US20200198000A1 - Method and apparatus for shaft diameter enlargement - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for shaft diameter enlargement Download PDF

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Publication number
US20200198000A1
US20200198000A1 US16/623,629 US201816623629A US2020198000A1 US 20200198000 A1 US20200198000 A1 US 20200198000A1 US 201816623629 A US201816623629 A US 201816623629A US 2020198000 A1 US2020198000 A1 US 2020198000A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
shaft
intermediate portion
holders
temperature
shaft diameter
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US16/623,629
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English (en)
Inventor
Yoshitaka Kuwahara
Mitsuhiro Okamoto
Takashi Ikeda
Kazuki Mori
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Neturen Co Ltd
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Neturen Co Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Neturen Co Ltd filed Critical Neturen Co Ltd
Priority claimed from PCT/JP2018/033303 external-priority patent/WO2019050018A1/en
Assigned to NETUREN CO., LTD. reassignment NETUREN CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: IKEDA, TAKASHI, KUWAHARA, YOSHITAKA, MORI, KAZUKI, OKAMOTO, MITSUHIRO
Publication of US20200198000A1 publication Critical patent/US20200198000A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
    • B21J5/06—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor for performing particular operations
    • B21J5/08—Upsetting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D11/00—Bending not restricted to forms of material mentioned in only one of groups B21D5/00, B21D7/00, B21D9/00; Bending not provided for in groups B21D5/00 - B21D9/00; Twisting
    • B21D11/08—Bending by altering the thickness of part of the cross-section of the work
    • B21D11/085—Bending by altering the thickness of part of the cross-section of the work by locally stretching or upsetting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J9/00—Forging presses
    • B21J9/02—Special design or construction
    • B21J9/06—Swaging presses; Upsetting presses
    • B21J9/08—Swaging presses; Upsetting presses equipped with devices for heating the work-piece

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a shaft diameter enlarging method and a shaft diameter enlarging apparatus.
  • a shaft with a large-diameter portion at an intermediate portion of the shaft may be provided by cutting a thick shaft, by a combination of plastic working such as forging and finishing by a cutting or the like, or by joining an additional member on the shaft by welding.
  • cutting takes a lot of efforts, and is uneconomical due to a lot of waste of material.
  • it is difficult to form a large-diameter portion at an intermediate portion when a workpiece is long-sized. With the method of joining the additional member on the workpiece by welding, there is effect of welding heat.
  • a shaft diameter enlarging method is a solution to the above problems.
  • an intermediate portion of a shaft is enlarged by applying a rotation, compression force, and bending to the shaft. In this way, a large-diameter portion is easily formed at the intermediate portion of the shaft, and there is no need for cutting or welding.
  • a linear shaft is held by a pair of holders arranged with a gap provided between the holders. Then, with a rotation being applied about the axis of the shaft, at least one of the holders is moved in the direction toward the other holder, and one of the holders is biased gradually in a direction intersecting an axial line. Accordingly, the compression force and the bending force is applied to the shaft under a condition in which compression stress continuously acts at an outer side of the bending, whereby the shaft between the holders is plastically deformed in a radial direction. Subsequently, the bias of the holder is recovered gradually while maintaining the condition in which the compression stress continuously acts at the outer side the bending. In this way, the intermediate portion of the shaft is enlarged.
  • the rotation is performed while applying the compression force, and the bending is performed so as to obtain a desired shape. Thereafter, a bend restoration is performed, and the compression and the rotation are stopped.
  • the material of the shaft is a high strength steel or a large axial steel material, high compression force is required, and it is inevitable that an apparatus for performing the shaft diameter enlarging method on the shaft become large-sized. If the compression force is low, the number of rotations for shaft diameter enlargement for obtaining a desired shape increases, so that it takes much time. Further, the enlargement rate (the outer diameter of the enlarged intermediate portion of the shaft divided by the diameter of the original shaft) is limited to be about two times at the maximum, and therefore, applicable components are limited.
  • a first related art shaft diameter enlarging method deformation resistance of a shaft is reduced by heating the shaft before or during the shaft diameter enlargement (see, e.g., JP2005-088066A).
  • the intermediate portion of the shaft can be enlarged by smaller compression force, and the size of apparatus is prevented from becoming large. Further, since the plastic deformability of the shaft is improved, and the enlargement rate can be increased.
  • a shaft is heated to a temperature above the blue brittleness range, in view of the fact that, if the shaft is heated to be in the blue brittleness range, the shaft is hardened due to the blue brittleness effect so that the deformation resistance becomes high, in which case a desired enlarged portion may not be obtained, and there may be a defect such as a crack in the shaft (see, e.g., JP2007-167882A).
  • the shaft is made of structural carbon steel JIS-S45C
  • the enlargement rate is not affected by the heating of the shaft.
  • the shaft is heated to 580° C. or above, more than double enlargement rate can be obtained, and a cracking damage can be suppressed.
  • forging involves a plastic deformation of a workpiece.
  • the workpiece is typically heated to 700° C. to 850° C. in so-called warm forging, and the workpiece is typically heated to 950° C. or above in hot forging (including sub hot forging).
  • the shaft diameter enlargement in which the shaft is heated to 580° C. or above, to heat the shaft to a warm temperature range (700° C. to 850° C.) or a hot temperature range (950° C. or above).
  • the shaft is subject to the rotation, the compression force, and the bending, and so that load also acts on the holders holding the shaft.
  • the holders are typically made of tool steel such as die steel and high speed tool steel.
  • the tempering temperature range of such tool steels is about 500° C. to 580° C.
  • the time during which the shaft contacts with the holders is relatively longer than the time during which the workpiece contacts with a die in forging.
  • the hardness of the holders may become lower due to tempering.
  • the durability of the holders against repeated use is lowered so that the lifetime of the holders may be shortened.
  • Illustrative aspects of the present invention provide a shaft diameter enlarging method and a shaft diameter enlarging apparatus which can increase an enlargement rate, prevent a crack caused by enlargement, and reduce running cost.
  • a shaft diameter enlarging method for enlarging an intermediate portion of a shaft includes holding the shaft by a pair of holders with a gap between the pair of holders in an axial direction of the shaft, applying compression force in the axial direction to the intermediate portion arranged between the pair of holders, and applying alternating load in a direction intersecting the axial direction to the intermediate portion to enlarge the intermediate portion.
  • a temperature of the intermediate portion is set to be above a blue brittleness temperature range of the shaft, and a temperature of the holders is set to be below a tempering temperature range of the holders.
  • a shaft diameter enlarging apparatus includes a pair of holders configured to hold a shaft with a gap between the pair of holders in an axial direction of the shaft, a presser configured to apply compression force in the axial direction to the intermediate portion arranged between the pair of holders, an alternating load generator configured to apply alternating load in a direction intersecting the axial direction to the intermediate portion to enlarge the intermediate portion, and a heating device configured to heat at least a portion of the shaft such that, during a period in which the compression force and the alternating load are applied to the intermediate portion of the shaft, a temperature of the intermediate portion is above a blue brittleness temperature range of the shaft, and a temperature of the pair of holders holding the shaft is below a tempering temperature range of the holders.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating an example of a shaft diameter enlarging apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing a relation between a temperature and a tensile strength in various steel materials having different carbon content.
  • FIG. 3B is another schematic view illustrating the example of the shaft diameter enlarging method.
  • FIG. 3C is another schematic view illustrating the example of the shaft diameter enlarging method.
  • FIG. 3D is another schematic view illustrating the example of the shaft diameter enlarging method.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic view illustrating a shaft diameter enlarging method according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing a counted number of rotations required to reach a predetermined enlargement rate and a result of checking of a presence of a crack for each test example.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic view illustrating an example of a heating device of the shaft diameter enlarging apparatus.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic view illustrating another example of the heating device of the shaft diameter enlarging apparatus.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic view illustrating another example of the heating device of the shaft diameter enlarging apparatus.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a shaft diameter enlarging apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a shaft diameter enlarging apparatus 1 illustrated in FIG. 1 is configured such that, when a pair of holders 2 , 3 holding a shaft W with a gap in an axial direction of the shaft W are moved toward to each other in the axial direction of the shaft W, compression force in the axial direction is applied to the intermediate portion of the shaft W arranged between the pair of holders 2 , 3 , and an alternating load in a direction intersecting with the axial direction is applied to the intermediate portion of the shaft W arranged between the pair of holders 2 , 3 , so that the intermediate portion of the shaft W is enlarged while being compressed in the axial direction.
  • the holder 2 is supported by a support base 4 to be movable along a reference line A in which the shaft W is arranged, and is moved by a translational drive unit 5 (an example of a presser).
  • a translational drive unit 5 an example of a presser.
  • a controller 8 controls the translational drive unit 5 , the tilt drive unit 6 , and the rotary drive unit 7 based on set conditions.
  • the intermediate portion of the shaft W is heated before the shaft diameter enlargement and/or during the shaft diameter enlargement. Only the intermediate portion may be heated, or the entire shaft W including the intermediate portion may be heated.
  • the shaft W can be heated by using a furnace such as a combustion furnace and an electric furnace.
  • a furnace such as a combustion furnace and an electric furnace.
  • resistance heating or induction heating may be used to heat the shaft W.
  • the resistance heating is performed by attaching an electrode to a workpiece in a contacting manner to directly pass electric current through the workpiece, so that the workpiece is heated by Joule heat.
  • the induction heating is performed by arranging a heating coil connected to an AC power supply close to a workpiece, so that alternating flux generated by the heating coil is cross-linked with the workpiece to generate eddy current on the surface of the workpiece and to heat the surface of the workpiece by Joule heat.
  • the electrode In the resistance heating, the electrode is brought into contact with the intermediate portion of the shaft W held by the pair of holders 2 , 3 , so as to partially heat the intermediate portion.
  • the heating coil In the induction heating, the heating coil is arranged to be close to the intermediate portion of the shaft W held by the pair of holders 2 , 3 , so as to partially heat the intermediate portion. Both heating methods can be suitably used for heating during the shaft diameter enlargement. Particularly, it is preferable to use the induction heating by which the shaft W can be heating in a non-contacting manner.
  • the temperature of the intermediate portion of the shaft W is set to be above the blue brittleness range of the shaft W and below the tempering temperature range of the holders 2 , 3 .
  • the temperature of the intermediate portion of the shaft W is set to be above the blue brittleness range of the shaft W. This makes it possible to reduce the deformation resistance at the time of enlarging the intermediate portion of the shaft W and to increase the enlargement rate. In addition, it is possible to prevent a crack resulting from the enlargement.
  • a solid round rod or a hollow round rod which is made of a steel material such as carbon steel for mechanical structure (e.g., JIS-S45C) or alloy steel for mechanical structure (e.g., JIS-SCr420H) and has a cross-sectional circular shape is used as the shaft W.
  • the upper limit temperature of the blue brittleness range of JIS-S45C is less than 400° C.
  • the upper limit temperature of the blue brittleness range of JIS-SCr420H is also less than 400° C. Therefore, the temperature of the intermediate portion of the shaft W is preferably 400° C. or more.
  • the tensile strength monotonously reduces in accordance with an increase of the temperature of the intermediate portion of the shaft W. Therefore, from a viewpoint of increasing the enlargement rate and preventing a crack resulting from the enlargement, there is no upper limit for the temperature of the intermediate portion of the shaft W.
  • the hardness of the holders 2 , 3 is lowered by tempering when the temperature of the holders 2 , 3 is increased by the thermal conduction from the shaft W to the holders 2 , 3 such that the temperature of the holders 2 , 3 reaches the tempering temperature range.
  • the temperature of the holders 2 , 3 is set to be below the tempering temperature range of the holders 2 , 3 . Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the hardness of the holders 2 , 3 from being lowered by tempering and to extend the lifetime of the holders 2 , 3 .
  • the holders 2 , 3 are made of tool steel such as the die steel (e.g., JIS-SKD61) or the high speed tool steel (e.g., JIS-SKH51).
  • the tempering temperature range of JIS-SKD61 is 500° C. to 560° C.
  • the tempering temperature range of JIS-SKH51 is 560° C. to 580° C. Therefore, the temperature of the holders 2 , 3 is preferably below 580° C. more preferably below 500° C.
  • the upper limit temperature of the intermediate portion of the shaft W can be set to be slightly above the tempering temperature range of the holders 2 , 3 .
  • the upper limit temperature of the intermediate portion of the shaft W may be set to 700° C. with respect a typical tempering temperature range (500° C. to 580° C.) of the holders 2 , 3 .
  • the upper limit temperature of the intermediate portion of the shaft W is below the tempering temperature range of the holders 2 , 3 , so that it is possible to ensure that the temperature of the holders 2 , 3 does not reach the tempering temperature range.
  • the intermediate portion Wa of the shaft W is heated by a heating device 9 before the shaft diameter enlargement.
  • the entire shaft W may be heated. Only the intermediate portion Wa of the shaft W or the entire shaft W is heated such that the temperature of the intermediate portion Wa exceeds the blue brittleness range of the shaft W at least at the time of starting the shaft diameter enlargement, in consideration of heat dissipation after the heating, preferably such that the temperature of the intermediate portion Wa is maintained above the blue brittleness range of the shaft W until the entire process of the shaft diameter enlargement is completed, and also in consideration of thermal conduction from the shaft W to the holders 2 , 3 such that the holders 2 , 3 holding the shaft W are maintained below the tempering temperature range.
  • the holder 2 is moved in a translational manner by the translational drive unit 5 (see FIG. 1 ) along the reference line A, and the compression force in the axial direction is applied to the intermediate portion Wa of the shaft W.
  • the holder 3 is inclined by the tilt drive unit 6 (see FIG. 1 ) with respect to the reference line A, and is rotated by the rotary drive unit 7 (see FIG. 1 ).
  • the shaft W held by the holders 2 , 3 is bent about a bending center O of the intermediate portion Wa on the reference line A, and is rotated about a central axis.
  • the alternating load is applied to the bent intermediate portion Wa in the direction intersecting with the axial direction of the shaft W according to the bending and the rotation of the shaft W.
  • a bending angle ⁇ of the intermediate portion Wa that is, the inclination angle with respect to the reference line A of the holder 3 is set to an angle in which the bending of the shaft W is within the deformation of the elastic limit.
  • the bending angle is varied according to the elastic limit of the material of the shaft W, but typically is about 2° to 4°.
  • the inside of the bent portion is swelled by the plastic flow. Further, in accordance with the compression and the rotation of the shaft W, the swelling caused by the plastic flow grows over the entire circumference, and the intermediate portion Wa is enlarged gradually. Further, the compression of the shaft W by the translational movement of the holder 2 is stopped when the gap of the holders 2 , 3 becomes a predetermined gap. Here, a process of enlarging the intermediate portion Wa of the shaft W is ended.
  • the holder 3 which is inclined with respect to the reference line A is arranged back along the reference line A, and the bending of the shaft W is restored.
  • the bend restoration of the shaft W the thickness of the enlarged intermediate portion Wa (hereinafter, the enlarged portion) is made uniform over the entire circumference.
  • the shaft diameter enlarging with respect to the shaft W is completed through the above steps, and the rotation of the shaft W is stopped. Thereafter, the cutting or the like is performed on the enlarged portion Wa as necessary, and the enlarged portion Wa is molded in a desired shape (e.g., a columnar shape).
  • the temperature of the intermediate portion Wa of the shaft W is set to be above the blue brittleness range of the shaft W, the deformation resistance of the shaft W is reduced, so that it is possible to increase the enlargement rate. For example, it is possible to obtain two times or more of the enlargement rate. Further, it is possible to prevent a crack resulting from the enlargement.
  • the holders 2 , 3 are maintained to be below the tempering temperature range, it is possible to prevent the hardness of the holders 2 , 3 from being lowered by tempering, thereby extending the lifetime of the holders 2 , 3 and saving the running cost.
  • the upper limit temperature of the intermediate portion Wa of the shaft W is set to be slightly above the tempering temperature range of the holders 2 , 3 but below the warm temperature range.
  • the intermediate portion Wa of the shaft W is heated only before the shaft diameter enlargement.
  • the intermediate portion Wa may be heated during the shaft diameter enlargement or may be heated before the shaft diameter enlargement and during the shaft diameter enlargement.
  • the holder 3 is tilted with respect to the reference line A to bend the shaft W, and the shaft W is rotated about the central axis so that the alternating load is applied to the intermediate portion Wa of the shaft W.
  • the method for applying alternating load to the intermediate portion Wa is not limited thereto.
  • FIG. 4 it is similar to the shaft diameter enlarging method illustrated in FIGS. 3A to 3E in that alternating load is applied to the intermediate portion Wa by the bending and the rotation of the shaft W, but the shaft W is bent by sliding the holder 3 in a direction intersecting the reference line A rather than by tilting the holder 3 .
  • the end portion of the shaft W is held by the holders 2 , 3 in a non-rotatable and restrained manner, and the holder 3 is rotated about the reference line A in a reciprocating manner, so that the alternating load is applied to the intermediate portion Wa of the shaft W.
  • the entire shaft is heated in the electric furnace before the shaft diameter enlargement, and the shaft diameter enlargement is performed under the condition of the compression force of 2,000 kN and the bending angle of 4.0° by using the above-described shaft diameter enlarging apparatus 1 .
  • the upper limit temperature of the blue brittleness range of JIS-SCr420H is less than 400° C. While the temperature (the temperature at the time of starting the shaft diameter enlargement) of the shaft is changed diversely, the number of the rotations required until the enlargement rate becomes 3.0 is measured, and the presence/absence of the crack in the obtained enlarged portion is checked.
  • the solidification pattern of the shaft is a cross sectional shape of the shaft during forging of a continuous forging and rolling for producing the shaft.
  • the solidification pattern generally relates to isotropy and anisotropy of a plastic deformation of the shaft. A result is shown in FIG. 9 .
  • the elliptic amount tends to be smaller when the temperature of the shaft is higher. That is, it is found that the enlargement progresses in an isotropic manner, and thus the deformation resistance is smaller when the temperature of the shaft is higher, and the deformation in a circumferential direction progresses uniformly such that the effect of the solidification pattern is hardly received.
  • the cutting allowance can be made smaller, and the waste of the material can be reduced further, which is economical.
  • the heating device 9 is configured to heat the intermediate portion of the shaft W or the entire shaft W including the intermediate portion before the shaft diameter enlargement.
  • the shaft W is heated by, for example, furnace heating, resistance heating, or induction heating.
  • the heating device 9 is provided next to the pair of holders 2 , 3 .
  • the shaft W heated by the heating device 9 is transferred from the heating device 9 to the pair of holders 2 , 3 by a robot 10 .
  • the shaft W is then held by the pair of holders 2 , 3 and is subjected to the shaft diameter enlargement.
  • the heating device 9 is configured to heat the intermediate portion of the shaft W held by the pair of holders 2 , 3 , before the shaft diameter enlargement and/or during the shaft diameter enlargement, by induction heating.
  • the heating device 9 has a heating coil 12 of an arc shape.
  • the heating coil 12 is placed close to the intermediate portion of the shaft W held by the pair of holders 2 , 3 , such that an inner peripheral surface of the heating coil 12 and an outer peripheral surface of the intermediate portion of the shaft W face each other.
  • High frequency alternating current is applied to the heating coil 12 so that the intermediate portion of the shaft W facing the inner peripheral surface of the heating coil 12 heated by induction heating.
  • the heating device 9 is configured to heat the intermediate portion of the shaft W held by the pair of holders 2 , 3 , before the shaft diameter enlargement and/or during the shaft diameter enlargement, by resistance heating.
  • the heating device 9 has a pair of electrodes 13 , 14 connectable to the holders 2 , 3 . Direct current or alternating current is applied between the pair of electrodes 13 , 14 through the holders 2 , 3 and the intermediate portion of the shaft W held by the holders 2 , 3 , whereby the intermediate portion of the shaft W is heated by resistance heating.
  • the shaft diameter enlargement may be performed also on the shaft W being heated in this way.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
US16/623,629 2017-09-08 2018-09-07 Method and apparatus for shaft diameter enlargement Abandoned US20200198000A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2017173281 2017-09-08
JP2017-173281 2017-09-08
JP2018138035A JP2019048333A (ja) 2017-09-08 2018-07-23 軸肥大加工方法及び軸肥大加工装置
JP2018-138035 2018-07-23
PCT/JP2018/033303 WO2019050018A1 (en) 2017-09-08 2018-09-07 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ENLARGING THE DIAMETER OF A TREE

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US20200198000A1 true US20200198000A1 (en) 2020-06-25

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US16/623,629 Abandoned US20200198000A1 (en) 2017-09-08 2018-09-07 Method and apparatus for shaft diameter enlargement

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US (1) US20200198000A1 (zh)
EP (1) EP3678800B1 (zh)
JP (1) JP2019048333A (zh)
CN (1) CN111065472A (zh)

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2005088066A (ja) * 2003-09-19 2005-04-07 Iura Tadashi Kenkyusho:Kk 軸肥大加工方法
JP2007167882A (ja) * 2005-12-21 2007-07-05 Iura Co Ltd 軸肥大加工方法
US9044800B2 (en) * 2010-08-31 2015-06-02 California Institute Of Technology High aspect ratio parts of bulk metallic glass and methods of manufacturing thereof
JP6427326B2 (ja) * 2014-03-19 2018-11-21 高周波熱錬株式会社 軸保持スリーブ及び軸肥大加工機、並びに軸肥大加工機用治具
JP6360697B2 (ja) * 2014-03-19 2018-07-18 高周波熱錬株式会社 軸肥大加工用軸保持部材
JP2017144471A (ja) * 2016-02-17 2017-08-24 高周波熱錬株式会社 軸肥大加工方法

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CN111065472A (zh) 2020-04-24
EP3678800A1 (en) 2020-07-15
EP3678800B1 (en) 2021-11-03
JP2019048333A (ja) 2019-03-28

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