US4695734A - Photoelectric smoke sensor including a photosensing data correction ratio correction circuit - Google Patents

Photoelectric smoke sensor including a photosensing data correction ratio correction circuit Download PDF

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US4695734A
US4695734A US06/703,385 US70338585A US4695734A US 4695734 A US4695734 A US 4695734A US 70338585 A US70338585 A US 70338585A US 4695734 A US4695734 A US 4695734A
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photo sensing
correction
sensing data
initial
fire
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English (en)
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Hiroshi Honma
Junichi Narumiya
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Hochiki Corp
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Hochiki Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/10—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means
    • G08B17/103—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means using a light emitting and receiving device
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/27—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands using photo-electric detection ; circuits for computing concentration
    • G01N21/274—Calibration, base line adjustment, drift correction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
    • G08B29/18—Prevention or correction of operating errors
    • G08B29/20—Calibration, including self-calibrating arrangements
    • G08B29/24—Self-calibration, e.g. compensating for environmental drift or ageing of components
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
    • G01N21/49—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid
    • G01N21/53—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke
    • G01N21/534—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke by measuring transmission alone, i.e. determining opacity
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
    • G01N2201/06—Illumination; Optics
    • G01N2201/069—Supply of sources
    • G01N2201/0696—Pulsed

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a photoelectric smoke sensor in which light emitting units and photo sensing units are arranged to face with each other with a constant distance apart from each other and the occurrence of fire is detected on the basis of attenuation of the light due to the smoke flowed into the area between the light emitting and photo sensing units installed and, more particularly, to a photoelectric smoke sensor in which a variation in photo sensing signal due to a fouling of the optical system is corrected.
  • a gain of an operational amplifier for amplifying a photo sensing signal is varied step by step in accordance with a degree of attenuation of the signal due to the deposition of the dust, and when the photo sensing signal attenuates due to the deposition of the dust, the amplification gain is increased by an amount as much as a degree of attenuation, thereby making it possible to obtain the photo sensing signal in the same condition as that whereby no dust is deposited.
  • an impedance of a resistance network provided in the feedback circuit of the operational amplifier is changed due to the on/off controls of a plurality of analog switches.
  • analog switches generally have ON-state resistance of about 100 to 300 ohms and the feedback impedance cannot be accurately set due to the existence of this ON-state resistance, so that it is difficult to linearly control the gain by way of change-over of the switch.
  • the impedances have to be controlled by providing a number of variable resistances, so that this causes the circuit to become complicated and the control operation to become troublesome as well.
  • An up-down counter is needed for the on/off controls of a plurality of analog switches, so that there is a problem such that the gain control circuit becomes complicated.
  • the initial photo sensing data and the present photo sensing data are compared at every constant period and the gain of the operational amplifier is varied on the basis of a difference between these data so as to cancel the difference.
  • the smoke concentration gradually increases such as a fumigation fire
  • such a signal reduction is also corrected by the control of the amplification gain, so that there is a risk such that the fire cannot be detected.
  • the initial photo sensing data for the fouling correction is stored when the power source is turned on, for instance, after a fire signal was outputted to a receiver due to the detection of the smoke, even when the power source is once turned off for recovery and then it is again turned on, the photo sensing data decreased due to the smoke at that time is newly stored as an initial photo sensing data, so that there is a risk such that the fire after the recovery cannot be detected.
  • the threshold value of the fire determination which is set on the basis of the initial photo sensing data also becomes abnormal; consequently, there is a risk that an error alarm or wrong alarm is generated.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a photoelectric smoke sensor in which the initial photo sensing data derived when a power source is first turned on is stored and upon fouling correction which is performed at every predetermined period, a correction ratio is corrected in accordance with a difference between the initial photo sensing data and the present photo sensing data, and the correction photo sensing data is obtained due to a multiplication of the present photo sensing data by that correction ratio.
  • Still another object of the invention is to provide a photoelectric smoke sensor in which when a difference is caused between the initial photo sensing data and the present photo sensing data, the correction ratio is corrected by only an amount as much as a predetermined microvalue.
  • FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing one embodiment of an arrangement of a system of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an arrangement of the system of the invention
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing one embodiment of a receiving unit of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a general flowchart showing the program control process of the receiving unit
  • FIG. 5 is a function block diagram showing a processing circuit for the fouling correction according to the invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing the fouling correcting process of the receiving unit due to the program control.
  • FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing one embodiment of the overall arrangement of the present invention as a photoelectric smoke sensor of the extinction separation type.
  • a reference numeral 10 denotes a receiver which is installed in a central monitor room or the like.
  • the receiver 10 receives a fire detection signal from a photoelectric smoke sensor and generates a fire alarm and simultaneously displays the district where the fire occurred.
  • the receiver 10 also receives an inspection alarm signal when a trouble occurs in a photoelectric smoke sensor and Performs an alarm indication to allow the photoelectric smoke sensor to be inspected.
  • a signal line 16, which also serves as a power source, an inspection signal line 18 and a common line 20 are drawn out from the receiver 10.
  • Photo sensing units 12a, . . . , 12n in a plurality of photoelectric smoke sensors are connected to those signal lines 16, 18 and 20.
  • a single photoelectric smoke sensor is constituted by a combination of the photo sensing unit 12a and a light emitting unit 14a, or by a combination of the photo sensing unit 12n and a light emitting unit 14n, respectively.
  • the light emitting unit 14a is arranged to face the photo sensing unit 12a with a predetermined distance within a range of 5 to 100 m, e.g., a distance of 15 m.
  • a pair of signal lines 22 and 24 are drawn out from the photo sensing unit 12a and are connected to the light emitting unit 14a. This connection of the signal lines 22 and 24 is also the same as that of the photo sensing unit 12n and light emitting unit 14n.
  • the respective photo sensing units 12a, . . . , 12n and light emitting units 14a, . . . , 14n constituting the photoelectric smoke sensors are attached to a ceiling surface or the like through an attaching base 15, respectively.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an arrangement of the system of FIG. 1, in which the photo sensing unit 12a and light emitting unit 14a, and the photo sensing unit 12n and light emitting unit 14n are arranged to face with each other with a predetermined distance, respectively.
  • Light emitting elements 26 are provided for the light emitting units 14a and 14n.
  • Light emission control signals are transmitted from the photo sensing units 12a and 12n to the light emitting elements 26 through the signal lines 22 and 24, which also serve as power supply lines, so that the light emission of the light emitting elements 26 is driven.
  • the lights from the light emitting elements 26 enter photo sensing elements 28 provided for the photo sensing units 12a and 12n through smoke detecting regions 30.
  • the optical axis is adjusted so that the light from the light emitting element 26 accurately enters the photo sensing element 28.
  • the light which is emitted from the light emitting element 26 and passes through the smoke detecting region 30 and enters the photo sensing element 28 is subjected to attenuation due to the smoke existing in the smoke detecting region 30.
  • the light of the intensity attenuated in dependence upon the smoke concentration is inputted to the photo sensing element 28.
  • a control section using a microcomputer is built in each of the photo sensing units 12a and 12n, respectively.
  • the initial power source after the adjustment of installation with regard to the optical axis or the like and the photo sensing data which is derived when the power source is turned on are stored as initial photo sensing data in a memory of the microcomputer.
  • the threshold value at which it is determined that the fire occurred is operated on the basis of the initial photo sensing data stored in the memory. Whenever the photo sensing data is obtained, it is compared with the threshold level to discriminate the occurrence of fire. When it is decided that the fire occurred, a fire signal is transmitted to the receiver 10 through the signal line 16, which also serves as the power source.
  • the initial photo sensing data stored in the memory of the microcomputer is used in the control process for a fouling correction.
  • an inspection alarm signal to indicate that the fouling correction reaches the limit is outputted to the receiver 10 through the inspection signal line 18.
  • the inspection signal line 18 also transmits an alarm signal for inspection to the receiver 10.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a circuit arrangement of the photo sensing unit for use in the photoelectric smoke sensor of the present invention using the microcomputer as the control section.
  • a constant voltage circuit 32 receives a power supply from the receiver and outputs a power source voltage of, e.g., 16 V.
  • a capacitor 34 of a large capacitance is connected to an output of the constant voltage circuit 32.
  • the capacitor 34 also has a function to smooth the output voltage from the constant voltage circuit 32.
  • a reference numeral 36 denotes a control unit using a microcomputer.
  • a microcomputer of eight bits is used and practically speaking, ⁇ PD80C48C made by Nippon Electric Co., Ltd. is used.
  • the power supply to the control unit 36 using the microcomputer is performed by a constant voltage circuit 38.
  • the constant voltage circuit 38 converts the output voltage of 16 V from the constant voltage circuit 32 to a constant voltage of 5 V and supplies it to the control unit 36.
  • a power on reset circuit 40 is made operative when the power source is turned on and outputs an initial reset signal to start the microcomputer in the control unit 36.
  • the control unit 36 performs the light emission control and light reception control and allows the initial photo sensing data obtained due to the light emission and light reception controls immediately after the power source was turned on to be stored in a memory 42.
  • the initial photo sensing data is stored in the memory 42, a data check is made to see if the initial photo sensing data lies within a predetermined range or not. When it lies within this range, the initial photo sensing data is stored in the memory 42. On the contrary, when it is out of the range, an alarm signal for inspection is outputted to the receiver.
  • the microcomputer in the control unit 36 stops the program control and returns to the standby mode.
  • the subsequent operations of the control unit 36 are performed in response to a clock pulse from a master clock circuit 44.
  • the master clock circuit 44 outputs a clock pulse to the control unit 36 at every constant period within a range of 2 to 4 seconds.
  • the control unit 36 executes the light emission and light reception controls and inputs the photo sensing data which is obtained at this time as it is and obtains the correction photo sensing data due to the operating process for the fouling correction, thereby discriminating the fire due to the comparison between the correction photo sensing data and the threshold value.
  • a light emission control unit 46 receives a light emission control signal which is outputted due to the operation of the control unit 36 immediately after the power source was turned on and based on the master clock and outputs a control signal to the light emitting unit, thereby pulse driving the light emitting element provided for the light emitting unit by use of a discharge of the capacitor. Due to this, the light to detect the smoke is emitted to the photo sensing unit.
  • a light reception control unit 48 operates in response to a light reception control signal from the control unit 36 which operated on the basis of the output of the power on reset circuit 40 immediately after the power source was turned on or on the basis of the clock pulse of the master clock circuit 40.
  • the light reception control unit 48 makes a constant voltage circuit 50 operative, thereby supplying a power source voltage of 10 V to a photo sensing circuit 52. Also, the light reception control unit 48 makes a reference voltage generator 54 operative to generate a reference voltage of, e.g., 2.5 V for A/D conversion and further makes a power source voltage observing circuit 56 for observing the output voltage of the constant voltage circuit 32 operative.
  • a reference voltage generator 54 operative to generate a reference voltage of, e.g., 2.5 V for A/D conversion and further makes a power source voltage observing circuit 56 for observing the output voltage of the constant voltage circuit 32 operative.
  • the photo sensing circuit 52 includes the photo sensing element 28, amplifying circuit and peak hold circuit therein. This photo sensing circuit 52 receives the light emission from the light emitting unit by the photo sensing element 28 and converts it to an electrical signal and amplifies this photo sensing signal to a specified level by the amplifying circuit. At the same time, the photo sensing circuit 52 holds the peak level of the photo sensing signal by the peak hold circuit and outputs this signal.
  • the photo sensing signal outputted from the photo sensing circuit 52 is supplied to an A/D converter 58 and is converted to the digital signal of, e.g., four bits and is inputted as the photo sensing data to the control unit 36.
  • the A/D converter 58 converts the photo sensing signal from the photo sensing circuit 52 to the digital signal on the basis of the reference voltage of 2.5 V from the reference voltage generator 54.
  • a sensitivity setting signal from a sensitivity setting circuit 60 is also inputted to the A/D converter 58.
  • the sensitivity setting circuit 60 takes out the output voltage of the reference voltage generator 54 as a different divided voltage due to a change-over by a rotary switch or the like, thereby variably setting the threshold value for fire determination in the control unit 36.
  • the sensitivity setting signal from the sensitivity setting circuit 60 is also converted to the digital signal by the A/D converter 58 and is supplied to the control unit 36.
  • the power source voltage observing circuit 56 observes the output voltage of 16 V of the constant voltage circuit 32. When the power source voltage drops to a level, e.g., below 12 V, the observing circuit 56 informs abnormality of the power source to the control unit 36 through the A/D converter 58.
  • a fire signal output circuit 62 receives an output which is generated when the control unit 36 determines the occurrence of fire and performs the switching operation and allows a fire signal current to flow between the signal line 16 also serving as the power source and common line 20 drawn out from the receiver 10, thereby transmitting the fire signal.
  • an inspection signal output circuit 64 allows an inspection current to flow between the inspection signal line 18 and common line 20 drawn out from the receiver 10, thereby transmitting the inspection signal.
  • the fire signal current by the fire signal output circuit 62 and the inspection signal current by the inspection signal output circuit 64 become, e.g., up to 30 milliamperes, respectively.
  • those currents are suppressed to an average observing current of about 250 microamperes.
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the control process of the photo sensing unit by the microcomputer in the control unit 36 in FIG. 3.
  • the power on reset circuit 40 When the power source is first turned on, the power on reset circuit 40 outputs a power on reset signal and the microcomputer in the control unit 36 starts the operation.
  • the microcomputer then performs the light emission and light reception controls in block 66.
  • the photo sensing signal is derived by the photo sensing circuit 52 of the photo sensing unit due to the light emission and light reception controls, so that the A/D converted photo sensing data D n is inputted in block 68.
  • a check is made to see if the system is in the initial state or not. When it is determined in block 70 that the system is in the initial state since the power on reset has been performed due to the turning-on of the power source, discriminating block 72 follows.
  • a check is made to see if the photo sensing data D n obtained first lies within a predetermined range or not.
  • block 74 follows and a signal for inspection alarm is outputted to the receiver. Namely, when the photo sensing data D n derived immediately after the power source was turned on is out of the predetermined range, this means the case where, for instance, the level of the photo sensing signal is extremely low because the optical axis between the photo sensing unit and the light emitting unit is deviated. Therefore, the inspection warning is performed to readjust the optical axis.
  • the inspection warning for readjustment is likewise performed.
  • block 76 follows and the photo sensing data D n is stored as the initial photo sensing data D i in the memory 42 of the microcomputer.
  • the initial photo sensing data D i stored in the memory 42 will be held and stored for a predetermined time interval due to the charges in the capacitor 34 provided for the constant voltage circuit 32, so that it is not erased due to the temporary cut off of the power source or the like.
  • the process routine After completion of the storage of the initial photo sensing data D i , the process routine advances the fouling correcting process in block 78.
  • This fouling correcting process will be explained further in detail with reference to a block diagram of FIG. 5 and a flowchart of FIG. 6.
  • the photo sensing data D n is multiplied by a correction ratio N to correct the attenuation of the light due to the foulings on the windows of the photo sensing unit and light emitting unit, thereby obtaining a correction photo sensing data D a in the same condition as that whereby the windows are not dirty.
  • the correction photo sensing data D a obtained in the fouling correcting process in block 78 is compared with the threshold value operated on the basis of the initial photo sensing data D i , thereby discriminating the fire.
  • the photo sensing data for fire discrimination is derived from the moving mean of a plurality of fouling correction data which are derived at every constant detection period based on the master clock.
  • the time interval while this photo sensing data is below a predetermined threshold value continues for a constant time duration, it is determined that the fire occurred.
  • block 84 follows and the fire signal is outputted to the receiver.
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the function of the microcomputer to execute the control processes in FIG. 4.
  • This microcomputer is constituted by initial photo sensing data storage means 88, correction ratio correcting means 90, a correcting counter 92, correction operating means 94, and fire discriminating means 96.
  • the initial photo sensing data storage means 88 stores photo sensing data D m as the initial photo sensing data D i only at the time of power on reset due to the turning-on of the power source. In storage of the initial photo sensing data, it is obviously presumed that the photo sensing data lies within a predetermined range.
  • the functions of the correction ratio correcting means 90, correcting counter 92 and correction operating means 94 will be further clearly understood due to the fouling correcting process with reference to a flowchart of FIG. 6.
  • the correction operating means 94 performs the fouling correction to the photo sensing data D n derived by the light emission and light reception controls on the basis of the master clock and operates and outputs the correction data D a and supplies it to fire discriminating means 96.
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing the fouling correcting process which is performed by the photo sensing unit in the photoelectric smoke sensor of the present invention.
  • This fouling correcting process is executed by the program control of the microcomputer constituting the control unit or by the function block for the fouling correcting process consisting of the correction ratio correcting means 90, correcting counter 92 and correction operating means 94 shown in FIG. 5.
  • the fouling correcting process of FIG. 6 will now be described.
  • the correcting counter is increased in block 100.
  • This correcting counter can be realized by a program counter.
  • the correcting counter counts a master clock which is outputted at a constant period within a range of, e.g., 2.7 to 3.0 seconds and reaches the full count in the count time interval of about 50 minutes and generates a counter output to execute the fouling correcting process.
  • the count value of the correcting counter is monitored in discriminating block 102.
  • the correcting process in block 104 and subsequent blocks is started.
  • the correction coefficient K is increased or decreased by only ⁇ 1 at every correction period, thereby correcting the correction ratio N.
  • the fouling correcting process in block 104 and subsequent blocks will then be practically described.
  • the correcting counter is cleared in block 104.
  • the correction photo sensing data D a is calculated from the previous correction ratio N n-1 and the present photo sensing data D n by the foregoing equation (1).
  • block 112 follows and the correcting process of the correction coefficient to correct the correction coefficient K n to a small value in order to reduce the correction ratio N is performed. That is, when D a >D i , the correction photo sensing data D a larger than the initial photo sensing data D i is calculated since the previous correction ratio N n-1 used in the operation of the correction photo sensing data D a in block 106 is too large. Therefore, in block 112, the newly corrected correction coefficient K n is operated by setting such that
  • next block 116 follows and the correction photo sensing data D a is again calculated using the correction coefficient K n after correction on the basis of the foregoing equations (1) and (2).
  • the range where the correction coefficient K n varies is restricted to a range of
  • block 114 follows.
  • the correction coefficient K n is increased or decreased by only ⁇ 1 at every correction period.
  • the change of the correction ratio N is a microvalue the correction coefficient may be changed by amounts such as ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3, . . . .
  • the change value of this correction coefficient can be arbitrarily determined to a value within a range where it does not exceed the change of the photo sensing data in the fumigation fire.
  • the present invention has been described with respect to the photoelectric smoke sensor of the extinction separation type, the invention can be also applied as it is to a photoelectric smoke sensor of the integration type in which the light emitting unit and photo sensing unit of the invention are integrally provided in one chamber.

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US06/703,385 1984-03-05 1985-02-20 Photoelectric smoke sensor including a photosensing data correction ratio correction circuit Expired - Lifetime US4695734A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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JP1984031476U JPS60144458U (ja) 1984-03-05 1984-03-05 火災検出装置
JP59-31476[U] 1984-03-05

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JP (1) JPS60144458U (sv)
AT (1) AT388059B (sv)
AU (1) AU577573B2 (sv)
CA (1) CA1234199A (sv)
CH (1) CH668658A5 (sv)
DE (1) DE3507344A1 (sv)
FI (1) FI84530C (sv)
GB (1) GB2158278B (sv)
NO (1) NO169034C (sv)
SE (1) SE454305B (sv)

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US8866083B2 (en) 2010-04-21 2014-10-21 Sprue Safety Products, Ltd. Alarm
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US10661109B2 (en) * 2018-08-17 2020-05-26 Johnson Controls Technology Company Systems and methods for detecting building conditions based on wireless signal degradation
US11235187B2 (en) 2018-08-17 2022-02-01 Johnson Controls Tyco IP Holdings LLP Systems and methods for detecting building conditions based on wireless signal degradation

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JPH0816955B2 (ja) * 1986-08-23 1996-02-21 松下電工株式会社 光電式分離型感知器
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DE58908329D1 (de) * 1989-09-19 1994-10-13 Siemens Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Kompensation der Luftfeuchtigkeit in einem optischen Rauchmelder.
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JP3290618B2 (ja) * 1997-11-28 2002-06-10 松下電器産業株式会社 光センサ装置およびそれに用いられる信号処理回路
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US4797548A (en) * 1986-09-01 1989-01-10 Fraunhofer Gesellschaft Zur Forderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. Reflection light bearer system with self-testing feature
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US4891519A (en) * 1987-10-19 1990-01-02 Komatsugawa Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd. Photometering apparatus
US5598147A (en) * 1992-11-04 1997-01-28 Nohmi Bosai Ltd. Smoke detecting apparatus for fire alarm
US6396405B1 (en) 1993-08-19 2002-05-28 General Electric Corporation Automatic verification of smoke detector operation within calibration limits
US5671159A (en) * 1993-11-25 1997-09-23 Nohmi Bosai Ltd. Fire detecting apparatus
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US5691700A (en) * 1994-09-15 1997-11-25 United Technologies Corporation Apparatus and method using non-contact light sensing with selective field of view, low input impedance, current-mode amplification and/or adjustable switching level
US5523743A (en) * 1995-04-13 1996-06-04 Digital Security Controls Ltd. Self-diagnostic smoke detector
US5698846A (en) * 1995-10-18 1997-12-16 Tycor International Device and method for improved monitoring of clipping components within surge protection devices
US5898377A (en) * 1996-04-01 1999-04-27 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Smoke detecting apparatus and method
WO1998054564A1 (de) * 1997-05-26 1998-12-03 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Verfahren zum feststellen eines unzulässig hohen verkalkungsgrades in einem wasserführenden haushaltsgerät
DE19721976B4 (de) * 1997-05-26 2008-07-24 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Verfahren zum Feststellen eines unzulässig hohen Verkalkungsgrades in einem wasserführenden Haushaltsgerät
US6060719A (en) * 1997-06-24 2000-05-09 Gas Research Institute Fail safe gas furnace optical flame sensor using a transconductance amplifier and low photodiode current
US6094143A (en) * 1998-02-05 2000-07-25 Hochiki Corporation Light obstruction type smoke sensor
US8866083B2 (en) 2010-04-21 2014-10-21 Sprue Safety Products, Ltd. Alarm
WO2019089450A1 (en) 2017-10-30 2019-05-09 Carrier Corporation Compensator in a detector device
US11568730B2 (en) 2017-10-30 2023-01-31 Carrier Corporation Compensator in a detector device
US11790751B2 (en) 2017-10-30 2023-10-17 Carrier Corporation Compensator in a detector device
US10661109B2 (en) * 2018-08-17 2020-05-26 Johnson Controls Technology Company Systems and methods for detecting building conditions based on wireless signal degradation
US11235187B2 (en) 2018-08-17 2022-02-01 Johnson Controls Tyco IP Holdings LLP Systems and methods for detecting building conditions based on wireless signal degradation
USRE50005E1 (en) * 2018-08-17 2024-06-11 Johnson Controls Tyco IP Holdings LLP Systems and methods for detecting events based on wireless signal degredation

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SE8504112D0 (sv) 1985-09-04
FI850873L (fi) 1985-09-06
JPH0341726Y2 (sv) 1991-09-02
AT388059B (de) 1989-04-25
NO169034C (no) 1992-04-29
GB2158278A (en) 1985-11-06
DE3507344C2 (sv) 1989-12-28
FI84530B (fi) 1991-08-30
NO850821L (no) 1985-09-06
GB8505339D0 (en) 1985-04-03
NO169034B (no) 1992-01-20
FI850873A0 (fi) 1985-03-05
CH668658A5 (de) 1989-01-13
SE8504112L (sv) 1987-03-05
FI84530C (sv) 1991-12-10
GB2158278B (en) 1987-11-25
ATA223585A (de) 1987-07-15
AU3945785A (en) 1985-09-12
SE454305B (sv) 1988-04-18
AU577573B2 (en) 1988-09-29
JPS60144458U (ja) 1985-09-25
CA1234199A (en) 1988-03-15
DE3507344A1 (de) 1985-09-12

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