salt, a hydrobromic acid salt, a sulfuric acid salt, or a hydrochloric acid salt.
  • Room temperature means a temperature of about 20° C. to 25° C.
  • the ability of the compounds of the formula Ito inhibit or bind the LPA receptor LPAR5 can be assessed by determining the effect on cellular function. This ability of such compounds was evaluated in a platelet aggregation assay such as the Born method using single cuvettes and for mast cells and microglia cells with the Fluorometric Imaging Plate Reader (FLIPR) assay by Molecular Devices Inc.
  • FLIPR Fluorometric Imaging Plate Reader
  • the PRP phase was transferred to a new 50 ml tube. After 10 minutes standing at room temperature, 1 ⁇ l PGI 2 (1 mM in Tris-HCl/pH 8.8) and 180 ⁇ l ACD/A were added per ml PRP. The PRP was then transferred to new 10 ml tube and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 500 ⁇ g. After centrifugation a cellular pellet is visible at the bottom of the tube.
  • buffer T buffer T composition: 145 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 0.1 mM MgCl2 ⁇ 6 H 2 O, 15 mM HEPES, 5.5 mM glucose, pH 7.4
  • Buffer T composition 145 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 0.1 mM MgCl2 ⁇ 6 H 2 O, 15 mM HEPES, 5.5 mM glucose, pH 7.4
  • the inhibitory effect (IC 50 ) of the test compounds was determined as the reduction of the maximal aggregation. Test compound was added prior starting the experiment with an incubation time of the test compound of 5 minutes at 37° C. with 1200 rpm stirring.
  • the IC 50 data of the above described platelet aggregation assay using human washed platelets for exemplary compounds of the present invention are shown in Table 1.
  • FLIPR Fluorometric Imaging Plate Reader
  • the ability of the compounds of the formula Ito inhibit or bind the LPA receptor LPAR5 can be assessed by determining the intracellular Ca 2+ release in human or animal cells.
  • two cell lines were used with high LPAR5 expression, the human mast cell line HMC-1 and the murine microglia cell line BV-2 (FIGS. 1 and 2).
  • HMC-1 suspension cells from flask culture were harvested, resuspended and counted. 14 ⁇ 10 6 HMC-1 cells were transferred into a new 50 ml tube, centrifuged for 3 minutes at 540 ⁇ g.
  • loading buffer contained HBSS buffer (pH 7.4), 0.1% BSA (bovine serum albumin), 2 ⁇ M FLUO-4 dye; HBSS buffer (pH 7.4) contained 1 ⁇ HBSS, 20 mM HEPES, 0.01% Pluronic F-127, 2.5 mM Probenicid).
  • test compounds were added to the cells in the 96-well-plate 10 minutes prior the addition of LPA. Results of the assay are expressed as % activation, and are calculated using maximum peak of activation (A max ).
  • a max maximum peak of activation
  • BV-2 cells were incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. with loading buffer and recovered in 150 ⁇ l HBSS buffer for 30 minutes at 37° C. After this procedure cells were stimulated with LPA (in HBSS pH 7.4 and 0.1% BSA) to determine the EC 50 of LPA in BV-2 cells.
  • LPA in HBSS pH 7.4 and 0.1% BSA
  • test compounds were added to the cells in the 96-well-plate 10 minutes prior the addition of LPA.
  • the IC 50 data of the above described FLIPR assay using the murine microglia cell line BV-2 for exemplary compounds of the present invention are shown in Table 3.

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