US3925219A - Pressure-fixable developing powder containing a thermoplastic resin and wax - Google Patents

Pressure-fixable developing powder containing a thermoplastic resin and wax Download PDF

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Publication number
US3925219A
US3925219A US375169A US37516973A US3925219A US 3925219 A US3925219 A US 3925219A US 375169 A US375169 A US 375169A US 37516973 A US37516973 A US 37516973A US 3925219 A US3925219 A US 3925219A
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particles
dry powder
pressure
fixable
powder
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US375169A
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Doyle L Strong
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3M Co
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Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co
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Priority to US375169A priority Critical patent/US3925219A/en
Priority to CA203,127A priority patent/CA1032394A/en
Priority to GB2890174A priority patent/GB1478382A/en
Priority to DE2431200A priority patent/DE2431200A1/de
Priority to JP49074193A priority patent/JPS5820027B2/ja
Priority to FR7422593A priority patent/FR2235404B1/fr
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Publication of US3925219A publication Critical patent/US3925219A/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0819—Developers with toner particles characterised by the dimensions of the particles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0821—Developers with toner particles characterised by physical parameters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0821—Developers with toner particles characterised by physical parameters
    • G03G9/0823—Electric parameters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08702—Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • G03G9/08704—Polyalkenes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08775—Natural macromolecular compounds or derivatives thereof
    • G03G9/08782—Waxes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/097—Plasticisers; Charge controlling agents
    • G03G9/09708—Inorganic compounds

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT US. Ci. 252l62.l P
  • a pressure-Emma developing powder comprising a [51] Int. Cl. G03G 9/00 wax Component and a thermoplastic resin the powder 58 Field of Search 252/621 P having defined Physical characterisfl 9 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures U.S. Patent Dec. 9, 1975 3,925,219
  • This invention relates to a dry ink powder suitable for use in electrographic recording. More particularly, the invention relates to a developing powder which is pressure responsive so that it can be fixed as an imaging material to an image-bearing surface by the application of pressure.
  • Known developing powder (i.e., toner) formulations used in electrographic recording processes are generally permanently affixed to the substrate by heat. See, e.g., the developing powder described in Nelson, U.S. Pat. No. 3,639,245 wherein the powder is described as being thermoplastic and heat-fusible in the range of 80 to 115C. Such heat-fusible powders are fixed after image formation by raising the temperature of the powder to its melting or softening point, causing the particles to coalesce, flow together, and adhere permanently to the substrate.
  • the speed of the fixing process is limited by the time required to effect fusion of the developer powder.
  • the use of more heat to fuse the powder may shorten the fixing time required, this approach is limited by the flammability of the substrate on which the image is fixed. Since paper is widely used as the image-bearing support, care must be taken to avoid charring of the paper during the fixing process.
  • the speed of the fixing process may also be increased by using lower melting point thermoplastic resins, the resulting image may be smeary and may exhibit poor character definition.
  • thermo-plastic, essentially spherical particles the binder material of which has a conductivity of at most mho/cm and which comprises (a) about 50 to 100 parts by weight of a wax component having a melting point between about 45 C.
  • thermoplastic resin having a softening point above about 60 C.; wherein electrically conductive particles are firmly anchored in said binder material, said electrically conductive particles having a conductivity of at least 10 mho/cm and an average diameter below about 100 millimicrons forming a radially disposed zone; and wherein said essentially spherical particles exhibit:
  • the developing powder of this invention exhibits the very desirable electrical properties exhibited by the powder described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,639,245 and is pressure-fixable. Consequently, the disadvantages associated with the use of heat-fusible developing powders are avoided. Furthermore, because of the significant power consumption reduction in processes using these powders, recording and copying processes become more versatile and economical.
  • Another advantage derived from the use of such powders is that there is no wait for the machine to warm up to operating temperature. Also, the equipment necessary for fixing the powders of this invention is less expensive and less complicated than conventional heat-fusing equipment. Consequently, the fixing equipmentis more reliable and more easily serviced than conventional heat fusing equipment.
  • the developing powders of this invention can be fixed directly to a photoconductive surface, in an imagewise fashion, or they can be transferred to a receiving sheet (e.g., untreated bond paper) to which pressure is subsequently applied (e.g., with a steel roll) to fix the image.
  • a receiving sheet e.g., untreated bond paper
  • pressure is subsequently applied (e.g., with a steel roll) to fix the image.
  • the powders are useful with known photoconductive materials, e.g., amorphous or vitreous selenium, selenium alloys with tellurium and arsenic, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide in a resin binder, and organic photoconductive materials.
  • the developing powders of this invention also differ from those described in British Patent 1,210,665 in another material respect, viz., in terms of electrical prop erties.
  • the novel developing powders exhibit the highly desirable electrical properties described in U.S. Patent No. 3,639,245, whereas the developing powders described in the aforementioned British patent are not electrically conductive. Consequently, the developing powders described in the British patent are useful only in conventional electrostatic copying srocesses wherein electroscopic toner powders are use DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIQN
  • FIG. I shows apparatus for determining the tranSfI density" value for a particular developing powder.
  • FIG. 2 shows apparatus for measuring the paper abrasion density for a particular developer powder.
  • the developer powders of this invention have the electrical conductivity properties of the heat-fusible powders described in Nelson, US. Pat. No. 3,639,245, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the novel powders have a number average diameter below about 20 microns, and preferably in the range of about 10-15 microns.
  • the average particle size range is such that at least about 95 number percent of the particles have a diameter greater than about microns, while no more than about 5 number percent have a diameter greater than about 25 microns.
  • the developing powders are pressure fixable in the sense that the application of pressure thereto causes them to flow and coalesce and also to adhere to the desired support surface (i.e., the image-bearing surface).
  • the binder material in which the electrically conductive particles are anchored comprises a blend of a wax component and a thermoplastic resin, wherein the weight ratio of thermoplastic resin to wax component is about 0.02/1 to ill (preferably about 0.1/1 to 0.5/1
  • the binder material has a conductivity of at most mho/cm.
  • the wax component has a melting or softening point in the range of about 45 C. to about 150 C. (preferably between about 65 C. and 125 C.) and is normally selected from the group consisting of aliphatic compounds such as waxes (natural or synthetic), fatty acids, metal salts of fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids or amides, ethylene homopolym'ers, or a mixture of two or more of these materials.
  • aliphatic compounds such as waxes (natural or synthetic), fatty acids, metal salts of fatty acids, hydroxylated fatty acids or amides, ethylene homopolym'ers, or a mixture of two or more of these materials.
  • Aromatic or polymeric waxlike materials can also be used, e.g., dicyclohexylphthalate and diphenylphthalate. All of these materials are well known in the art.
  • Representative useful aliphatic waxes include paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, carnauba wax, montan wax, ouricury wax, ceresin wax, candellila wax, and sugar cane wax.
  • Representative useful fatty acids include stearic acid, palmitic acid, and behenic acid.
  • Representative useful metal salts of fatty acids include aluminum stearate, lead stearate, barium stearate, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, lithium stearate, and zinc palmitate.
  • amide hydroxy waxes include N(betahydroxyethyl)ricinoleamide (commercially available under the trade name Flexricin 1 l5"), N,N'-ethylenebis-ricinoleamide (commercially available under the trade name Flexricin 185"), N(2-hydroxyethyl)-l2- hydroxystearamide (commercially available under the trade name Paracin 220"), and N,N'-ethylene-bisl2- hydroxystearamide (commercially available under the trade name Paracin 285").
  • Representative fatty acid derivatives include castor was (glyceryl tris-l2-hydroxy stearate), methyl hydroxy stearate (commercially available under the trade name Paracin l”), ethylene glycol monohydroxy stearate (commercially available under the trade name Paracin l5") and hydroxy stearic acid.
  • the thermoplastic resin has a ring and ball softening point above about 60 C. (and preferably between 120 C. and 200 C.) and is normally selected from the group consisting of polyamides (e.g., Versamid 950"), commercially available from General Mills); polystyrenes (e.g., 2000 mol.
  • bisphenol A epoxy resins e.g., Epon 1004", commercially available from Shell Chemical Corp
  • acrylic resins e.g., Elvacite 2044, an N-butyl methacrylate commercially available from DuPont
  • vinyl resins such as polyvinyl butyral (e.g., Butvar B72-A," commercially available from Monsanto Company), polyvinyl acetate (e.g., Gelva V-100", commercially available from Monsanto Company); vinyl copolymers such as vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate (e.g., VYHH", commercially available from Union Carbide Corp.), ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers; cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate butyrate (e.g., EAB-l7 [-25, commercially available from Eastman Chemical Products, Inc.), cellulose acetate propionate (e.g., CAPPLFS commercially available from celanese Corp.), and cellulose ethers.
  • Magnetically permeable particles having an average major dimension of 1 micron or less are particularly preferred, including magnetite, barium ferrite, nickel zinc ferrite, chromium oxide, nickel ox ide, etc.
  • a magnetically permeable core may also be used.
  • Powdered flow agents may also be added to the dry particles to improve their flow characteristics.
  • the developing powder is prepared by first obtaining a blend of appropriate composition by any of several conventional techniques.
  • the wax component and thermoplastic resin may be heated to obtain a melt to which solid filler (e.g., magnetite) may be added and dispersed.
  • the melt may then be atomized so as to obtain particles which, upon solidifying, are ready for further processing.
  • the melt may be allowed to cool and solidify in mass after which it is ground into particles and classified according to the appropriate number average particle size range of about 5 to 20 microns.
  • the solid particles obtained in accordance with either of the foregoing procedures is then "spheroidized by the following method.
  • the powder is aspirated into a moving gas stream, preferably air, to create an aerosol.
  • This aerosol is directed perpendicular to and through a stream of hot air, which has been heated to about 9001,l00 F., in a cooling chamber where the powder is then allowed to settle by gravity while it cools.
  • the resulting powder now comprises substantially spherical particles.
  • conductive powder e.g., conductive carbon black
  • a stream of gas preferably air
  • a temperature e.g. 700-800 F.
  • the particles are then collected, such as by cyclone separation, and are preferably blended with a flow agent (e.g., CAB-O-SIL", finely divided silica, commercially available from the Cabot Corporation) to insure that it will be free flowing.
  • a flow agent e.g., CAB-O-SIL", finely divided silica, commercially available from the Cabot Corporation
  • the resulting developing powder must exhibit a transfer density" of less than about 0.15 and a paper abrasion density" of less than about 0.15.
  • the transfer density" value for a particular developing powder is determined by first using the apparatus depicted in FIG. 1. Referring to the drawing, there is shown apparatus 10 comprising base 12 on which there is fastened an imaged copy sheet 14 (wherein the image comprises a solid black line or stripe about 1 inch wide) covered by an unimaged copy sheet 16. The image on sheet 14 has been made using the pressure-fixable developing powder to be tested, and sheet 16 is laid over and in direct contact with the image. Tape strips 18 and clip 20 hold sheets 14 and 16 in position.
  • Sheets 14 and 16 are Type 350" copy paper commercially available from 3M Company, and comprise 45 pound Weyerhauser GRS" paper coated on one side with zinc oxide in a binder.
  • the binder comprises a blend of acrylic resin and alkyd resin, and the ratio of zinc oxide to total binder is 6:1.
  • the weight of dried coating on the paper is 2.2-2.4 grams per square foot.
  • Twelve conventional medium point ball-point pen cartridges 22 are positioned (in free moving vertical position) within holding device 24.
  • Four of the cartridges 22 are each vertically loaded with a weight 26 of 4.25 ounces (121 grams); four of the cartridges are loaded with a weight 28 of 8.8 ounces (250 grams); and 4 of the cartridges are loaded with a weight 30 of 17.3 ounces (492 grams), as shown in FIG. 1.
  • These particular weight loadings encompass the range of writing pressures normally encountered.
  • Holding device 24 is then rolled across the unimaged copy sheet so that each of the cartidges 22 makes an inked line on sheet 16.
  • the holding device 24 is then indexed 1/64 inch (0.397 millimeters) laterally via indexing device 32 and threaded shaft 34 before the holding device 24 is again passed over sheet 16. This procedure is repeated until about 20-25 passes have been made over sheet 16 with the loaded cartridges 22.
  • the number of passes should be sufficient to obtain an area large enough to permit measuring of the diffuse reflection optical density of the developing powder transferred from the solid image area of sheet 14 to the back side of sheet 16.
  • the optical density are proportional to the amount of image material transferred, and the optical density reading (e.g., 0.1) is taken as the transfer density" value for the particular powder being tested.
  • the paper abrasion density is measured by first using the apparatus of FIG. 2 wherein there is depicted a base 40 having mounted thereon arm 42.
  • Rod 44 is 7% inch (12.7 millimeters) in diameter and 6% inches (16.5 centimeters) long. Rod 44 is loaded with 8 pounds of force pushing it against base 40 via spring 46.
  • Pad 48 firmly attached to the bottom of rod 44, is formed of a silicone elastomer (hardness of 35 Shore A).
  • a copy sheet 50 bearing a solid image stripe 52 formed by pressure fixing the developing powder to be tested is positioned on base 40, with image side up, and 4 inches centimeters) into the throat of the apparatus.
  • Sheet 54 is then placed over and in direct contact with image 52 on sheet 50 after which rod 44 (loaded with 8 pounds force) is placed in contact with sheet 54.
  • rod 44 loaded with 8 pounds force
  • sheet 52 is pulled in the direction of the arrow at the rate of about 2-10 inches per second for a distance of 4 inches (10 centimeters).
  • the diffuse reflection optical density of the material transferred to the back side of sheet 54 is then measured using a conventional diffuse reflection densitometer (e.g., MacBeth Quanta- Log Diffuse Reflection Densitometer. Model RD The optical density reading is taken as the paper abrasion density" value for the particular powder being tested.
  • a conventional diffuse reflection densitometer e.g., MacBeth Quanta- Log Diffuse Reflection Densitometer. Model RD
  • Copy sheet 50 is Type 350" copy paper commercially available from 3M Company.
  • Sheet 54 is a conventional 20 pound mimeo paper (Nekoosa Ardor" Mimeo, Sub-20) which is placed with the wire side against the image stripe in the paper abrasion density test.
  • EXAMPLE 1 A developing powder is prepared using the following ingredients in the amounts shown:
  • the solidified composition is then broken into flakes, chilled with dry ice, and reduced to fine powder particles using a hammer mill (e.g., a Mikro-Pulverizer", commercially available from MikroPul).
  • a hammer mill e.g., a Mikro-Pulverizer", commercially available from MikroPul.
  • a fraction having a diameter less than 45 microns is then collected and blended with 0.1% by weight of a flow agent (e.g., Aerosil”; an amorphous colloidal silica commercially available from Degussa, Inc.).
  • the resulting dry developing powder is then used in a copying process wherein an image is formed electrographically on zinc oxide coated paper and developed using a magnetic roller of the type disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3,455,276 (Anderson).
  • the developed image on the zinc oxide coated paper is then pressure fixed, for example by passing the imaged and developed paper between two smooth, polished steel rolls (approximately 2 inches in diameter) at a pressure of 200 pounds per lineal inch.
  • the resulting finished copy has sharp black image areas of high quality with no backgrounding.
  • the transfer density of the finished copy is measured and found to be 0.031 at a pen cartridge loading of 17.3 ounces (492 grams).
  • the paper abrasion density of the finished copy is measured and found to be 0.04.
  • EXAMPLE 2 A pressure-fixable developing powder is prepared using the following ingredients in the amounts stated:
  • the resulting dry developing powder is used to make Parts finished copies as described in Example 1.
  • the transfer Ethylene glycol monmhydwxy same density of such coples is measured and found to be 0403 ("Paracin l5". melting point 66 cs 5 at a pen cartridge loading of 173 ounces (492 grams). commercially available from Baker Cask" oflcompany) 34
  • the paper abrasion density IS measured and found to Cellulose ether ("Ethocel N-200. be
  • the transfer example by passmg the 'maged and da'velop6d Paper density of such copies is measured and found to be 0.07 between f 9 Steel rolls at a Pmssure of 200 at a pen cartridge loading of 17.3 ounces (492 grams). Pounds per llneal
  • the paper abrasion density is measured and found to The resulting finished copy has sharp black image be areas of high quality with no backgrounding.
  • the transfer density of the finished copy is measured and found EXAMPLE 6 2 1 g El-2 9
  • a dry pressure-fixable developing powder is preg epaper a raslon enslty o t e flushed pared with the following ingredients using the procecopy is measured and found to be 0.075.
  • Example EXAMPLE 3 A dry, pressure-fixable developing powder is pre- Pam pared with the following ingredients using the procey y slearic acid 3 me ting point) dures of Example Cellulose ether (Ethocel n-zoo",
  • the transfer Magnet 60 density of such copies is measured and found to be 0.09 at a pen cartridge loading of I73 ounces (492 grams).
  • the paper abrasion density is measured and found to The resultin dr develo in owder is used to make be 0.07).
  • Example 1 The transfer EXAMPLE 7 density of such copies is measured and found to be 0.09 at a pen cartridge loading of l7.3 ounces (492 grams). A dry pressure-fixable developing powder is pre- The paper abrasion density is measured and found to pared with the following ingredients using the procebe 0.075. dures of Example 1:
  • EXAMPLE 4 I Parts A dry pressure-fixable developing powder lS pre- C 87 C 32 pared with the following ingredients using the procexxx; f 'mfg f fi ga ring dures of Example 1: softening point of l8BC. "Butvar B72-A". commercially available from Monsanto) 8 Parts Magnetite 60 IZ-hydroxy stcaric acid (75 C. melting oipl, tommelgilall availab)le from 32 a er astor l ompany Emma/vinyl ewe copoymer (Emx The result ng dry developing powder is used to make 250", commercially available from finished copies as described 111 Example I. The transfer 3 522-6?" 8 density of such copies is measured and found to be 0 l 0 Magnetite (,0 at a pen cartridge loading of 17.3 ounces (492 grams) The paper abrasion density is measured and found to be 0.09,
  • EXAMPLE 8 A dry pressure-fixable developing powder is prepared with the following ingredients using the procedures of Example 1:
  • a flowable, pressure-fixable, dry powder comprising thermoplastic, essentially spherical particles, the binder material of which has a conductivity of at most 10'" mho/cm and which comprises (a) about 50 to 100 parts by weight of a wax component having a melting point between about 45 C. and 150 C., and (b) about 2 to 50 parts by weight of thermo-plastic resin having a softening point above about 60 C.; wherein electrically conductive particles are firmly anchored in said binder material, said electrically conductive particles having a conductivity of at least l0- mho/cm and an average diameter below about 100 millimicrons forming a radially disposed zone; and wherein said essentially spherical particles exhibit:
  • dry powder exhibits a transfer density of less than about 0.15 and a paper abrasion density of less than about 0.15.
  • thermoplastic resin is selected from the group consisting of cellulose esters, vinyl resins, vinyl copolymers, polyamides and polystyrene.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
US375169A 1973-06-29 1973-06-29 Pressure-fixable developing powder containing a thermoplastic resin and wax Expired - Lifetime US3925219A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US375169A US3925219A (en) 1973-06-29 1973-06-29 Pressure-fixable developing powder containing a thermoplastic resin and wax
CA203,127A CA1032394A (en) 1973-06-29 1974-06-21 Pressure-fixable developing powder
GB2890174A GB1478382A (en) 1973-06-29 1974-06-28 Pressure-fixable developing powder
DE2431200A DE2431200A1 (de) 1973-06-29 1974-06-28 Druckfixierbares entwicklerpulver und seine verwendung zur herstellung elektrophotographischer bilder
JP49074193A JPS5820027B2 (ja) 1973-06-29 1974-06-28 デンシシヤシンヨウカンソウゲンゾウフンマツ
FR7422593A FR2235404B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-06-29 1974-06-28

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US375169A US3925219A (en) 1973-06-29 1973-06-29 Pressure-fixable developing powder containing a thermoplastic resin and wax

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US (1) US3925219A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5820027B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1032394A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2431200A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2235404B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1478382A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2352604A1 (de) * 1972-10-21 1974-05-02 Konishiroku Photo Ind Toner fuer die entwicklung von elektrostatischen bildern
US4022738A (en) * 1974-12-12 1977-05-10 Ricoh Co., Ltd. Developing powder
US4082681A (en) * 1975-11-04 1978-04-04 Mita Industrial Company Magnetic developer for electrostatic photography and process for preparation thereof
US4100087A (en) * 1976-01-22 1978-07-11 Mita Industrial Co. Ltd. Pressure-fixing magnetic developer containing hydrogenated polystyrene binder for electrostatic photography and process for preparation thereof
US4104066A (en) * 1976-03-01 1978-08-01 Xerox Corporation Cold pressure fix toners from polycaprolactone
US4145300A (en) * 1975-10-07 1979-03-20 Sublistatic Holding S.A. Developers containing magnetic particles and a sublimable dyestuff
US4189390A (en) * 1975-02-21 1980-02-19 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. One-component magnetic developer powder for developing electrostatic latent image and method of making same
US4251616A (en) * 1976-01-07 1981-02-17 Sublistatic Holding Sa Magnetic toners and development process
US4264698A (en) * 1975-10-27 1981-04-28 Mita Industrial Company Limited Developer for electrostatic photography and process for preparation thereof
US4265993A (en) * 1978-06-28 1981-05-05 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Magnetic toner for electrostatic images and transfer copying
US4277552A (en) * 1978-03-23 1981-07-07 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Magnetic developing process and toner containing high coercive force magnetic powder
WO1981002935A1 (en) * 1980-04-03 1981-10-15 Toray Industries Dry-process toner
US4331755A (en) * 1978-10-31 1982-05-25 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Toner composition for electrostatic image development
US4345013A (en) * 1977-02-28 1982-08-17 Black Copy Company, Inc. Dual purpose magnetic toner
US4379825A (en) * 1980-02-14 1983-04-12 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Porous electrophotographic toner and preparation process of making
US4409312A (en) * 1981-02-23 1983-10-11 Mita Industrial Co. Ltd. Dry developer for electrostatic image with Al or Ti alkoxide
US4419430A (en) * 1977-05-23 1983-12-06 Ani-Live Film Service, Inc. Dry transfer of electrophotographic images
EP0103967A1 (en) * 1982-08-04 1984-03-28 Mita Industrial Co. Ltd. Pressure-fixing toner for electrophotography and process for preparation thereof
US4443527A (en) * 1981-09-18 1984-04-17 Oce-Nederland B.V. Colored magnetically attractable toner powder, its preparation, and developing images with such powder
US4636451A (en) * 1986-02-13 1987-01-13 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Pressure-fixable toner material and method of making same
US4656111A (en) * 1983-04-12 1987-04-07 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Pressure-fixable toner comprising combination of a compound having hydrocarbon chain and a compound having amino group
US4745418A (en) * 1986-04-30 1988-05-17 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Reusable developing powder composition
US4756759A (en) * 1985-02-05 1988-07-12 Sicpa Holding S.A. Printing ink in dry, powdered form
US4859559A (en) * 1987-03-18 1989-08-22 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Hydroxycarboxylic acids as adjuvants for negative liquid electrostatic developers
US5124222A (en) * 1990-09-27 1992-06-23 Nashua Corporation Toner and developer compositions having cleaning and lubricating additives
US5176978A (en) * 1990-12-14 1993-01-05 Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Toner for electrostatic image and process of producing the same
US5202211A (en) * 1990-02-05 1993-04-13 Oce-Nederland B.V. Toner powder comprising particles having a coating of fluorine-doped tin oxide particles
US5679491A (en) * 1995-12-07 1997-10-21 Konica Corporation Toner used for developing an electrostatic charge image
US5709740A (en) * 1996-02-23 1998-01-20 Hoechst Celanese Corp. Thermally expandable, viscosity modified wax compositions and method of use in actuators
US5914209A (en) * 1991-05-20 1999-06-22 Xerox Corporation Single development toner for improved MICR
US20020123548A1 (en) * 1998-05-01 2002-09-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive articles having abrasive layer bond system derived from solid, dry-coated binder precursor particles having a fusible, radiation curable component

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JPS5725833B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1974-09-25 1982-06-01
JPS52119231A (en) * 1976-03-31 1977-10-06 Hitachi Metals Ltd Fixing toner composition for electrostatic charge pattern
DE2627123A1 (de) * 1976-06-16 1977-12-29 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Elektrophotographisches tonerpulver
JPS53104238A (en) * 1977-02-23 1978-09-11 Hitachi Metals Ltd Toner composite for use in electric charge image
JPS53132352A (en) * 1977-04-22 1978-11-18 Sharp Corp Electrophotographic copier
JPS542741A (en) * 1977-06-08 1979-01-10 Canon Inc Pressure fixing toner
JPS6038699B2 (ja) * 1977-09-14 1985-09-02 富士ゼロックス株式会社 静電荷像現像剤
DE3029317A1 (de) * 1980-08-01 1982-03-04 Martin 8000 München Lehmann Verfahren zum herstellen von bildern, z.b. plakaten, schildern o.dgl.
DE3208635C2 (de) * 1981-03-10 1986-11-20 Canon K.K., Tokio/Tokyo Elektrofotografischer Entwickler und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
JPS6025784B2 (ja) * 1981-12-22 1985-06-20 山陽国策パルプ株式会社 カ−ル発生量を抑制した記録用紙
JPS6143756A (ja) * 1985-08-09 1986-03-03 Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd 静電潜像現像剤
JPS61281251A (ja) * 1986-05-16 1986-12-11 Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd 一成分系絶縁性磁性現像剤および一成分系絶縁性磁性現像剤の帯電方法
JPS6348566A (ja) * 1986-08-19 1988-03-01 Fuji Seiko Kk 修正用電子写真像形成負帯電性トナ−

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US3639245A (en) * 1968-07-22 1972-02-01 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Developer power of thermoplastic special particles having conductive particles radially dispersed therein
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US3775326A (en) * 1972-04-17 1973-11-27 Addressograph Multigraph Pressure fixable electroscopic printing powder
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US3829314A (en) * 1966-11-23 1974-08-13 Addressograph Multigraph Photoelectrostatic developing materials
US3639245A (en) * 1968-07-22 1972-02-01 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Developer power of thermoplastic special particles having conductive particles radially dispersed therein
US3715219A (en) * 1969-09-23 1973-02-06 Teletype Corp Electrostatically improvement in electo static printing
US3775326A (en) * 1972-04-17 1973-11-27 Addressograph Multigraph Pressure fixable electroscopic printing powder

Cited By (33)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2352604A1 (de) * 1972-10-21 1974-05-02 Konishiroku Photo Ind Toner fuer die entwicklung von elektrostatischen bildern
US4022738A (en) * 1974-12-12 1977-05-10 Ricoh Co., Ltd. Developing powder
US4189390A (en) * 1975-02-21 1980-02-19 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. One-component magnetic developer powder for developing electrostatic latent image and method of making same
US4145300A (en) * 1975-10-07 1979-03-20 Sublistatic Holding S.A. Developers containing magnetic particles and a sublimable dyestuff
US4264698A (en) * 1975-10-27 1981-04-28 Mita Industrial Company Limited Developer for electrostatic photography and process for preparation thereof
US4082681A (en) * 1975-11-04 1978-04-04 Mita Industrial Company Magnetic developer for electrostatic photography and process for preparation thereof
US4251616A (en) * 1976-01-07 1981-02-17 Sublistatic Holding Sa Magnetic toners and development process
US4100087A (en) * 1976-01-22 1978-07-11 Mita Industrial Co. Ltd. Pressure-fixing magnetic developer containing hydrogenated polystyrene binder for electrostatic photography and process for preparation thereof
US4104066A (en) * 1976-03-01 1978-08-01 Xerox Corporation Cold pressure fix toners from polycaprolactone
US4345013A (en) * 1977-02-28 1982-08-17 Black Copy Company, Inc. Dual purpose magnetic toner
US4419430A (en) * 1977-05-23 1983-12-06 Ani-Live Film Service, Inc. Dry transfer of electrophotographic images
US4277552A (en) * 1978-03-23 1981-07-07 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Magnetic developing process and toner containing high coercive force magnetic powder
US4265993A (en) * 1978-06-28 1981-05-05 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Magnetic toner for electrostatic images and transfer copying
US4331755A (en) * 1978-10-31 1982-05-25 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Toner composition for electrostatic image development
US4379825A (en) * 1980-02-14 1983-04-12 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Porous electrophotographic toner and preparation process of making
WO1981002935A1 (en) * 1980-04-03 1981-10-15 Toray Industries Dry-process toner
US4409312A (en) * 1981-02-23 1983-10-11 Mita Industrial Co. Ltd. Dry developer for electrostatic image with Al or Ti alkoxide
US4443527A (en) * 1981-09-18 1984-04-17 Oce-Nederland B.V. Colored magnetically attractable toner powder, its preparation, and developing images with such powder
EP0103967A1 (en) * 1982-08-04 1984-03-28 Mita Industrial Co. Ltd. Pressure-fixing toner for electrophotography and process for preparation thereof
US4656111A (en) * 1983-04-12 1987-04-07 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Pressure-fixable toner comprising combination of a compound having hydrocarbon chain and a compound having amino group
US4756759A (en) * 1985-02-05 1988-07-12 Sicpa Holding S.A. Printing ink in dry, powdered form
US4636451A (en) * 1986-02-13 1987-01-13 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Pressure-fixable toner material and method of making same
US4745418A (en) * 1986-04-30 1988-05-17 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Reusable developing powder composition
US4859559A (en) * 1987-03-18 1989-08-22 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Hydroxycarboxylic acids as adjuvants for negative liquid electrostatic developers
US5202211A (en) * 1990-02-05 1993-04-13 Oce-Nederland B.V. Toner powder comprising particles having a coating of fluorine-doped tin oxide particles
US5124222A (en) * 1990-09-27 1992-06-23 Nashua Corporation Toner and developer compositions having cleaning and lubricating additives
US5176978A (en) * 1990-12-14 1993-01-05 Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Toner for electrostatic image and process of producing the same
US5914209A (en) * 1991-05-20 1999-06-22 Xerox Corporation Single development toner for improved MICR
US5679491A (en) * 1995-12-07 1997-10-21 Konica Corporation Toner used for developing an electrostatic charge image
US5709740A (en) * 1996-02-23 1998-01-20 Hoechst Celanese Corp. Thermally expandable, viscosity modified wax compositions and method of use in actuators
US5772949A (en) * 1996-02-23 1998-06-30 Hoechst Celanese Corp. Thermally expandable, viscosity modified wax compositions and method of use in actuators
US20020123548A1 (en) * 1998-05-01 2002-09-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive articles having abrasive layer bond system derived from solid, dry-coated binder precursor particles having a fusible, radiation curable component
US6753359B2 (en) * 1998-05-01 2004-06-22 3M Innovative Properties Company Abrasive articles having abrasive layer bond system derived from solid, dry-coated binder precursor particles having a fusible, radiation curable component

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1478382A (en) 1977-06-29
JPS5820027B2 (ja) 1983-04-21
DE2431200A1 (de) 1975-01-09
FR2235404B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1979-05-25
FR2235404A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-01-24
JPS5050042A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-05-06
CA1032394A (en) 1978-06-06

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