US20230416224A1 - Processes for preparing arimoclomol citrate and intermediates thereof - Google Patents

Processes for preparing arimoclomol citrate and intermediates thereof Download PDF

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US20230416224A1
US20230416224A1 US18/037,461 US202118037461A US2023416224A1 US 20230416224 A1 US20230416224 A1 US 20230416224A1 US 202118037461 A US202118037461 A US 202118037461A US 2023416224 A1 US2023416224 A1 US 2023416224A1
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piperidin
hydroxy
ylpropyl
oxy
pyridine
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Zhe Zhang
Mark Read
Elisabeth Vang CARSTENSEN
Marco POPPE
Andreas Pelz
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Zevra Denmark AS
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Zevra Denmark AS
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4545—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pipamperone, anabasine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/89—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/2054—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/4816—Wall or shell material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
    • A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/5036—Polysaccharides, e.g. gums, alginate; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/5042—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. phthalate or acetate succinate esters of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A61K9/5047—Cellulose ethers containing no ester groups, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a process for preparing arimoclomol, arimoclomol citrate and key intermediates, such as ORZY-01, thereof.
  • the disclosure further relates to a process for preparing high purity arimoclomol citrate and methods of using the same.
  • Arimoclomol citrate is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders, including Niemann-Pick Disease Type C.
  • the present disclosure provides an optimized four-step process for preparing an ultra-pure composition comprising arimoclomol citrate, i.e. N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the optimized process comprises a plurality of optimized sub-steps, each contributing to an overall improved process, providing the ultra-pure composition comprising arimoclomol citrate.
  • the ultra-pure composition comprising arimoclomol citrate meets the medicines agencies' high regulatory requirements.
  • the disclosed methods contribute to control of both the chiral purity (i.e., the enantiomeric excess) of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is above the threshold set by the regulatory authorities, and that the ultra-pure composition is essentially free of previously identified by-products, such as RRT 0.74, and N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the chiral purity of the ultra-pure composition comprising arimoclomol citrate is resultant of the chiral resolution step, i.e. the method according to “Step 2” of the present disclosure.
  • the present disclosure provides a correlation between the cooling rate of the crude reaction mixture in Step 2 and the chiral purity of ORZY-03 (See, Examples 4 and 5).
  • the chiral purity of ORZY-03 obtained in Step 2 is retained toward the end-product, but may be further enhanced by re-crystallization.
  • the present disclosures identified a by-product RRT 0.74, as shown below, which is formed during the salt exchange in Step 3 in which “crude BRX-345” is prepared from ORZY-03.
  • the present disclosure provides an improved method incorporating an aqueous wash and addition of a catalytic amount of citric acid.
  • the additional wash and addition of a catalytic amount of citric acid results in removal of the RRT 0.74 by-product without a significant loss in yield of the desired product.
  • ORZY-01 in high (up to 80%) yield and in high purity, with reduced large scale process risks.
  • ORZY-01 The previously reported two-step synthesis of ORZY-01 as shown below includes a 2 hour reflux in step 1A, followed by purification of intermediate compound (V) to increase the batch quality.
  • step 1A affords an improved reaction in step 1A, allowing direct subsequent transformation into ORZY-01 without isolation of compound (V).
  • step 1B of the present disclosure progresses to completion with a single charge of sodium nitrite in a safe and controllable operation without delayed gas evolution and process chemistry risks.
  • step 1A mixing a compound of formula (I);
  • composition comprising ORZY-01 is provided,
  • the present disclosure relates to an oral formulation comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide is N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the oral formulation, pharmaceutical composition, or unit dosage of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation, pharmaceutical composition, or unit dosage of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of an oral formulation, pharmaceutical composition, or unit dosage of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of an oral formulation, pharmaceutical composition, or unit dosage of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • polar protic solvent refers to a polar solvent that is capable of exchanging protons with the reagents and that contains a polarizable proton.
  • polar protic solvents are butanol, 2-propanol, propanol, ethanol, methanol, water and mixtures thereof.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a salt used typically in the pharmaceutical field.
  • examples of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt include sodium salts, hydrochloride salts, magnesium salts, calcium salts, trifluoroacetic acid salts and potassium salts, but are not limited thereto.
  • exemplary salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, olcate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, malcate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucuronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate.
  • chlorinated hydrocarbon refers to a hydrocarbon in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by chlorine.
  • Examples of chlorinated hydrocarbons are without limitation intended to include dichloromethane, chloroform, carbontetrachloride, and dichloroethane.
  • Dichloromethane is also known as DCM or CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • ethanol used herein should be understood to include ethanol having a purity of at least 95% by weight, denatured ethanol and hydrous ethanol containing water of 20 to 5% by weight.
  • denatured ethanol is ethanol of 95% by weight mixed with isopropyl alcohol of 5% by weight and one example of the hydrous ethanol is ethanol of 83% by weight mixed with purified water of 17% by weight.
  • PCO-N-oxide refers to the compound N-Hydroxy-1-oxy-nicotinamidine.
  • the structure of PCO-N-oxide is illustrated in formula (I) herein.
  • Azonia refers to the compound azonia-spiro[3,5]nonane chloride. the structure of azonia is illustrated in formula (II) herein.
  • boiling point refers to the boiling point of a liquid at 760 mm/Hg or a ⁇ 2° C. deviation therefrom.
  • the term “about” refers to a recited amount, value, or duration ⁇ 10% or less of said amount, value, or duration. In some embodiments, “about” refers to a recited amount, value, or duration ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 8%, ⁇ 6%, 5%, ⁇ 4%, ⁇ 2%, 1%, or ⁇ 0.5%. In other embodiments, “about” refers to a recited amount, value, or duration ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 8%, ⁇ 6%, ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 4%, or ⁇ 2%. In other embodiments, “about” refers to a recited amount, value, or duration ⁇ 5%.
  • “about” refers to a listed amount, value, or duration ⁇ 2% or ⁇ 1%.
  • “about” refers to the recited temperature or temperature range ⁇ 5° C., ⁇ 2° C., or ⁇ 1° C. In other embodiments, the term “about” refers to the recited temperature or temperature range ⁇ 2° C.
  • arimoclomol refers to a compound of the following structure:
  • arimoclomol S-enantiomer refers to a compound of the following structure:
  • arimoclomol citrate refers to a compound of the following structure:
  • RRT 0.74 refers to a compound of the following structure:
  • tainer refers to all or part of a unit of manufacturing equipment in which a chemical reaction used in the formation of a molecule, such as ORZY-01, ORZY-03, ORZY-04 or ORZY05 as described herein, takes place.
  • treating describes the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating a disease, condition, or disorder and includes the administration of a compound of the present disclosure (e.g., N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate) to alleviate the symptoms or complications of a disease, condition or disorder, or to eliminate the disease, condition or disorder.
  • a compound of the present disclosure e.g., N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate
  • the term “treat” can also include treatment of a cell in vitro or an animal model.
  • a compound of the present disclosure can also be used to prevent a disease, condition or disorder, or used to identify suitable candidates for such purposes.
  • preventing or “prevent” describes reducing or eliminating the onset of the symptoms or complications of the disease, condition or disorder.
  • Seed crystals of any of ORZY-01, ORZY-03, and ORZY-05 can be prepared by providing enantioenriched ORZY-01 at greater than about 95% chiral purity by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) separation of the racemic mixture. Seeds crystals of the enantioenriched ORZY-01 obtained from HPLC or SFC can be grown from a suitable solvent. The enantioenriched ORZY-01 can then be precipitated with L-DBTA in a suitable solvent to provide seed crystals of ORZY-03. The enantioenriched ORZY-01 can further be precipitated with citric acid in a suitable solvent to provide seed crystals of ORZY-05.
  • HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
  • SFC supercritical fluid chromatography
  • the process disclosed herein further comprises adding one or more seed crystals of ORZY-01 to the container. In some embodiments, the process disclosed herein further comprises adding one or more seed crystals of ORZY-03 to the container. In some embodiments, the process disclosed herein further comprises adding one or more seed crystals of ORZY-05 to the container.
  • the seed crystals are added during preparation of the disclosed intermediates.
  • the process disclosed herein further comprises as the first step, adding one or more seed crystals of ORZY-01 to the container. In some embodiments, the process disclosed herein further comprises as the first step, adding one or more seed crystals of ORZY-03 to the container. In some embodiments, the process disclosed herein further comprises as the first step, adding one or more seed crystals of ORZY-05 to the container.
  • the process for preparing ORZY-01 is performed in a container.
  • the steps described in the process may be conducted within a container.
  • the skilled person may choose a suitable container depending on the batch size.
  • the process is provided wherein the intermediate is isolated, optionally purified, prior to step 1B).
  • the process is provided wherein the first solvent is a polar protic solvent or a mixture of polar protic solvents.
  • the first solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, water, methanol, 2-propanol, and any mixture thereof. In some embodiments, first solvent is a mixture of ethanol and water.
  • step 1A is performed under basic conditions, such as by the addition of a hydroxide, such as NaOH or KOH.
  • a hydroxide such as NaOH or KOH.
  • the NaOH is for example in aqueous solution NaOH (50% wt).
  • the process is provided as defined herein, wherein, the second solvent is a chlorinated hydrocarbon or a mixture containing a chlorinated hydrocarbon. In some embodiments, the second solvent is a mixture of dichloromethane and water.
  • the process is provided wherein the first solvent is different from the second solvent.
  • the process is provided wherein the first temperature is at the boiling point of the solvent.
  • the process is provided wherein the first temperature is higher than the second temperature.
  • the first temperature is from about 70° C. to about 90° C., such as from about 72° C. to about 88° C., such as from about 74° C. to about 86° C., such as from about 76° C. to about 84° C., such as from about 78° C. to about 82° C., for example about 80° C.
  • the first temperature is from about 75° C. to about 85° C., such as about 80° C.
  • the first temperature is maintained for about 3.5 hours or more.
  • the second temperature is from about 0° C. to about 15° C., such as from about 6° C. to about 14° C., such as from about 7° C. to about 13° C., such as from about 8° C. to about 12° C., such as from about 9° C. to about 11° C., for example about 10° C.
  • the second temperature is about 0° C. or more, such as more than about 0° C. In one embodiment, the second temperature is about 15° C. or less.
  • the second temperature is from about 0° C. to about 15° C., such as from about 0° C. to about 1° C., such as from about 1° C. to about 2° C., such as from about 2° C. to about 3° C., such as from about 3° C. to about 4° C., such as from about 5° C. to about 6° C., such as from about 6° C. to about 7° C., such as from about 7° C. to about 8° C., such as from about 8° C. to about 9° C., such as from about 9° C. to about 10° C., such as from about 10° C. to about 11° C., such as from about 11° C. to about 12° C., such as from about 12° C. to about 13° C., such as from about 13° C. to about 14° C., such as from about 14° C. to about 15° C.
  • the second temperature is maintained for about 1 hour.
  • the compound of formula (II) is mixed in a molar ratio of from 1.2:1.0 to 2.0:1.0 with the compound of formula (I), such as from 1.2:1.0 to 1.3:1.0, such as from 1.3:1.0 to 1.4:1.0, such as from 1.4:1.0 to 1.5:1:0, such as from 1.5:1.0 to 1.6:1.0, such as from 1.6:1.0 to 1.7:1.0, such as from 1.7:1.0 to 1.8:1.0, such as from 1.8:1.0 to 1.9:1.0, such as from 1.9:1.0 to 2.0:1.0.
  • the intermediate is not isolated prior to the reaction with NaNO 2 .
  • the intermediate not isolated prior to the reaction with NaNO 2 refers to compound (V) as disclosed herein and directly obtainable from step 1A.
  • the intermediate is of formula (V);
  • the intermediate is reacted with from 1.2 to 1.6 equivalents NaNO 2 , such as from 1.2 to 1.3 equivalents, such as from 1.3 to 1.4 equivalents, such as from 1.4 to 1.5 equivalents, such as from 1.5 to 1.6 equivalents.
  • the intermediate is reacted with at least 1.2 equivalents NaNO 2 .
  • the first temperature provides for reflux of the first solvent, optionally wherein the first temperature provides for reflux of the first solvent for 2.5 hours or more, such as 3 hours or more, such as 4 hours or more, such as 5 hours or more, such as 6 hours or more.
  • “the first temperature provides for reflux” means that the first temperature is such that the first solvent is at the boiling point or close enough to the boiling point to result in condensation vapours to provide a condensate and the return of the condensate to the system from which it originated.
  • the first solvent is heated at from about 75° C. to about 85° C. for at least 3.5 hours.
  • the first solvent is heated at from about 75° C. to about 85° C. for from 3.5 hours to 4.5 hours, such as from 3.5 hours to 4.0 hours, such as from 4.0 hours to 4.5 hours.
  • the first temperature is from 75° C. to 85° C. for from 3.5 hours to 4.5 hours, such as from 3.5 hours to 4.0 hours, such as from 4.0 hours to 4.5 hours
  • the first solvent is a mixture of ethanol, optionally denatured; and water, and the first solvent is maintained at 80° C. for more than 2 hours. In some embodiments, the first solvent is a mixture of ethanol, optionally denatured; and water, and the first solvent is maintained at about 80° C. for at least 3 hours.
  • Ethanol may be used both in denatured form and in non-denatured form.
  • Example 1 of the present disclosure a denatured form is successfully used.
  • a non-denatured form has also been found to work. The data for the non-denatured form is not shown herein.
  • the first solvent is a mixture of ethanol, optionally denatured; and water, and the first solvent is maintained at about 80° C. for more than 2 hours; and wherein the second solvent is a mixture of dichloromethane and water.
  • the first solvent is a mixture of ethanol, optionally denatured; and water, and the first solvent is maintained at about 80° C. for at least 3 hours; and wherein the second solvent is a mixture of dichloromethane and water.
  • the wet product obtained from the process for preparing ORZY-01 is dried under vacuum. In some embodiments, the wet product is dried at less than ° C. for at least 8 hours, such as overnight. In some embodiments, the wet product is dried at 40° C. for at least 8 hours, such as overnight.
  • the concentration of the first solvent used in the process of the present disclosure is from 0.1M to 1.5M with respect to the “PCO-N-oxide”.
  • the first solvent can be a mixture of water (215 mL) with ethanol (1000 mL) for reacting 112 g, 653 mmol “PCO-N-Oxide” with 153 g (1.3 equivalents) “Azonia”. This would provide a concentration of PCO-N-Oxide with respect to the first solvent.
  • the solvent concentrations can be scaled linearly to accommodate different batch sizes.
  • composition of ORZY-01 comprising ORZY-01,
  • the impurities are present below about 1% by weight in the composition provided comprising ORZY-01.
  • an additional recrystallization step may reduce the weight percentage of impurities in the composition provided comprising ORZY-01.
  • (A) is present by weight in from 0.1% to 0.5% and/or (B) in from 0.1% to 0.5%.
  • (A) is present by weight in from 0.1% to 0.5%, such as from to 0.2%, such as from 0.2% to 0.3%, such as from 0.3% to 0.4%, such as 0.4% to 0.5%.
  • (B) is present by weight in from 0.1% to 0.5%, such as from to 0.2%, such as from 0.2% to 0.3%, such as from 0.3% to 0.4%, such as 0.4% to 0.5%.
  • Example 4 of the present disclosure by employing an amount of L-DBTA and a cooling rate of at least 15 K/h for the chiral resolution, a high chiral purity, as well as chemical purity, is obtained in the formation of ORZY-03.
  • the chiral purity of ORZY-03 obtained in Step 2 is retained toward the end-product ORZY-05, and may be further enhanced by re-crystallization.
  • the improved chiral resolution step including the cooling rate of at least 15 K/h, enables the provision of an ultra-pure composition comprising arimoclomol citrate (ORZY-05).
  • the ultra-pure composition meets the regulatory requirements of the medicines agencies (e.g., FDA and EMA).
  • the process further comprises step:
  • the process further comprises step:
  • the process further comprises step al) prior to step b), wherein the first step 2 solvent is cooled to a third step 2 temperature; wherein the third step 2 temperature is higher than the second step 2 temperature.
  • the cooling rate in step 2 provides the enantioenriched salt, ORZY-03.
  • employing a cooling rate of 15 K/h or higher, increases chiral purity of ORZY-03.
  • the cooling rate is selected from the group consisting of: 15 K/h; 16 K/h; 17 K/h; 18 K/h; 19 K/h; 20 K/h; 21 K/h; 22 K/h; 23 K/h; 24 K/h; 25 K/h; 26 K/h; 27 K/h; 28 K/h; 29 K/h; 30 K/h; 31 K/h; 32 K/h; 33 K/h; 34 K/h; 35 K/h; 36 K/h; 37 K/h; 38 K/h; 39 K/h; 40 K/h; 41 K/h; 42 K/h; 43 K/h; 44 K/h; 45 K/h; 46 K/h; 47 K/h; 48 K/h; 49 K/h; and 50 K/h.
  • the cooling rate is from 15 K/h to 50 K/h, such as from 15 K/h to 16 K/h; such as from 16 K/h to 17 K/h; such as from 17 K/h to 18 K/h; such as from 18 K/h to 19 K/h; such as from 19 K/h to 20 K/h; such as from 20 K/h to 21 K/h; such as from 21 K/h to 22 K/h; such as from 22 K/h to 23 K/h; such as from 23 K/h to 24 K/h; such as from 24 K/h to 25 K/h; such as from 25 K/h to 26 K/h; such as from 26 K/h to 27 K/h; such as from 27 K/h to 28 K/h; such as from 28 K/h to 29 K/h; such as from 29 K/h to 30 K/h; such as from 30 K/h to 31 K/h; such as from 31 K/h to 32 K/h; such as from 32 K/h to 33 K/h; such
  • the cooling rate is from 15 K/h to 50 K/h. In some embodiments, the cooling rate is from 15 K/h to 40 K/h. In some embodiments, the cooling rate is from 15 K/h to 30 K/h. In some embodiments, the cooling rate is from 17 K/h to 30 K/h.
  • the first step 2 solvent is a polar protic solvent or a mixture of polar protic solvents.
  • the first step 2 solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, water, methanol, 2-propanol, and any mixture thereof.
  • the first step 2 solvent is a mixture of ethanol and water.
  • the first step 2 solvent is from 20.5 to 23.5 kg water per 55 kg ORZY-01; and from 200 to 240 kg EtOH per 55 kg ORZY-01.
  • the first step 2 solvent is 22 kg water per 55 kg ORZY-01; and 220 kg EtOH per 55 kg ORZY-01.
  • the first step 2 temperature is from about 60° C. to about 75° C., such as from about 61° C. to about 74° C., such as from about 62° C. to about 73° C., such as from about 63° C. to about 72° C., such as from about 64° C. to about 71° C., such as from about 65° C. to about 70° C., for example about 65° C.
  • the second step 2 temperature is from about 10° C. to about 30° C., such as from about 11° C. to about 29° C., such as from about 12° C. to about 28° C., such as from about 13° C. to about 27° C., such as from about 14° C. to about 26° C., such as from about 15° C. to about 25° C., for example about 20° C.
  • the third step 2 temperature is from about 45° C. to about 65° C., such as from about 46° C. to about 64° C., such as from about 47° C. to about 63° C., such as from about 48° C. to about 62° C., such as from about 49° C. to about 61° C., such as from about 50° C. to about 60° C., such as from about 51° C. to about 59° C., such as from about 52° C. to about 58° C., such as from about 53° C. to about 57° C., such as from about 54° C. to about 56° C., such as about 55° C.
  • the third step 2 temperature is maintained for at least 30 minutes, such as at least 60 minutes.
  • one or more seed crystals of ORZY-03 is added to the container prior to step b. In some embodiments, the one or more seed crystals of ORZY-03 has a chiral purity of at least 95%.
  • the mass of the one or more seed crystals of ORZY-03 is from to 0.8 kg per 55 kg ORZY-03, for example 0.55 kg per 55 kg ORZY-03.
  • from 0.7 to 1.1 equivalents of L-DBTA is employed in step 2, for example 0.88 equivalents of L-DBTA based on 1 equivalent of ORZY-01.
  • from 0.7 to 1.1 equivalents of L-DBTA is employed, such as from 0.7 to 0.8, such as from 0.8 to 0.9, such as from 0.9 to 1.0, such as from 1.0 to 1.1 equivalents of L-DBT A based on 1 equivalent of ORZY-01.
  • the first predefined volume of the first step 2 solvent is from to 55 kg per 55 kg ORZY-03. In some embodiments, the first predefined volume of the first step 2 solvent is from 41 to 45 kg per 55 kg ORZY-03.
  • Example 6 further demonstrates that washing the combined DCM phases with water, further reduces the levels of impurities, such as RRT 0.74.
  • the improved step 3 enables the provision of an ultra-pure composition comprising arimoclomol citrate (ORZY-05).
  • the ultra-pure composition meets the regulatory requirements of the medicines agencies (e.g., US or EMA).
  • step 3 further comprises the steps of:
  • the process further comprises washing the first step 3 solvent one or more times with water, wherein one or more by-products from the first step 3 solvent are removed.
  • the process comprises the steps of:
  • the first step 3 solvent referred to in step 3 is a chlorinated hydrocarbon or a mixture containing a chlorinated hydrocarbon.
  • the first step 3 solvent is dichloromethane or dichloroethane, preferably dichloromethane.
  • the second step 3 solvent is a polar protic solvent or a mixture of polar protic solvents.
  • the second step 3 solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, water, ethanol, 2-propanol, and any mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the second step 3 solvent is methanol.
  • the first step 3 base referred to in step 3 is a carbonate.
  • the first step 3 base is a carbonate selected from the group consisting of: K 2 CO 3 and Cs 2 CO 3 .
  • the first step 3 base is K 2 CO 3 .
  • the aqueous solution of K 2 CO 3 comprises 16.8% K 2 CO 3 .
  • the mixture of ORZY-03 and K 2 CO 3 is extracted three times with CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • exchanging the solvent of from CH 2 Cl 2 to CH 3 OH comprises the steps of:
  • the amount distilled of in steps a) and c) at least corresponds to the amount of CH 2 Cl 2 that ORZY-03 was dissolved in prior to the solvent exchange step. In some embodiments, the steps described above are consecutive steps.
  • the process further comprises the step of passing the solution obtained after exchanging the solvent from CH 2 Cl 2 to CH 3 OH through activated charcoal filter.
  • step 3 further comprises the step of drying ORZY-04.
  • the drying step includes drying the ORZY-04 at 45° C. in vacuum for at least 12 h.
  • the process comprises the consecutive steps of:
  • the step of purifying the ORZY-04 to obtain ORZY-05 as described herein comprises recrystallization of ORZY-04.
  • the solvent used in the recrystallization is acetone.
  • the recrystallization comprises the steps of:
  • the recrystallization comprises the steps of:
  • the cooling from 30° C. ⁇ 5° C. to 0° C. ⁇ 5° C. is done in 5.5 hours or less, such as 5 hours or less, such as 4.5 hours or less, such as 4 hours or less, such as 3.5 hours or less, such as 3 hours or less, such as 2.5 hours or less, such as 2 hours or less.
  • the optimized four-steps process for preparing an ultra-pure composition comprising arimoclomol citrate i.e. N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is disclosed herein.
  • the optimized process includes a plurality of optimized sub-steps, each contributing to an overall improved process, enabling the provision of the ultra-pure composition comprising arimoclomol citrate.
  • a process for preparing arimoclomol citrate (ORZY-05) is provided,
  • a process for preparing arimoclomol citrate is provided.
  • a process for preparing arimoclomol citrate is provided.
  • a process for preparing arimoclomol citrate is provided.
  • a process for preparing arimoclomol citrate is provided.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 98.0% as determined by HPLC.
  • the present disclosure provides a composition comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 98.0% as determined by HPLC.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than 98.0% as determined by HPLC.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.0% as determined by HPLC.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition wherein the enantiomeric excess (ee) of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is at least about 94%.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the ee of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyri dine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is at least about 95%.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the ee of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is at least about 96%.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the ee of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is at least about 97%.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the ee of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is at least about 98%.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the composition comprises:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the composition comprises:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the purity of the composition is greater than or equal to 99.0% N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate as determined by HPLC.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles having a D10 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of from about 2.0 ⁇ m to about 20.0 ⁇ m.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles having a D50 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 60.0 ⁇ m.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles having a D90 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of from about 30.0 ⁇ m to about 130.0 ⁇ m.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the composition comprises:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, wherein the composition comprises:
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising ORZY-05 obtainable by a process disclosed herein for preparing ORZY-05.
  • the present disclosure provides a composition, wherein the purity of the composition is greater than or equal to 99.0% N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate as determined by HPLC.
  • the present disclosure provides a composition, comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles having a D10 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of from about 2.0 ⁇ m to about 20.0 ⁇ m.
  • the present disclosure provides a composition, comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles having a D50 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 60.0 ⁇ m.
  • the present disclosure provides a composition, comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles having a D90 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of from about 30.0 ⁇ m to about 130.0 ⁇ m.
  • the present disclosure provides a composition, wherein the composition comprises:
  • the present disclosure provides a composition, wherein the composition comprises:
  • composition comprising ORZY-05 is provided obtainable by a process disclosed herein for preparing ORZY-05.
  • the pharmaceutical composition or composition has a certain purity with respect to N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, which is determined using HPLC.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a purity of about 98.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a purity of about 98.25%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a purity of about 98.5%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a purity of about 98.75%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a purity of about 99.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a purity of about 99.25%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a purity of about 99.5%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a purity of about 99.6%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a purity of about 99.7%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a purity of about 99.8%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a purity of about 99.9%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a purity greater than about 99.7%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 2% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 1.9% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 1.8% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 1.7% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 1.6% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 1.5% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 1.4% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 1.3% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 1.2% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 1.1% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 1.0% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 0.9% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 0.8% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 0.7% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 0.6% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 0.5% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 0.4% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 0.3% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 0.2% of an impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 0.1% of an impurity.
  • the impurity is a chiral impurity.
  • the impurity is a chemical impurity.
  • the impurity is N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the impurity is methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the impurity is N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the impurity is a combination of N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the impurity is a combination of N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the impurity is a combination of N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the impurity is a combination of methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, has a chiral purity.
  • N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate has a chiral purity.
  • chiral purity refers to a minimum of 98% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • chiral purity refers to a maximum of 2% N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • chiral purity refers to a minimum of 98% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and maximum of 2% N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • chiral purity refers to a minimum of 99% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • chiral purity refers to a maximum of 1% N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • chiral purity refers to a minimum of 99% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and maximum of 1% N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • chiral purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not detectable.
  • chiral purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not detectable and no other impurities are detected.
  • chiral purity refers to a minimum of 98% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • chiral purity refers to a maximum of 2% N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • chiral purity refers to a minimum of 98% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and maximum of 2% N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • chiral purity refers to a minimum of 99% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • chiral purity refers to a maximum of 1% N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • chiral purity refers to a minimum of 99% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and maximum of 1% N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • chiral purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, wherein N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is not detectable.
  • chiral purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, wherein N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is not detectable and no other impurities are detected.
  • the enantiomeric excess of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from about 94% to about 99% ee.
  • the enantiomeric excess of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is from about 94% to about 99% ee.
  • the enantiomeric excess of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.1%, about 98.2%, about 98.3%, about 98.4%, about 98.5%, about 98.6%, about 98.7%, about 98.8%, about 98.9%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% ee.
  • the enantiomeric excess of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is about 94%, about 94.5%, about 95%, about 95.5%, about 96%, about 96.5%, about 97%, about 97.5%, about 98%, about 98.1%, about 98.2%, about 98.3%, about 98.4%, about 98.5%, about 98.6%, about 98.7%, about 98.8%, about 98.9%, about 99%, about 99.1%, about 99.2%, about 99.3%, about 99.4%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, or about 99.9% ee.
  • the enantiomeric excess of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is about 96% ee.
  • the enantiomeric excess of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is about 96% ee.
  • the enantiomeric excess of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is at least about 94% ee.
  • the enantiomeric excess of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is at least about 95% ee.
  • the enantiomeric excess of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is at least about 96% ee.
  • the enantiomeric excess of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is at least about 97% ee.
  • the enantiomeric excess of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is at least about 98% ee.
  • the enantiomeric excess of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is at least about 99% ee.
  • N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has a chemical purity.
  • N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate has a chemical purity.
  • chemical purity refers to a minimum of 98% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • chemical purity refers to a minimum of 98% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • chemical purity refers to a maximum of 2% methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • chemical purity refers to a minimum of 98% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and maximum of 2% methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • chemical purity refers to a minimum of 98% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and maximum of 2% methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • chemical purity refers to a minimum of 99% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • chemical purity refers to a minimum of 99% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • chiral purity refers to a maximum of 1% methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • chemical purity refers to a minimum of 99% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and maximum of 1% methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • chemical purity refers to a minimum of 99% of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, and maximum of 1% methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • chemical purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not detectable.
  • chemical purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not detectable and no other impurities are detected.
  • chemical purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein N-nitrosopiperidine, is not detectable.
  • chemical purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein N-nitrosopiperidine, is not detectable and no other impurities are detected.
  • chemical purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, wherein methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and N-nitrosopiperidine are not detectable.
  • chemical purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, wherein methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and N-nitrosopiperidine are not detectable and no other impurities are detected.
  • chemical purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, wherein methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not detectable.
  • chemical purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, wherein methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is not detectable and no other impurities are detected.
  • chemical purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, wherein N-nitrosopiperidine, is not detectable.
  • chemical purity refers to a composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, wherein N-nitrosopiperidine, is not detectable and no other impurities are detected.
  • impurities are detected by HPLC.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is not detectable.
  • the N-nitrosopiperidine is not detectable.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the oral formulation comprises a capsule.
  • the oral formulation comprises a filler.
  • the oral formulation comprises a lubricant.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a capsule.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a filler.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a lubricant.
  • the capsule comprises a capsule shell.
  • the capsule comprises hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), titanium dioxide, and optionally one or more colorant.
  • HPMC hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
  • titanium dioxide titanium dioxide
  • optionally one or more colorant optionally one or more colorant.
  • the capsule shell comprises hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), titanium dioxide, and optionally one or more colorant.
  • HPMC hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
  • titanium dioxide titanium dioxide
  • optionally one or more colorant optionally one or more colorant.
  • the filler is microcrystalline cellulose (MCC).
  • the lubricant is magnesium stearate.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is present at a dosage from about 20 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide is present at a dosage from about 20 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is present at a dosage from about 20 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is present at a dosage from about 50 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide is present at a dosage from about 50 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is present at a dosage from about 50 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is present at a dosage of about 31 mg, about 47 mg, about 62 mg, about 93 mg, or about 124 mg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide is present at a dosage of about 31 mg, about 47 mg, about 62 mg, about 93 mg, or about 124 mg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is present at a dosage of about 47 mg, about 62 mg, about 93 mg, or about 124 mg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide is present at a dosage of about 47 mg, about 62 mg, about 93 mg, or about 124 mg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is present at a dosage of about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, or about 400 mg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is present at a dosage of about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, or about 400 mg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is present at a dosage of about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, or about 200 mg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is present at a dosage of about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, or about 200 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises from about 20% to about 60% w/w of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the oral formulation comprises about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, or about 60% w/w of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the oral formulation comprises from about 20% to about 60% w/w of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the oral formulation comprises about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, or about 60% w/w of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the oral formulation comprises about 26.3% or about 52.6% w/w of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the oral formulation comprises from about 40% to about 80% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the oral formulation comprises about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, or about 80% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the oral formulation comprises about 73.2% or about 46.9% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the oral formulation comprises from about 0.0% to about 1.0% magnesium stearate.
  • the oral formulation comprises about 0.0%, about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about about 0.09%, or about 1.0% magnesium stearate.
  • the oral formulation comprises about 0.5% magnesium stearate.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises from about 20% to about 60% w/w of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, or about 60% w/w of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises from about 20% to about 60% w/w of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, or about 60% w/w of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 26.3% or about 52.6% w/w of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises from about 40% to about 80% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, or about 80% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 73.2% or about 46.9% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises from about 0.0% to about 1.0% w/w of magnesium stearate.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 0.0%, about about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, or about 1.0% magnesium stearate.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 0.5% w/w of magnesium stearate.
  • the present disclosure provides an unit dosage form of the pharmaceutical composition comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides an unit dosage form of the pharmaceutical composition comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising a unit dosage of the present disclosure and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the unit dosage form comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dosage from about 50 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the unit dosage form comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide at a dosage from about mg to about 500 mg.
  • the unit dosage form comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate at a dosage from about 20 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dosage from about 20 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide at a dosage from about 20 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate at a dosage from about 20 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the unit dosage form comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate at a dosage from about 50 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dosage from about 50 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide at a dosage from about 50 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate at a dosage from about 50 mg to about 500 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dosage of about 31 mg, about 47 mg, about 62 mg, about 93 mg, or about 124 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide at a dosage of about 31 mg, about 47 mg, about 62 mg, about 93 mg, or about 124 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dosage of about 47 mg, about 62 mg, about 93 mg, or about 124 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide at a dosage of about 47 mg, about 62 mg, about 93 mg, or about 124 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate at a dosage of about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, or about 400 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate at a dosage of about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, or about 200 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate at a dosage of about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, or about 400 mg.
  • the oral formulation comprises the unit dosage form comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate at a dosage of about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, or about 200 mg.
  • the present disclosure provides a kit comprising a unit dosage form and instructions for administration.
  • the kit further comprises prescribing information and/or multiple unit doses.
  • the capsule is blue, green, yellow, orange, or red.
  • the capsule is blue, green, yellow, orange, or red.
  • the capsule is blue, green, yellow, orange, or red.
  • the capsule has a white body.
  • the capsule has a white body.
  • the capsule has a white body.
  • the capsule is a size “0”.
  • the capsule is a size “0”.
  • the capsule is a size “0”.
  • the capsules comprise an N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate dosage of about 31 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100, about 150 mg, or about 200 mg.
  • the capsules comprise an N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate dosage of about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100, about 150 mg, or about 200 mg.
  • the capsules comprise an N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate dosage of about 50 mg, about 75 mg, or about 100.
  • the capsule is filled with a low powder blend of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the low powder blend comprises an 100 mg powder blend, wherein N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is present in about 26.2% w/w.
  • the capsules comprising an N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate dosage of about 50 mg, about 75 mg, or about 100, are filled with the low powder blend.
  • the capsules comprise an N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate dosage of about 150 mg or about 200 mg.
  • the capsule is filled with a high powder blend of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the high powder blend comprises an 200 mg powder blend, wherein N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is present in about 52.6% w/w.
  • the capsules comprising an N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate dosage of about 150 mg or about 200 mg are filled with the high powder blend.
  • the oral formulation comprises ultra-pure N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises ultra-pure N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the unit dosage comprises ultra-pure N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the purity is determined by HPLC.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.25%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.25%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.25%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.25%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.25%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.25%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.5%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.5%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.5%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.5%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.5%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.5%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.6%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.6%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.6%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.6%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.6%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.6%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.7%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.7%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.7%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.7%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.7%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.7%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.8%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.8%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a purity greater than or equal to 99.8%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.8%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.8%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a purity greater than or equal to 99.8%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chiral purity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chiral purity.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chiral purity.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chiral purity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chiral purity.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chiral purity.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chiral purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 98.0%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 98.5%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.0%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.25%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.25%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.25%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.25%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.25%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.25%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.5%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.5%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.5%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.5%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.5%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.5%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.6%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.6%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.6%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.6%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.6%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.6%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.7%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.7%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.7%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.7%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.7%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.7%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.8%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.8%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.8%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.8%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.8%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.8%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.9%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.9%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.9%.
  • the oral formulation comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.9%.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.9%.
  • the unit dosage comprises N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate having a chemical purity greater than or equal to 99.9%.
  • the oral formulation comprises less than 2 ppm impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 2 ppm impurity.
  • the unit dosage comprises less than 2 ppm impurity.
  • the oral formulation comprises less than 1 ppm impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than 1 ppm impurity.
  • the unit dosage comprises less than 1 ppm impurity.
  • the oral formulation comprises no detectable impurity.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises no detectable impurity.
  • the unit dosage comprises no detectable impurity.
  • the impurity is N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the impurity is methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the oral formulation comprises less than about 0.1% (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than about (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the unit dosage comprises less than about 0.1% (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the oral formulation comprises less than about 0.05% (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than about (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the unit dosage comprises less than about 0.05% (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the oral formulation comprises no detectable (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises no (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the unit dosage comprises no detectable (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the impurity is N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the oral formulation comprises less than about 2 ppm N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than about 2 ppm N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the unit dosage comprises less than about 2 ppm N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the oral formulation comprises less than about 1.6 ppm N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than about 1.6 ppm N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the unit dosage comprises less than about 1.6 ppm N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the oral formulation comprises less than about 1 ppm N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than about 1 ppm N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the unit dosage comprises less than about 1 ppm N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the oral formulation comprises less than about 0.8 ppm N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than about 0.8 ppm N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the unit dosage comprises less than about 0.8 ppm N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the oral formulation comprises no detectable N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises no N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the unit dosage comprises no detectable N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the impurity is a combination of N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or N-nitrosopiperidine, and combinations thereof.
  • the impurity is a combination of N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the impurity is a combination of N- ⁇ [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the impurity is a combination of methyl (Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)nicotinimidate 1-oxide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and N-nitrosopiperidine.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the oral formulation comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the unit dosage comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the oral formulation comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the unit dosage comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides an unit dosage of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides an unit dosage of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of an oral formulation of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of an unit dosage of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of an oral formulation of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of an unit dosage of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of an oral formulation of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of an unit dosage of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of an oral formulation of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides use of an unit dosage of N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for the treatment or prevention of Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof.
  • the oral formulation is administered one, two, three, or four times daily.
  • pharmaceutical composition is administered one, two, three, or four times daily.
  • unit dosage is administered one, two, three, or four times daily.
  • the oral formulation is administered three times daily.
  • pharmaceutical composition is administered three times daily.
  • unit dosage is administered three times daily.
  • the oral formulation is administered three times daily for six consecutive days.
  • pharmaceutical composition is administered three times daily for six consecutive days.
  • unit dosage is administered three times daily for six consecutive days.
  • the oral formulation is administered under fasting conditions.
  • pharmaceutical composition is administered under fasting conditions.
  • unit dosage is administered under fasting conditions.
  • the oral formulation is administered as a single morning dose.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered as a single morning dose.
  • the unit dosage is administered as a single morning dose.
  • the oral formulation is administered to a subject weighing about 70 kg.
  • pharmaceutical composition is administered to a subject weighing about 70 kg.
  • unit dosage is administered to a subject weighing about 70 kg.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the human is an adult. In some embodiments, the human is a pediatric patient (e.g., two years of age or older).
  • the oral formulation is administered as described in Table A.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered as described in Table A.
  • the unit dosage is administered as described in Table A.
  • the oral formulation is administered as described in Table B.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered as described in Table B.
  • the unit dosage is administered as described in Table B.
  • the oral formulation is administered to a pediatric subject having a body weight of about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a pediatric subject having a body weight of about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the unit dosage is administered to a pediatric subject having a body weight of about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the oral formulation is administered to a pediatric subject having a body weight of about 15 kg to about 22 kg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a pediatric subject having a body weight of about 15 kg to about 22 kg.
  • the unit dosage is administered to a pediatric subject having a body weight of about 15 kg to about 22 kg.
  • the oral formulation is administered at a dosage of about 31 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dosage of about 31 mg.
  • the unit dosage is administered at a dosage of about 31 mg.
  • the oral formulation is administered at a dosage of about 50 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dosage of about 50 mg.
  • the unit dosage is administered at a dosage of about 50 mg.
  • the oral formulation is administered at a dosage of about 47 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dosage of about 47 mg.
  • the unit dosage is administered at a dosage of about 47 mg.
  • the oral formulation is administered at a dosage of about 75 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dosage of about 75 mg.
  • the unit dosage is administered at a dosage of about 75 mg.
  • the oral formulation is administered to a subject having a body weight of about 15 kg to about 30 kg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a subject having a body weight of about 15 kg to about 30 kg.
  • the unit dosage is administered to a subject having a body weight of about 15 kg to about 30 kg.
  • the oral formulation is administered to a subject having a body weight of about 22 kg to about 38 kg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a subject having a body weight of about 22 kg to about 38 kg.
  • the unit dosage is administered to a subject having a body weight of about 22 kg to about 38 kg.
  • the oral formulation is administered at a dosage of about 62 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dosage of about 62 mg.
  • the unit dosage is administered at a dosage of about 62 mg.
  • the oral formulation is administered at a dosage of about 100 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dosage of about 100 mg.
  • the unit dosage is administered at a dosage of about 100 mg.
  • the oral formulation is administered to a subject having a body weight of about 30 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a subject having a body weight of about 30 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the unit dosage is administered to a subject having a body weight of about 30 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the oral formulation is administered to a subject having a body weight of about 38 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a subject having a body weight of about 38 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the unit dosage is administered to a subject having a body weight of about 38 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the oral formulation is administered at a dosage of about 93 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dosage of about 93 mg.
  • the unit dosage is administered at a dosage of about 93 mg.
  • the oral formulation is administered at a dosage of about 150 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dosage of about 150 mg.
  • the unit dosage is administered at a dosage of about 150 mg.
  • the oral formulation is administered to a subject having a body weight of greater than about 55 kg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a subject having a body weight of greater than about 55 kg.
  • the unit dosage is administered to a subject having a body weight of greater than about 55 kg.
  • the oral formulation is administered at a dosage of about 124 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dosage of about 124 mg.
  • the unit dosage is administered at a dosage of about 124 mg.
  • the oral formulation is administered at a dosage of about 200 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dosage of about 200 mg.
  • the unit dosage is administered at a dosage of about 200 mg.
  • not less than about 85% of the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is dissolved into solution in about 15 minutes.
  • not less than 85% of the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is dissolved into solution in about 15 minutes at a pH of about 1.2, about 4.5 or about 6.8.
  • not less than about 85% of the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is dissolved into solution in about 15 minutes.
  • not less than 85% of the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is dissolved into solution in about 15 minutes at a pH of about 1.2, about 4.5 or about 6.8.
  • not less than about 80% of the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is dissolved into solution in about 30 minutes.
  • not less than 80% of the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is dissolved into solution in about 30 minutes at a pH of about 1.2, about 4.5 or about 6.8.
  • not less than about 80% of the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is dissolved into solution in about 30 minutes.
  • not less than 80% of the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate is dissolved into solution in about 30 minutes at a pH of about 1.2, about 4.5 or about 6.8.
  • the capsule ingredients are mixed with a liquid for oral administration as a liquid.
  • the liquid is less than or equal to 20 mL. In some embodiments, the liquid is less than or equal to 15 mL.
  • the liquid is water. In some embodiments, the liquid is apple juice.
  • the capsule ingredients are mixed with soft food for oral administration.
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing Niemann Pick disease, type C in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is administered a therapeutically effect amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • an oral formulation comprising:
  • the present disclosure provides use of a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
  • the oral formulation comprises a capsule.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a capsule.
  • the geometric mean C max is measure as compared to a 70 kg male.
  • the geometric mean C max of the oral formulation is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max of 1749 (CV 49%) ng/mL, after administration of a single dose.
  • the geometric mean C max of the pharmaceutical composition is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max of 1749 (CV 49%) ng/mL, after administration of a single dose.
  • the geometric mean C max of the unit dosage is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max of 1749 (CV 49%) ng/mL, after administration of a single dose.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs of the oral formulation is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs of 5317 (CV 17%) h ⁇ ng/mL, after administration of a single dose.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs of the pharmaceutical composition is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs of 5317 (CV 17%) h ⁇ ng/mL, after administration of a single dose.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs of the unit dosage is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs of 5317 (CV 17%) h ⁇ ng/mL, after administration of a single dose.
  • the AUC 0-infinity of the oral formulation is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-infinity of 6331 (CV 17%) h ⁇ ng/mL, after administration of a single dose.
  • the AUC 0-infinity of the pharmaceutical composition is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-infinity of 6331 (CV 17%) h ⁇ ng/mL, after administration of a single dose.
  • the AUC 0-infinity of the oral dosage is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-infinity of 6331 (CV 17%) h ⁇ ng/mL, after administration of a single dose.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the oral formulation at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 2090 (CV 23%) ng/mL, after administration.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 2090 (CV 23%) ng/mL, after administration.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the unit dosage at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 2090 (CV 23%) ng/mL, after administration.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the oral formulation is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 7207 (CV 19%) h ⁇ ng/mL, after administration.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 7207 (CV 19%) h ⁇ ng/mL, after administration.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the unit dosage is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 7207 (CV 19%) h ⁇ ng/mL, after administration.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is measured in plasma.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the oral formulation at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 533 ng/mL (368-770 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 533 ng/mL (368-770 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the unit dosage at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 533 ng/mL (368-770 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the oral formulation is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 2916 h ⁇ ng/mL (1924-4436 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 2916 h ⁇ ng/mL (1924-4436 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the unit dosage is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 2916 h ⁇ ng/mL (1924-4436 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the oral formulation at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 593 ng/mL (395-878 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from greater than about 15 kg to about 30 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 593 ng/mL (395-878 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from greater than about 15 kg to about 30 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the unit dosage at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 593 ng/mL (395-878 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from greater than about 15 kg to about 30 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the oral formulation is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 3043 h ⁇ ng/mL (1938-4763 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from greater than about 15 kg to about 30 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 3043 h ⁇ ng/mL (1938-4763 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from greater than about 15 kg to about 30 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the unit dosage is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 3043 h ⁇ ng/mL (1938-4763 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from greater than about 15 kg to about 30 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the oral formulation at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 679 ng/mL (450-1024 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from greater than about 30 to about 55 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 679 ng/mL (450-1024 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from greater than about 30 to about 55 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the unit dosage at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 679 ng/mL (450-1024 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from greater than about 30 to about 55 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the oral formulation is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 3149 h ⁇ ng/mL (2010-4855 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from greater than about 30 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 3149 h ⁇ ng/mL (2010-4855 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from greater than about 30 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the unit dosage is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 3149 h ⁇ ng/mL (2010-4855 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from greater than about 30 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the oral formulation at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 743 ng/mL (479-743 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing greater than about 55 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 743 ng/mL (479-743 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing greater than about 55 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the unit dosage at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 743 ng/mL (479-743 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing greater than about 55 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the oral formulation is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 3182 h ⁇ ng/mL (2057-4921 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing greater than about 55 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 3182 h ⁇ ng/mL (2057-4921 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing greater than about 55 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the unit dosage is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 3182 h ⁇ ng/mL (2057-4921 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing greater than about 55 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the oral formulation at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 352 ng/mL (240-514 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 352 ng/mL (240-514 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the unit dosage at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 352 ng/mL (240-514 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the oral formulation is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 1918 h ⁇ ng/mL (1255-2908 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 1918 h ⁇ ng/mL (1255-2908 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the unit dosage is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 1918 h ⁇ ng/mL (1255-2908 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from about 8 kg to about 15 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the oral formulation at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 473 ng/mL (323-688 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from greater than about 15 kg to about 22 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 473 ng/mL (323-688 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from greater than about 15 kg to about 22 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the unit dosage at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 473 ng/mL (323-688 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from greater than about 15 kg to about 22 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the oral formulation is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 2479 h ⁇ ng/mL (1640-3771 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from greater than about 15 kg to about 22 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 2479 h ⁇ ng/mL (1640-3771 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from greater than about 15 kg to about 22 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the unit dosage is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 2479 h ⁇ ng/mL (1640-3771 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from greater than about 15 kg to about 22 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the oral formulation at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 522 ng/mL (349-770 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from greater than about 22 kg to about 38 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 522 ng/mL (349-770 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from greater than about 22 kg to about 38 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the unit dosage at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 522 ng/mL (349-770 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from greater than about 22 kg to about 38 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the oral formulation is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 2557 h ⁇ ng/mL (1663-3942 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from greater than about 22 kg to about 38 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 2557 h ⁇ ng/mL (1663-3942 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from greater than about 22 kg to about 38 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the unit dosage is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 2557 h ⁇ ng/mL (1663-3942 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from greater than about 22 kg to about 38 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the oral formulation at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 651 ng/mL (435-974 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from greater than about 38 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 651 ng/mL (435-974 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from greater than about 38 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the unit dosage at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 651 ng/mL (435-974 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from greater than about 38 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the oral formulation is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 2954 h ⁇ ng/mL (1958-4465 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing from greater than about 38 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 2954 h ⁇ ng/mL (1958-4465 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing from greater than about 38 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the unit dosage is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 2954 h ⁇ ng/mL (1958-4465 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing from greater than about 38 kg to about 55 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the oral formulation at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 739 ng/mL (483-1130 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing greater than about 55 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 739 ng/mL (483-1130 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing greater than about 55 kg.
  • the geometric mean C max, steady state of the unit dosage at steady state is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a C max, steady state of 739 ng/mL (483-1130 ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing greater than about 55 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the oral formulation is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 3191 h ⁇ ng/mL (2054-4948 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said oral formulation in a human weighing greater than about 55 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the pharmaceutical composition is within about 80.00% to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 3191 h ⁇ ng/mL (2054-4948 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said pharmaceutical composition in a human weighing greater than about 55 kg.
  • the AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of the unit dosage is within about to about 125.00% of a AUC 0-8 hrs, steady state of 3191 h ⁇ ng/mL (2054-4948 h ⁇ ng/mL 5 th and 95 th percentiles), after administration of said unit dosage in a human weighing greater than about 55 kg.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate exposure increases dose-proportionally following a single oral dosage from about 31 mg to about 496 mg, wherein the estimates of the proportionality coefficient (90% CI) for C max is 1,149 (1.07-1.20) and for AUC 0-inf is 1,027 (0,98-1.08).
  • the overall median t max following administration is 0.25 to 3.0 hours.
  • the median t max following administration is about 0.5 hours.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is metabolized after ingestion.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, metabolite is a cysteine conjugate.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, metabolite is the 0-glucuronide.
  • the oral formulation has a shelf-life of at least 24 months from about 20° C. to about 25° C.
  • the pharmaceutical composition has a shelf-life of at least 24 months from about 20° C. to about 25° C.
  • the unit dosage has a shelf-life of at least 24 months from about 20° C. to about 25° C.
  • the oral formulation comprises ultra-pure N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises ultra-pure N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the unit dosage comprises ultra-pure N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a preferred particle size distribution.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles that have the preferred particle size distribution listed herein.
  • the particle size distribution (PSD) can be determined using static automated imaging (Morphology 4) as in Example 8 (Table 3A) presented herein.
  • the PSD is determined using Malvern Mastersizer, for example Malvern Mastersizer 3000. The methods employed in the present disclosure for determining PSD are described in detail in Example 11.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Number CE Diameter D10 of from about 0.5 ⁇ m to about 3.5 ⁇ m; such as the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles have a Number CE Diameter D10 of from about 0.5 ⁇ m to about 3.5 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D10 particle size with a Number CE Diameter D10 of about 0.5 ⁇ m, about 0.6 ⁇ m, about 0.7 ⁇ m, about 0.8 ⁇ m, about ⁇ m, about 1.0 ⁇ m, about 1.1 ⁇ m, about 1.2 ⁇ m, about 1.3 ⁇ m, about 1.4 ⁇ m, about 1.5 ⁇ m, about 1.6 ⁇ m, about 1.7 ⁇ m, about 1.8 ⁇ m, about 1.9 ⁇ m, about 2.0 ⁇ m, about 2.1 ⁇ m, about 2.2 ⁇ m, about 2.3 ⁇ m, about 2.4 ⁇ m, about 2.5 ⁇ m, about 2.6 ⁇ m, about 2.7 ⁇ m, about 2.8 ⁇ m, about 2.9 ⁇ m, about 3.0 ⁇ m, about 3.1 ⁇ m, about
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D10 particle size with a Number CE Diameter D10 of about 0.5 ⁇ m, about 0.6 ⁇ m, about 0.7 ⁇ m, about 0.8 ⁇ m, about ⁇ m, about 1.0 ⁇ m, about 1.1 ⁇ m, about 1.2 ⁇ m, about 1.3 ⁇ m, about 1.4 ⁇ m, about 1.5 ⁇ m, about 1.6 ⁇ m, about 1.7 ⁇ m, about 1.8 ⁇ m, about 1.9 ⁇ m, about 2.0 ⁇ m, about 2.1 ⁇ m, about 2.2 ⁇ m, about 2.3 ⁇ m, about 2.4 ⁇ m, about 2.5 ⁇ m, about 2.6 ⁇ m, about 2.7 ⁇ m, about 2.8 ⁇ m, about 2.9 ⁇ m, about 3.0 ⁇ m, about 3.1 ⁇ m, about
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D10 particle size with a Number CE Diameter D10 of from about 0.5 ⁇ m to about 3.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 0.5 ⁇ m to about 1.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 1.0 ⁇ m to about 1.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 1.5 ⁇ m to about 2.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 2.0 ⁇ m to about 2.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 2.5 ⁇ m to about 3.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 3.0 ⁇ m to about 3.5 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D10 particle size with a Number CE Diameter D10 of about 0.6 ⁇ m, about 0.7 ⁇ m, about 0.8 ⁇ m, about 0.9 ⁇ m, about 1.0 ⁇ m, about 1.1 ⁇ m, about 2.4 ⁇ m, or about 2.5 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Volume CE Diameter D10 of from about 2.0 ⁇ m to about 17.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D10 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D10 of about 2.0 ⁇ m, about 2.5 ⁇ m, about 3.0 ⁇ m, about 3.5 ⁇ m, about 4.0 ⁇ m, about 4.5 ⁇ m, about 5.0 ⁇ m, about 5.5 ⁇ m, about 6.0 ⁇ m, about 6.5 ⁇ m, about 7.0 ⁇ m, about 7.5 ⁇ m, about 8.0 ⁇ m, about 8.5 ⁇ m, about 9.0 ⁇ m, about 9.5 ⁇ m, about 10.0 ⁇ m, about 10.5 ⁇ m, about 11.0 ⁇ m, about 11.5 ⁇ m, about 12.0 ⁇ m, about 12.5 ⁇ m, about 13.0 ⁇ m, about 13.5 ⁇ m, about 14.0 ⁇ m, about 14.5 ⁇ m, about 15.0 ⁇ m
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D10 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D10 of from about 2.0 ⁇ m to about 17.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 2.0 ⁇ m to about 3.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 3.0 ⁇ m to about 4.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 4.0 ⁇ m to about 5.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 6.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 6.0 ⁇ m to about 7.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 7.0 ⁇ m to about 8.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 8.0 ⁇ m to about 9.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 9.0 ⁇ m to about 10.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 10.0 ⁇ m to about 11.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 11.0 ⁇ m to about 12.0 ⁇ m, such as from
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D10 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D10 of about 4.6 ⁇ m, about 6.2 ⁇ m, about 9.4 ⁇ m, about 10.7, ⁇ m about 10.9 ⁇ m, about 11.2 ⁇ m, about 12.4 ⁇ m, about 12.6 ⁇ m, or about 13.1 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Number Length D10 of from about 0.5 ⁇ m to about 5.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D10 particle size with a Number Length D10 of about 0.5 ⁇ m, about 0.6 ⁇ m, about 0.7 ⁇ m, about 0.8 ⁇ m, about 0.9 ⁇ m, about 1.0 ⁇ m, about 1.1 ⁇ m, about 1.2 ⁇ m, about 1.3 ⁇ m, about 1.4 ⁇ m, about 1.5 ⁇ m, about 1.6 ⁇ m, about 1.7 ⁇ m, about 1.8 ⁇ m, about 1.9 ⁇ m, about 2.0 ⁇ m, about 2.1 ⁇ m, about 2.2 ⁇ m, about 2.3 ⁇ m, about 2.4 ⁇ m, or about 2.5 ⁇ m, about 2.6 ⁇ m, about 2.7 ⁇ m, about 2.8 ⁇ m, about 2.9 ⁇ m, about 3.0 ⁇ m, about 3.1 ⁇ m
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D10 particle size with a Number Length D10 of from about 0.5 ⁇ m to about 5.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 0.5 ⁇ m, to about 1.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 1.0 ⁇ m to about 1.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 1.5 ⁇ m to about 2.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 2.0 ⁇ m to about 2.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 2.5 ⁇ m to about 3.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 3.0 ⁇ m to about 3.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 3.5 ⁇ m to about 4.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 4.0 ⁇ m to about 4.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 4.5 ⁇ m to about 5.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D10 particle size with a Number Length D10 of about 1.1 ⁇ m, about 1.4 ⁇ m, about 1.5 ⁇ m, about 1.7 ⁇ m, about 1.8 ⁇ m, about 2.8 ⁇ m, about 2.9 ⁇ m about 3.5 ⁇ m, or about 4.2 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles have a D10 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of from about 2.0 ⁇ m to about 20.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles have a D10 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of about 2.0 ⁇ m, about 2.5 ⁇ m, about 3.0 ⁇ m, about 3.5 ⁇ m, about 4.0 ⁇ m, about 4.5 ⁇ m, about 5.0 ⁇ m, about 5.5 ⁇ m, about 6.0 ⁇ m, about 6.5 ⁇ m, about 7.0 ⁇ m, about 7.5 ⁇ m, about 8.0 ⁇ m, about 8.5 ⁇ m, about 9.0 ⁇ m, about 9.5 ⁇ m, about 10.0 ⁇ m, about 10.5 ⁇ m, about 11.0 ⁇ m, about 11.5 ⁇ m, about 12.0 ⁇ m, about 12.5 ⁇ m, about 13.0 ⁇ m, about 13.5 ⁇ m, about 14.0 ⁇ m, about 14.5 ⁇ m, about 15.0 ⁇ m,
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles have a D10 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of from about 2.0 ⁇ m to about 20.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 2.0 ⁇ m to about 2.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 2.5 ⁇ m to about 3.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 3.0 ⁇ m to about 3.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 3.5 ⁇ m to about 4.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 4.0 ⁇ m to about 4.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 4.5 ⁇ m to about 5.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 5.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 5.5 ⁇ m to about 6.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 6.0 ⁇ m to about 6.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 6.5 ⁇ m to about 7.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 7.0
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Number CE Diameter D50 of from about 1.0 ⁇ m to about 10.0 ⁇ m, such as the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles have a Number CE Diameter D50 of from about 1.0 ⁇ m to about 10.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D50 particle size with a Number CE Diameter D50 of about 1.0 ⁇ m, about 1.1 ⁇ m, about 1.2 ⁇ m, about 1.3 ⁇ m, about 1.4 ⁇ m, about 1.5 ⁇ m, about 1.6 ⁇ m, about 1.7 ⁇ m, about 1.8 ⁇ m, about 1.9 ⁇ m, about 2.0 ⁇ m, about 2.1 ⁇ m, about 2.2 ⁇ m, about 2.3 ⁇ m, about 2.4 ⁇ m, about 2.5 ⁇ m, about 2.6 ⁇ m, about 2.7 ⁇ m, about 2.8 ⁇ m, about 2.9 ⁇ m, about 3.0 ⁇ m, about 3.1 ⁇ m, about 3.2 ⁇ m, about 3.3 ⁇ m, about 3.4 ⁇ m, about 3.5 ⁇ m, about 3.6 ⁇ m,
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D50 particle size with a Number CE Diameter D50 of from about 1.0 ⁇ m to about 10.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 1.0 ⁇ m to about 2.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 2.0 ⁇ m to about 3.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 3.0 ⁇ m to about 4.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 4.0 ⁇ m to about 5.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 6.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 6.0 ⁇ m to about 7.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 7.0 ⁇ m to about 8.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 8.0 ⁇ m to about 9.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 9.0 ⁇ m to about 10.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D50 particle size with a Number CE Diameter D50 of about 1.6 ⁇ m, about 2.0 ⁇ m, about 2.2 ⁇ m, about 2.5 ⁇ m, about 2.9 ⁇ m, about 3.3 ⁇ m, about 5.6 ⁇ m, or about 5.3 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Volume CE Diameter D50 of from about 10.0 ⁇ m to about 39.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D50 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D50 of about 10.0 ⁇ m, about 11.0 ⁇ m, about 12.0 ⁇ m, about 13.0 ⁇ m, about 14.0 ⁇ m, about 15.0 ⁇ m, about 16.0 ⁇ m, about 17.0 ⁇ m, about 18.0 ⁇ m, about 19.0 ⁇ m, about 20 ⁇ m, about 21.0 ⁇ m, about 22.0 ⁇ m, about 23.0 ⁇ m, about 24.0 ⁇ m, about 25.0 ⁇ m, about 26.0 ⁇ m, about 27.0 ⁇ m, about 28.0 ⁇ m, about 29.0 ⁇ m, about 30.0 ⁇ m, about 31.0, about 32.0 ⁇ m, about 33.0 ⁇ m, about 34.0 ⁇ m, about 35.0 ⁇ m, about 36.0 ⁇
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D50 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D50 of from about 10.0 ⁇ m to about 39.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 10.0 ⁇ m to about 12.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 12.0 ⁇ m to about 14.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 14.0 ⁇ m to about 16.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 16.0 ⁇ m to about 18.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 18.0 ⁇ m to about 20.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 20.0 ⁇ m to about 22.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 22.0 ⁇ m to about 24.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 24.0 ⁇ m to about 26.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 26.0 ⁇ m to about 28.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 28.0 ⁇ m to about 30.0 ⁇ m,
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D50 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D50 of about 11.1 ⁇ m, about 14.0 ⁇ m, about 20.6 ⁇ m, about 22.7 ⁇ m, about 24.7 ⁇ m, about 25.0 ⁇ m, about 26.0 ⁇ m, about 26.4 ⁇ m, about 32.1 ⁇ m, or about 38.9
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Number Length D50 of from about 3.0 ⁇ m to about 12.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D50 particle size with a Number Length D50 of about 3.0 ⁇ m, about 3.1 ⁇ m, about 3.2 ⁇ m, about 3.3 ⁇ m, about 3.4 ⁇ m, about 3.5 ⁇ m, about 3.6 ⁇ m, about 3.7 ⁇ m, about 3.8 ⁇ m, about 3.9 ⁇ m, about 4.0 ⁇ m, about 4.1 ⁇ m, about 4.2 ⁇ m, about 4.3 ⁇ m, about 4.4 ⁇ m, about 4.5 ⁇ m, about 4.6 ⁇ m, about 4.7 ⁇ m, about 4.8 ⁇ m, about 4.9 ⁇ m, about 5.0 ⁇ m, about 5.1 ⁇ m, about 5.2 ⁇ m, about 5.3 ⁇ m, about 5.4 ⁇ m, about 5.5 ⁇ m, about 5.6
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D50 particle size with a Number Length D50 of from about 3.0 ⁇ m to about 12.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 3.0 ⁇ m to about 3.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 3.5 ⁇ m to about 4.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 4.0 ⁇ m to about 4.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 4.5 ⁇ m to about 5.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 5.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 5.5 ⁇ m, to about 6.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 6.0 ⁇ m to about 6.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 6.5 ⁇ m to about 7.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 7.0 ⁇ m to about 7.5 ⁇ m, such as from about 7.5 ⁇ m to about 8.0 ⁇ m,
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D50 particle size with a Number Length D50 of about 3.2 ⁇ m, about 3.6 ⁇ m, about 4.0 ⁇ m, about 4.1 ⁇ m, about 4.7 ⁇ m, about 6.2 ⁇ m, about 7.0 ⁇ m, about 7.4 ⁇ m, or about 9.5 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Number CE Diameter D90 of from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 22.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles have a D50 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 60.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles have a D50 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of about 5 ⁇ m, about 6 ⁇ m, about 7 ⁇ m, about 8 ⁇ m, about 9 ⁇ m, about 10 ⁇ m, about 11 ⁇ m, about 12 ⁇ m, about 13 ⁇ m, about 14 ⁇ m, about 15 ⁇ m, about 16 ⁇ m, about 17 ⁇ m, about 18 ⁇ m, about 19 ⁇ m, about 20 ⁇ m, about 21 ⁇ m, about 22 ⁇ m, about 23 ⁇ m, about 24 ⁇ m, about 25 ⁇ m, about 26 ⁇ m, about 27 ⁇ m, about 28 ⁇ m, about 29 ⁇ m, about 30 ⁇ m, about 31 ⁇ m, about 32 ⁇ m, about 33 ⁇ m, about 34 ⁇ m, about 35 ⁇ m, about
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles have a D50 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 60.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 6.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 6.0 ⁇ m to about 7.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 7.0 ⁇ m to about 8.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 8.0 ⁇ m to about 9.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 9.0 ⁇ m to about 10.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 10.0 ⁇ m to about 11.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 11.0 ⁇ m to about 12.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 12.0 ⁇ m to about 13.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 13.0 ⁇ m to about 14.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 14.0 ⁇ m to about 15.0 ⁇ m, such as
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Number CE Diameter D90 of about 5.0 ⁇ m, about 5.5 ⁇ m, about 6.0 ⁇ m, about 6.5 ⁇ m, about 7.0 ⁇ m, about 7.5 ⁇ m, about 8.0 ⁇ m, about 8.5 ⁇ m, about 9.0 ⁇ m, about 9.5 ⁇ m, about 10.0 ⁇ m, about 10.5 ⁇ m, about 11.0 ⁇ m, about 11.5 ⁇ m, about 12.0 ⁇ m, about 12.5 ⁇ m, about 13.0 ⁇ m, about 13.5 ⁇ m, about 14.0 ⁇ m, about 14.5 ⁇ m, about 15.0 ⁇ m, about 15.5 ⁇ m, about 16.0 ⁇ m, about 16.5 ⁇ m, about 17.0 ⁇ m, about 17.5 ⁇ m, about 18.0
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Number CE Diameter D90 of from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 22.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 6.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 6.0 ⁇ m, to about 7.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 7.0 ⁇ m to about 8.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 8.0 ⁇ m to about 9.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 9.0 ⁇ m to about 10.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 10.0 ⁇ m to about 11.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 11.0 ⁇ m to about 12.0 ⁇ m such as from about 12.0 ⁇ m to about 13.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 13.0 ⁇ m to about 14.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 14.0 ⁇ m to about 15.0 ⁇ m, such
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Number CE Diameter D90 of about 5.8 ⁇ m, about 7.4 ⁇ m, about 9.4 ⁇ m, about 10.1 ⁇ m, about 10.7 ⁇ m, about 13.3 ⁇ m, about 14.1 ⁇ m, about 15.0 ⁇ m, or about 17.8 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Volume CE Diameter D90 of from about 10.0 ⁇ m to about 55.0 ⁇ m, such as the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles have a Number CE Diameter D90 of from about 10.0 ⁇ m to about 55.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Volume CE Diameter D90 of from about 25.0 ⁇ m to about 55.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D90 of about 25.0 ⁇ m, about 26.0 ⁇ m, about 27.0 ⁇ m, about 28.0 ⁇ m, about 29.0 ⁇ m, about 30.0 ⁇ m, about 31.0 ⁇ m, about 32.0 ⁇ m, about 33.0 ⁇ m, about 34.0 ⁇ m, about 35.0 ⁇ m, about 36.0 ⁇ m, about 37.0 ⁇ m, about 38.0 ⁇ m, about 39.0 ⁇ m, about ⁇ m, about 41.0 ⁇ m, about 42.0 ⁇ m, about 43.0 ⁇ m, about 44.0 ⁇ m, about 45.0 ⁇ m, about 46.0 ⁇ m, about 47.0 ⁇ m, about 48.0 ⁇ m, about 49.0 ⁇ m, about 50.0 ⁇ m, about
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D90 of from about 25.0 ⁇ m to about 55.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 25.0 ⁇ m to about 30.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 30.0 ⁇ m to about 35.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 35.0 ⁇ m to about 40.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 40.0 ⁇ m to about 45.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 45.0 ⁇ m to about 50.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 50.0 ⁇ m to about 55.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D90 of about 26.7 ⁇ m, about 34.5 ⁇ m, about 35.0 ⁇ m, about 36.0 ⁇ m, about 37.6 ⁇ m, about 43.5 ⁇ m, about 44.4 ⁇ m, about 47.1 ⁇ m, or about 52.2 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Volume CE Diameter D[4,3] of from about 8.0 ⁇ m to about 40.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D[4,3] of about 8.0 ⁇ m, about 9.0 ⁇ m, about 10.0 ⁇ m, about 11.0 ⁇ m, about 12.0 ⁇ m, about 13.0 ⁇ m, about 14.0 ⁇ m, about 15.0 ⁇ m, about 16.0 ⁇ m, about 17.0 ⁇ m, about 18.0 ⁇ m, about 19.0 ⁇ m, about 20.0 ⁇ m, about 21.0 ⁇ m, about 22.0 ⁇ m, about 23.0 ⁇ m, about 24.0 ⁇ m, about 25.0 ⁇ m, about 26.0 ⁇ m, about 27.0 ⁇ m, about 28.0 ⁇ m, about 29.0 ⁇ m, about 30.0 ⁇ m, about 31.0 ⁇ m, about 32.0 ⁇ m, about 33.0 ⁇
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D[4,3] of from about 8.0 ⁇ m to about 40.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 8.0 ⁇ m to about 12.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 12.0 ⁇ m to about 16.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 16.0 ⁇ m to about 20.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 20.0 ⁇ m to about 24.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 24.0 ⁇ m to about 28.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 28.0 ⁇ m to about 32.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 32.0 ⁇ m to about 36.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 36.0 ⁇ m to about 40.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D[4,3] of about 13.7 ⁇ m, about 17.1 ⁇ m, about 22.1 ⁇ m, about 23.3 ⁇ m, about 25.4 ⁇ m, about 25.7 ⁇ m, about 27.1 ⁇ m, about 29.5 ⁇ m, about 38.8 ⁇ m, or about 39.4 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Volume CE Diameter D[3,2] of from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 30.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D[3,2] of about 5.0 ⁇ m, about 6.0 ⁇ m, about 7.0 ⁇ m, about 8.0 ⁇ m, about 9.0 ⁇ m, about 10.0 ⁇ m, about 11.0 ⁇ m, about 12.0 ⁇ m, about 13.0 ⁇ m, about 14.0 ⁇ m, about 15.0 ⁇ m, about 16.0 ⁇ m, about 17.0 ⁇ m, about 18.0 ⁇ m, about 19.0 ⁇ m, about 20.0 ⁇ m, about 21.0 ⁇ m, about 22.0 ⁇ m, about 23.0 ⁇ m, about 24.0 ⁇ m, about 25.0 ⁇ m, about 26.0 ⁇ m, about 27.0 ⁇ m, about 28.0 ⁇ m, about 29.0 ⁇ m, or about 30.0 ⁇
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D[3,2] of from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 30.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 10.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 10.0 ⁇ m to about 15.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 15.0 ⁇ m to about 20.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 20.0 ⁇ m to about 25.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 25.0 ⁇ m to about 30.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Volume CE Diameter D[3,2] of about 8.8 ⁇ m, about 11.4 ⁇ m, about 17.7 ⁇ m, about 17.5 ⁇ m, about 17.9 ⁇ m, about 19.5 ⁇ m, about 20.5 ⁇ m, about 21.8 ⁇ m, about 24.2 ⁇ m, or about 34.2 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 length of from about 10.0 ⁇ m to about 20.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Number CE Diameter Mean of from about 1.0 ⁇ m to about 12.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Number CE Diameter Mean of about 1.0 ⁇ m, about 1.5 ⁇ m, about 2.0 ⁇ m, about 2.5 ⁇ m, about 3.0 ⁇ m, about 3.5 ⁇ m, about 4.0 ⁇ m, about 4.5 ⁇ m, about 5.0 ⁇ m, about 5.5 ⁇ m, about 6.0 ⁇ m, about 6.5 ⁇ m, about 7.0 ⁇ m, about 7.5 ⁇ m, about 8.0 ⁇ m, about 8.5 ⁇ m, about 9.0 ⁇ m, about 9.5 ⁇ m, about 10.0 ⁇ m, about 10.5 ⁇ m, about 11.0 ⁇ m, about 11.5 ⁇ m, or about 12.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Number CE Diameter Mean of from about 1.0 ⁇ m to about 12.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 1.0 ⁇ m to about 2.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 2.0 ⁇ m to about 3.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 3.0 ⁇ m to about 4.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 4.0 ⁇ m to about 5.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 5.0 ⁇ m to about 6.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 6.0 ⁇ m to about 7.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 7.0 ⁇ m to about 8.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 8.0 ⁇ m to about 9.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 9.0 ⁇ m to about 10.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 10.0 ⁇ m to about 11.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 11.0 ⁇ m to about
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a Number CE Diameter Mean of about 2.9 ⁇ m, about 3.4 ⁇ m, about 3.7 ⁇ m, about 4.2 ⁇ m, about 4.6 ⁇ m, about 5.3 ⁇ m, about 5.8 ⁇ m, about 6.7 ⁇ m, about 7.7 ⁇ m, or about 8.2 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Number Length D90 of about 10.0 ⁇ m, about 10.5 ⁇ m, about 11.0 ⁇ m, about 11.5 ⁇ m, about 12.0 ⁇ m, about 12.5 ⁇ m, about 13.0 ⁇ m, about 13.5 ⁇ m, about 14.0 ⁇ m, about 14.5 ⁇ m, about 15.0 ⁇ m, about 15.5 ⁇ m, about 16.0 ⁇ m, about 16.5 ⁇ m, about 17.0 ⁇ m, about 17.5 ⁇ m, about 18.0 ⁇ m, about 18.5 ⁇ m, about 19.0 ⁇ m, about 19.5 ⁇ m, or about 20.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Number Length D90 of from about 10.0 ⁇ m to about 20.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 10.0 ⁇ m to about 11.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 11.0 ⁇ m to about 12.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 12.0 ⁇ m to about 13.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 13.0 ⁇ m to about 14.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 14.0 ⁇ m to about 15.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 15.0 ⁇ m to about 16.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 16.0 ⁇ m to about 17.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 17.0 ⁇ m to about 18.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 18.0 ⁇ m to about 19.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 19.0 ⁇ m to about 20.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Number Length D90 of about 10.5 ⁇ m, about 13.9 ⁇ m, about 16.6 ⁇ m, about 16.8 ⁇ m, about 22.2 ⁇ m, about 24.8 ⁇ m, about 25.5 ⁇ m, or about 26.7 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate forms particles having a D90 particle size with a Number Length D90 of from about 7.0 ⁇ m to about 35.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles have a D90 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of from about 30.0 ⁇ m to about 130.0 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles have a D90 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of about 30 ⁇ m, about 35 ⁇ m, about 40 ⁇ m, about 45 ⁇ m, about ⁇ m, about 55 ⁇ m, about 60 ⁇ m, about 65 ⁇ m, about 70 ⁇ m, about 75 ⁇ m, about 80 ⁇ m, about 85 ⁇ m, about 90 ⁇ m, about 95 ⁇ m, about 100 ⁇ m, about 105 ⁇ m, about 110 ⁇ m, about 115 ⁇ m, about 120 ⁇ m, about 125 ⁇ m, or about 130 ⁇ m.
  • the N- ⁇ [(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl]oxy ⁇ pyridine-3-carboximidoyl chloride 1-oxide citrate particles have a D90 particle size determined using Malvern Mastersizer 3000 of from about 30.0 ⁇ m to about 130.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 30.0 ⁇ m to about 35.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 35.0 ⁇ m to about 40.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 40.0 ⁇ m to about 45.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 45.0 ⁇ m to about 50.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 50.0 ⁇ m to about 55.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 55.0 ⁇ m to about 60.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 60.0 ⁇ m to about 65.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 65.0 ⁇ m to about 70.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 70.0 ⁇ m to about 75.0 ⁇ m, such as from about 75.0 ⁇ m to about 80.0 ⁇ m, such as
  • step 1A is performed under basic conditions, such as by the addition of a hydroxide, such as NaOH or KOH.
  • the first temperature is from 70° C. to 90° C., such as from 72° C. to 88° C., such as from 74° C. to 86° C., such as from 76° C. to 84° C., such as from 78° C. to 82° C., for example 80° C.
  • the second temperature is from 0° C. to 15° C., such as from 0° C. to 1° C., such as from 1° C. to 2° C., such as from 2° C. to 3° C., such as from 3° C. to 4° C., such as from 5° C. to 6° C., such as from 6° C. to 7° C., such as from 7° C. to 8° C., such as from 8° C. to 9° C., such as from 9° C. to 10° C., such as from 10° C. to 11° C., such as from 11° C. to 12° C., such as from 12° C. to 13° C., such as from 13° C. to 14° C., such as from 14° C. to 15° C.
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