US20200391283A1 - Mold device - Google Patents

Mold device Download PDF

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Publication number
US20200391283A1
US20200391283A1 US17/005,475 US202017005475A US2020391283A1 US 20200391283 A1 US20200391283 A1 US 20200391283A1 US 202017005475 A US202017005475 A US 202017005475A US 2020391283 A1 US2020391283 A1 US 2020391283A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
mold
surface layer
cavity
layer part
base part
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US17/005,475
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English (en)
Inventor
Hidenori Iimi
Tsuyoshi Arai
Atsuya SATO
Naoki Hiraiwa
Shinji Takagi
Takeshi Kusano
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Denso Corp
Original Assignee
Denso Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Denso Corp filed Critical Denso Corp
Assigned to DENSO CORPORATION reassignment DENSO CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ARAI, TSUYOSHI, HIRAIWA, NAOKI, IIMI, HIDENORI, KUSANO, TAKESHI, SATO, ATSUYA, TAKAGI, SHINJI
Publication of US20200391283A1 publication Critical patent/US20200391283A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/20—Accessories: Details
    • B22D17/22—Dies; Die plates; Die supports; Cooling equipment for dies; Accessories for loosening and ejecting castings from dies
    • B22D17/2209—Selection of die materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/20—Accessories: Details
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C3/00—Selection of compositions for coating the surfaces of moulds, cores, or patterns
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/06—Permanent moulds for shaped castings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/06—Permanent moulds for shaped castings
    • B22C9/061—Materials which make up the mould
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/20—Accessories: Details
    • B22D17/22—Dies; Die plates; Die supports; Cooling equipment for dies; Accessories for loosening and ejecting castings from dies
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D21/00—Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedure; Selection of compositions therefor
    • B22D21/002—Castings of light metals
    • B22D21/007—Castings of light metals with low melting point, e.g. Al 659 degrees C, Mg 650 degrees C
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D21/00—Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedure; Selection of compositions therefor
    • B22D21/02—Casting exceedingly oxidisable non-ferrous metals, e.g. in inert atmosphere
    • B22D21/04—Casting aluminium or magnesium

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a mold device.
  • the present disclosure is a mold device that is capable of producing an aluminum die-cast member and includes a mold and a molten metal supply part.
  • the mold is capable of forming a cavity into which molten aluminum is charged.
  • the mold has a base part formed from iron and a surface layer part that is provided on the cavity side of the base part, contains 20 weight % or more of chromium, and is capable of forming a dichromium trioxide film on a surface of the cavity side.
  • the molten metal supply part is capable of supplying molten aluminum into the cavity.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a mold device according to a first embodiment
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a part II shown in FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram describing operations of the mold device according to the first embodiment
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram describing operations of the mold device according to the first embodiment, which shows the next state to that shown in FIG. 3 ;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram describing operations of the mold device according to the first embodiment, which shows the next state to that shown in FIG. 4 ;
  • FIG. 6 is a photograph showing results of experiment on the mold device according to the first embodiment
  • FIG. 7 is a photograph showing results of experiment on a mold device according to a comparative example
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a mold device according to a second embodiment.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram describing operations of the mold device according to the second embodiment.
  • JP 2007-118035 A describes a mold device in which the surface of a mold to contact molten metal is coated with a mold release agent containing an organic acid or organic acid salt having a reducing property with a concentration of 0.01 weight % or more at the point of use that is equal to or less than a predetermined concentration which is the stability limit of a mold release emulsion in undiluted form.
  • molten aluminum is charged into a mold cavity.
  • the surface of a mold cavity is subjected to nitriding treatment or multi-layer coating with heat-resistant ceramics as measures against adhesion of aluminum to the mold and dissolution loss.
  • nitriding treatment In the process of the nitriding treatment, however, a nitrogen diffusion layer is gradually thermally decomposed by contact with the high-temperature molten aluminum, thereby causing a lack of durability.
  • An object of the present disclosure is to provide a mold device that prevents adhesion with molten aluminum and mold damage.
  • the present disclosure is a mold device that is capable of producing an aluminum die-cast member and includes a mold and a molten metal supply part.
  • the mold is capable of forming a cavity into which molten aluminum is charged.
  • the mold has a base part formed from iron and a surface layer part that is provided on the cavity side of the base part, contains 20 weight % or more of chromium, and is capable of forming a dichromium trioxide film on a surface of the cavity side.
  • the molten metal supply part is capable of supplying molten aluminum into the cavity.
  • the surface layer part with the cavity side of the base part of the mold contains 20 weight % or more of chromium.
  • the dichromium trioxide film may peel off from the surface layer part due to the cooling/heating cycle of the mold, sliding of the aluminum die-cast member when being removed from the mold, or the like.
  • the chromium migrates to the surface of the surface layer part in the mold to form a new dichromium trioxide film. This prevents adhesion between the base part of the mold and the molten aluminum for a relatively long period of time, thereby preventing breakage of the mold and lengthening the lifetime of the mold device.
  • a mold device 1 according to a first embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 6 .
  • the mold device 1 is used for die-casting a member 5 (see FIG. 5 ) as an aluminum die-cast member ⁇ molded out of aluminum.
  • the mold device 1 includes a mold 10 and a molten metal supply part 20 as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the mold 10 has a movable mold 11 and a fixed mold 12 .
  • the movable mold 11 and the fixed mold 12 form a cavity 100 into which molten aluminum is chargeable.
  • the movable mold 11 is formed from a metal, for example, steel.
  • the movable mold 11 is movable relative to the fixed mold 12 as shown by an open arrow F 0 .
  • the movable mold 11 has a first space 110 that is open on the fixed mold 12 side as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the first space 110 constitutes part of the cavity 100 .
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a surface of the movable mold 11 to contact the molten aluminum.
  • the movable mold 11 has a base part 111 , a concentration transition part 112 , and a surface layer part 113 . In the present embodiment, the base part 111 , the concentration transition part 112 , and the surface layer part 113 are integrally formed.
  • the base part 111 is a part that constitutes a basic structure of the movable mold 11 .
  • the base part 111 is relatively separated from the first space 110 as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the base part 111 is formed from iron with a carbon concentration of 0.07 weight % or less.
  • the concentration transition part 112 is a part that is provided on the first space 110 side of the base part 111 .
  • the concentration transition part 112 is formed such that the chromium concentration constantly increases from the base part 111 toward the surface layer part 113 described later.
  • FIG. 2 shows the boundary between the base part 111 and the concentration transition part 112 by a virtual line VL 111 .
  • the surface layer part 113 is a part that is provided on the first space 110 side of the concentration transition part 112 and constitutes an inner wall for forming the first space 110 .
  • the surface layer part 113 is formed with a thickness of 30 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less.
  • the surface layer part 113 is formed with a chromium concentration of 20 weight % or more by a chromizing process such as a gas-phase method or powder method, or a thermal diffusion process on a chromium-coated article, for example. This forms a dichromium trioxide (hereinafter, abbreviated as (Cr 2 O 3 ) film 114 on the first space 110 side of the surface layer part 113 (see FIG. 3 ).
  • the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 has a heat-proof temperature of 1350 degrees that is higher than an aluminum pouring temperature of 680 degrees, and is characteristically flawless.
  • the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 is formed with a thickness of 3 nm or more, for example.
  • FIGS. 3 to 5 each show the mold device with differences in scale such that the formation of the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 is easy to see.
  • FIG. 2 shows the boundary between the concentration transition part 112 and the surface layer part 113 by a virtual line VL 112
  • FIG. 3 shows the boundary between the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 and another part in the surface layer part 113 by a virtual line VL 1 13 .
  • the fixed mold 12 is formed from a metal, for example, steel.
  • the fixed mold 12 is fixed in an immobile manner and has a second space 120 that is open on the movable mold 11 side and a communication hole 121 as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the second space 120 constitutes part of the cavity 100 . That is, the cavity 100 is formed from the first space 110 and the second space 120 .
  • the communication hole 121 communicates the second space 120 to the outside of the fixed mold 12 .
  • the fixed mold 12 is structured in the same manner as the movable mold 11 and has a base part, a concentration transition part, and a surface layer part.
  • the base part, concentration transition part, and surface layer part of the fixed mold 12 respectively have the same features of the base part 111 , the concentration transition part 112 , and the surface layer part 113 of the movable mold 11 .
  • the base part, concentration transition part, and surface layer part of the fixed mold 12 are integrally formed.
  • the molten metal supply part 20 is formed to be capable of supplying molten aluminum to the cavity 100 in the mold 10 .
  • the molten metal supply part 20 supplies the molten aluminum to the second space 120 via the communication hole 121 in the fixed mold 12 .
  • FIGS. 3 to 5 show changes in the enlarged views of the surface layer part 113 and its neighborhood of the movable mold 11 subjected to a die-casting method using the mold device 1 .
  • the operations of the movable mold 11 will be described for the sake of convenience, but the following description is also applied to the fixed mold 12 .
  • the mold device 1 Before charging of the molten aluminum into the cavity 100 , the mold device 1 has the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 formed on the surface of the surface layer part 113 of the movable mold 11 and the surface layer part of the fixed mold 12 as shown in FIG. 3 .
  • the movable mold 11 and the fixed mold 12 are combined to form the cavity 100 .
  • Molten aluminum 4 is supplied from the molten metal supply part 20 into the mold 10 with the cavity 100 .
  • the molten aluminum 4 supplied from the molten metal supply part 20 is pressed and charged into the cavity 100 .
  • the molten aluminum 4 pressed into the cavity 100 spreads onto a surface 115 of the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 opposite to the concentration transition part 112 as shown in FIG. 4 . That is, the movable mold 11 and the fixed mold 12 are brought into contact with the molten aluminum via the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 .
  • the molten aluminum 4 charged in the cavity 100 becomes solidified to mold the member 5 .
  • the movable mold 11 is moved and separated from the fixed mold 12 , and the member 5 is taken out of the mold 10 .
  • the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 is peeled and dropped off from the surface layer part 113 of the movable mold 11 and the surface layer part of the fixed mold 12 by the movement of the member 5 as shown by an open arrow F 1 in FIG. 5 .
  • the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 is reproduced on the surface of the surface layer part 113 as shown in FIG. 3 .
  • the molten aluminum pressed into the cavity 100 for next production of the member 5 spreads over the surface 115 of the reproduced Cr 2 O 3 film 114 .
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 both show cross-sections of the surface of the mold on the cavity side after the removal of the molded member from the cavity.
  • FIG. 6 is the photograph of the cross section and its neighborhood of the surface of the mold 10 on the cavity 100 side in die-casting using the mold device 1 .
  • the surface of the mold 10 on the cavity 100 side has undergone chromizing treatment.
  • FIG. 7 is the photograph of the cross section and its neighborhood of the surface of the mold on the cavity side in die-casting using a mold device as a comparative example having no components equivalent to the surface layer part and the concentration transition part of the mold device 1 (hereinafter, called mold device in the comparative example).
  • mold device in the comparative example the surface of the mold on the cavity side has undergone nitriding treatment.
  • the surface layer part 113 provided on the base part 111 of the mold 10 on the cavity 100 side contains 20 weight % or more of chromium. This makes it possible to form a Cr 2 O 3 film that is a dense passive film relative to the molten aluminum 4 and has a non-wetting property and anti-corrosion property against the molten aluminum 4 , on the cavity 100 side of the surface layer part 113 . Accordingly, the mold device 1 can reliably prevent the adhesion between the base part 111 of the mold 10 and the molten aluminum 4 .
  • the surface of the surface layer part of the mold 10 is kept relatively flat as shown in FIG. 6 . This improves the dimensional accuracy of the molded member 5 while maintaining the outer appearance quality of the member 5 .
  • the mold device 1 according to the first embodiment when the member 5 molded in the cavity 100 is taken out of the mold 10 , the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 may peeled off from the surface layer part 113 . In the mold device 1 according to the first embodiment, however, the chromium in the mold 10 migrates to the surface of the surface layer part 113 to form the new Cr 2 O 3 film 114 .
  • the mold device 1 according to the first embodiment can prevent the adhesion between the mold 10 and the molten aluminum 4 for a relatively long time. This makes it possible to prevent the breakage of the mold 10 and lengthen the lifetime of the mold device 1 . Since the adhesion between the mold 10 and the molten aluminum 4 can be prevented for a relatively long time, it is possible to reduce the number of man-hours for maintenance of the mold 10 .
  • the concentration transition part 112 is formed such that the chromium concentration constantly increases from the base part 111 toward the surface layer part 113 . Accordingly, in the first embodiment, it is possible to prevent the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 from easily peeling off from the mold 10 due to heat stress.
  • the surface layer part 113 is formed with a thickness of 30 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less. This is because the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 is unlikely to be reproduced when the thickness of the surface layer part 113 is smaller than 30 ⁇ m, whereas the surface layer part 113 becomes hard and the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 is likely to peel off from the surface layer part 113 when the thickness of the surface layer part 113 is larger than 200 ⁇ m. Therefore, in the first embodiment, setting the thickness of the surface layer part 113 to 30 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less makes it possible to keep the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 in an appropriate state.
  • the base part of the movable mold 11 and the fixed mold 12 have a carbon concentration of 0.07 weight % or less. This prevents the chromium contained in the concentration transition parts on the cavity 100 side of the base part from being trapped by carbon of the base part. Therefore, in the first embodiment, it is possible to keep the chromium concentration in the concentration transition part and the surface layer part at desired values.
  • the second embodiment is different from the first embodiment in including an oxidant supply part.
  • the mold device 2 includes a mold 10 , a molten metal supply part 20 , and an oxidant supply part 30 .
  • the oxidant supply part 30 has an oxidant tank 31 and an injection nozzle 32 .
  • the oxidant tank 31 is provided outside the mold 10 .
  • the oxidant tank 31 stores an oxidizing acid that reacts with the chromium content of the mold 10 to generate Cr 2 O 3 , such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or organic acid such as acetic acid.
  • the injection nozzle 32 connects to the oxidant tank 31 via a pipe 33 .
  • the injection nozzle 32 is movable relative to the mold 10 .
  • the injection nozzle 32 is movable to be positioned between the movable mold 11 and the fixed mold 12 that are separated from each other as shown in FIG. 9 .
  • the injection nozzle 32 has a plurality of injection pipes 321 .
  • the injection pipes 321 can inject an oxidant from the oxidant tank 31 onto a surface 115 of a surface layer part 113 of the movable mold 11 and a surface 125 of a surface layer part of the fixed mold 12 on the second space 120 side.
  • the injection nozzle 32 is inserted into between the movable mold 11 and the fixed mold 12 that are separated from each other as shown in FIG. 9 .
  • the inserted injection nozzle 32 injects the oxidant from the plurality of injection pipes 321 onto the surfaces of the movable mold 11 and the fixed mold 12 on the cavity 100 side (as shown by two-dot chain lines 139 in FIG. 9 ).
  • the mold 10 and the oxidant are heated by the molten aluminum so that the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 is generated on the respective surfaces 115 and 125 of the movable mold 11 and the fixed mold 12 on the cavity 100 side.
  • the oxidant is supplied onto the surfaces 115 and 125 of the movable mold 11 and the fixed mold 12 on the cavity 100 side in accordance with the states of the surfaces 115 and 125 , thereby to generate the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 in a positive manner. Accordingly, reproducing the Cr 2 O 3 film 114 or reinforcing the already generated Cr 2 O 3 film 114 reliably prevents the adhesion between the base part 111 of the mold 10 and molten aluminum 4 . Therefore, according to the second embodiment, it is possible to not only produce the advantageous effects of the first embodiment but also further lengthen the lifetime of the mold device 1 .
  • the mold has the concentration transition part between the base part and the surface layer part.
  • the concentration transition part may not be provided.
  • the base part, the concentration transition part, and the surface layer part are integrally formed.
  • these parts may not be integrally formed.
  • a high-concentration chromium material may be attached to the surface layer of the base part to enhance adhesiveness by heat diffusion or the like.
  • the base part may be a member with a relatively high carbon concentration.
  • the concentration transition part is formed such that the chromium concentration constantly increases from the base part toward the surface layer part.
  • the change in the chromium concentration of the concentration inclination part is not limited to this.
  • the concentration transition part may be merely formed such that the chromium concentration continuously changes between the surface layer part with a chromium concentration of 20 weight % or more and the base part with a relatively low chromium concentration.
  • the surface layer part has a thickness of 30 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less.
  • the thickness of the surface layer part is not limited to this range.
  • the base part has a carbon concentration of 0.07 weight % or less.
  • the carbon concentration of the base part is not limited to this.
  • the portion of the base part on the concentration transition layer side may be decarbonized so that only this portion has a carbon concentration of 0.07 weight % or less.
  • the base part may be processed such that the surface of steel with a carbon concentration of about 0.4 weight % on the space side is chromium-plated and heated to form a Cr 2 O 3 film on the surface of the chromium layer that is penetrated and adhered to the interface of the base part of the mold.
  • the Cr 2 O 3 film can prevent the adhesion between the base part of the mold and the molten aluminum for a relatively long time.
  • the oxidant is injected from the injection pipes.
  • the method for supplying the oxidant onto the surface of the mold on the cavity side is not limited to this.
  • the oxidant may be applied to the surface of the mold on the cavity side.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
  • Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Mold Materials And Core Materials (AREA)
US17/005,475 2018-02-28 2020-08-28 Mold device Abandoned US20200391283A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2018034626A JP6838572B2 (ja) 2018-02-28 2018-02-28 金型装置
JP2018-034626 2018-02-28
PCT/JP2019/005799 WO2019167692A1 (ja) 2018-02-28 2019-02-18 金型装置

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/JP2019/005799 Continuation WO2019167692A1 (ja) 2018-02-28 2019-02-18 金型装置

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US20200391283A1 true US20200391283A1 (en) 2020-12-17

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US17/005,475 Abandoned US20200391283A1 (en) 2018-02-28 2020-08-28 Mold device

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US (1) US20200391283A1 (enExample)
JP (1) JP6838572B2 (enExample)
CN (1) CN111757788A (enExample)
DE (1) DE112019001057T9 (enExample)
HU (1) HUP2000319A1 (enExample)
MX (1) MX2020008524A (enExample)
WO (1) WO2019167692A1 (enExample)

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JP7419983B2 (ja) * 2020-06-11 2024-01-23 株式会社デンソー 金型の表面処理方法

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JPH01165417A (ja) * 1987-12-23 1989-06-29 Canon Inc 射出成形用型部材
JP4099888B2 (ja) * 1999-02-10 2008-06-11 住友金属工業株式会社 耐溶損性に優れた鋳造用金型
JP3654159B2 (ja) * 2000-08-11 2005-06-02 住友金属工業株式会社 非鉄金属鋳造用工具とそのための工具鋼
JP2008188609A (ja) * 2007-02-02 2008-08-21 Daido Steel Co Ltd ダイカスト金型およびその表面処理方法
JP2009101385A (ja) * 2007-10-23 2009-05-14 Daido Steel Co Ltd ダイカスト用金型及びその製造方法
JP5156971B2 (ja) * 2009-03-17 2013-03-06 Ｓｍｃ株式会社 溶損防止用被覆部材
JP5833982B2 (ja) * 2012-07-17 2015-12-16 トヨタ自動車株式会社 鋳造用金型及びその製造方法
KR20140019947A (ko) * 2012-08-07 2014-02-18 현대자동차주식회사 알루미늄 다이캐스팅 금형용 코팅재 및 이의 제조방법
ITRM20130369A1 (it) * 2013-06-26 2014-12-27 Ne E Automazione S P A Stampo di iniezione con rivestimento superficiale della superficie interna
CN104002512A (zh) * 2014-06-18 2014-08-27 贺鹏 一种新型复合多层结构保护性涂层及其制备方法
CN105522240A (zh) * 2014-10-23 2016-04-27 无锡桥阳机械制造有限公司 一种钢件铸造和防锈防腐的处理加工工艺

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HUP2000319A1 (hu) 2020-12-28
JP6838572B2 (ja) 2021-03-03
JP2019147179A (ja) 2019-09-05
WO2019167692A1 (ja) 2019-09-06
DE112019001057T5 (de) 2020-11-05
MX2020008524A (es) 2020-09-18
DE112019001057T9 (de) 2020-12-31
CN111757788A (zh) 2020-10-09

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