Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D407/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00
  • C07D407/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D407/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
  • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D311/94—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with rings other than six-membered or with ring systems containing such rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/15—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring
  • C08K5/151—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring having one oxygen atom in the ring
  • C08K5/1545—Six-membered rings
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/20—Filters
  • G02B5/22—Absorbing filters
  • G02B5/23—Photochromic filters

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel substituted naphthopyran compounds having a substituted or unsubstituted indeno group, the 2,1 positions of which are fused to the f side of the naphtho portion of the naphthopyran, and certain substituents at the 3-position of the pyran ring.
• These compounds have unexpectedly been found to demonstrate a bathochromic shift for the wavelength in the visible spectrum at which the maximum absorption of the activated (colored) form of the photochromic compound, i.e., the lambda max (Vis), occurs, thereby resulting in activated colors ranging from orange to blue/gray.
• these compounds have demonstrated a high molar absorptivity (or molar extinction coefficient) in the UV, an acceptable fade rate without the addition of acids or bases, a high activated intensity, and a high coloration rate.
• photochromic plastic materials particularly plastic materials for optical applications
• photochromic ophthalmic plastic lenses have been investigated because of the weight advantage they offer, vis-a-vis, glass lenses.
• photochromic transparencies for vehicles such as cars and airplanes, have been of interest because of the potential safety features that such transparencies offer.
• R 1 and R 2 may together form an oxo group, a spiro-heterocyclic group containing 2 oxygen atoms and 3 to 6 carbon atoms including the spirocarbon atom, which may be represented by the expression (--O--(C 2 -C 5 alkanediyl)--O--), e.g., spiro-1,3-dioxolane-2, spiro-1,3-dioxane-2, etc.
• R 1 and R 2 may each be hydrogen, hydroxy, C 1-C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, allyl, phenyl, mono-substituted phenyl, benzyl, mono-substituted benzyl, chloro, fluoro, the group --C(O)W, wherein W is hydroxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, phenyl, mono-substituted phenyl, amino, mono(C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino, or di(C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino, e.g.
• R 1 and R 2 may each be the group, --OR 5 , wherein R 5 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, phenyl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, mono(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl substituted phenyl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, mono(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy substituted phenyl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy(C 2 -C 4 )alkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, mono(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl substituted C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 chloroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 fluoroalkyl, allyl, the group, --CH(R 6 )X, wherein R 6 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 3 alkyl and X is CN,
• R 1 and R 2 are each selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, chloro, fluoro and the group, --OR 5 , wherein R 5 is C 1 -C 3 alkyl, phenyl(C 1 -C 2 )alkyl, mono(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl substituted phenyl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, mono(C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy substituted phenyl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy(C 2 -C 4 )alkyl, C 1 -C 3 chloroalkyl, C 1 -C 3 fluoroalkyl, the group, --CH(R 6 )X, wherein R 6 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 alkyl and X is CN or COOR 7 , R 7 being hydrogen or C 1 -C 2
• R 3 and R 4 in graphic formula I may each be C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, chloro or fluoro; m and n are each the integers 0, 1, or 2; R 3 may be located at the number 10 and/or number 11 ring atoms of the naphthopyran; and R 4 may be located at the number 6 and/or number 7 ring atoms. When m and n are 2, the R 3 (and R 4 ) substituents may be the same or different.
• R 3 and R 4 are each C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, or fluoro; m and n are each the integers 0 or 1; R 3 is located at the number 11 ring atom; and R 4 is located at the number 6 ring atom. Most preferably, R 3 and R 4 are each C 1 -C 3 alkyl or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, and m and n are each the integers 0 or 1.
• B and B' in graphic formula I may each be selected from the group consisting of: (i) the unsubstituted, mono-, di-, and tri-substituted aryl groups, phenyl and naphthyl; (ii) the unsubstituted, mono- and di-substituted aromatic heterocyclic groups pyridyl, furanyl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, thienyl, benzothien-2-yl, benzothien-3-yl, each of said aryl and aromatic heterocyclic substituents in parts (i) and (ii) being selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, amino, mono(C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino, di(C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino, piperidino, morpholino, pyrryl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 chloroalkyl, C 1 -C 6 fluoro
• B and B' are each selected from the group consisting of: (i) phenyl, mono-substituted phenyl, and di-substituted phenyl, preferably substituted in the meta and/or para positions; (ii) the unsubstituted, mono- and di-substituted aromatic heterocyclic groups furanyl, benzofuran-2-yl, thienyl, and benzothien-2-yl, each of said phenyl and aromatic heterocyclic substituents being selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, amino, mono(C 1 -C 3 )alkylamino, di(C 1 -C 3 )alkylamino, piperidino, morpholino, pyrryl, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 chloroalkyl, C 1 -C 3 fluoroalkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, mono(C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy(C 1
• B and B' are each selected from the group consisting of (i) phenyl, mono- and di-substituted phenyl, (ii) the unsubstituted, mono- and di-substituted aromatic heterocyclic groups furanyl, benzofuran-2-yl, thienyl, and benzothien-2-yl, each of said phenyl and aromatic heterocyclic substituents being selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, fluoro and chloro; and (iii) the group represented by graphic formula IIA, wherein A is carbon and D is oxygen, R 8 is C 1 -C 3 alkyl or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, R 9 and R 10 are each hydrogen or C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and p is the integer 0 or 1; or (iv) B and B' taken together form fluoren-9-ylidene, adamantylid
• Reaction B the substituted or unsubstituted ketone represented by graphic formula VA, in which B and B' may represent groups other than substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, as shown in graphic formula V, is reacted with sodium acetylide in a suitable solvent, such as anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF), to form the corresponding propargyl alcohol represented by graphic formula VI.
• a suitable solvent such as anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF)
• Propargyl alcohols having B or B' groups other than substituted and unsubstituted phenyl may be prepared from commercially available ketones or ketones prepared via reaction of an acyl halide with a substituted or unsubstituted benzene, naphthalene or heteroaromatic compound.
• Propargyl alcohols having a B or B' group represented by graphic formula IIC may be prepared by the methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,274,132, column
• Reaction C a substituted or unsubstituted benzophenone represented by graphic formula VB is reacted with an ester of succinic acid such as dimethyl succinate represented by graphic formula VII.
• an ester of succinic acid such as dimethyl succinate represented by graphic formula VII.
• Addition of the reactants to a solvent, e.g., toluene, containing potassium t-butoxide or sodium hydride as the base yields the Stobbe condensation half ester represented by graphic formula VIII.
• R 3 and R 4 on the benzophenone are not identical, i.e., not structurally symmetrical, a mixture of cis and trans half esters will be formed that will require further purification to isolate a distinct isomer.
• the half ester (VIII) undergoes cyclodehydration in the presence of acetic anhydride to form the acetoxynaphthalene represented by graphic formula IX.
• This product is hydrolyzed in an aqueous alcoholic solution of base, such as sodium hydroxide, followed by treatment with aqueous hydrochloric acid (H + ) to form the carboxynaphthol represented by graphic formula X.
• base such as sodium hydroxide
• the carboxynaphthol represented by graphic formula X is cyclized by heating, e.g., from about to about 220° C., in the presence of an acid, such as phosphoric acid, to a hydroxy-substituted benz-fused fluorenone represented by graphic formula XI.
• an acid such as phosphoric acid
• graphic formula XI a hydroxy-substituted benz-fused fluorenone represented by graphic formula XI.
• DBSA dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid
• the reduction of the compound represented by graphic formula XI via the Wolff-Kishner reduction results in the compound represented by graphic formula XIA.
• Coupling of the compound represented by graphic formula XIA with a propargyl alcohol represented by graphic formula VI results in the indeno-fused naphthopyran represented by graphic formula IB.
• the replacement of the hydrogens in graphic formula IB by alkyl groups, e.g., R 1 and R 2 is accomplished by reaction of the compound IB with trialkyl aluminum to produce the compound represented by graphic formula IC.
• Reaction E further methods for preparing compounds represented by graphic formula I having different R 1 and R 2 substituents are described.
• Starting with the compound represented by graphic formula IA reduction with lithium aluminum hydroxide (LAH) results in the compound represented by graphic formula ID.
• LAH lithium aluminum hydroxide
• Other methods for reducing the carbonyl group are described in the text The Chemistry of the Carbonyl Group, Chapter 11, Saul Patai, Editor, 1966, Interscience Publishers.
• Compounds represented by graphic formula I may be used in those applications in which organic photochromic substances may be employed, such as optical lenses, e.g., vision correcting ophthalmic lenses and plano lenses, face shields, goggles, visors, camera lenses, windows, automotive windshields, aircraft and automotive transparencies, e.g., T-roofs, sidelights and backlights, plastic films and sheets, textiles and coatings, e.g., coating compositions such as paints, and verification marks on security documents, e.g., documents such as banknotes, passports and drivers' licenses for which authentication or verification of authenticity may be desired.
• Naphthopyrans represented by graphic formula I exhibit color changes from colorless to colors ranging from orange to blue/gray.
• organic photochromic naphthopyrans of the present invention may be used alone, in combination with other naphthopyrans of the present invention, or in combination with one or more other appropriate complementary organic photochromic materials, i.e., organic photochromic compounds having at least one activated absorption maxima within the range of between about 400 and 700 nanometers, or substances containing same, and may be incorporated, e.g., dissolved or dispersed, in a polymeric organic host material used to prepare photochromic articles and which color when activated to an appropriate hue.
• organic photochromic naphthopyrans of the present invention may be used alone, in combination with other naphthopyrans of the present invention, or in combination with one or more other appropriate complementary organic photochromic materials, i.e., organic photochromic compounds having at least one activated absorption maxima within the range of between about 400 and 700 nanometers, or substances containing same, and may be incorporated, e.g., dissolved or dispersed, in a polymeric organic host material
• Examples of complementary organic photochromic compounds include other naphthopyrans, benzopyrans, phenanthropyrans, spiro(benzindoline)naphthopyrans, spiro(indoline)benzopyrans, spiro(indoline)naphthopyrans, spiro(indoline)quinopyrans, spiro(indoline)pyrans, spiro(indoline)naphthoxazines, spiro(indoline)pyridobenzoxazines, spiro(benzindoline)pyridobenzoxazines, spiro(benzindoline)naphthoxazines, spiro(indoline)benzoxazines, and mixtures of such photochromic compounds.
• Each of the photochromic substances described herein may be used in amounts (or in a ratio) such that an organic host material to which the photochromic compounds or mixture of compounds is applied or in which they are incorporated exhibits a desired resultant color, e.g., a substantially neutral color when activated with unfiltered sunlight, i.e., as near a neutral color as possible given the colors of the activated photochromic compounds.
• a desired resultant color e.g., a substantially neutral color when activated with unfiltered sunlight, i.e., as near a neutral color as possible given the colors of the activated photochromic compounds.
• a neutral gray color exhibits a spectrum that has relatively equal absorption in the visible range between 400 and 700 nanometers.
• a neutral brown color exhibits a spectrum in which the absorption in the 400-550 nanometer range is moderately larger than in the 550-700 nanometer range.
• the amount of photochromic substance or composition containing same applied to or incorporated into a host material is not critical provided that a sufficient amount is used to produce a photochromic effect discernible to the naked eye upon activation. Generally such amount can be described as a photochromic amount. The particular amount used depends often upon the intensity of color desired upon irradiation thereof and upon the method used to incorporate or apply the photochromic substances. Typically, the more photochromic substance applied or incorporated, the greater is the color intensity up to a certain limit.
• the relative amounts of the aforesaid photochromic compounds used will vary and depend in part upon the relative intensities of the color of the activated species of such compounds, and the ultimate color desired.
• the amount of total photochromic substance incorporated into or applied to a photochromic optical host material may range from about 0.05 to about 1.0, e.g., from 0.1 to about 0.45, milligrams per square centimeter of surface to which the photochromic substance(s) is incorporated or applied.
• the host material will usually be transparent, but may be translucent or even opaque.
• the host material need only be transparent to that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, which activates the photochromic substance, i.e., that wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) light that produces the open form of the substance and that portion of the visible spectrum that includes the absorption maximum wavelength of the substance in its UV activated form, i.e., the open form.
• the host color should not be such that it masks the color of the activated form of the photochromic substance, i.e., so the change in color is readily apparent to the observer.
• polymeric organic host materials which may be used with the photochromic substances or compositions described herein include: polymers, i.e., homopolymers and copolymers, of polyol(allyl carbonate) monomers, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomers, diisopropenyl benzene monomers, ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate monomers, ethylene glycol bismethacrylate monomers, poly(ethylene glycol) bismethacrylate monomers, ethoxylated phenol methacrylate monomers and alkoxylated polyhydric alcohol acrylate monomers, such as ethoxylated trimethylol propane triacrylate monomers; polymers, i.e., homopolymers and copolymers, of polyfunctional, e.g., mono-, di- or multi-functional, acrylate and/or methacrylate monomers, poly(C 1 -C 12 alkyl methacrylates), such as poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(C
• Transparent copolymers and blends of transparent polymers are also suitable as host materials.
• the host material is an optically clear polymerized organic material prepared from a thermoplastic polycarbonate resin, such as the carbonate-linked resin derived from bisphenol A and phosgene, which is sold under the trademark, LEXAN; a polyester, such as the material sold under the trademark, MYLAR; a poly(methyl methacrylate), such as the material sold under the trademark, PLEXIGLAS; polymerizates of a polyol(allyl carbonate) monomer, especially diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate), which monomer is sold under the trademark CR-39, and polymerizates of copolymers of a polyol (allyl carbonate), e.g., diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate), with other copolymerizable monomeric materials, such as copolymers with vinyl acetate, e.g., copolymers of from 80-90 percent diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate
• Potassium t-butoxide (75 grams, 0.67 mole) was added to a reaction flask containing 200 milliliters (mL) of toluene.
• the reaction flask was equiped with an overhead stirrer, dropping funnel, and a condenser with nitrogen inlet.
• the contents of the reaction flask was heated to reflux temperature and a mixture of benzophenone (91 grams, 0.5 mole), dimethyl succinate (90 grams, 0.62 mole), and toluene (100 grams) was added over a period of one-half hour.
• the resulting pasty mixture was refluxed an additional two hours, cooled, and about 400 mL of water was added and mixed well.
• the aqueous layer was separated, acidified with dilute hydrochloric acid, and extracted with 200 mL of toluene.
• the solvents, toluene and residual t-butanol, were removed on the rotary evaporator to produce a near quantitative yield of crude half-ester, 4,4-diphenyl-3-methoxycarbonyl-3-butenoic acids. This material was not purified further but was used directly in the next step.
• the oil containing 1-phenyl-2-methoxycarbonyl-4-acetoxy-naphthalene from Step 2 was added to a reaction flask containing 400 mL of methanol. Two mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added and the mixture was heated to reflux. After approximately four hours, the volume of the mixture was reduced by half on a rotary evaporator. As the mixture cooled, the product started to crystallize. The resulting crystals were suction filtered, washed with fresh methanol, and dried. The recovered product, 100 grams, had a melting point of 174°-176° C. and a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (NMR) showing the product to have a structure consistent with 4-phenyl-3-methoxycarbonyl-1-naphthol.
• NMR nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum
• the 4-phenyl-3-methoxycarbonyl-1-naphthol 100 grams, from Step 3, was added to a reaction flask containing 350 mL of a 10 weight percent aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 50 mL of methanol. The mixture was refluxed for one hour, cooled, then slowly poured into a beaker containing approximately one liter of cold (approx. 4° C.) dilute hydrochloric acid. About 90 grams of the resulting crystalline product, 1-phenyl-4-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, having a melting point of 210°-212° C., was collected by vacuum filtration.
• Example 1 The process of Example 1 was followed except that in Step 7, three grams of 3,3-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-13-oxo-indeno[2,1-f]naphtho[1,2-b]pyran was added to a reaction flask containing 50 mL of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath and protected from moisture with a nitrogen pad while an excess of methyl Grignard reagent was added to the reaction with stirring. After stirring an additional ten minutes, 200 mL of 5 weight percent aqueous hydrochloric acid was added and the organic layer was separated and washed with water. The solvent, tetrahydrofuran, was removed on a rotary evaporator.
• Example 1 The process of Example 1 was followed except that in Step 6, 1-(2,3-dihydrobenzofur-5-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propyn-1-ol was used in place of 1,1-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propyn-1-ol.
• Example 1 The process of Example 1 was followed except that in Step 1, 200 grams of toluene instead of 100 grams was used in solubilizing the 4,4'-dimethylbenzophenone (105 grams, 0.5 mole) which was used in place of benzophenone to produce di(4-methylphenyl)-3-methoxycarbonyl-3-butenoic acid.
• This Stobbe half ester was used in Step 2 to produce 100 grams of 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-methoxycarbonyl-4-acetoxy-6-methyl naphthalene, having a melting point of 144°-146° C.
• Step 3 of the process of Example 1 was ommitted.
• Step 4 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-methoxycarbonyl-4-acetoxy-6-methyl naphthalene was used in place of 4-phenyl-3-methoxycarbonyl-1-naphthol to produce 1-(4-methylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-naphthoic acid, having a melting point of 210°-213° C.
• Step 5 100 grams of this product was used in place of 1-phenyl-4-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and mixed with xylene (250 grams) and 250 grams of a 85 weight percent phosphoric acid solution.
• Example 4 The process of Example 4 was followed except that in Step 6, 10 grams of 1,1-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propyn-1-ol was reacted with 10 grams of 3,9-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-7H-benzo[C]-fluoren-7-one to produce 16 grams of product having a melting point of 227°-229° C. An NMR spectrum showed the product to have a structure consistent with 3,3-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-6,11-dimethyl-13-oxo-indeno[2,1-f]naphtho[1,2-b]pyran.
• Step 7 10 grams of the pyran product from Step 6 was reacted with an excess of methyl Grignard and the desired product was crystallized from methanol instead of an ether hexane mixture.
• the recovered product 8 grams, had a melting point of 233°-235° C.
• An NMR spectrum showed the product to have a structure consistent with 3,3-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-6,11,13-trimethyl-13-hydroxy-indeno[2,1-f]naphtho[1,2-b]pyran.
• Example 5 The process of Example 5 was followed except that in Step 7, an excess of ethyl Grignard reagent, in place of methyl Grignard reagent, was reacted with 3 grams of 3,3-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-6,11-dimethyl-13-oxo-indeno[2,1-f]naphtho[1,2-b]pyran to produce 1.4 grams of a crystalline product that had a melting point of 153°-155° C. An NMR spectrum showed the product to have a structure consistent with 3,3-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-6,11-dimethyl-13-ethyl-13-hydroxy-indeno[2,1-f]naphtho[1,2-b]pyran.
• Example 5 The process of Example 5 was followed except that in Step 7, an excess of isopropyl Grignard reagent, in place of methyl Grignard, was reacted with 3 grams of 3,3-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-6,11-dimethyl-13-oxo-indeno[2,1-f]naphtho[1,2-b]pyran to produce 1.7 grams of a crystalline product that had a melting point of 209°-210° C.
• Example 5 The process of Example 5 was followed except that in Step 7, an excess of t-butyl Grignard reagent, in place of methyl Grignard, was reacted with 3 grams of 3,3-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-6,11-dimethyl-13-oxo-indeno[2,1-f]naphtho[1,2-b]pyran to produce 1.0 gram of a crystalline product that had a melting point of greater than 240° C.
• Example 5 The process of Example 5 was followed except that in Step 7, an excess of n-butyl lithium reagent, in place of methyl Grignard, was reacted with 3 grams of 3,3-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-6,11-dimethyl-13-oxo-indeno[2,1-f]naphtho[1,2-b]pyran to produce 1.0 gram of a crystalline product that had a melting point of 148°-150° C. An NMR spectrum showed the product to have a structure consistent with 3,3-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-6,11-dimethyl-13-butyl-13-hydroxy-indeno[2,1-f]naphtho[1,2-b]pyran.
• test square polymerizates were prepared from a diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) composition sold by PPG Industries, Inc. under the designation CR-307 optical resin and measured 1/4 inch (0.6 centimeters) ⁇ 2 inches (5.1 centimeters) ⁇ 2 inches (5.1 centimeters).
• the test squares were imbibed by the following procedure. Each naphthopyran was dissolved to form a 10 weight percent solution in a 1:9 mixture of ethyl cellulose:toluene. The solution was then spin coated onto the test squares and allowed to dry. Samples were then heated in a hot-air oven at 135°-155° C.
• the photochromic test squares of Part A were tested for photochromic response rates on an optical bench. Prior to testing on the optical bench, the photochromic test squares were exposed to 365 nanometer ultraviolet light for about 15 minutes to activate the photochromic compounds and then placed into a 76° C. oven for about 15 minutes to bleach the photochromic compounds. The test squares were then cooled to room temperature, exposed to fluorescent room lighting for at least 2 hours and then kept covered for at least 2 hours prior to testing on an optical bench maintained at 75° F. (23.9° C.).
• the optical bench comprises a 150 watt Xenon arc lamp, a tungsten lamp, power supplies for both lamps, condensing lenses as needed to maintain collimated light beams from both lamps, a remote controlled shutter, a copper sulfate bath acting as a heat sink for the arc lamp, a Schott WG-320 nm cut-off filter which removes short wavelength radiation, neutral density filter(s), a sample holder in which the sample to be tested is inserted, a photopic filter, light detector, and radiometer assembly, a strip chart recorder, and a means for maintaining the alignment of the aforestated components during testing.
• Change in optical density ( ⁇ OD) of a sample was determined by inserting a photochromic test sample in the bleached state into the sample holder, adjusting the transmittance scale to 100%, opening the shutter from the Xenon lamp to provide ultraviolet radiation to change the sample from the bleached state to an activated (darkened) state, measuring the transmittance through the sample.
• the transmittance was measured by directing a beam of light from the tungsten lamp at a small angle normal to the surface of the sample, through the sample, and to a photopic filter, light detector and radiometer assembly.
• the photopic filter passes wavelengths such that the detector mimics the response of the human eye and produces output signals that are processed by the radiometer.
• the ⁇ OD/Min which represents the sensitivity of the photochromic compound's response to UV light, was measured over the first five (5) seconds of UV exposure, then expressed on a per minute basis.
• the saturation optical density (OD) was taken under identical conditions as the ⁇ OD/Min, except UV exposure was continued for 20 minutes.
• the lambda max (Vis) is the wavelength in the visible spectrum at which the maximum absorption of the activated (colored) form of the photochromic compound in the test square occurs.
• the bleach rate (T 1/2) is the time interval in seconds for the absorbance of the activated form of the naphthopyran in the test squares to reach one half the highest absorbance at room temperature (75° F., 23.9° C.) after removal of the source of activating light. Results for the compounds of the Examples are tabulated in Table 1.
• Example Compounds The principal products of the Example Compounds were dissolved in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether. The concentration of the resulting solutions was approximately 0.5 milligram per milliliter. Each solution was tested in a UV spectrophotometer to determine the wavelength in the ultraviolet range closest to the visible spectrum at which the absorption of the photochromic compound occurs. These results are reported as the lambda( ⁇ ) max (UV) in Table 2.
• the lambda max (Vis) is the wavelength in the visible spectrum at which the maximum absorption of the activated (colored) form of the photochromic compound in a test square occurs.
• the lambda max (Vis) wavelengths reported in Table 2 were determined by testing the photochromic test squares polymerizates of Part A on the optical bench of Part B.
• the molar absorptivity was measured in a UV spectrophotometer for a 2 ⁇ 10 -3 molar solution of selected Example compounds in a 0.1 centimeter quartz cell.

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