US6649629B2 - Nitrosated and nitrosylated cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, compositions and methods of use - Google Patents

Nitrosated and nitrosylated cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, compositions and methods of use Download PDF

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US6649629B2
US6649629B2 US09/741,816 US74181600A US6649629B2 US 6649629 B2 US6649629 B2 US 6649629B2 US 74181600 A US74181600 A US 74181600A US 6649629 B2 US6649629 B2 US 6649629B2
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lower alkyl
cancer
independently
patient
nitric oxide
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US20010041726A1 (en
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Upul K. Bandarage
Xinqin Fang
David S. Garvey
L. Gordon Letts
Joseph D. Schroeder
Sang William Tam
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Nicox SA
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Nitromed Inc
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Definitions

  • the present invention describes novel nitrosated and/or nitrosylated cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors and novel compositions comprising at least one nitrosated and/or nitrosylated cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor, and, optionally, at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide, stimulates endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide, elevates endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase, and/or at least one therapeutic agent.
  • the present invention also provides novel compositions comprising at least one COX-2 inhibitor.
  • the present invention also provides methods for treating inflammation, pain and fever; for treating and/or improving the gastrointestinal properties of COX-2 inhibitors; for facilitating wound healing; for treating and/or preventing renal toxicity; and for treating and/or preventing other disorders resulting from elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2.
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds are widely used for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and acute and chronic inflammatory disorders such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. These compounds inhibit the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), also known as prostaglandin G/H synthase, which is the enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostanoids.
  • COX cyclooxygenase
  • the NSAIDs also inhibit the production of other prostaglandins, especially prostaglandin G 2 , prostaglandin H 2 and prostaglandin E 2 , thereby reducing the prostaglandin-induced pain and swelling associated with the inflammation process.
  • the chronic use of NSAIDs has been associated with adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal ulceration and renal toxicity. The undesirable side effects are also due to the inhibition of prostaglandin in the affected organ.
  • Selective COX-2 inhibitors are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,681,842, 5,750,558, 5,756,531, 5,776,984 and in WO 97/41100, WO 98/39330, WO 99/10331, WO 99/10332 and WO 00/24719 assigned to Abbott Laboratories; and in WO 98/50075, WO 00/29022 and WO 00/29023 assigned to Algos Pharmaceutical Corporation; and in WO 99/15205 assigned to Almirall Prodesfarma S.A.; and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,905 assigned to AMBI Inc.; and in U.S. Pat. No.
  • COX-2 inhibitor compounds that have gastroprotective properties, facilitate wound healing, decreased renal toxicity and dyspepsia, and that can be used at low dosages.
  • the present invention is directed to these, as well as other, important ends.
  • the present invention provides novel nitrosated and/or nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitors, which are COX-2 inhibitors linked to at least one nitrogen monoxide group (NO), and/or at least one nitrogen dioxide group (NO 2 ) (i.e., nitrosylated and/or nitrosated group, respectively).
  • the resulting compounds are potent analgesics, have antiinflammatory properties and have an unexpected potential for facilitating wound healing.
  • the novel compounds also have unexpected properties in the treatment and/or prevention of renal toxicity.
  • the COX-2 inhibitors can be nitrosated and/or nitrosylated through one or more sites, such as oxygen (hydroxyl condensation), sulfur (sulfhydryl condensation) and/or nitrogen.
  • the COX-2 inhibitor can be, for example, a sulfonamide containing 1,5-diarylpyrazole derivative, such as, for example, CELEBREX® (4-(5-(4methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide, Celecoxib).
  • the COX-2 inhibitor can also be, for example, a methylsulfonylphenyl-furanone derivative, such as, for example, Rofecoxib (VIOXX®, 4-(4′-methylsulfonylphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-(5H)-furanone).
  • the present invention also provides compositions comprising such compounds in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present invention is also based on the discovery that administering at least one nitrosated and/or nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitor and at least one nitric oxide donor reduces the gastrointestinal distress induced by COX-2 inhibitors.
  • a nitric oxide donor is a compound that contains a nitric oxide moiety and which releases or chemically transfers nitric oxide to another molecule.
  • Nitric oxide donors include, for example, S-nitrosothiols, nitrites, nitrates, N-oxo-N-nitrosamines, and substrates of the various isozymes of nitric oxide synthase.
  • compositions comprising at least one COX-2 inhibitor that is substituted with at least one NO and/or NO 2 group (i.e., nitrosylated and/or nitrosated), and at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide as a charged species, i.e., nitrosonium (NO + ) or nitroxyl (NO ⁇ ), or as the neutral species, nitric oxide (NO•), and/or stimulates endogenous production of nitric oxide or EDRF in vivo and/or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase.
  • NO and/or NO 2 group i.e., nitrosylated and/or nitrosated
  • compositions comprising at least one COX-2 inhibitor that is substituted with at least one NO and/or NO 2 group (i.e., nitrosylated and/or nitrosated), and, optionally, at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide as a charged species, i.e., nitrosonium (NO + ) or nitroxyl (NO ⁇ ), or as the neutral species, nitric oxide (NO•), and/or stimulates endogenous production of nitric oxide or EDRF in vivo and/or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase, and, optionally, at least one therapeutic agent, including but not limited to, steroids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds (NSAID), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors, leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) receptor antagonists, leukotriene A 4 (LTA 4 ) hydrolase inhibitors, 5-HT agonists, HMG CoA inhibitors, H 2 antagonist
  • NSAID non
  • compositions comprising at least one parent COX-2 inhibitor and at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide as a charged species, i.e., nitrosonium (NO + ) or nitroxyl (NO ⁇ ), or as the neutral species, nitric oxide (NO•), and/or stimulates endogenous production of nitric oxide or EDRF in vivo and/or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase, and, optionally, at least one therapeutic agent, including but not limited to, steroids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds (NSAID), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors, leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) receptor antagonists, leukotriene A 4 (LTA 4 ) hydrolase inhibitors, 5-HT agonists, HMG CoA inhibitors, H 2 antagonists, antineoplastic agents, antiplatelet agents, decongestants, diuretics, sedating or non-sedating anti-histamines, in
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention provides methods for treating and/or preventing inflammation, pain and fever; for treating and/or improving gastrointestinal properties of COX-2 inhibitors; for facilitating wound healing; for treating and/or preventing renal toxicity; and for treating and/or preventing COX-2 mediated disorders (i.e., disorders resulting from elevated levels of COX-2) in a patient in need thereof which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one nitrosated and/or nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitor compound, and, optionally, at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide as a charged species, i.e., nitrosonium (NO + ) or nitroxyl (NO ⁇ ), or as the neutral species, nitric oxide (NO•), and/or stimulates endogenous production of nitric oxide or EDRF in vivo and/or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and/or stimulates endogenous production of NO or EDRF in viv
  • the method can optionally further comprise the administration of at least one therapeutic agent, such as, for example, steroids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds (NSAID), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors, leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) receptor antagonists, leukotriene A 4 (LTA 4 ) hydrolase inhibitors, 5-HT agonists, 3hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) inhibitors, H 2 antagonists, antineoplastic agents, antiplatelet agents, decongestants, diuretics, sedating or non-sedating anti-histamines, inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, opioids, analgesics, Helicobacter pylori inhibitors, proton pump inhibitors, isoprostane inhibitors, and mixtures thereof.
  • NSAID nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds
  • 5-LO 5-lipoxygenase
  • LTB 4 leukotriene B 4
  • LTA 4 leukotriene A 4
  • the methods can involve administering nitrosated and/or nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitors, administering nitrosated and/or nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitors and NO donors, administering nitrosated and/or nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitors and therapeutic agents, or administering nitrosated and/or nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitors, NO donors and therapeutic agents.
  • the nitrosated and/or nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitors, nitric oxide donors, and/or therapeutic agents can be administered separately or as components of the same composition in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides methods for treating inflammation, pain and fever; for treating and/or improving the gastrointestinal properties of COX-2 inhibitors; for facilitating wound healing; for treating and/or preventing renal toxicity; and for treating and/or preventing other cyclooxygenase-2 mediated disorders comprising administration of at least one parent COX-2 inhibitor and at least one nitric oxide donor, and, optionally, at least one therapeutic agent.
  • kits comprising at least one nitrosated and/or nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitor, and, optionally, at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide as a charged species, i.e., nitrosonium (NO + ) or nitroxyl (NO ⁇ ), or as the neutral species, nitric oxide (NO•), and/or stimulates endogenous production of nitric oxide or EDRF in vivo and/or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase.
  • the kit can further comprise at least one therapeutic agent.
  • the nitrosated and/or nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitor, the nitric oxide donor and/or therapeutic agent can be separate components in the kit or can be in the form of a composition in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • kits comprising at least one parent COX-2 inhibitor and at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide as a charged species, i.e., nitrosonium (NO + ) or nitroxyl (NO ⁇ ), or as the neutral species, nitric oxide (NO•), and/or stimulates endogenous production of nitric oxide or EDRF in vivo and/or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase.
  • the kit can further comprise at least one therapeutic agent.
  • the parent COX-2 inhibitor, the nitric oxide donor and/or therapeutic agent can be separate components in the kit or can be in the form of a composition in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • FIG. 1 shows the relaxation of rat aortic smooth muscle rings by (a) isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN, open triangles); (b) Example 1a (non-nitrosated compound, open circles); and (c) Example 1b (nitrosated compound, open squares).
  • the non-nitrosated compound of Example 1a did not relax the tissue.
  • the relaxation of the nitrosated compound of Example 1b was similar to that obtained with ISDN.
  • Total number of samples tested varied from a minimum of 5 to a maximum of 12.
  • log M corresponds to ten fold increases of the test compound from 100 nM (10 ⁇ 7 ) to 100 ⁇ M (10 ⁇ 4 ). Results are expressed as the mean ⁇ standard error of the mean of the percentage of total relaxation induced by 10 ⁇ M phenylephrine.
  • FIG. 2 shows the relaxation of rat aortic smooth muscle rings by (a) isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN, open triangles); (b) Example 2a (non-nitrosated compound, open squares); and (c) Example 2b (nitrosated compound, open circles).
  • the non-nitrosated compound of Example 2a did not relax the tissue.
  • the relaxation of the nitrosated compound of Example 2b was comparable to that obtained with ISDN.
  • Total number of samples tested varied from a minimum of 6 to a maximum of 12.
  • log M corresponds to ten fold increases of the test compound from 100 nM (10 ⁇ 7 ) to 100 ⁇ M (10 ⁇ 4 ). Results are expressed as the mean ⁇ standard error of the mean of the percentage of total relaxation induced by 10 ⁇ M phenylephrine.
  • FIG. 3 shows the relaxation of rat aortic smooth muscle rings by (a) S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, open triangles); (b) Example 3e (non-nitrosylated compound, open squares); and (c) Example 3g (nitrosylated compound, open circles).
  • the non-nitrosylated compound of Example 3e did not relax the tissue.
  • the relaxation of the nitrosylated compound of Example 3g was comparable to that obtained with GSNO.
  • Total number of samples tested varied from a minimum of 4 to a maximum of 12.
  • log M corresponds to ten fold increases of the test compound from 100 nM (10 ⁇ 7 ) to 100 ⁇ M (10 ⁇ 4 ). Results are expressed as the mean ⁇ standard error of the mean of the percentage of total relaxation induced by 10 ⁇ M phenylephrine.
  • FIG. 4 shows the relaxation of rat aortic smooth muscle rings by (a) isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN, open circles); (b) Example 20c (non-nitrosated compound, open inverted triangles); and (c) Example 20d (nitrosated compound, open squares).
  • the non-nitrosated compound of Example 20c did not relax the tissue.
  • the relaxation of the nitrosated compound of Example 20d was comparable to that obtained with ISDN.
  • Total number of samples tested varied from a minimum of 4 to a maximum of 16.
  • log M corresponds to ten fold increases of the test compound from 100 nM (10 ⁇ 7 ) to 100 ⁇ M (10 ⁇ 4 ). Results are expressed as the mean ⁇ standard error of the mean of the percentage of total relaxation induced by 10 ⁇ M phenylephrine.
  • FIG. 5 shows that anti-inflammatory effect of (a) Celecoxib (open bars); (b) Example 2a (non-nitrosated compound, horizontal stripped bars); and (c) Example 2b (nitrosated compound, hatched bars) using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test.
  • Total samples 5 for each concentration of test compound.
  • the x axis corresponds to the dose of the test compounds in ⁇ mol/kg body weight of the rats.
  • the y axis corresponds to the increase in the paw volume (mL). Results are expressed as the mean ⁇ standard error of the change in paw volume. Data was analyzed by AVONA analysis followed by Student Newmann-Keuls post-hoc test.
  • NSAID refers to a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compound or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase, the enzyme responsible for the biosyntheses of the prostaglandins and certain autocoid inhibitors, including inhibitors of the various isozymes of cyclooxygenase (including but not limited to cyclooxygenase-1 and -2), and as inhibitors of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase.
  • “Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor” refers to a compound that selectively inhibits the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme over the cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme.
  • the compound has a cyclooxygenase-2 IC 50 of less than about 0.5 ⁇ M, and also has a selectivity ratio of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition over cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition of at least 50, and more preferably of at least 100. Even more preferably, the compound has a cyclooxygenase-1 IC 50 of greater than about 1 ⁇ M, and more preferably of greater than 20 ⁇ M.
  • the compound can also inhibit the enzyme, lipoxygenase and/or phosphodiestase. Such preferred selectivity may indicate an ability to reduce the incidence of common NSAID-induced side effects.
  • Parent COX-2 inhibitor refers to a non-nitrosated and/or non-nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitor and includes those described in the prior art, including those described in the patents and publications cited herein, as well as the novel compounds described herein. “Parent COX-2 inhibitor” includes the compounds of formulas I to XVI before they are nitrosated and/or nitrosylated by the methods described herein.
  • “Therapeutic agent” includes any therapeutic agent that can be used to treat or prevent the diseases described herein.
  • “Therapeutic agents” include, for example, steroids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene B 4 receptor antagonists, leukotriene A 4 hydrolase inhibitors, 5-HT agonists, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A inhibitors, H 2 antagonists, antineoplastic agents, antiplatelet agents, decongestants, diuretics, sedating or non-sedating anti-histamines, inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, opioids, analgesics, Helicobacter pylori inhibitors, proton pump inhibitors, isoprostane inhibitors, and the like.
  • NO donors have therapeutic activity, the term “therapeutic agent” does not include the NO donors described herein, since NO donors are separately defined.
  • “Patient” refers to animals, preferably mammals, most preferably humans, and includes males and females, and children and adults.
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of the compound and/or composition that is effective to achieve its intended purpose.
  • Transdermal refers to the delivery of a compound by passage through the skin and into the blood stream.
  • Transmucosal refers to delivery of a compound by passage of the compound through the mucosal tissue and into the blood stream.
  • Poration enhancement refers to an increase in the permeability of the skin or mucosal tissue to a selected pharmacologically active compound such that the rate at which the compound permeates through the skin or mucosal tissue is increased.
  • Carriers or “vehicles” refers to carrier materials suitable for compound administration and include any such material known in the art such as, for example, any liquid, gel, solvent, liquid diluent, solubilizer, or the like, which is non-toxic and which does not interact with any components of the composition in a deleterious manner.
  • Nitric oxide adduct or “NO adduct” refers to compounds and functional groups which, under physiological conditions, can donate, release and/or directly or indirectly transfer any of the three redox forms of nitrogen monoxide (NO + , NO ⁇ , NO•), such that the biological activity of the nitrogen monoxide species is expressed at the intended site of action.
  • Nitric oxide releasing or “nitric oxide donating” refers to methods of donating, releasing and/or directly or indirectly transferring any of the three redox forms of nitrogen monoxide (NO + , NO ⁇ , NO•), such that the biological activity of the nitrogen monoxide species is expressed at the intended site of action.
  • Nitric oxide donor or “NO donor” refers to compounds that donate, release and/or directly or indirectly transfer a nitrogen monoxide species, and/or stimulate the endogenous production of nitric oxide or endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in vivo and/or elevate endogenous levels of nitric oxide or EDRF in vivo.
  • NO donor also includes compounds that are substrates for nitric oxide synthase.
  • Alkyl refers to a lower alkyl group, a haloalkyl group, a hydroxyalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, a bridged cycloalkyl group, a cycloalkyl group or a heterocyclic ring, as defined herein.
  • An alkyl group may also comprise one or more radical species, such as, for example a cycloalkylalkyl group or a heterocyclicalkyl group.
  • “Lower alkyl” refers to a branched or straight chain acyclic alkyl group comprising one to about ten carbon atoms (preferably one to about eight carbon atoms, more preferably one to about six carbon atoms).
  • Exemplary lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, octyl, and the like.
  • Substituted lower alkyl refers to a lower alkyl group, as defined herein, wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced with one or more R 100 groups, wherein each R 100 is independently a hydroxy, an oxo, a carboxyl, a carboxamido, a halo, a cyano or an amino group, as defined herein.
  • Haloalkyl refers to a lower alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, a bridged cycloalkyl group, a cycloalkyl group or a heterocyclic ring, as defined herein, to which is appended one or more halogens, as defined herein.
  • exemplary haloalkyl groups include trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, 2-bromobutyl, 1-bromo-2-chloro-pentyl, and the like.
  • Alkenyl refers to a branched or straight chain C 2 -C 10 hydrocarbon (preferably a C 2 -C 8 hydrocarbon, more preferably a C 2 -C 6 hydrocarbon) which can comprise one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • alkenyl groups include propylenyl, buten-1-yl, isobutenyl, penten-1-yl, 2,2-methylbuten-1-yl, 3-methylbuten-1-yl, hexan-1-yl, hepten-1-yl, octen-1-yl, and the like.
  • “Lower alkenyl” refers to a branched or straight chain C 2 -C 4 hydrocarbon which can comprise one or two carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • “Substituted alkenyl” refers to a branched or straight chain C 2 -C 10 hydrocarbon (preferably a C 2 -C 8 hydrocarbon, more preferably a C 2 -C 6 hydrocarbon) which can comprise one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced with one or more R 100 groups, wherein each R 100 is independently a hydroxy, an oxo, a carboxyl, a carboxamido, a halo, a cyano or an amino group, as defined herein.
  • Alkynyl refers to an unsaturated acyclic C 2 -C 10 hydrocarbon (preferably a C 2 -C 8 hydrocarbon, more preferably a C 2 -C 6 hydrocarbon) which can comprise one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.
  • exemplary alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butyn-1-yl, butyn-2-yl, pentyl-1-yl, pentyl-2-yl, 3methylbutyn-1-yl, hexyl-1-yl, hexyl-2-yl, hexyl-3-yl, 3,3-dimethyl-butyn-1-yl, and the like.
  • Bridged cycloalkyl refers to two or more cycloalkyl groups, heterocyclic groups, or a combination thereof fused via adjacent or non-adjacent atoms. Bridged cycloalkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, halo, carboxyl, alkylcarboxylic acid, aryl, amidyl, ester, alkylcarboxylic ester, carboxamido, alkylcarboxamido, oxo and nitro.
  • Exemplary bridged cycloalkyl groups include adamantyl, decahydronapthyl, quinuclidyl, 2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, 7-oxabycyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, 8-azabicyclo[3,2,1]oct-2-enyl and the like.
  • Cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon comprising from about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, aryl, amidyl, ester, hydroxy, halo, carboxyl, alkylcarboxylic acid, alkylcarboxylic ester, carboxamido, alkylcarboxamido, oxo, alkylsulfinyl, and nitro.
  • Exemplary cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohepta,1,3dienyl, and the like.
  • Heterocyclic ring or group refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon group having about 2 to about 10 carbon atoms (preferably about 4 to about 6 carbon atoms) where 1 to about 4 carbon atoms are replaced by one or more nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur atoms. Sulfur maybe in the thio, sulfinyl or sulfonyl oxidation state.
  • the heterocyclic ring or group can be fused to an aromatic hydrocarbon group.
  • Heterocyclic groups can be unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylthio, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, hydroxy, oxo, thial, halo, carboxyl, carboxylic ester, alkylcarboxylic acid, alkylcarboxylic ester, aryl, arylcarboxylic acid, arylcarboxylic ester, amidyl, ester, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylsulfinyl, carboxamido, alkylcarboxamido, arylcarboxamido, sulfonic acid, sulfonic ester, sulfonamido and nitro.
  • heterocyclic groups include pyrrolyl, 3pyrrolinyl,4,5,6-trihydro-2H-pyranyl, pyridinyl, 1,4-dihydropyridinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, tetrhydrofuranyl, tetrazolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolindinyl, oxazolindinyl 1,3-dioxolanyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolindinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4
  • Heterocyclic compounds refer to mono- and polycyclic compounds comprising at least one aryl or heterocyclic ring.
  • Aryl refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system comprising one or two aromatic rings.
  • exemplary aryl groups include phenyl, pyridyl, napthyl, quinoyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, furanyl, indanyl, indenyl, indoyl, and the like.
  • Aryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three substituents independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, halo, cyano, alkylsulfinyl, hydroxy, carboxyl, carboxylic ester, alkylcarboxylic acid, alkylcarboxylic ester, aryl, arylcarboxylic acid, arylcarboxylic ester, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, amidyl, ester, carboxamido, alkylcarboxamido, carbomyl, sulfonic acid, sulfonic ester, sulfonamido and nitro.
  • exemplary substituted aryl groups include tetrafluorophenyl, pentafluorophenyl,
  • “Cycloalkenyl” refers to an unsaturated cyclic C 2 -C 10 hydrocarbon (preferably a C 2 -C 8 hydrocarbon, more preferably a C 2 -C 6 hydrocarbon) which can comprise one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.
  • Arylalkyl refers to an aryl radical, as defined herein, attached to an alkyl radical, as defined herein.
  • exemplary arylalkyl groups include benzyl, phenylethyl, 4-hydroxybenzyl, 3-fluorobenzyl, 2-fluorophenylethyl, and the like.
  • Arylalkenyl refers to an aryl radical, as defined herein, attached to an alkenyl radical, as defined herein.
  • exemplary arylalkenyl groups include styryl, propenylphenyl, and the like.
  • Cycloalkylalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl radical, as defined herein, attached to an alkyl radical, as defined herein.
  • Cycloalkylalkoxy refers to a cycloalkyl radical, as defined herein, attached to an alkoxy radical, as defined herein.
  • Cycloalkylalkylthio refers to a cycloalkyl radical, as defined herein, attached to an alkylthio radical, as defined herein.
  • Heterocyclicalkyl refers to a heterocyclic ring radical, as defined herein, attached to an alkyl radical, as defined herein.
  • Arylheterocyclic ring refers to a bi- or tricyclic ring comprised of an aryl ring, as defined herein, appended via two adjacent carbon atoms of the aryl ring to a heterocyclic ring, as defined herein.
  • exemplary arylheterocyclic rings include dihydroindole, 1,2,3,4tetra-hydroquinoline, and the like.
  • Alkoxy refers to R 50 O—, wherein R 50 is an alkyl group, as defined herein (preferably a lower alkyl group or a haloalkyl group, as defined herein).
  • alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, cyclopentyloxy, trifluoromethoxy, and the like.
  • Aryloxy refers to R 55 O—, wherein R 55 is an aryl group, as defined herein.
  • exemplary aryloxy groups include napthyloxy, quinolyloxy, isoquinolizinyloxy, and the like.
  • Alkylthio refers to R 50 S—, wherein R 50 is an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Arylalkoxy or alkoxyaryl refers to an alkoxy group, as defined herein, to which is appended an aryl group, as defined herein.
  • exemplary arylalkoxy groups include benzyloxy, phenylethoxy, chlorophenylethoxy, and the like.
  • Alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • exemplary alkoxyalkyl groups include methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, isopropoxymethyl, and the like.
  • Alkoxyhaloalkyl refers to an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to a haloalkyl group, as defined herein.
  • exemplary alkoxyhaloalkyl groups include 4-methoxy-2-chlorobutyl and the like.
  • Cycloalkoxy refers to R 54 O—, wherein R 54 is a cycloalkyl group or a bridged cycloalkyl group, as defined herein.
  • exemplary cycloalkoxy groups include cyclopropyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, and the like.
  • Cycloalkylthio refers to R 54 S—, wherein R 54 is a cycloalkyl group or a bridged cycloalkyl group, as defined herein.
  • exemplary cycloalkylthio groups include cyclopropylthio, cyclopentylthio, cyclohexylthio, and the like.
  • Haloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group, as defined herein, in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms on the alkoxy group are substituted with halogens, as defined herein.
  • exemplary haloalkoxy groups include 1,1,1-trichloroethoxy, 2-bromobutoxy, and the like.
  • Haldroxy refers to —OH.
  • Oxo refers to ⁇ O.
  • Oxy refers to —O ⁇ R 77 + wherein R 77 is an organic or inorganic cation.
  • Organic cation refers to a positively charged organic ion.
  • exemplary organic cations include alkyl substituted ammonium cations, and the like.
  • Inorganic cation refers to a positively charged metal ion.
  • Exemplary inorganic cations include Group I metal cations such as for example, sodium, potassium, and the like.
  • Hydroalkyl refers to a hydroxy group, as defined herein, appended to an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Nirate refers to —O—NO 2 .
  • Nirite refers to —O—NO.
  • Thionitrate refers to —S—NO 2 .
  • Niro refers to the group —NO 2 and “nitrosated” refers to compounds that have been substituted therewith.
  • Niroso refers to the group —NO and “nitrosylated” refers to compounds that have been substituted therewith.
  • Halogen or “halo” refers to iodine (I), bromine (Br), chlorine (Cl), and/or fluorine (F).
  • Amino refers to —NH 2 , an alkylamino group, a dialkylamino group, an arylamino group, a diarylamino group, an alkylarylamino group or a heterocyclic ring, as defined herein.
  • Alkylamino refers to R 50 NH—, wherein R 50 is an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • exemplary alkylamino groups include methylamino, ethylamino, butylamino, cyclohexylamino, and the like.
  • Arylamino refers to R 55 NH—, wherein R 55 is an aryl group, as defined herein.
  • Dialkylamino refers to R 52 R 53 N—, wherein R 52 and R 53 are each independently an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Exemplary dialkylamino groups include dimethylamino, diethylamino, methyl propargylamino, and the like.
  • Diarylamino refers to R 55 R 60 N—, wherein R 55 and R 60 are each independently an aryl group, as defined herein.
  • Alkylarylamino or arylalkylamino refers to R 52 R 55 N—, wherein R 52 is an alkyl group, as defined herein, and R 55 is an aryl group, as defined herein.
  • Alkylarylalkylamino refers to R 52 R 79 N—, wherein R 52 is an alkyl group, as defined herein, and R 79 is an arylalkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Alkylcycloalkylamino refers to R 52 R 80 N—, wherein R 52 is an alkyl group, as defined herein, and R 80 is an cycloalkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Aminoalkyl refers to an amino group, an alkylamino group, a dialkylamino group, an arylamino group, a diarylamino group, an alkylarylamino group or a heterocyclic ring, as defined herein, to which is appended an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • exemplary aminoalkyl groups include dimethylaminopropyl, diphenylaminocyclopentyl, methylaminomethyl, and the like.
  • Aminaryl refers to an aryl group to which is appended an alkylamino group, a arylamino group or an arylalkylamino group.
  • exemplary aminoaryl groups include anilino, N-methylanilino, N-benzylanilino, and the like.
  • Method refers to —C(S)—.
  • “Sulfonyl” refers to —S(O) 2 ⁇ .
  • “Sulfonic acid” refers to —S(O) 2 OR 76 , wherein R 76 is a hydrogen, an organic cation or an inorganic cation, as defined herein.
  • Alkylsulfonic acid refers to a sulfonic acid group, as defined herein, appended to an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Arylsulfonic acid refers to an sulfonic acid group, as defined herein, appended to an aryl group, as defined herein.
  • “Sulfonic ester” refers to —S(O) 2 OR 58 , wherein R 58 is an alkyl group, an aryl group or an aryl heterocyclic ring, as defined herein.
  • “Sulfonamido” refers to —S(O) 2 —N(R 51 )(R 57 ), wherein R 51 and R 57 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an arylheterocyclic ring, as defined herein, or R 51 and R 57 when taken together are a heterocyclic ring, a cycloalkyl group or a bridged cycloalkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Alkylsulfonamido refers to a sulfonamido group, as defined herein, appended to an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Arylsulfonamido refers to a sulfonamido group, as defined herein, appended to an aryl group, as defined herein.
  • Alkylthio refers to R 50 S—, wherein R 50 is an alkyl group, as defined herein (preferably a lower alkyl group, as defined herein).
  • Arylthio refers to R 55 S—, wherein R 55 is an aryl group, as defined herein.
  • Arylalkylthio refers to an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to an alkylthio group, as defined herein.
  • Alkylsulfinyl refers to R 50 —S(O)—, wherein R 50 is an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Alkylsulfonyl refers to R 50 —S(O) 2 —, wherein R 50 is an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Alkylsulfonyloxy refers to R 50 —S(O) 2 —O—, wherein R 50 is an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Arylsulfinyl refers to R 55 —S(O)—, wherein R 55 is an aryl group, as defined herein.
  • Arylsulfonyl refers to R 55 —S(O) 2 —, wherein R 55 is an aryl group, as defined herein.
  • Arylsulfonyloxy refers to R 55 —S(O) 2 —O—, wherein R 55 is an aryl group, as defined herein.
  • “Amidyl” refers to R 51 C(O)N(R 57 )— wherein R 51 and R 57 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an arylheterocyclic ring, as defined herein.
  • Ester refers to R 51 C(O)O— wherein R 51 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an arylheterocyclic ring, as defined herein.
  • Carbamoyl refers to —O—C(O)N(R 51 )(R 57 ), wherein R 51 and R 57 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an arylheterocyclic ring, as defined herein, or R 51 and R 57 taken together are a heterocyclic ring, a cycloalkyl group or a bridged cycloalkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Carboxyl refers to —C(O)OR 76 , wherein R 76 is a hydrogen, an organic cation or an inorganic cation, as defined herein.
  • Carbonyl refers to —C(O)—.
  • Alkylcarbonyl refers to R 52 —C(O)—, wherein R 52 is an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Arylcarbonyl refers to R 55 —C(O)—, wherein R 55 is an aryl group, as defined herein.
  • Arylalkylcarbonyl refers to R 55 —R 52 —C(O)—, wherein R 55 is an aryl group, as defined herein, and R 52 is an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Alkylarylcarbonyl refers to R 52 —R 55 —C(O)—, wherein R 55 is an aryl group, as defined herein, and R 52 is an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Heterocyclicalkylcarbonyl refer to R 78 C(O)— wherein R 78 is a heterocyclicalkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Carboxylic ester refers to —C(O)OR 58 , wherein R 58 is an alkyl group, an aryl group or an aryl heterocyclic ring, as defined herein.
  • Alkylcarboxylic acid and “alkylcarboxyl” refer to an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to a carboxyl group, as defined herein.
  • Alkylcarboxylic ester refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to a carboxylic ester group, as defined herein.
  • Arylcarboxylic acid refers to an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to a carboxyl group, as defined herein.
  • Arylcarboxylic ester and “arylcarboxyl” refer to an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to a carboxylic ester group, as defined herein.
  • Carboxamido refers to —C(O)N(R 51 )(R 57 ), wherein R 51 and R 57 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an arylheterocyclic ring, as defined herein, or R 51 and R 57 when taken together are a heterocyclic ring, a cycloalkyl group or a bridged cycloalkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Alkylcarboxamido refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to a carboxamido group, as defined herein.
  • Arylcarboxamido refers to an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to a carboxamido group, as defined herein.
  • “Urea” refers to —N(R 59 )—C(O)N(R 51 )(R 57 ) wherein R 51 , R 57 , and R 59 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or an arylheterocyclic ring, as defined herein, or R 51 and R 57 taken together are a heterocyclic ring, a cycloalkyl group or a bridged cycloalkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Phosphoryl refers to —P(R 70 )(R 71 )(R 72 ), wherein R 70 is a lone pair of electrons, thial or oxo, and R 71 and R 72 are each independently a covalent bond, a hydrogen, a lower alkyl, an alkoxy, an alkylamino, a hydroxy, an oxy or an aryl, as defined herein.
  • “Silyl” refers to —Si(R 73 )(R 74 )(R 75 ), wherein R 73 , R 74 and R 75 are each independently a covalent bond, a lower alkyl, an alkoxy, an aryl or an arylalkoxy, as defined herein.
  • Treatment or prevention of inflammation, pain and fever; treatment and/or improvement of the gastrointestinal properties of COX-2 inhibitors; facilitation of wound healing; and treatment and/or prevention of renal toxicity and cyclooxygenase-2 mediated disorders can be obtained by the use of the nitrosated and/or nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitors of the present invention; or by the use of the nitrosated and/or nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitors in conjunction with one or more compounds that donate, release or transfer nitric oxide and/or stimulate endogenous production of NO and/or EDRF in vivo and/or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase, and, optionally, with one or more therapeutic agents.
  • the present invention describes nitrosated and/or nitrosylated COX-2 inhibitors of Formula (I):
  • R 1 is:
  • R 1′ is:
  • R 2 is:
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • heteroaryl is a monocyclic aromatic ring of 5 atoms, said ring having one heteroatom which is S, O, or N, and, optionally, 1, 2, or 3 additional N atoms; or the heteroaryl is a monocyclic ring of 6 atoms, said ring having one heteroatom which is N, and, optionally, 1, 2,3, or 4 additional N atoms; wherein the substituents are each independently:
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • R 3 is:
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • R 4 , R 4 ′, R 5 and R 5 ′ are each independently:
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • heteroaryl is a monocyclic aromatic ring of 5 atoms, said ring having one heteroatom which is S, O, or N, and, optionally, 1, 2, or 3 additional N atoms; or the heteroaryl is a monocyclic ring of 6 atoms, said ring having one heteroatom which is N, and, optionally, 1, 2, 3, or 4 additional N atoms; said substituents are each independently:
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • R 4 and R 5 together with the carbons to which they are attached are:
  • R 4 and R 4′ or R 5 and R 5′ taken together with the carbon to which they are attached are:
  • R 4 and R 5 , R 4′ and R 5′ , R 4 and R 5′ , or R 4′ and R 5 when substituents on adjacent carbon atoms taken together with the carbons to which they are attached are:
  • R 6 and R 7 are each independently:
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • haloalkyl preferably fluoroalkyl
  • R 8 is:
  • R 9 is:
  • haloalkyl preferably fluoroalkyl
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • R 10 and R 10 ′ are each independently:
  • R 11 is:
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • heteroaryl is a monocyclic aromatic ring of 5 atoms, said ring having one heteroatom which is S, O, or N, and, optionally, 1, 2, or 3 additional N atoms; or said heteroaryl is a monocyclic ring of 6 atoms, said ring having one heteroatom which is N, and, optionally 1, 2, or 3 additional N atoms, and wherein said substituents are each independently:
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • haloalkyl preferably CF 3 ;
  • R 12 and R 13 are each independently:
  • R 12 and R 13 together with the atom to which they are attached form a saturated monocyclic ring of 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 atoms;
  • R 14 and R 15 are each independently:
  • R 14 and R 15 together with the atom to which they are attached form a carbonyl, a thial, or a saturated monocyclic ring of 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 atoms;
  • V is:
  • K is —W aa —E b —(C(R e )(R f )) p —E c —(C(R e )(R f )) x —W d —(C(R e )(R f )) y —W i —E j —W g —(C(R e )(R f )) z —U—V; wherein aa, b, c, d, g, i and j are each independently an integer from 0 to 3;
  • p, x, y and z are each independently an integer from 0 to 10;
  • W at each occurrence is independently:
  • h is an integer form 1 to 10;
  • q is an integer from 1 to 5;
  • R e and R f are each independently:
  • k is an integer from 1 to 2;
  • T at each occurrence is independently:
  • o is an integer from 0 to 2;
  • R a is:
  • R i is:
  • the compounds of Formula I must contain at least one nitrite, nitrate, thionitrite or thionitrate group.
  • R i can be a substituent on any disubstituted nitrogen contained within the radical where R i is as defined herein.
  • E 0 would denote a covalent bond
  • E 2 denotes (E—E)
  • C(R e )(R f )) 2 denotes —C(R e )(R f )—C(R e )(R f )—.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds of the Formula (II):
  • A—B is:
  • R 97 is:
  • a is an integer from 1 to 3;
  • R 1 , R 1′ , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 4 ′, R 5 and R 5 ′ are as defined herein;
  • the compounds of Formula II must contain at least one nitrite, nitrate, thionitrite or thionitrate group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds of the Formula (III):
  • X 3 is:
  • Y 3 is:
  • X 3 and Y 3 taken together are —CR 82 (R 83 )—CR 82′ )—(R 83′ )—;
  • R 82 , R 82′ , R 83 and R 83′ are each independently:
  • R 84 is:
  • R 85 is:
  • R 82 and R 83 or R 82′ and R 83′ taken together are:
  • R 86 and R 87 are each independently:
  • R 88 is:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 5 , R 5 ′, R 6 , U, D 1 , o and k are as defined herein;
  • the compounds of Formula III must contain at least one nitrite, nitrate, thionitrite or thionitrate group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds of the Formula (IV)
  • X 4 and Z 4 are each independently:
  • R 20 is:
  • R 21 and R 21′ are each independently:
  • haloalkyl preferably fluoroalkyl
  • R 22 is:
  • haloalkyl preferably fluoroalkyl
  • R 14 and R 15 are each independently:
  • R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , R 28 are each independently:
  • Y 5 is:
  • R 29 and R 30 are each independently:
  • R 29 and R 30 taken together are an oxo group
  • s is an integer from 2 to 4.
  • R 8 , D 1 , T, U, K and o are as defined herein;
  • the compounds of Formula IV must contain at least one nitrite, nitrate, thionitrite or thionitrate group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention provides compounds of the Formula (V):
  • X 5 is:
  • R 31 is:
  • haloalkoxy preferably —OCH 2 F, —OCHF 2 , or —OCHF 2 ;
  • R 32 , R 33 , R 34 , R 35 , R 36 and R 37 are each independently:

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JP2003523958A (ja) 2003-08-12
CN100486573C (zh) 2009-05-13
RU2002119574A (ru) 2004-01-10
CA2393724A1 (en) 2001-06-28
EP1246621A1 (en) 2002-10-09
US7166618B2 (en) 2007-01-23
US20030220228A1 (en) 2003-11-27
US20070060571A1 (en) 2007-03-15
US7432285B2 (en) 2008-10-07
NZ519781A (en) 2004-04-30
AP2002002582A0 (en) 2002-09-30
AU2592801A (en) 2001-07-03
BR0017037A (pt) 2003-06-10
US20090099139A1 (en) 2009-04-16
CN1434712A (zh) 2003-08-06
WO2001045703A1 (en) 2001-06-28
IL150368A0 (en) 2002-12-01
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AU782971B2 (en) 2005-09-15
KR20020067574A (ko) 2002-08-22
EP1246621A4 (en) 2004-11-24

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