US2895788A - Method of forming all skin viscose rayon - Google Patents

Description

Unite States Patent Chine 2,895,788 Patented July 21, 1959 METHOD OF FORMING ALL SKIN VISCOSE RAYON John A. Howsmon, Wilmington, Del'., and Byron A. Thumm, Prospect Park, Pa., assignors to American Viscjose Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa.-, a corporation of Delaware N 0 Drawing. ApplicationDec'ember S0, 1954 Serial N0. 478,914

8 Claims. (Cl. 18-54) This invention relates to the production of shaped bodies of regenerated cellulose from viscose and more particularly to filaments and fibers of regenerated cellulose from viscose.

In the conventional methods of producing shaped bodies of regenerated cellulose from. viscose, a suitable cellulosic material such as purified cotton linters, wood pulp, mixtures thereof, and the like is first converted to an alkali cellulose by treatment with a caustic soda solution and after shredding the treated cellulose material, it is allowed to age. The aged alkali cellulose is then converted to a xanthate by treatment with carbon disulifide. The cellulose xanthate is subsequently dissolved in a caustic sodasolution in an amount calculated to provide a" viscose of the desired cellulose and alkali content.- After filtration, the viscose solution is allowed to ripen andis subsequently extruded through a shaped orifice into a suitable coagulating and regenerating bath.

In: the production of shaped bodies such as filaments, the viscose solution is extruded through a spinneret into a coagulating and regenerating bath consisting of an aqueous acid solution containing zinc sulfate. The filament may subsequently be passed through ahot aqueous bath where it is stretched to improve its properties such as tensile strength. The filament may then be passed through a dilute aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate to-complete the regeneration of the cellulose,- in case it is not completely regeneratedupon leaving the stretching, stage. The filament is subsequently subjected to washing, purification, bleaching, possibly other treating operations and drying, being collected either before or after these treatments.-

The filaments as formed by the conventional methods consist of a skin or. outer shell portion and acore portion with a sharp line of demarkation between the two. The cross-section of the filaments exhibits avery irregular or crenulated exterior surface when even small amounts of zinc salts or certain other polyvalent metal salts are pres ent in the spinning bath. The skin and core portions of the filament represent differences in structure and these different portions possess different swelling and staining characteristics, the latter permitting a ready identification of skinand core. The sharply irregular and crenulated surface structure has a relatively low abrasion resistance and readily picks up foreign particles such asdirt. Although the core portion possesses a relatively high tensile strength, it has a low abrasion resistance and a low flexlife, is subject to fibrillation and is relatively stifi.

It has now. been discovered that the presence of small amounts of choline .and certain water-soluble choline salts in viscose results in the production of shaped bodies of regenerated cellulose such as filaments, films, sheets and the like composed of all skin and having improved properties and characteristics providing that the amount of the choline or choline salt is maintained with certain limits and thecomposition of the spinning bath is maintained within certain composition limits which will be defined hereinafter; The most readily distinguishable 2v characteristics as compared to conventional filaments include asmo'ot'h, non-crenulated surface and the filaments consist entirely of skin.

Choline salts which are satisfactory for the purposes of this invention include both inorganic and organic anions such as the halides, for example, the chloride and the bromide, sulfates, for example, the sulfate and the bisulfate, the acetate, the propionate, etc. Mixtures of choline with one or more salts and mixtures of the salts are also satisfactory. The modifier may be conveniently added in the form of a solution in water or in a caustic soda solution.

The amount of the choline or choline salt which is incorporated in the viscose must be at least about 0.3% by weight of the cellulose in the viscose and may vary to about 4.5%, preferably, the amount varies from 0.5% to 2.5%. Lesser amounts do not result in the production of products consisting entirely of skin and greater amounts affect adversely the physical properties of the products. Amounts within the preferred range are mosteifective in enhancing the characteristics and properties of the products. The choline or choline salt may he added at any desired stage in the production of the viscose such as in the preparation of the refined wood pulp for the manufacture of viscose, before or during the shredding of the alkali cellulose, to the xanthated cellulose whileit is being dissolved in the caustic solution or to the viscose solution before or after filtration. The choline or choline salt is preferably added after the cellu' lose xanthate has been dissolved in the caustic solution and prior to filtration.

The viscose may contain from about 6% to about 8% cellulose, the particular source of the cellulose being selected for the ultimate use of the regenerated cellulose product. The caustic soda content may be from about 4% to about 8% and the carbon disulfide contentmay be from about 30% to about 50% based upon the weight of the cellulose. The modified viscose, that is, a viscose containing the small amount of choline or a choline salt, may have a salt test above about 7 and preferably above about 9 at the time of spinning or extrusion. The term salttest as used herein refers to the conventional sodium chloride salt test.

Inorder to obtain the improvements enumerated hereinbefore, it is essential that the composition of the spin: ning bath bemaintainedwithin a well-defined range. The presence of the choline or choline salt in the viscose combined with these limited spinning baths results in the production. of yarns of improved properties such as high tenacity, high abrasion-resistance, high fatigue resistance and consisting of filaments composed entirely of skin.

Generically and in terms of the industrial. art, the spinning bath is a low acid-high zinc spinning bath containing from about 10% to about 25% sodium sulfate and from about 3% to about 15% zinc sulfate, preferably from 15% to 22% sodium sulfate and from 4% to 9% zinc sulfate. Other metal sulfates such as iron, manganese, nickel and the like may be present and may replace some of the zinc sulfate. The temperature of the spinning bath may vary from about 25 C. to about 80" C., preferably between about 45 C. and about C. In the production of the all skin type filaments, the temperature of the spinning bath is not critical, however, as is well known in the conventional practice in the art, certain of the physical properties such as tensile strength vary directly with the temperature of thespinning bath. Thus, in the production of filaments for tire cord purposes in accordance with the method of this invention, the spinning bath is preferably maintained at a temperature between .about 55 C. and 65 C. so as to obtain the desired high tensile strength.

The acid content of the spinning bath is balanced against'the composition of the viscose. The lower limit of the acid concentration, as is well known in the art, is just above the slubbing point, that is, the concentration at which small slubs of uncoagulated viscose appear in the strand as it leaves the spinning bath. For commercial operations, the acid concentration of the spinning bath is generally maintained about 0.4% to 0.5% above the slubbing point. For any specific viscose composition, the acid concentration of the spinning bath must be maintained above the slubbing point and below the point at which the neutralization of the caustic of the viscose is sufficiently rapid to form a filament having a skin and core.

There is a maximum acid concentration for any specific viscose composition beyond which the neutralization is sufiiciently rapid to produce filaments having a skin and core. For example, in general, the acid concentration of the spinning baths which are satisfactory for the production of the all skin products from a 7% cellulose, 6% caustic-viscose and containing choline or a choline salt lies between about and about 8%. The acid concentration may be increased as the amount of the modifier is increased and also as the salt test of the viscose is increased. There is an upper limit, however, for the acid concentration based upon the amount of modifier and the concentration of caustic in the viseose. All skin products cannot be obtained if the acid concentration is increased above the maximum value although the amount of the choline or choline salt is increased beyond about 4.5% while other conditions are maintained constant. Increasing the caustic soda content of the viscose beyond about 8% is uneconomical for commercial production methods. For example, a viscose containing about 7% cellulose, about 6% caustic soda, about 41% (based on the weight of cellulose) carbon disulfide, and 1% (based on the weight of cellulose) of choline or a choline salt and having a salt test of about when extruded into spinning baths containing 16 to 20% sodium sulfate, 4 to 8% zinc sulfate and sulfuric acid not more than about 7.8% results in the production of all skin filaments. Lesser amounts of sulfuric acid may 'be employed. Greater amounts of sulfuric acid result in the production of products having skin and core. A lowering of the amount of the modifier, the lowering of the caustic soda content or the lowering of the salt test of the viscose reduces the maximum permissible acid concentration for the production of all skin filaments. It hasbeen determined that the maximum concentration of acid which is permissible for the production of all skin products is about 8.5%.

The presence of the choline or choline salt in the viscose retards the coagulation and, therefore, the amount of derivative employed must be reduced at high spinning speeds. Thus, for optimum physical characteristics of an all skin yarn formed from a viscose as above and at a spinning speed of about 50 meters per minute, the modifier is employed in amounts within the erating bath preferably between 85% and 100%. Yarns for other textile purposes may be stretched as low as 20%. The precise amount of stretching will be dependent upon the desired tenacity and other properties and the specific type of product being produced. It is to be understood that the invention is not restricted to the production of filaments and yarns but it is also applicable to other shaped bodies such as sheets, films, tubes and the like. The filaments may then be passed through a final regenwhich may contain from about 1% to about 5% sulfuric acid and from about 1% to about 5% sodium sulfate with or without small amounts of zinc sulfate if regeneration has not previously been completed. The treatment following the final regenerating bath, or the stretching operation where regeneration has been completed may consist of a washing step, a desulfurizing step, the application of a finishing or plasticizing material and drying before or after collecting, or may include other desired and conventional steps such as bleaching and the like. The treatment after regeneration will be dictated by the specific type of shaped body and the proposed use thereof. Regenerated cellulse filaments prepared from viscose containing the small amounts of choline or choline salts and spun in the spinning baths of limited acid content have a smooth or non-crenulated surface and consist entirely of skin. Because of the uniformity of structure throughout the filament, the swelling and staining characteristics are uniform throughout the cross-section of the filament. Filaments produced pursuant to this invention and consisting entirely of skin have a high toughness and a greater flexing life than filaments as produced according to prior methods which may be attributed by the uniformity in skin structure throughout the filament. Although the twisting of conventional filaments, as in the production of tire cord, results in an appreciable loss of tensile strength, there is appreciably less loss in tensile strength in the production of twisted cords from the l filaments consisting entirely of skin. Filaments prepared the weight of the cellulose.

lower portion of the range, for example, about 1% The determination of the specific maximum and optimum concentration of acid for any specific viscose, spinning bath and spinning speed is a matter of simple experimentation for those skilled in the art. The extruded viscose must, of course, be immersed or maintained in the spinning bath for a period sufiicient to effect relatively complete coagulation of the viscose, that is, the coagulation must be sufiicient so that the filaments will not adhere to each other as they are brought together and withdrawn from the bath.

In the production of filaments for such purposes as the fabrication of tire cord, the filaments are preferably stretched after removal from the initial coagulating and regenerating bath. From the initial spinning bath, the filaments may be passed through a hot aqueous bath which may consist of hot water or a dilute acid solution and may be stretched from about 70% to about 120%,

from viscose containing choline or choline salts have a high tensile strength as compared to normal regenerated cellulose filaments, have superior abrasion and fatigue resistance characteristics and have a high flexlife. Such filaments are highly satisfactory for the production of cords for the reinforcement of rubber products such as pneumatic tire casings, but the filaments are not restricted to such uses and may be used for other textile applications.

The invention may be illustrated by reference to the preparation of regenerated cellulose filaments from a viscose modified with choline chloride and containing about 7% cellulose, about 6% caustic soda, and having a total carbon disulfide content of about 41% based on The vicose solutions were prepared by xanthating alkali cellulose by the introduction of 36% carbon disulfide based on the weight of the cellulose and churning for about 2 /2 hours. The cellulose xanthate was then dissolved in caustic soda solution. An additional 5% carbon disulfide was then added to the mixer and the mass mixed for about one hour. The desired amount of modifier was added to the solution and mixed for about /2 hour. The viscose was then allowed to ripen for about 30 hours at 18 C.

Example 1 Approximately 0.7% (based on the weight of the cellulose) choline chloride was added to and incorporated in the viscose as described above. The viscose employed in the spinning of filaments had a salt test of 11. The viscose .was extruded through a spinneret to form a 200 denier, 120 filament yarn at a rate of about 22 meters per minute. The coagulating and regenerating bath was maintained at a temperature of about 60 C.

and contained 7.7% sulfuric acid, 8.3% zinc sulfate and 18% sodium sulfate. The yarn was stretched about 82% 4 while passing, through a hot water bath at 95" C1 The yam was collected in a spinning box, washed free of acids and salts and dried.

The individual filaments have a. smooth, non-crenufated exterior surface and consist entirely of skin, no core beingdetectable at high magnification (e.-g. 1500X). The. filaments of a control. yarn. spun with the. same. viscose but: without the addition. of the. modified agent and spun-under the. same conditions, exhibit a very irregular and. serrated surface and are composed of about 75 skin. and the balance core with. a sharp line of demarkation between the skin and core. Other physical propertiesv are set forth in the table which follows the examples.

Example 2 To a viscose as described above, there was added 1.4% (based on the weight off the cellulose) choline chloride. The viscose had a salt test of 10.8 and was spun into a 200 denier, 120 filament yarn by extrusion into a spinning bath containing 7.8%. sulfuric acid, 8.3% zinc. sulfate and 18% sodium sulfate; The bath was maintained at 61 C. and the extrusion rate was about 22. meters per minute. The filaments were subsequently passed through a hot water bath at 95 C. and stretched about 82%. The yarn was collected in a spinning box, washed free of acids and salts and dried.

The individual filaments were readily distinguishable from control filaments in that they have a smooth, noncrenulated surface. and consist entirely of skin while the control filaments have a very irregular and serrated surface and consist of about 75 skin and the balance core with a sharp line of demarkation between the skin and core. Other phyical properties are set forth in the table which follows the examples.

Example 3 To a viscose solution as described above, there was added 1% (based on the weight of the cellulose) choline chloride. The viscose had a salt test of 10 and was spun into a 1650 denier, 720 filament cord by extrusion into a bath containing 7.2% sulfuric acid, 8% zinc sulfate and 17% sodium sulfate. The bath was maintained at a temperature of 60 C. The extrusion rate was about 21 meters per minute. The water bath was maintained at about 95 C. and the filaments were stretched approximately 90% while passing through the hot water. The cord was washed free of acid and salts by treatment with water at about 95 C. on thread-advancing reels, and dried and collected on cones.

The individual filaments were readily distinguishable from control filaments prepared from viscose containing no modifier in that they have a smooth, non-crenulated surface and consist entirely of skin. Control filaments have a very irregular and serrated surface and consist of about 75% skin and the balance core with a sharp line of demarkation between the skin and core. Other physical properties are set forth in the table which follows "the examples.

Example 4 As a control for the foregoing examples, a viscose solution, prepared as described above, having a salt test of 10 was spun into a 210 denier, 120 filament yarn by extrusion into a bath containing 7.6% sulfuric acid, 8% zinc sulfate and 18% sodium sulfate. The bath was maintained at a temperature of about 60 C. The extrusion rate was about 22 meters per minute. The water bath was maintained at a temperature of about 95 C. and the filaments were stretched 82% while passing through the hot water. The yarn was collected in a spinning box, Washed free of acid and salts and dried.

The individual filaments have a very irregular and serrated surface and consist of about 75 skin and the balance core with a sharp line of demarkation between the skin and the core. Other. characteristics are; set forth in the table which follows:

Although the tenacity and elongation are the only properties set forth, they have been chosenv because of the ease and simplicity with which such properties may be determined. In some instances, products. made in accordance with this invention do not exhibit large or great improvements in. tenacity and elongation, however, the products consist of a smooth-surfaced, all skinv structure and possess improved abrasion. resistance, flex-life and other properties. as. disclosed hereinbefore.

One of the properties of viscose rayon which has limited its uses is its relatively high cross-sectional swelling when wet with water, this swelling amounting to from about 65% to about for rayon produced by conventional methods. Rayon filaments produced in accordance with the method of this invention have an appreciably lower crosswsectional swelling Characteristic, the swelling amounting to from about 45% to about 60%.

The choline or choline salt may be added to any desired viscose such as those normally used in industry, the specific viscose composition set forth above, being merely for illustrative purposes. The modifying agent may be added at any desired stage in the production of the viscose and may be present in the cellulosic raw material although it may be necessary to adjust the amount present .to produce a viscose having the proper proportions of the adduct at the time of spinning.

If desired, small amounts of the modifying agent may be added to the spinning bath. Since the choline and choline salts are water-soluble, some of the modifier will be leached from the filaments and will be present in the bath.

The term skin is employed to designate that portion of regenerated cellulose filaments which is permanently stained or dyed by the following procedure: A microtome section of one or more of the filaments mounted in a wax block is taken and mounted on a slide with Meyers albumin fixative. After dewaxing in xylene, the section is placed in successive baths of 60% and 30% alcohol for a few moments each, and it is then stained. in 2% aqueous solution of Victoria Blue BS conc. (Gen-- eral Dyestuffs Corp.) for 1 to 2 hours. At this point,. the entire section is blue. By rinsing the section first in. distilled water and then in one or more baths composed of 10% water and dioxane for a period varying; from 5 to 30 minutes depending on the particular filament, the dye is entirely removed from the core, leaving it restricted to the skin areas.

While preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosed, the description is intended to be illustra-- tive and it is to be understood that changes and variations may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

We claim:

1. In a method of producing shaped bodies of regenerated cellulose consisting substantially entirely of skin, the step which comprises extruding viscose containing from about 0.3% to about 4.5%, based on the weight of the cellulose, of a modifying agent selected from the: group consisting of choline, choline chloride, choline bromide, choline sulfate, choline bisulfate, choline acetate and choline propionate and mixtures thereof into an aqueous spinning bath containing from about to 25% sodium sulfate, from about 3% to zinc sulfate and sulfuric acid, the sulfuric acid content 'of the spinning bath exceeding the'slubbing point but not exceeding about 8.5%.

2. The step in the method as defined in claim 1 wherein the modifying agent comprises choline.

3. The step in the method as defined in claim 1 wherein the modifying agent comprises choline chloride.

4. In a method of producing shaped bodies of regenerated cellulose consisting substantially entirely of skin, the steps which comprise adding to and incorporating in viscose from about 0.3% to about 4.5%, based on the weight of the cellulose, of a modifying agent selected from the group consisting of choline, choline chloride, choline bromide, choline sulfate, choline bisulfate, choline acetate and choline propionate and mixtures thereof, and extruding the viscose into an aqueous spinning bath containing from about 10% to 25% sodium sulfate, from about 3% to 15% zinc sulfate and sulfuric acid, the sulfuric acid content of the spinning bath exceeding the slubbing point but not exceeding about 8.5%.

5. The method as defined in claim 4 wherein the modifying agent comprises choline.

' 6. The method as defined in claim 4 wherein the modifying agent comprises choline chloride.

7. In a method of producing shaped bodies of regenerated cellulose consisting substantially entirely of skin, the steps which comprise adding to and incorporating in viscose from about 0.5% to about 2.5%, based on the -8 weight. .of the cellulose, of a modifying agent selected from the group consisting of choline, choline chloride, choline bromide, choline sulfate, choline bisulfate, choline acetate and choline propionate' and mixtures thereof, the viscose containing about 7% cellulose, about 6% caustic soda and about 41%. carbon disulfide based upon the weight ofthe cellulose, ripening the viscose to a sodium chloride salt point of not lower than 9 and extruding the viscose into an aqueous spinning bath containing from about 16% to 20% sodium sulfate, from about 4% to 9% zinc sulfate and sulfuric acid, the sulfuric acid content of the spinning bath exceeding the slubbing point but not exceeding about 8.5

8. The method as defined in claim 7 wherein the modifying agent comprises choline chloride.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,125,031 Polak July 26, 1938 2,312,152 Davis Feb. 23, 1943 2,335,980 Waltman Dec. 7, 1943 2,373,712 Schlosser Apr. 17, 1945 2,593,466 MacLaurin Apr. 22, 1952 2,648,611 Richter Aug. 11, 1953 2,705,184 Drisch Mar. 29, 1955 2,732,279 Tachikawa Jan. 24, 1956 FOREIGN PATENTS 736,107 France Nov. 19, 1932 379,260 Great Britain Aug. 25, 1932

Claims (1)

1. IN A METHOD OF PRODUCING SHAPED BODIES OF REGENERATED CELLULOSE CONSISTING SUBSTANTIALLY ENTIRELY OF SKIN THE STEP WHICH COMPRISES EXTRUDING VISCOSE CONTAINING FROM ABOUT 0.3% TO ABOUT 4.5% BASED ON THE WEIGHT OF THE CELLULOSE, OF A MODIFYING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF CHOLINE CHOLINE CHLORIDE, CHOLINE BROMIDE, CHOLINE SULFATE, CHOLINE BISULFATE, CHOLINE ACETATE AND CHOLINE PROPIONATE AND MIXTURES THEREOF INTO AN AQUEOUS SPINNING BATH CONTAINING FROM ABOUT 10% TO 25% SODIUM SULFATE, FROM ABOUT 3% TO 15% ZINC SULFATE AND SULFURIC ACID, THE SULFURIC ACID CONTENT OF THE SPINNING BATH EXCEEDING THE SLUBBING POINT BUT NOT EXCEEDING ABOUT 8.5%