Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
  • C08J3/02—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques
  • C08J3/09—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids
  • C08J3/091—Making solutions, dispersions, lattices or gels by other methods than by solution, emulsion or suspension polymerisation techniques in organic liquids characterised by the chemical constitution of the organic liquid
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/40—Making wire or rods for soldering or welding
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
  • B29B13/00—Conditioning or physical treatment of the material to be shaped
  • B29B13/06—Conditioning or physical treatment of the material to be shaped by drying
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
  • B65D71/00—Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans or pop bottles; Bales of material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F2/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F2/06—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Manufacture thereof from viscose
  • D01F2/08—Composition of the spinning solution or the bath
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F2/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F2/06—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Manufacture thereof from viscose
  • D01F2/08—Composition of the spinning solution or the bath
  • D01F2/10—Addition to the spinning solution or spinning bath of substances which exert their effect equally well in either
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F6/02—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D01F6/18—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from polymers of unsaturated nitriles, e.g. polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene cyanide
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F26—DRYING
  • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
  • F26B21/00—Arrangements or duct systems, e.g. in combination with pallet boxes, for supplying and controlling air or gases for drying solid materials or objects
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F26—DRYING
  • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
  • F26B23/00—Heating arrangements
  • F26B23/02—Heating arrangements using combustion heating
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
  • H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
  • H01R4/10—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation effected solely by twisting, wrapping, bending, crimping, or other permanent deformation
  • H01R4/18—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation effected solely by twisting, wrapping, bending, crimping, or other permanent deformation by crimping
  • H01R4/183—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation effected solely by twisting, wrapping, bending, crimping, or other permanent deformation by crimping for cylindrical elongated bodies, e.g. cables having circular cross-section
  • H01R4/184—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation effected solely by twisting, wrapping, bending, crimping, or other permanent deformation by crimping for cylindrical elongated bodies, e.g. cables having circular cross-section comprising a U-shaped wire-receiving portion
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
  • H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
  • H01R43/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors for forming connections by deformation, e.g. crimping tool
  • H01R43/058—Crimping mandrels
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
  • B29K2021/00—Use of unspecified rubbers as moulding material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2333/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2333/18—Homopolymers or copolymers of nitriles
  • C08J2333/20—Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylonitrile

Definitions

• the present invention has to do with a new and novel method for use in the manufacture of yarn or other materials of artificial origin and the products thereof.
• the present invention concerns a novel process for maintaining ideal spinning conditions in the manufacture of yarn of artificial origin.
• a cellulosic solution is prepared and expressed or extruded through minute openings into a coagulating or precipitating medium.
• This medium is usually either liquid or gaseous.
• cellulose is treated with caustic to form alkali cellulose, which, with carbon disulphide, produces a xanthate. This, in solution, produces a viscose spinning solution.
• spinnerets which spinnerets are made from gold, gold-palladium, gold-platinum, tantalum, et cetera. Furthermore, spinnerets are manufactured from precious and semi-precious stones, such as natural ruby, synthetic ruby, et cetera. Our improved procedures are applicable in the use of these various types of spinnerets. The economic advantage oi. finding asimple, inexpensive method for keeping spinnerets operative during spinning is therefore apparent. As will be subsequently pointed out, other improved spinning conditions will be realized when following our procedures wherein we provide a solution for these problems in our present inventive concept.
• anion-active compounds are surfaceactive compounds which carry in the anion the group which is responsible for the surface activity.
• groups responsible for surface activity in this specification are called surface-active groups.
• Other groups or ions which are inert in this respect will be called surface-inactive or innocuous.
• Surface activity depends upon the presence of one or more groups or radicals with long or extended chain-like structures which include extended aliphatic, carbocyclic and heterocyclic chains or combinations thereof.
• Compounds which contain a surface-active group show a tendency, according to the experiments and theory of Langmuir, to accumulate in the surface or interface of the solution and to assume an oriented position in which all of the extended chains lie parallel. Naturally, these substances can show this property only'in so far as they are dissolved.
• the surface activity may be induced by either the cation or the anion. This depends upon the position of the extended chain when the molecule ionizes.
• the extended chain remains with that part of the molecule bearing the positive charge, then it is said to be cation active; whereas, on the other hand, if the long chaingemains with that part of the molecule which bears a negative charge, it is said to be anion-active.
• Most of the usual surface-active substances are anion-active, with which substances the present invention is not concerned.
• X represents a polyvalent atom, or a radical containing such an atom, capable of being linked to a negative atom or radical and at the same time to one or more other atoms or radicals.
• the letter 1/ indicates the valence of the atom or radical X.
• the invention also contemplates the presence of more than one atom symbolized by X in the cation. In this event one or more of the X atoms may be linked to surface-active groups and to surfaceinactive atoms or radicals as described herein. 3 designates the radical or radicals inducing cation-activity, which are linked directly to the polyvalent atom of X.
• S may include one or more of the same or different aliphatic, carbocyclic and heterocyclic radicals and the letter m is a positive whole number indicating the total number of such radicals.
• the radical or radicals S should be such that when linked to X it or they will provide, in an ionizing solvent, a surfaceactive cation.
• B. may be hydrogen and/or one or more of the same or difierent aliphatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic radical or radicals which are distinguished from those of B in that they do not induce surface-activity into the cation.
• letter 11. is a positive whole number or zero and indicates the total number of such radicals and/or hydrogen atoms.
• This letter 1: also'in- 5 dicates the number of valences of the atom of x which remain available to be saturated by ining the valence of the anion.
• the letter C outside 15 of the bracket is a whole positive number indicating the number of cations linked to the anion.
• C- equals c-and the sum of n and m. equals 11-4.
• bases wherein A would be a hydroxyl radical
• bases including acid salts.
• the more important cation-active compounds which may be employed in accordance with the present invention are the bases or their salts, such as may be derived from pentavalent nitrogen, and further the sulphonium, phosphonium and arsonium, etc. bases and their salts.
• the polyvalent atom of x in the foregoing formula is in these compounds nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and arsenic, etc., respectively.
• the quaternary ammonium compounds are examples of compounds containing such an atom, nitrogen being the polyvalent atom.
• the pyridonium or'pyridinium compounds are examples of compounds in which the polyvalent atom, nitrogen, is contained in a radical, the radical being the pyridine ring (CtHsN) having a valence of two.
• Other radicals containing the polyvalent atom may, of course, be used in place of the pyridine ring.
• the innocuous anion symbolized by A is the hydroxide, chloride, sulphate, bromide, iodide, acetate, etc.
• the groups inducing cation activity symbolized by Sm comprise extended chain-like structures, such as aliphatic hydrocarbon chains having six or more carbon atoms therein. Also, the extended chain-like structures may be composed of two or more benzene 'nuclei or other cyclic radicals, either combined directly or, for example, through a carbon or nitrogen or other linkages, with or without aliphatic chains substituted for the hydrogen in rings.
• bases derived from nitro-- gen and their salts for instance, certain pyridinium and other quaternary ammonium compounds, have been found to be particularly suitable.
• the former compounds may include pyridinium bases or salts having linked thereto extended aliphatic chains, containing, for example, sixor more carbon atoms and preferably 12 to 20' carbon atoms.
• dodecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, or even a lower carbon chain such as decyl may be linked to the nitrogen atom in the bases or salts of pyridinium such as pyridinium hydroxide, pyridinium sulphate or bisulphate and pyridinium bromide.
• pyridinium such as pyridinium hydroxide, pyridinium sulphate or bisulphate and pyridinium bromide.
• Use may also be made of 'replacement'or substitute compounds such as the analogous substitution products of pyridine known as picoline (C5H4N(CH3)), and quinoline (Cali-1N), etc. and also compounds such a,1ss,os1
• radicals were replaced by radicals capable of u as piperidin e, acrid ine. cinnoiine and naph hyridin and their derivatives.
• X represents the pyridine radical ⁇ N including the polyvalent atom nitrogen and having a valence y of 2; Bis the dodecyl radical CzaHzs connected directly to the polyvalent atom (nitrogen) of X, the letter m being 1.
• the innocuous anion A is the bisulphate radical (H504) connected directly to the polyvalent atom of X.
• the valence of A is l, ,and the letter 0 just outside the bracket is 1. In this compound the value of n is 0, so there would be no atom or radical R.
• the innocuous anion (804) would have a valence of 2 and the letter 0 outside .the bracket would become 2, indicating two dodecylpyridinium 35 groups satisfying the two valences of the anion.
• the same innocuous anions and surface-active groups may be linked to the pentavalent nitrogen atom as are employed with the pyridinium compounds.
• X represents the atom nitrogen, having flve valences.
• the three valences which are saturated in the pyridinium compounds 'by (CHM are now saturated by alkyl, aryl or other carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups and/or hydrogen atoms.
• three methyl groups may be used to form trimethyl dodecyl ammonium bromide.
• the following is' the structural formula of such a compound:
• the compound might contain more than one dodecyl radical or-other radical capable of inducing the surface-activity of the cation.
• one or more of the methyl radicals in the above compound might be replaced by a dodecyl radical, in which event theletter m would be 2 or more, depending upon how many methyl radicals were so replaced, and the letter u would be correspondingly decreased. If all the methyl the inducing the surface activity of the cation, the 4 letter 11 would, of course, become zero.
• radicals capable of inducing the surface-activity of the cation may include aromatic or other carbocyclic or heterocyclic radicals.
• the following compounds are examples of compounds containing such radicals including benzene nuclei in the surface-active groups in the' cation: toluene azophenyl-trimethyl ammonium iodide, benzene azophenyl trimethyl,
• ammonium iodide diphenyl azophenyl trimethyl ammonium methyl sulphate, isophopyl naphthyl trimethyl ammonium iodide. In such compounds of the cation.
• innocuous anion is divalent
• a compound of the following type may be used:
• sulphonium, phosphonium and arsonium bases and their salts may also be used.
• the sulphur, phosphorus or arsenic must have linked directly thereto, an innocuous anion and at least one group inducing surface activity in the cation. It is apparent that the sulphur being tetravalent, as distinguished from the pentavalent phosphorus and arsenic will have less valences to' be saturated than in the case of phosphorus, arsenic and nitrogen.
• a sulphonium compound such as diethyl dodecyl sulphonium hydroxide would correspond to triethyl dodecyl phosphonium hydroxide, either of which might be used.
• trimethyl dodecyl phosphonium hydroxide and dipropyl dodecyl sulphonium bromide may be employed. It is also within the scope of our invention to use compounds in which the polyvalent atom of X is divalent or trivalent. The prerequisites of such an element must be that they will combine with an innocuous anion and a group inducing surface-activity in the cation.
• unsaturated as well as saturated aliphatic radicals may be used as the radical inducing surface-activity in the cation (8) or as the inactive radical (B).
• the cation-active compounds may be added directly to the viscose spinning baths, or may be mixed with the viscose solution prior to extrusion into the baths, or they may be employed simultaneously in both the bath and spinning solution. It is of course necessary to select a cation-active compound which is not adversely affected by the acid of the bath and is substantially stable when used therein, and/or one that is stable in viscose when used therein.
• Compounds which 7 are sufficiently soluble in dilute caustic soda or viscose to go into molecular solution in the viscose itself are particularly adapted to be added to the spinning solution.
• tetraalkylammonium bases and salts and aryltrialkylammonium bases and salts are especially suited for this purpose because of v their greater stability toward the alkali of the viscose.
• the compound is added to the spinning bath it is preferred to use a compound that goes into molecular solution in the spinning bath.
• Example 1.0rdinary viscose solution is made a up, and spun or extruded through fine orifices in precious metal spinnerets into a well-known acid spinning bath, containing sulphuric acid, sodium sulphate, ammonium sulphate, and a small quantity of zinc sulphate.
• a well-known acid spinning bath containing sulphuric acid, sodium sulphate, ammonium sulphate, and a small quantity of zinc sulphate.
• Such a bath although widely known and used, is ordinarily troublesome since spinning difficulties due to the contaminated spinnerets, are common.
• We add to the bath however, a small quantity (0.04 per cent by weight) of dodecyl pyridinium bisulphate.
• this material is between one thousandth per cent and eight hundredth per cent. Such a small addition eliminates most of the spinning irregularities and diiliculties, and enables a much longer spinning time free from the noted interruptions than has been heretofore possible.
• Example 2 An ordinary viscose solution is extruded through gold-palladium spinnerets into a spinning bath of the type mentioned in Example 1, but which contains a relatively larger amount of zinc sulphate, for example, five per cent of this salt. Ordinarily, under these conditions, the spinnerets become sufflciently contaminated in a few hours to deleteriously affect spinning, as pointed out above. However, if 0.1 per cent by weight of dodecyl triethyl ammonium iodide is first added to the viscose solution, the tendency to clog the holes of the spinnerets will be greatly reduced.
• Example 3 An ordinary viscose solution is spun through gold-palladium spinnerets into a spinning bath containing, for example, in addition to the usual bath ingredients 5% zinc sulphate; under these conditions the holes of the spinnerets will become contaminated within a few hours. If, however, 0.05% toluene azophenyltrimethyl ammoniiun iodide is added to the viscose solution, there will be much less clogging of the spinneret holes.
• the step which comprises extruding such a cellulosic solution through spinneret orifices in the presence of a dissolved cation-active substance that is substantially stable under spinning conditions.
• the step which comprises extruding such a celiulosic solution into a spinning bath containing dissolved therein a compound supplying surface-active cations and innocuous anions.
• the step which comprises spinning the viscose filaments in the presence of a dissolved, stable, cation-active,
• alkyl substituted pyridinium compound having an innocuous anions 1 17 In the manufacture of viscose yarn wherein a viscose solution is extruded through minute orifices into an acid precipitating bath to form filaments and the like therefrom, the step which comprises spinning the viscose filaments in the presence of a dissolved, stable, cation-active pyridinium salt having an innocuous anion.
• the step hich comprises spinning the viscose filaments n the presence of a dissolved, stable, cation-active, tetra-alkylammonium salt having an innocuous anion.
• a viscose solution for use in the production of yarn including a very small proportion of a dissolved cation-active substance that is stable in the viscose solution.
• a viscose solution containing a dissolved cation-active substance comprising a tetra-alkylammonium compound with at least one chain containing at least six carbon atoms and having an innocuous anion.
• a viscose solution containing a dissolved cation-active substance comprising dodecyl triethylammonium iodide.
• An acid spinning bath for coagulating cellulosic filaments therein, containing a coagulating agent and a very small proportion of a dissolved, stable, 'cation-active substance having an innocuous anion.
• a spinning bath for coagulating cellulosic filaments therein, containing a coagulating agent and dodecyl pyridinium chloride.
• a viscose spinning bath for coagulating *viscose filaments therein, containing a coagulating; agent and a dissolved cation-active substance comprising a salt of a pyridinium base with at least one chain having at least six carbon atoms, said salt having an innocuous anion.
• dodecyl pyridinium bisulphate is added to the spinning bath.
• An acid spinning bath for coagulating viscose filaments said bath containing sulphuric I acid, sodium sulphate, zinc sulphate and a. dissolved cation-active compound that is substantially stable under spinning conditions.
• the step which comprises extruding a viscose solution having dissolved therein a cation-active tetra alkyl ammonium iodide into an acid precipitating bath to form filaments and the like therefrom.
• the step which comprises extruding a viscose solution, having dissolved therein a cation-active onium compound in a range of from 0.05% to 0.1%, into an acid precipitating bath to form filaments and the like therefrom.
• An acid spinning bath for coagulating viscose filaments therein, containing a coagulating agent and a small amount of a dissolved cationactive "onium compound having an innocuous anion.
• An acid spinning bath as defined in claim 44 which further includes zinc sulphate.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Textile Engineering (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Toxicology (AREA)
• Artificial Filaments (AREA)

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Cited By (37)

Families Citing this family (15)

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• 0
  • BE BE419429D patent/BE419429A/xx unknown
• 1935
  • 1935-02-16 DE DEN37778D patent/DE709497C/de not_active Expired
  • 1935-06-07 NL NL73841A patent/NL39956C/xx active
• 1936
  • 1936-01-07 FR FR800404D patent/FR800404A/fr not_active Expired
  • 1936-01-07 BE BE413164A patent/BE413164A/fr unknown
  • 1936-02-01 DE DEN1951D patent/DE933050C/de not_active Expired
• 1937
  • 1937-01-13 FR FR48093D patent/FR48093E/fr not_active Expired
  • 1937-01-25 US US122323A patent/US2125031A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1938
  • 1938-06-06 US US212185A patent/US2145527A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1938-06-06 US US212187A patent/US2179196A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1938-06-06 US US212184A patent/US2179195A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime

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