US6650910B1 - Methods and apparatus in antenna diversity systems for estimation of direction of arrival - Google Patents

Methods and apparatus in antenna diversity systems for estimation of direction of arrival Download PDF

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US6650910B1
US6650910B1 US09/196,117 US19611798A US6650910B1 US 6650910 B1 US6650910 B1 US 6650910B1 US 19611798 A US19611798 A US 19611798A US 6650910 B1 US6650910 B1 US 6650910B1
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antenna
signals
beams
radio
receiver
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Sara Mazur
Bo Hagerman
Ulf Forssén
Sören Andersson
Fredrik Ovesjö
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Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
    • H04B7/0837—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station using pre-detection combining
    • H04B7/0842—Weighted combining
    • H04B7/086—Weighted combining using weights depending on external parameters, e.g. direction of arrival [DOA], predetermined weights or beamforming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/10—Polarisation diversity; Directional diversity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
    • H04B7/0891—Space-time diversity
    • H04B7/0894—Space-time diversity using different delays between antennas

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to radio systems and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for receiving radio signals with the aid of antenna beams.
  • the quality of a received radio signal is affected by many natural phenomena.
  • time dispersion is caused by a signal on its way from a transmitter being reflected by obstacles at different locations in the propagation path before reaching the receiver.
  • the signal will arrive at the receiver at different time delays, due to the different propagation paths along which the signal travel.
  • time dispersed signals can be successfully restored. It is well known to a person skilled in this art to use a RAKE-receiver or an equalizer to restore a time dispersed signal.
  • One well known method of combatting fading is to provide the radio receiving station with an antenna diversity system.
  • the system comprises two or more receiving antennas separated either spatially or by orthogonal polarization directions, or by a combination thereof.
  • fading of the signals received by each antenna are less correlated, thus decreasing the possibility of both antennas being exposed to a fading dip at one and the same time.
  • the radio receiver station is provided with separate receiver branches for each receiving antenna.
  • a third phenomenon troublesome to radio transmission is that of interference.
  • An interfering signal can be characterized as any undesired signal received on the same channel as the desired signal.
  • jamming i.e. intentional disturbance by the enemy.
  • cellular radio systems the interference problem is closely related to the capacity demand for communication.
  • the radio spectrum is a scarce resource, a radio frequency band given to a cellular operator must be used efficiently. For this reason the operators service area is divided into cells and radio channels used in one cell are reused in cells that have a minimum number of cells in-between. Because of the popularity of mobile phones, the demand for traffic capacity has grown rapidly.
  • One way of handling the capacity demand is to decrease the size of the cells, thus enabling closer reuse of the channels per area unit and thereby raising the communication capacity of a given area while still preserving the frequency-reuse-factor.
  • Radio base station In areas where the capacity demand is high, such as in city centres and railway stations, it is often difficult to find sites for base stations.
  • An available place for a base station may have the form of a wall on which it can be hung.
  • it is important that the radio base station is small and demands less power.
  • the size of the radio base station is related to the power consumption, since power necessitates cooling and cooling necessitates space.
  • the appearance of the installation is also important, for instance with respect to obtaining permission from the authorities to use a new radio base station site.
  • An adaptive antenna is commonly comprised of an antenna array connected to beam forming means.
  • the adaptive antenna forms a set of antenna beams which each covers a narrow predefined space area and which together cover a wide predefined area omnidirectionally or within a sector.
  • a signal sent from a mobile transmitter is received by each of the antenna beams, each version of the signal being separately received and thereby the angular information being maintained.
  • the angular information is inherent in the phase difference between the different versions of the signal.
  • An estimation of the direction to the signal source is made on the basis of the demodulated versions of the received signal. This estimated parameter is also called DOA, direction of arrival.
  • the DOA-estimation is used for the selection of one or more antenna beams, or for directing of a narrow steerable beam, for transmission in the downlink to the mobile of interest. Transmission in the chosen beam is directed to the mobile station whereby mobiles that use the same channel in other directions will be less exposed to interference. Downlink interference is thus combated by means of the adaptive antenna technique.
  • U.S. patent specification U.S. Pat. No. 5563610, addresses the use of a multi-beamforming antenna for the purpose of gaining antenna diversity based on the different beams being very narrow and covering disjunct areas. This is called angular diversity and results in the signals received in separate beams being uncorrelated.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5563610 teaches a receiving system in which branches from each antenna beam are distributed into two groups. In one group signals are delayed in relation to one another and then combined. Two combined signals, each derived from a corresponding of the two groups, are thus obtained and then fed to a conventional CDMA-receiver.
  • the present invention addresses a problem arising when both an enabling of accurate DOA-estimation and antenna diversity shall be provided in a radio receiver comprising a limited number of radio receiver branches.
  • the limited number of radio receiver branches results in a trade-off between the accuracy of the DOA estimation and the performance of the antenna diversity reception. If all the receiver branches are used in the DOA estimation process, the lack of protection against fading will lower the performance of the DOA estimation. If, on the other hand, the diversity gain is to be maintained by separate reception of less correlated signals, the number of beams that can be received separately will be reduced and thus also the accuracy of the DOA estimation.
  • Another problem is to produce a radio base station comprising a radio receiver system that is small, has low power consumption and has antenna diversity as well as means for estimating DOA. It will be remembered that receiver branches need space and are power consuming.
  • the object of the present invention is to make reception possible both by antenna diversity and by antenna beams to enable an accurate estimation of DOA, and to combat fading in a receiver that includes only a moderate number of receiver branches and thus achieve the aim of providing a radio station that is both compact and requires less power.
  • the essence of the present invention is the introduction of an artificial time dispersion in a set of signals received by antenna diversity and by different antenna beams.
  • Sets of signals received by different antenna assemblies are delayed relative to one another and signals that derive from beams covering the same space area are combined.
  • For each of the beams in the first antenna assembly there is a beam in each of the other antenna assemblies that covers the same space area. In this way the angular information is maintained.
  • Each combined signal is then radio received in a joint radio receiver.
  • a DOA-estimation can be calculated on the basis of radio received signals derived from all beams. Both the natural and artificial time dispersion of the radio received signals can be restored in an equalizer or a Rake-receiver.
  • the energy from each of the combined signals is maintained until the signals reach the equalizer or Rake-receiver.
  • the energies from the different time dispersed signals are merged together in the equalizer or in the Rake-receiver. If the energy of one of the combined signals is low temporarily due to a fading dip at the corresponding receiving antenna the energy of the signal received by the other antenna will compensate for the fading dip.
  • the present invention solves the aforementioned problems by means of a method in which signals are received by at least two antenna assemblies that are separated to achieve antenna diversity, i.e. the antenna assemblies are separated spatially or by different polarization directions.
  • Each of the antenna-assemblies generates a set of antenna beams.
  • the antenna assemblies are constructed so as to generate mutually corresponding sets of antenna beams, i.e. the beams have corresponding angular coverages and a particular area is covered by two beams, one from each of the antenna assemblies.
  • Signals received by separate antenna assemblies in corresponding antenna beams are then mutually combined after having been delayed in relation to one another. An artificial multipath propagation is thus created in respect of the combined signal.
  • the combined signal is then fed to one radio receiver branch for frequency transformation from RF to a lower frequency and demodulation, whereupon the artificial time dispersion can be restored by digital signal processing in an equalizer or a RAKE-receiver for instance.
  • a DOA-estimation can be calculated on the basis of the outputs from several radio receiver branches to which signals are fed from separate beams.
  • the present invention is also related to a radio receiver system which solves the aforementioned problems.
  • the radio receiver system comprises at least two antenna assemblies which are mutually separated to achieve antenna diversity.
  • Each of the antenna assemblies generates a set of antenna beams, where each beam covers a narrow space area and the beams together cover an specific area omnidirectionally or within whithin a sector.
  • the different sets of beams correspond to each other, and one space area is covered by a beam from each of the antenna assemblies.
  • Delay elements are connected to all but one of the antenna assemblies.
  • the delay elements delay signals received by a corresponding antenna assembly. The delay is given a separate value for each antenna assembly.
  • a number of combiners are connected to the delay elements and also to that antenna assembly which is without delay element.
  • Each of the combiners receives from each of the antenna assemblies signals from corresponding beams.
  • Each combiner output is connected to a corresponding receiver branch.
  • the invention constitutes an improvement in the known art by virtue of the fact that one radio receiver branch can be fed with signals from several antenna assemblies, whereafter the signals can be restored.
  • the required number of radio receiver branches to achieve both antenna diversity gain and to enable the calculation of an accurate DOA estimation is limited to correspond to the number of beams in the set of antenna beams. This enable both the size of the radio receiver and its power consumption to be reduced.
  • a further improvement is found in respect of sites in which a base station comprising the inventive radio receiver is placed on the ground and the antenna assemblies are mounted on a mast.
  • the weight of the cables connecting the base station with the antenna assemblies is an important factor in respect of mast dimensions.
  • the number of cables connecting the base station to the antenna assemblies can be reduced by coupling the combiners close to the antenna assemblies. Thereby the weight of the cables is reduced which will allow a mast to have smaller dimensions and therewith lower the cost of the mast as well as the cables.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates two mobile stations and a radio base station comprising two antenna assemblies.
  • FIG. 2 is a block schematic illustrating a radio receiver according to the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a block schematic illustrating another radio receiver according to the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a radio receiving method.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown two mobile stations MS 1 and MS 2 and a base station BS that includes an inventive radio receiver.
  • a radio channel CH is used for communication between the first mobile station MS 1 and the radio base station BS.
  • the radio channel CH is also used by the second mobile station MS 2 for communication with another base station, not shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the radio base station BS is equipped with two antenna assemblies AA 1 , AA 2 .
  • the antenna assemblies AA 1 , AA 2 are separated to achieve antenna diversity. Both cover a 120° sector with a number of beams.
  • the first antenna assembly AA 1 generates a first set of antenna beams SAB 1 and the second antenna assembly AA 2 generates a second set of antenna beams SAB 2 .
  • the space area in which the first mobile MS 1 is placed is covered by a beam in each of the sets of beams SAB 1 , SAB 2 , and the direction to the second mobile MS 2 is covered by an other beam.
  • a DOA estimation estimating the direction to the first mobile station MS 1 can be made with the aid of these signals.
  • Downlink interference is decreased by transmission in a beam directed to the first mobile station MS 1 , thereby improving the downlink quality for the second mobile station MS 2 .
  • the downlink beam is selected on the basis of the DOA estimation of the first mobile station MS 1 .
  • the antenna diversity arrangement improves the uplink quality by reducing the risk of both the antenna assemblies being exposed to a deep fading dip at the same time.
  • the radio receiver RRC comprises two antenna assemblies AA 1 , AA 2 .
  • Each of the antenna assemblies AA 1 , AA 2 comprises an antenna array AAR formed by a number of antenna elements AEL, low noise amplifiers LNA connected to the antenna elements AEL, and beam forming means BM with connections from the low noise amplifiers LNA.
  • the antenna elements AEL of the first antenna assembly AA 1 are given an orthogonal polarization direction relative to the polarization direction of the antenna elements AEL of the second antenna assembly AA 2 .
  • the beam forming means BM consists of a Butler matrix.
  • the Butler matrix BM has a number of outputs, each corresponding to an antenna beam.
  • the radio receiver RRC also comprises a number of delay elements DLM, a number of combiners CMB, a number of radio receiver branches RX, a DOA estimator DP and an equalization and signal estimation unit EqSE.
  • Each output of the Butler matrix BM of the second antenna assembly AA 2 is connected to a corresponding delay element DLM.
  • Each output of the delay elements DLM is connected to a corresponding combiner CMB.
  • Each combiner CMB also has an other connection from the Butler matrix BM of the first antenna assembly AA 1 .
  • the two inputs to a combiner corresponds to beams covering corresponding space area.
  • Outputs of all the radio receiver branches RX are connected to the equalization and signal estimation unit EqSE.
  • the equalization unit comprises an MLSE, Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation, and means for combination of received signals derived from different beams.
  • the outputs of the radio receiver branches RX are also connected to the DOA-estimator DP.
  • a DOA-estimator is well known to a person skilled in the art, see e.g. “Direction-of-arrival estimation and . . . ”, by authors Viberg, Ottersten and Kailat, in proc. 23rd Asilomar Conf. Signal, Syst., Comp., Nov. 1989.
  • the inventive radio receiver RRC comprises two antenna assemblies AA 1 , AA 2 .
  • the antenna assemblies AA 1 , AA 2 comprise the same parts as the antenna assemblies AA 1 , AA 2 in the earlier described embodiment with reference to FIG. 2.
  • the radio receiver RRC also comprises a number of delay elements DLM, a number of combiners CMB, a number of radio receiver branches RX, a Rake-receiver RAKE, and a DOA-estimator DP.
  • the antenna assemblies AA 1 , AA 2 have a number of outputs each corresponding to a beam.
  • Each of the outputs of the second antenna assemblies is connected to a corresponding delay element DLM.
  • Each of the outputs of the delay elements DLM is connected to a corresponding combiner CMB.
  • To each of these combiners CMB is also connected an output from the first antenna assembly AA 1 .
  • the beams corresponding to the two inputs at the combiner CMB cover the same space area.
  • the outputs from the combiners CMB are connected to corresponding radio receiver branches RX.
  • the radio receiver branches RX have been described with reference to the FIG. 2 embodiment.
  • the outputs from the radio receiver branches RX are connected to a Rake-receiver RAKE.
  • the Rake-receiver RAKE comprises means for combining signals radio received by different radio receiver branches RX, e.g. through Maximum Ratio Combining, MRC.
  • the Rake-receiver RAKE performs Rake-combining of delayed signals. Both Rake-combining and MRC are teqniques well known to a person skilled in the art.
  • the outputs of the radio receiver branches RX are also connected to a DOA estimator DP.
  • DOA estimator DP For further discription of DOA-estimation in a Rake-receiver, see the document, Ayman F Naguib, Adaptive Antennas for CDMA Wireless Networks, PhD Thesis, Dep of EE Stanford University.
  • the described embodiments have illustrated two methods of obtaining antenna diversity, by spatial separation and by orthogonal polarization direction of the antenna elements AEL respectively.
  • the multiple access methods, TDMA or CDMA can use both methods or a combination of the two methods to obtain antenna diversity.
  • FIG. 4 An inventive method will now be described with reference to FIG. 4, in which method two sets of signal sequences are received by two sets of antenna beams.
  • the two sets of antenna beams are supplied by two antenna assemblies that are separated to achieve antenna diversity.
  • Each of the beams in the first set of antenna beams covers the same space area as a corresponding beam in the second set, and the two beams are thus overlaid.
  • Each signal sequence in a set of signal sequences corresponds to an antenna beam. This stage is represented by the block B 1 in the flow chart of FIG. 4 .
  • the second set of signal sequences is delayed, which in FIG. 4 is represented by the block B 2 .
  • Each signal sequence of the first set of signal sequences is then combined with a corresponding signal sequence from the delayed second set of signal sequences.
  • the two combined signal sequences both derive from beams covering the same space area. This stage is represented by the block B 3 in the flow sheet of FIG. 4 .
  • An artificial time dispersion is thus introduced into the combined signal sequence.
  • Each combined signal sequence is separately radio received, which includes channel selection, and frequency transformation from RF to base band level. This stage is represented by the block B 4 in the flow sheet of FIG. 4 .
  • a DOA-estimation is carried out on the basis of the received signal sequences derived from a number of antenna beams. This stage is represented by the block B 5 in the flow sheet of FIG. 4 .
  • each combined signal which has been spread in time by the time dispersion is merged together in an equalizer or in a Rake-receiver and an estimation of the signal sent from the first mobile MS 1 is then made.
  • the signal estimation will be based on the radio received signal sequences derived from a number of antenna beams. This stage is represented by the block B 6 in the flow sheet of FIG. 4 .
  • Two receiving antenna assemblies have been used in the described embodiments. This is a minimum number when antenna diversity shall be achieved. More than two antenna assemblies may be used when wishing to achieve a higher order of antenna diversity for instance. More than two antenna assemblies are also used if a combination of diversity methods shall be accomplished.
  • a set of signal sequences derived from yet another antenna assembly is delayed in relation to the sets of signals derived from the other antenna assemblies.
  • the signal sequences, derived from beams covering the same space area are delayed relative to one another and then combined and radio received according to the inventive method described above.
  • delay elements DLM are connected to the output of these antenna assemblies and the output of each delay element DLM is connected to a combiner in the same way as the second antenna element.
  • all inputs to a combiner are associated beams covering tha same space area.
  • these delay elements DLM produce a delay which is significant for the antenna assembly AA 1 , AA 2 .
  • Signal sequences fed to the combiner are thus delayed relative to one another.
  • the relative delay between two combined signal sequences must be long enough for the equalizer or the Rake-receiver to be able to resolve.
  • this delay should be in the order of 2.5 symbol times and for an equalizer in a radiosystem according to the IS 136 standard the delay should be in the order of 0.5-1 symbol time.
  • the delay should be about a few chiptimes of the spreading sequence. If more signals are to be combined this difference in delay should be introduced between two consecutively delayed signals.
  • antenna assemblies are referred to as being separated to achieve antenna diversity.
  • antenna diversity is meant that signals are received independently via at least two antenna arrays separated spatially or by mainly orthogonal polarization directions or by a combination thereof.
  • orthogonal polarization directions it is not necessary to spatially separate the antenna elements.
  • antennas designed in one unit which facilitates simultaneous receiving in two separate polarization directions.
  • Signals received by an antenna diversity arrangement are often improperly referred to as being uncorrelated.
  • the reason why this reference is improper is because the signals concerned are sent from the first mobile station MS 1 and are thus completely correlated.
  • the signals are affected by different propagation paths in their travel to the receiving antenna diversity arrangement.
  • the object of the antenna diversity arrangement is to decrease the degree of correlation of the influences on the received signals that is caused by the different propagation paths.
  • the object of the antenna diversity arrangement is to decrease the correlation degree of the fading of the different signals and thereby reduce the possibility of all antenna assemblies being exposed to a deep fade at one and the same time.
  • a common correlation factor of the fading, to which an antenna diversity arrangement is exposed is about 0.7, on a scale from 0-1, where 0 means no correlation at all, and 1 means complete correlation of the received signals.
  • the low noise amplifiers LNA connected to the antenna elements AEL shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 serve to reduce the impact of noise introduced by the receiver on the signal.
  • the use of low noise amplifiers connected to the antenna elements AEL for this purpose is well known.
  • the delay elements DLM connected to the second antenna assembly AA 2 with reference to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 may consist of saw-filters or fiber-cables. In either case the delay elements DLM may cause an attenuation of the received signal strength. This attenuation caused by delay elements DLM is preferably compensated for by a corresponding increase in the amplification of the low noise amplifiers LNA of the second antenna assembly AA 2 , to allow the signals combined at the combiner CMB to be exposed to equivalent amplification within the receiver.
  • the delay elements DLM of the second antenna assembly AA 2 give an amplification ⁇ D dB of the signal strength of the received signals and the low noise amplifiers LNA of the first antenna assembly AA 1 give an amplification A dB to the received signals
  • the amplification of low noise amplifiers LNA of the second antenna assembly AA 2 should be A+D dB to compensate for the attenuation of the delay elements.
  • the combiners CMB should preferably be placed near the antenna assemblies (AA 1 , AA 2 ) . Especially for sites where the base station BS must be placed far from the antenna assemblies (AA 1 , AA 2 ) this is an improvement as the number of connecting cables is thereby reduced. The costs, weight and space for the cables required are thereby also reduced.
  • the radio receiver RRC and inventive method have been used for two principles of multiple access of the radio spectra, i.e. TDMA and CDMA. It will be understood that the invention is not restricted to these two principles for multiple access, and that the invention can be applied also for other principles for multiple access.

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US09/196,117 1997-11-21 1998-11-20 Methods and apparatus in antenna diversity systems for estimation of direction of arrival Expired - Lifetime US6650910B1 (en)

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WO1999027659A1 (en) 1999-06-03
EP1032983A1 (en) 2000-09-06
TW407384B (en) 2000-10-01
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SE513656C2 (sv) 2000-10-16
DE69833130T2 (de) 2006-08-31
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JP4280414B2 (ja) 2009-06-17
JP2001524773A (ja) 2001-12-04
KR20010032335A (ko) 2001-04-16
EP1032983B1 (en) 2006-01-04
SE9704282D0 (sv) 1997-11-21
AU1181899A (en) 1999-06-15
BR9814233A (pt) 2000-10-03
CN1279845A (zh) 2001-01-10

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