US2927877A - Heat exchanger - Google Patents

Heat exchanger Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US2927877A
US2927877A US433773A US43377354A US2927877A US 2927877 A US2927877 A US 2927877A US 433773 A US433773 A US 433773A US 43377354 A US43377354 A US 43377354A US 2927877 A US2927877 A US 2927877A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
plates
carbon
block
resin
heat exchanger
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US433773A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Norman William Stephens
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CD Patents Ltd
Original Assignee
CD Patents Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by CD Patents Ltd filed Critical CD Patents Ltd
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2927877A publication Critical patent/US2927877A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
    • F28F3/08—Elements constructed for building-up into stacks, e.g. capable of being taken apart for cleaning
    • F28F3/083—Elements constructed for building-up into stacks, e.g. capable of being taken apart for cleaning capable of being taken apart
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/52—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbon, e.g. graphite
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/02—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of carbon, e.g. graphite

Definitions

  • This invention relates to improvements in heat exchangers which are constructed or substantially constructed of elementary carbon.
  • Elementary carbon possesses specially advantageous properties for the exi' change of thermal energy between fluids, especially where one or both of the fluids is an active chemical substanceY with strongly corrosive or solvent action.
  • carbon refers to 1 all forms of carbon in which the molecular structure is prewhat is commonly called amorphous carbon and also graphite, whether natural or produced by the subjection of amorphous carbon to high temperatures including such partially graphitised carbons as are produced in the temperature range from 1700 to 2500 C. It also includes material predominantly carbon inwhich carbon particles are bonded by some organic or inorganic binding agent.
  • heat exchangers are used to transfer heat from one moving iluid to another moving fluid, the effect being to increase or decrease the temperature of any one fluid according to whetherit enters the heat exchange system at a lower or at a higher temperature than that ofthe other fluid.
  • One type of heat exchanger incornmon use comp-rises an assembly of plates andV is known. ⁇ as the plate type.
  • Another type which is perhaps in most. common use today, is the tubular type, one .example of which comprises a numberof parallel tubes each about y6 feet longflocated between two headers. A uid is made to'ow through the tubes, and the tubes are traversed externally by the other uid, the elect of which is to heat'or to cool, as the case may be, the uid passing within the tubes.
  • the Wall thickness of the tubes may have to be three or more times that of metal tubes of the same internal diameter, although it isvobvious that the thinner the wall the better the heat transfer.
  • Vit isknown to make a heat exchanger by forming passages-through a metal block, one liuid ilowing through a setfor group of parallel conduits while the other fluid flows through another set or group of parallel conduits adjacent to and crossing the first set or group.
  • One main object of this invention is to produce a heat exchanger ,unit composed of carbon or graphite in a strong, tough and coherent form. Another object is to provide specic means of producing a heat exchanger unit "of the appropriate type. ⁇ A third object is to provide physical methods of building or making the foraminous body.
  • YThe invention provides a method of manufacturing a low porosity carbon heat exchanger body comprising assembling a plurality of carbon plates to form a block,
  • the carbon plates can be composed of carbon produced from finely sub-divided bituminous coal by the process ⁇ described in.U.S. Patent No. 2,461,365.
  • the carbon plates are made from ⁇ 'coal or coke or a mixture c-onsisting predominantly of coal or coke and a minor proportion of a carbon-producing binder, such for example as pitch, lafter which the plates are tired to carbonize ⁇ said binder and impart strength and toughness to the tired plates.
  • a carbon-producing binder such for example as pitch
  • hat plates with the appropriate grooves may iirst be formed.k as described hereinafterv and the Vrequired number of such plates may be cemented tor gether in the requiredfrelation to one another to form the complete foraminous block. vThereafter the block'fis impregnated with a liquid organic resin. Alternatively, the cementing or bonding operation may be conducted simultaneously with aninipregnating operation. i
  • Headers for introduction and discharge of the liuids may themselvesbe formed of carbon or graphite parts moulded and redby techniques analogous to those above referred to.
  • the headers may be joined to the body byk a carbonaceous cement and may be impregnated.
  • the headers may be of metal if the lmetal is not aiected by the heat exchange fluids; ⁇
  • a block type of heat exchanger comprising a 12" cube with approximately 250 3/s" holes in each direction has the same heat transfer surface as tubes, each 6 long ⁇ and of 1 internal diameter.
  • the liquid organic resin may be converted into carbon.
  • it may consist of a mixture of furfural with concentrated sulphuric acid (with or without finely divided carbon) or it may be an artificial resin which when raised to a high temperature is carbonised.
  • the process .of simultaneous cementing and impregnation may consist of clamping the unimpregnated plates together in the correct alignment and then impregnating by evacuation, submerging in a liquid resin and applying pressure to force the liquid into the pores.
  • the liquid resin having been poured out of the passages the resin (which has penetrated into the joints between adjacent carbon plates) is cured or hardened by baking and a strong and permanent bond is formed between the .,plates.
  • the carbon plates may be cemented together before the above impregnating procedure is followed.
  • the liquid Vresin is supplied under pressure to passageways traversing the assembled block, draining and curing following.
  • the liquid organic resin may be any suitable resinous material which in the unpolymerised or partly polyvmrerised state is sufficiently fluid to permeate the porous voids in the carbon, and which can be polymerised to form a hard cement after the impregnation.
  • suitable resins areY described in the examples given hereinafter.
  • a suitable inal torque loading for each of four 1 inch diameter corner bolts for the cover plates of a heat eX- changer block comprising a-15 inch cube is 80 ft.lbs., the block being ready for use at this loading.
  • a suitable bolt loading as soon as the plates are assembled is one of at least 175 ft.lbs. and that no adjustment of the bolts need be made until after polymerisation when adjustment is made to the required loading of 80 ft.lbs.
  • the carbon plates are preferably held with the bolts adjusted to hand tightness until the cement has hardened, when the bolt loading is adjusted to 80 ft.-1bs. Impregnation and curing follow and thereafter any necessary final adjustment of the bolts to ensure a loading of 80 ft.lbs. is made.
  • the Viscosity of the liquid impregnating resin should preferably be in the range of 30 to 100 centipoises. (Between 30 and 40 centipoises is usually most suitable.)
  • the vacuum should be the highest practicable.
  • the vacuum should not if avoidable be above 10 mm. of mercury absolute and is preferably about 3 mm. of mercury absolute.
  • the vacuum treatment should generally be for at least one hour.
  • the pressure applied to force the liquid into the pores is suitably about 50 lbs. per square inch but higher pressures may be used.
  • the heating of the block for polymerisation of the impregnating resin should be done at a rate such as to avoid loss of resin. If the block is heated to high temperatures too rapidly, resin exudes to the surface of the block thus weakening the resulting structure and impairing its heat transfer properties. The temperature should be slowly and gradually increased to the required linal-value.
  • a suitable heating schedule for a cashew nut shell resin is:
  • impregnating stages may involve vacuum treatment, or one stage may involve vacuum treatment while in the other stage liquid resin is forced into the passages of the block. Different resins may conveniently be used in the two stages.
  • each carbon plate has on one side a rst set of equally spaced parallel grooves and on the other side a second set of equally spaced parallel grooves disposedat right angles to the first set, the lirst and second sets of grooves, respectively, of adjacent plates being in register with one another to provide two series of parallel passages traversing the block at right angles to one another.
  • Figure 1 is a plan
  • Figure 2 is a section on the line AA of Figure 1;
  • Figure 3 is a section on the line BB of Figure 1;
  • the heat exchanger body proper is built up from a series of graphite plates 12 which are good heat conductors.
  • Each plate 12 has on one side a first Set of equally spaced parallel semi-cylindrical grooves 13 and on the other side a second set of equally spaced parallel semi-cylindrical grooves 14 lying in a direction at right angles to the direction of the first set 13, the alternate contiguous plate 12 being so arranged that'the first sets of grooves lie in register with the first set of grooves in a contiguous plate and the second set of grooves in register with the second set of grooves in a contiguous plate so as to form first and second sets of cylindrical passages at right angles to one another.
  • the passagesformed by the grooves 14 open at their ends into the chambers 15 and 16 of cast iron headers-17. and 18.
  • the header 18 is provided with steel inlet and outlet pipes 19 and 20 for the first fluid which in this vcase is a huid which does not react with the iron or steel.
  • the cylindrical passages formed by vthe semi-cylindrical grooves 13 open at their ends into headers 21 and 22 made of carbon.
  • the hollow spaces 23 and the header 21 are sealed by glands 24,and similarly the hollow spaces 25 and the carbon header 22 are sealed by glands 26 and thecarbon header I22 is provided with the carbon -nletxpipe27 ⁇ and a carbon outletpipe 28 for the varl whichrpasses through the passages 13, which in this ease is a tluid4 which might have a corrosive action or other reaction -.with metal.
  • the graphite plates 12, which are good conductors of heat, ⁇ conveniently have at the: top and" bottom thicker plates 29 ofV carbon with extemalcast iron cover plates 30.
  • the carbon headers 21 and 22 rhave cast iron cover plates 31.
  • the cover vplates() and 31 are held int position byY bolts 32 .andnuts 33'.. Y
  • the headers were of' carbon or of cast iron and the cover plates were of eastl iron. It is to be understood that other solid mate- -rials may be used for such headers and cover plates such asy earthenware, vulcanised rubber, resin coated metal, artificial resin.
  • each graphite plate by moulding from very finely pulverised coal with or without 'a small proportionl of very finely dividedpulverised coke or graphite and/or finely divided sulphur and after moulding to the required dimensions (allowing for sub-V sequent shrinkage, e.g. 11% linear shrinkage) is embedded inV coke fliers and fired under non-oxidising con- 'ditions to a temperature of 800 to l000 C. at such a rate of temperature rise as to avoid intumescence as described in United States patent specification No. 2,461,- 365 or 2,493,383. Thereafter each plate is heated vto a temperature kof 2500" C. in an electric furnace.
  • the conditions at this stage of theprocess are controlled in ⁇ such a way that the carbon is not fully converted into graphite but into an intermediate form which has a high thermal conductivity (about 75% of that of natural graphite) but a higher strength and hardness than fully Agraphitised carbon.
  • Each plate is ground flat on each side in a grinding machine and each edge of each plate 'is ground straight and to the correct dimensions.
  • Grooves are formed in the plates by grinding, using a machine with a rotary grinding wheel the peripheral edge of which conforms to the shape of the groove required in the carbon plate.
  • a grinding wheel having an edge of semi-circular section is employed.
  • the assembly is placed in a suitable autoclave and a vacuum of at least 10 mm. of mercury absolute is applied for a period of l hour.
  • Air pressure of 50 lbs. per square inch is then applied within the autoclave for a period of 2 hours.
  • V(h) The torque on the bolts is then adjusted to 80 ft.lbs.
  • the heat exchanger body is tested for the possibility of a leak.
  • One pair of headers is bolted up and the header outlet is closed and the header inlet is subjected to substantial air pressure (eg. 50 pounds pervsquare inch), the body is immersed in water and is examined for any trace of air leak and in theV event of a leak appearing re-impregnation is effected on the lines set out in any of the above examples. 1
  • the faces of the block Before impregnation in the above Examples 2 and 3, it is preferred that the faces of the block shall be machined flat to ensure close tting of the headers.
  • the faces of the block are machined flat after impregnation and heat hardening.
  • a method of manufacturing a low porosity carbon heat exchanger body comprising assembling a plurality of carbon plates to form a block, clamping said assembled plates together, said plates being grooved to provide passages traversing said block, and with the plates so assembled and clamped together impregnating the assembled platesV and therebetween ⁇ with a liquid ⁇ orgaiait: resin, and heat-hardening saidY resin to .reduce ⁇ the porosity ofthe plates and bond them together.
  • a method of manufacturing a low porositycarbon heat exchanger body comprising assembling a plurality of carbon plates to form a block, clamping said assembled plates together, each of said plates having on one side a first set of equally spaced parallel grooves and on the other side a second set of equally spaced parallel' grooves disposed at right-angles to the first set, the iirst and second setsV of grooves, respectively, of adjacent plates being in register with one another to provide two series of parallel passages traversing said block atv right angles to one another, and with the plates so assembled and clamped together, impregnating the assembled plates and therebetween with a liquid organic resin, and heat-hardening said resin to reduce the porosity of' said plates and bond them together.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
US433773A 1949-01-14 1954-06-01 Heat exchanger Expired - Lifetime US2927877A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB281567X 1949-01-14
GB241049X 1949-10-24

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2927877A true US2927877A (en) 1960-03-08

Family

ID=26256916

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US433773A Expired - Lifetime US2927877A (en) 1949-01-14 1954-06-01 Heat exchanger

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US2927877A (en(2012))
BE (1) BE493098A (en(2012))
DE (1) DE821653C (en(2012))
FR (1) FR1006932A (en(2012))
GB (1) GB665899A (en(2012))

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3190499A (en) * 1962-10-26 1965-06-22 Dow Chemical Co Dispensing container
US4436145A (en) 1981-11-06 1984-03-13 The Garrett Corporation Charge air cooler mounting arrangement
US20140332183A1 (en) * 2011-12-23 2014-11-13 Youngjong Choi Disassemblable and washable primary surface heat exchanger

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE966473C (de) * 1951-07-22 1957-09-12 Huels Chemische Werke Ag Graphitwaermeaustauscher
GB736305A (en) * 1952-04-22 1955-09-07 Lorraine Carbone Improvements in or relating to heat exchanging apparatus
DE960453C (de) * 1952-08-07 1957-03-21 Conradty Fa C Behaelterauskleidung aus Kohle- oder Graphitsteinen
GB756327A (en) * 1952-10-14 1956-09-05 Lorraine Carbone Improvements in or relating to heat exchangers
DE959917C (de) * 1953-08-08 1957-03-14 Basf Ag Gleich- oder Gegenstrom-Waermetauscher in Blockform
CH349635A (it) * 1956-01-10 1960-10-31 Elettrocarbonium Spa Scambiatore di calore in grafite impermeabile per il trattamento di fluidi aggressivi
US2887303A (en) * 1956-05-04 1959-05-19 Falls Ind Inc Heat exchanger
US3272260A (en) * 1961-08-11 1966-09-13 Union Carbide Corp Corrosion resistant heat exchanger
US3262277A (en) * 1965-02-02 1966-07-26 Gen Electric Low temperature thermal regenerator
US3315739A (en) * 1965-06-24 1967-04-25 John G Kearney Heat-exchanger construction

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1158171A (en) * 1912-06-06 1915-10-26 Nat Carbon Co Method of cementing carbon articles.
US1834895A (en) * 1931-04-24 1931-12-01 Gen Electric Laminated wood product
US2247355A (en) * 1936-07-18 1941-07-01 Johns Manville Method of making a compressed and densified product
GB620998A (en) * 1947-02-07 1949-04-01 C D Patents Ltd Improvements in the joining of carbon bodies to other bodies
US2512230A (en) * 1947-02-07 1950-06-20 C D Patents Ltd Joining of carbon bodies to other bodies
US2670311A (en) * 1951-02-02 1954-02-23 C D Patents Ltd Method of making a heat exchanger

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1158171A (en) * 1912-06-06 1915-10-26 Nat Carbon Co Method of cementing carbon articles.
US1834895A (en) * 1931-04-24 1931-12-01 Gen Electric Laminated wood product
US2247355A (en) * 1936-07-18 1941-07-01 Johns Manville Method of making a compressed and densified product
GB620998A (en) * 1947-02-07 1949-04-01 C D Patents Ltd Improvements in the joining of carbon bodies to other bodies
US2512230A (en) * 1947-02-07 1950-06-20 C D Patents Ltd Joining of carbon bodies to other bodies
US2670311A (en) * 1951-02-02 1954-02-23 C D Patents Ltd Method of making a heat exchanger

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3190499A (en) * 1962-10-26 1965-06-22 Dow Chemical Co Dispensing container
US4436145A (en) 1981-11-06 1984-03-13 The Garrett Corporation Charge air cooler mounting arrangement
US20140332183A1 (en) * 2011-12-23 2014-11-13 Youngjong Choi Disassemblable and washable primary surface heat exchanger

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE821653C (de) 1951-11-19
FR1006932A (fr) 1952-04-29
GB665899A (en) 1952-01-30
BE493098A (en(2012))

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US2927877A (en) Heat exchanger
Collett A review of surface and interfacial adhesion in wood science and related fields
US1137373A (en) Expanded graphite and composition thereof.
CN110667205B (zh) 一种氧化石墨烯涂层金属层状复合材料的制备方法
US20010047862A1 (en) Carbon/carbon heat exchanger and manufacturing method
US2670311A (en) Method of making a heat exchanger
JP2002256083A (ja) 膨張黒鉛からなるアクリル樹脂含浸体
DE1081527B (de) Gasdicht verschlossener alkalischer Akkumulator
DE2104680A1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Kohlenstoffkörpern
DE2129187C3 (de) Brennstoffbatterie aus einer Mehrzahl von Brennstoffelementen
US2431050A (en) Method of heat sealing laminated materials
DE102020000614A1 (de) Energiemanagementsystem für Restwärme (ESR)
CN115832329A (zh) 一种燃料电池柔性石墨极板的浸渍方法
DE102019217114A1 (de) Power-to-X-Anlage mit optimierter Wasserstofftrocknung und Reinigung
DE2720078C2 (de) Verfahren zur Vergrößerung der wärmeaustauschenden Fläche von Graphitelementen in einem Wärmeaustauscher
DE1646783A1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von kugelfoermigen Graphit-Brennstoffelementen
SE179851C1 (en(2012))
CN217574114U (zh) 用于聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜生产的固化装置
KR102542478B1 (ko) 블록형 흑연 열교환기 pfa 함침방법
CH304297A (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Wärmeaustauschers.
EP3105197B1 (de) Verfahren zum herstellen eines modularen isolationselementes
McCaffery et al. Low cost mold development for prototype parts produced by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM)
JP2678291B2 (ja) 板状炭素複合材料及びその製造法
JPH02279304A (ja) 熱交換器の製造方法
JPH0711336Y2 (ja) プレート型カーボン熱交換器