US5552306A - Production of γ-linolenic acid by a Δ6-desaturase - Google Patents

Production of γ-linolenic acid by a Δ6-desaturase Download PDF

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US5552306A
US5552306A US08/307,382 US30738294A US5552306A US 5552306 A US5552306 A US 5552306A US 30738294 A US30738294 A US 30738294A US 5552306 A US5552306 A US 5552306A
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desaturase
bacteria
gla
acid
promoter
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Terry L. Thomas
Avutu S. Reddy
Michael Nuccio
Georges L. Freyssinet
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Bayer CropScience SA
Bayer SAS
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Rhone Poulenc Agrochimie SA
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Priority to US08/366,779 priority patent/US5614393A/en
Priority to US08/478,727 priority patent/US5663068A/en
Priority to US08/473,508 priority patent/US5689050A/en
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Priority to US08/934,254 priority patent/US6355861B1/en
Priority to US09/685,775 priority patent/US6683232B1/en
Priority to US10/029,756 priority patent/US7189894B2/en
Priority to US10/702,777 priority patent/US7282623B2/en
Priority to US11/652,466 priority patent/US20070130654A1/en
Priority to US11/901,658 priority patent/US20090077692A1/en
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    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0071—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on paired donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (1.14)
    • C12N9/0083—Miscellaneous (1.14.99)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/74—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
    • C12N15/8243—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine
    • C12N15/8247—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving modified lipid metabolism, e.g. seed oil composition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
    • C12P7/6409—Fatty acids
    • C12P7/6427—Polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA], i.e. having two or more double bonds in their backbone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
    • C12P7/6436—Fatty acid esters
    • C12P7/6445—Glycerides
    • C12P7/6472—Glycerides containing polyunsaturated fatty acid [PUFA] residues, i.e. having two or more double bonds in their backbone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y114/00—Oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (1.14)
    • C12Y114/19—Oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (1.14) with oxidation of a pair of donors resulting in the reduction of molecular oxygen to two molecules of water (1.14.19)
    • C12Y114/19003—Linoleoyl-CoA desaturase (1.14.19.3)
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S530/00—Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; lignins or reaction products thereof
    • Y10S530/82—Proteins from microorganisms
    • Y10S530/825—Bacteria

Definitions

  • Linoleic acid (18:2) (LA) is transformed into gamma linolenic acid (18:3) (GLA) by the enzyme ⁇ 6-desaturase.
  • this enzyme, or the nucleic acid encoding it is transferred into LA-producing cells, GLA is produced.
  • the present invention provides a nucleic acid comprising the ⁇ 6-desaturase gene. More specifically, the nucleic acid comprises the promoter, coding region and termination regions of the ⁇ 6-desaturase gene.
  • the present invention is further directed to recombinant constructions comprising a ⁇ 6-desaturase coding region in functional combination with heterologous regulatory sequences.
  • the nucleic acids and recombinant constructions of the instant invention are useful in the production of GLA in transgenic organisms.
  • Unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic (C 18 ⁇ 9 ,12) and ⁇ -linolenic (C 18 ⁇ 9 ,12,15) acids are essential dietary constituents that cannot be synthesized by vertebrates since vertebrate cells can introduce double bonds at the ⁇ 9 position of fatty acids but cannot introduce additional double bonds between the ⁇ 9 double bond and the methyl-terminus of the fatty acid chain. Because they are precursors of other products, linoleic and ⁇ -linolenic acids are essential fatty acids, and are usually obtained from plant sources.
  • Linoleic acid can be converted by mammals into ⁇ -linolenic acid (GLA, C 18 ⁇ 6 ,9,12) which can in turn be converted to arachidonic acid (20:4), a critically important fatty acid since it is an essential precursor of most prostaglandins.
  • GLA ⁇ -linolenic acid
  • arachidonic acid (20:4)
  • the dietary provision of linoleic acid by virtue of its resulting conversion to GLA and arachidonic acid, satisfies the dietary need for GLA and arachidonic acid.
  • a relationship has been demonstrated between consumption of saturated fats and health risks such as hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis and other chemical disorders which correlate with susceptibility to coronary disease, while the consumption of unsaturated fats has been associated with decreased blood cholesterol concentration and reduced risk of atherosclerosis.
  • the therapeutic benefits of dietary GLA may result from GLA being a precursor to arachidonic acid and thus subsequently contributing to prostaglandin synthesis. Accordingly, consumption of the more unsaturated GLA, rather than linoleic acid, has potential health benefits.
  • GLA is not present in virtually any commercially grown crop plant.
  • the present invention is directed to an isolated ⁇ 6-desaturase gene.
  • the isolated gene comprises the ⁇ 6-desaturase promoter, coding region, and termination region.
  • the present invention is further directed to expression vectors comprising the ⁇ 6-desaturase promoter, coding region and termination region.
  • Yet another aspect of this invention is directed to expression vectors comprising a ⁇ 6-desaturase coding region in functional combination with heterologous regulatory regions, i.e. elements not derived from the ⁇ 6-desaturase gene.
  • Cells and organisms comprising the vectors of the present invention, and progeny of such organisms, are also provided by the present invention.
  • a further aspect of the present invention provides isolated bacterial ⁇ 6-desaturase.
  • Yet another aspect of this invention provides a method for producing plants with increased gamma linolenic acid content.
  • a method for producing chilling tolerant plants is also provided by the present invention.
  • FIGS. 1A-1B depicts the hydropathy profiles of the deduced amino acid sequences of Synechocystis ⁇ 6-desaturase (Panel 1A) and ⁇ 12-desaturase (Panel 1B). Putative membrane spanning regions are indicated by solid bars. Hydrophobic index was calculated for a window size of 19 amino acid residues [Kyle, et al. (1982) J. Molec. Biol. 157].
  • FIGS. 2A-2B provides gas liquid chromatography profiles of wild type (Panel 2A) and transgenic (Panel 2B) Anabaena.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of maps of cosmid csy75, cSy13 and cSy7 with overlapping regions and subclones. The origins of subclones of csy75, csy75-3.5 and cSy7 are indicated by the dashed diagonal lines. Restriction sites that have been inactivated are in parentheses.
  • FIGS. 4A-4B provides gas liquid chromatography profiles of wild type (Panel 4A) and transgenic (Panel 4B) tobacco.
  • the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding ⁇ 6-desaturase.
  • DNA is isolated from an organism which produces GLA.
  • Said organism can be, for example, an animal cell, certain fungi (e.g. Mortierella), certain bacteria (e.g. Synechocystis) or certain plants (borage, Oenothera, currants).
  • the isolation of genomic DNA can be accomplished by a variety of methods well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art, as exemplified by Sambrook et al. (1989) in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
  • the isolated DNA is fragmented by physical methods or enzymatic digestion and cloned into an appropriate vector, e.g. a bacteriophage or cosmid vector, by any of a variety of well-known methods which can be found in references such as Sambrook et al. (1989).
  • Expression vectors containing the DNA of the present invention are specifically contemplated herein.
  • DNA encoding ⁇ 6-desaturase can be identified by gain of function analysis.
  • the vector containing fragmented DNA is transferred, for example by infection, transconjugation, transfection, into a host organism that produces linoleic acid but not GLA.
  • transformation refers generally to the incorporation of foreign DNA into a host cell.
  • random DNA is isolated from the cyanobacteria Synechocystis Pasteur Culture Collection (PCC) 6803, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 27184, cloned into a cosmid vector, and introduced by transconjugation into the GLAd-deficient cyanobacterium Anabaena strain PCC 7120, ATCC 27893. Production of GLA from Anabaena linoleic acid is monitored by gas chromatography and the corresponding DNA fragment is isolated.
  • PCC Synechocystis Pasteur Culture Collection
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • the isolated DNA is sequenced by methods wellknown to one of ordinary skill in the art as found, for example, in Sambrook et al. (1989).
  • a DNA comprising a ⁇ 6-desaturase gene has been isolated. More particularly, a 3.588 kilobase (kb) DNA comprising a ⁇ 6-desaturase gene has been isolated from the cyanobacteria Synechocystis. The nucleotide sequence of the 3.588 kb DNA was determined and is shown in SEQ ID NO:1. Open reading frames defining potential coding regions are present from nucleotide 317 to 1507 and from nucleotide 2002 to 3081.
  • fragment ORF1 contains nucleotides 1 through 1704
  • fragment ORF2 contains nucleotides 1705 through 3588.
  • Each fragment is subcloned in both forward and reverse orientations into a conjugal expression vector (AM542, Wolk et al. [1984] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1561) that contains a cyanobacterial carboxylase promoter.
  • A542, Wolk et al. [1984] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1561 that contains a cyanobacterial carboxylase promoter.
  • ORF1(F), ORF1(R), ORF2(F) and ORF2(R)] are conjugated to wild-type Anabaena PCC 7120 by standard methods (see, for example, Wolk et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1561). Conjugated cells of Anabaena are identified as Neo R green colonies on a brown background of dying non-conjugated cells after two weeks of growth on selective media (standard mineral media BG11N+ containing 30 ⁇ g/ml of neomycin according to Rippka et al., (1979) J. Gen Microbiol. 111, 1).
  • the green colonies are selected and grown in selective liquid media (BG11N+ with 15 ⁇ g/ml neomycin).
  • Lipids are extracted by standard methods (e.g. Dahmer et al., (1989) Journal of American Oil Chemical Society 66, 543) from the resulting transconjugants containing the forward and reverse oriented ORF1 and ORF2 constructs.
  • lipids are also extracted from wild-type cultures of Anabaena and Synechocystis.
  • the fatty acid methyl esters are analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC), for example with a Tracor-560 gas liquid chromatograph equipped with a hydrogen flame ionization detector and a capillary column. The results of GLC analysis are shown in Table 1.
  • GLA deficient Anabaena gain the function of GLA production when the construct containing ORF2 in forward orientation is introduced by transconjugation.
  • Transconjugants containing constructs with ORF2 in reverse orientation to the carboxylase promoter, or ORF1 in either orientation show no GLA production.
  • This analysis demonstrates that the single open reading frame (ORF2) within the 1884 bp fragment encodes ⁇ 6-desaturase.
  • the 1884 bp fragment is shown as SEQ ID NO:3. This is substantiated by the overall similarity of the hydropathy profiles between ⁇ 6-desaturase and ⁇ 12-desaturase [Wada et al. (1990) Nature 347] as shown in FIG. 1 as (A) and (B), respectively.
  • Isolated nucleic acids encoding ⁇ 6-desaturase can be identified from other GLA-producing organisms by the gain of function analysis described above, or by nucleic acid hybridization techniques using the isolated nucleic acid which encodes Anabaena ⁇ 6-desaturase as a hybridization probe. Both genomic and cDNA cloning methods are known to the skilled artisan and are contemplated by the present invention.
  • the hybridization probe can comprise the entire DNA sequence disclosed as SEQ. ID NO:1, or a restriction fragment or other DNA fragment thereof, including an oligonucleotide probe.
  • Transgenic organisms which gain the function of GLA production by introduction of DNA encoding ⁇ -desaturase also gain the function of octadecatetraeonic acid (18:4 ⁇ 6 ,9,12,15) production.
  • Octadecatetraeonic acid is present normally in fish oils and in some plant species of the Boraginaceae family (Craig et al. [1964] J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 41, 209-211; Gross et al. [1976] Can. J. Plant Sci. 56, 659-664).
  • octadecatetraenoic acid results from further desaturation of ⁇ -linolenic acid by ⁇ 6-desaturase or desaturation of GLA by ⁇ 15-desaturase.
  • the 359 amino acids encoded by ORF2, i.e. the open reading frame encoding ⁇ 6-desaturase, are shown as SEQ. ID NO:2.
  • the present invention further contemplates other nucleotide sequences which encode the amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2. It is within the ken of the ordinarily skilled artisan to identify such sequences which result, for example, from the degeneracy of the genetic code. Furthermore, one of ordinary skill in the art can determine, by the gain of function analysis described hereinabove, smaller subfragments of the 1884 bp fragment containing ORF2 which encode ⁇ 6-desaturase.
  • the present invention contemplates any such polypeptide fragment of ⁇ 6-desaturase and the nucleic acids therefor which retain activity for converting LA to GLA.
  • a vector containing the 1884 bp fragment or a smaller fragment containing the promoter, coding sequence and termination region of the ⁇ 6-desaturase gene is transferred into an organism, for example, cyanobacteria, in which the ⁇ 6-desaturase promoter and termination regions are functional. Accordingly, organisms producing recombinant ⁇ 6-desaturase are provided by this invention. Yet another aspect of this invention provides isolated ⁇ 6-desaturase, which can be purified from the recombinant organisms by standard methods of protein purification. (For example, see Ausubel et al. [1987] Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Green Publishing Associates, New York).
  • Vectors containing DNA encoding ⁇ 6-desaturase are also provided by the present invention. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that appropriate vectors can be constructed to direct the expression of the ⁇ 6-desaturase coding sequence in a variety of organisms. Replicable expression vectors are particularly preferred. Replicable expression vectors as described herein are DNA or RNA molecules engineered for controlled expression of a desired gene, i.e. the ⁇ 6-desaturase gene. Preferably the vectors are plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids or viruses. Shuttle vectors, e.g. as described by Wolk et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • Sequence elements capable of effecting expression of a gene product include promoters, enhancer elements, upstream activating sequences, transcription termination signals and polyadenylation sites. Both constitutive and tissue specific promoters are contemplated.
  • the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and promoters which are regulated during plant seed maturation are of particular interest. All such promoter and transcriptional regulatory elements, singly or in combination, are contemplated for use in the present replicable expression vectors and are known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the CaMV 355 promoter is described, for example, by Restrepo et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2, 987. Genetically engineered and mutated regulatory sequences are also contemplated.
  • vectors and regulatory elements suitable for expression in a particular host cell For example, a vector comprising the promoter from the gene encoding the carboxylase of Anabaena operably linked to the coding region of ⁇ 6-desaturase and further operably linked to a termination signal from Synechocystis is appropriate for expression of ⁇ 6-desaturase in cyanobacteria.
  • "Operably linked" in this context means that the promoter and terminator sequences effectively function to regulate transcription.
  • a vector appropriate for expression of ⁇ 6-desaturase in transgenic plants can comprise a seed-specific promoter sequence derived from helianthinin, napin, or glycin operably linked to the ⁇ 6-desaturase coding region and further operably linked to a seed termination signal or the nopaline synthase termination signal.
  • helianthinin regulatory elements disclosed in applicant's copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 682,354, filed Apr. 8, 1991 and incorporated herein by reference, are contemplated as promoter elements to direct the expression of the ⁇ 6-desaturase of the present invention.
  • nucleotide sequence elements which facilitate cloning, expression or processing, for example sequences encoding signal peptides, a sequence encoding KDEL, which is required for retention of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum or sequences encoding transit peptides which direct ⁇ 6-desaturase to the chloroplast.
  • sequences are known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • An optimized transit peptide is described, for example, by Van den Broeck et al. (1985) Nature 313, 358.
  • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal sequences are disclosed, for example, by Michaelis et al. (1982) Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 36, 425.
  • a further aspect of the instant invention provides organisms other than cyanobacteria which contain the DNA encoding the ⁇ 6-desaturase of the present invention.
  • the transgenic organisms contemplated in accordance with the present invention include bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and plants and animals.
  • the isolated DNA of the present invention can be introduced into the host by methods known in the art, for example infection, transfection, transformation or transconjugation. Techniques for transferring the DNA of the present invention into such organisms are widely known and provided in references such as Sambrook et al. (1989).
  • the ⁇ 6-desaturase gene can be introduced into plants by a leaf disk transformation-regeneration procedure as described by Horsch et al. (1985) Science 227, 1229.
  • Other methods of transformation such as protoplast culture (Horsch et al. (1984) Science 223, 496; DeBlock et al. (1984) EMBO J. 2, 2143; Barton et al. (1983) Cell 32, 1033) can also be used and are within the scope of this invention.
  • plants are transformed with Agrobacterium-derived vectors.
  • other methods are available to insert the ⁇ 6-desaturase gene of the present invention into plant cells.
  • Such alternative methods include biolistic approaches (Klein et al. (1987) Nature 327, 70), electroporation, chemically-induced DNA uptake, and use of viruses or pollen as vectors.
  • the ⁇ 6-desaturase gene of the present invention can be inserted into a plant transformation vector, e.g. the binary vector described by Bevan (1984) Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 8111.
  • Plant transformation vectors can be derived by modifying the natural gene transfer system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
  • the natural system comprises large Ti (tumor-inducing)-plasmids containing a large segment, known as T-DNA, which is transferred to transformed plants.
  • Another segment of the Ti plasmid, the vir region is responsible for T-DNA transfer.
  • the T-DNA region is bordered by terminal repeats.
  • the tumor-inducing genes have been deleted and the functions of the vir region are utilized to transfer foreign DNA bordered by the T-DNA border sequences.
  • the T-region also contains a selectable marker for antibiotic resistance, and a multiple cloning site for inserting sequences for transfer.
  • Such engineered strains are known as "disarmed" A. tumefaciens strains, and allow the efficient transformation of sequences bordered by the T-region into the nuclear genomes of plants.
  • transgenic plants or progeny of these plants containing the isolated DNA of the invention Both monocotyledenous and dicotyledenous plants are contemplated.
  • Plant cells are transformed with the isolated DNA encoding ⁇ 6-desaturase by any of the plant transformation methods described above.
  • the transformed plant cell usually in a callus culture or leaf disk, is regenerated into a complete transgenic plant by methods well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art (e.g. Horsch et al. (1985) Science 227, 1129).
  • the transgenic plant is sunflower, oil seed rape, maize, tobacco, peanut or soybean. Since progeny of transformed plants inherit the DNA encoding ⁇ 6-desaturase, seeds or cuttings from transformed plants are used to maintain the transgenic plant line.
  • the present invention further provides a method for providing transgenic plants with an increased content of GLA.
  • This method includes introducing DNA encoding ⁇ 6-desaturase into plant cells which lack or have low levels of GLA but contain LA, and regenerating plants with increased GLA content from the transgenic cells.
  • commercially grown crop plants are contemplated as the transgenic organism, including, but not limited to, sunflower, soybean, oil seed rape, maize, peanut and tobacco.
  • the present invention further provides a method for providing transgenic organisms which contain GLA.
  • This method comprises introducing DNA encoding ⁇ 6-desaturase into an organism which lacks or has low levels of GLA, but contains LA.
  • the method comprises introducing one or more expression vectors which comprise DNA encoding ⁇ 12-desaturase and ⁇ 6-desaturase into organisms which are deficient in both GLA and LA. Accordingly, organisms deficient in both LA and GLA are induced to produce LA by the expression of ⁇ 12-desaturase, and GLA is then generated due to the expression of ⁇ 6-desaturase.
  • Expression vectors comprising DNA encoding ⁇ 12-desaturase, or ⁇ 12-desaturase and ⁇ 6-desaturase, can be constructed by methods of recombinant technology known to one of ordinary skill in the art (Sambrook et al., 1989) and the published sequence of ⁇ 12-desaturase (Wada et al [1990] Nature (London) 347, 200-203.
  • nucleotides 2002-3081 of SEQ. ID NO:1 encode cyanobacterial ⁇ 12-desaturase. Accordingly, this sequence can be used to construct the subject expression vectors.
  • commercially grown crop plants are contemplated as the transgenic organism, including, but not limited to, sunflower, soybean, oil seed rape, maize, peanut and tobacco.
  • the present invention is further directed to a method of inducing chilling tolerance in plants.
  • Chilling sensitivity may be due to phase transition of lipids in cell membranes.
  • Phase transition temperature depends upon the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids in membrane lipids, and thus increasing the degree of unsaturation, for example by introducing ⁇ 6-desaturase to convert LA to GLA, can induce or improve chilling resistance.
  • the present method comprises introducing DNA encoding ⁇ 6-desaturase into a plant cell, and regenerating a plant with improved chilling resistance from said transformed plant cell.
  • the plant is a sunflower, soybean, oil seed rape, maize, peanut or tobacco plant.
  • Synechocystis (PCC 6803, ATCC 27184), Anabaena (PCC 7120, ATCC 27893) and Synechococcus (PCC 7942, ATCC 33912) were grown photoautotrophically at 30° C. in BG11N+ medium (Rippka et al. [1979] J. Gen. Microbiol. 111, 1-61) under illumination of incandescent lamps (60 ⁇ E.m -2 .S -1 ).
  • Cosmids and plasmids were selected and propagated in Escherichia coli strain DH5 ⁇ on LB medium supplemented with antibiotics at standard concentrations as described by Maniatis et al. (1982) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring, N.Y.
  • Total genomic DNA from Synechocystis was partially digested with Sau3A and fractionated on a sucrose gradient (Ausubel et al. [1987] Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience, New York). Fractions containing 30 to 40 kb DNA fragments were selected and ligated into the dephosphorylated BamHI site of the cosmid vector, pDUCA7 (Buikema et al. [1991] J. Bacteriol. 173, 1879-1885). The ligated DNA was packaged in vitro as described by Ausubel et al. (1987), and packaged phage were propagated in E.
  • Anabaena (PCC 7120), a filamentous cyanobacterium, is deficient in GLA but contains significant amounts of linoleic acid, the precursor for GLA (FIG. 2; Table 2).
  • the Synechocystis cosmid library described in Example 2 was conjugated into Anabaena (PCC 7120) to identify transconjugants that produce GLA.
  • Anabaena cells were grown to mid-log phase in BG11N+ liquid medium and resuspended in the same medium to a final concentration of approximately 2 ⁇ 10 8 cells per ml.
  • a mid-log phase culture of E. coli RP4 (Burkardt et al. [1979] J. Gen. Microbiol.
  • Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from wild type cultures and cultures containing pools of ten transconjugants as follows. Wild type and transgenic cyanobacterial cultures were harvested by centrifugation and washed twice with distilled water. Fatty acid methyl esters were extracted from these cultures as described by Dahmer et al. (1989) J. Amer. Oil. Chem. Soc.
  • GLC profiles are shown in FIG. 2. C18 fatty acid methyl esters are shown. Peaks were identified by comparing the elution times with known standards of fatty acid methyl esters and were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
  • Panel A depicts GLC analysis of fatty acids of wild type Anabaena. The arrow indicates the migration time of GLA.
  • Panel B is a GLC profile of fatty acids of transconjugants of Anabaena with pAM542+1.8F. Two GLA producing pools (of 25 pools representing 250 transconjugants) were identified that produced GLA.
  • Genomic Southern blot analysis further showed that both the ⁇ 6- and ⁇ 12-desaturase genes are unique in the Synechocystis genome so that both functional genes involved in C18 fatty acid desaturation are linked closely in the Synechocystis genome.
  • the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus (PCC 7942) is deficient in both linoleic acid and GLA(3).
  • the ⁇ 12 and ⁇ 6-desaturase genes were cloned individually and together into pAM854 (Bustos et al. [1991] J. Bacteriol. 174, 7525-7533), a shuttle vector that contains sequences necessary for the integration of foreign DNA into the genome of Synechococcus (Golden et al. [1987] Methods in Enzymol. 153, 215-231).
  • pAM854 Busstos et al. [1991] J. Bacteriol. 174, 7525-7533
  • a shuttle vector that contains sequences necessary for the integration of foreign DNA into the genome of Synechococcus
  • Golden et al. [1987] Methods in Enzymol. 153, 215-231 Synechococcus was transformed with these gene constructs and colonies were selected
  • Table 2 shows that the principal fatty acids of wild type Synechococcus are stearic acid (18:0) and oleic acid (18:1). Synechococcus transformed with pAM854- ⁇ 12 expressed linoleic acid (18:2) in addition to the principal fatty acids. Transformants with pAM854- ⁇ 6 and ⁇ 12 produced both linoleate and GLA (Table 1). These results indicated that Synechococcus containing both ⁇ 12- and ⁇ 6-desaturase genes has gained the capability of introducing a second double bond at the ⁇ 12 position and a third double bond at the ⁇ 6 position of C18 fatty acids.
  • the nucleotide sequence of the 1.8 kb fragment of csy75-3.5 including the functional ⁇ 6-desaturase gene was determined.
  • An open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 359 amino acids was identified (FIG. 4).
  • a Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy analysis (Kyte et al. [1982] J. Mol. Biol. 157, 105-132) identified two regions of hydrophobic amino acids that could represent transmembrane domains (FIG. 1A); furthermore, the hydropathic profile of the ⁇ 6-desaturase is similar to that of the ⁇ 12-desaturase gene (FIG.
  • Components of these cassettes include: (i) a 35S promoter or seed specific promoter derived from the sunflower helianthinin gene to drive ⁇ 6 -desaturase gene expression in all plant tissues or only in developing seeds respectively, (ii) a putative signal peptide either from carrot extensin gene or sunflower helianthinin gene to target newly synthesized ⁇ 6 -desaturase into the ER, (iii) an ER lumen retention signal sequence (KDEL) at the COOH-terminal of the ⁇ 6 -desaturase ORF, and (iv) an optimized transit peptide to target ⁇ 6 desaturase into the chloroplast.
  • a 35S promoter or seed specific promoter derived from the sunflower helianthinin gene to drive ⁇ 6 -desaturase gene expression in all plant tissues or only in developing seeds respectively
  • a putative signal peptide either from carrot extensin gene or sunflower helianthinin gene to target newly synthesized ⁇ 6 -desaturas
  • the 35S promoter is a derivative of pRTL2 described by Restrepo et al. (1990).
  • the optimized transit peptide sequence is described by Van de Broeck et al. (1985).
  • the carrot extensin signal peptide is described by Chen et al. (1985) EMBO J. 9, 2145.

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US08/478,727 US5663068A (en) 1991-10-10 1995-06-07 Cyanobacterial Δ6-desaturase
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US09/685,775 US6683232B1 (en) 1991-10-10 2000-10-10 Production of γ linolenic acid by a Δ6-desaturase
US10/029,756 US7189894B2 (en) 1991-10-10 2001-12-21 Production of gamma linolenic acid by a Δ6-desaturase
US10/702,777 US7282623B2 (en) 1991-10-10 2003-11-06 Production of gamma linolenic acid by a Δ 6-desaturase
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