US20190290593A1 - Targeting the innate immune system to induce long-term tolerance and to resolve macrophage accumulation in atherosclerosis - Google Patents

Targeting the innate immune system to induce long-term tolerance and to resolve macrophage accumulation in atherosclerosis Download PDF

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US20190290593A1
US20190290593A1 US16/097,013 US201716097013A US2019290593A1 US 20190290593 A1 US20190290593 A1 US 20190290593A1 US 201716097013 A US201716097013 A US 201716097013A US 2019290593 A1 US2019290593 A1 US 2019290593A1
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hdl
mtor
tissue
rapamycin
traf6i
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Willem Mulder
Jordi OCHANDO
Zahi Fayad
Mounia BRAZA
Raphael DUIVENVOORDEN
Francois Fay
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Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/436—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a six-membered ring having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. rapamycin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
    • A61K38/13—Cyclosporins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/12—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsion, microcapsules, liposomes, characterized by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, dispersions, microcapsules
    • A61K51/1217—Dispersions, suspensions, colloids, emulsions, e.g. perfluorinated emulsion, sols
    • A61K51/1224—Lipoprotein vesicles, e.g. HDL and LDL proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/127—Synthetic bilayered vehicles, e.g. liposomes or liposomes with cholesterol as the only non-phosphatidyl surfactant
    • A61K9/1275—Lipoproteins or protein-free species thereof, e.g. chylomicrons; Artificial high-density lipoproteins [HDL], low-density lipoproteins [LDL] or very-low-density lipoproteins [VLDL]; Precursors thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/51—Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
    • A61K9/5107—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/5123—Organic compounds, e.g. fats, sugars
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/51—Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
    • A61K9/5107—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/513—Organic macromolecular compounds; Dendrimers
    • A61K9/5169—Proteins, e.g. albumin, gelatin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection

Definitions

  • compositions and formulations comprising hybrid nanoparticles with inherent affinity for innate immune cells are provided.
  • Indefinite allograft survival remains an elusive goal in organ transplantation. Transplantation requires suppression of the immune system to prevent organ rejection. Patients undergoing organ transplantation usually receive an immunosuppressive drug mixture that includes, but is not limited to, corticosteroids, tacrolimus, cyclosporine and sirolimus (rapamycin) 1-3 .
  • an immunosuppressive drug mixture that includes, but is not limited to, corticosteroids, tacrolimus, cyclosporine and sirolimus (rapamycin) 1-3 .
  • immunosuppressive therapy has dramatically improved the short-term results of organ transplantation.
  • all immunosuppressive agents have serious adverse effects, such as infections, and considerable metabolic toxicity 4 .
  • no alternative regimen has seriously challenged these drugs' almost universal use.
  • transplant immunologists have attempted to develop novel tolerogenic protocols by targeting the adaptive immune response mechanism. Such work has been based on the observation that T cells are both necessary and sufficient to induce allograft rejection.
  • the induction of transplantation tolerance achieved in murine models cannot be fully explained by mechanisms that target only the adaptive immunity, such as deletion of activated T cells 5-7 .
  • Recent advances in our understanding of how numerous non-specific responses influence immune activity have revealed how the innate immune system (a) reacts to organ transplantation and (b) critically influences the adaptive immune response toward inducing allograft tolerance 8-14 .
  • the innate immune system is a potential in vivo therapeutic target that has not been successfully explored in organ transplantation.
  • Rapamycin is one of the most widely used immunosuppressive drugs in transplantation. This drug blocks T and B lymphocyte activation via mTOR inhibition and efficiently inhibits T cell proliferation 18 . However, use of this drug is associated with severe side effects 19,20, including increased infection susceptibility.
  • Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. Atherosclerosis involves the deposition of fatty plaques on the luminal surface of arteries, which in turn causes stenosis, i.e., narrowing of the artery. Ultimately, this deposition blocks blood flow distal to the lesion causing ischemic damage.
  • FIGS. 1A-G are diagrams showing an overview of mTOR-HDL nanoimmunotherapy, allograft model, biodistribution and immune cell targeting.
  • FIG. 1A is a diagram showing that mTOR-HDL nanoparticles, synthesized from phospholipids, human APOA1 and rapamycin, had a discoidal shape as evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and that they can be radiolabeled with 89 Zr.
  • TEM transmission electron microscopy
  • FIG. 1B is a schematic showing BALB/c donor hearts (H2d) transplanted into fully allogeneic C57BL/6 recipients (H2b) receiving mTOR nanoimmunotherapy, which are either radiolabeled for PET imaging and biodistribution, or fluorescently labeled for distribution among cell subsets of the innate and adaptive immune system.
  • FIG. 1C are representative micro-PET/CT 3D fusion images of mice 24 hours after intravenous administration of mTOR-HDL radiolabeled with 89 Zr ( 89 Zr-mTOR-HDL). The CT image was used as anatomical reference to create regions of interest to determine radioactivity concentration in the transplanted heart (3D-movie is provided as S2 A).
  • FIG. 1D is a graph of radioactivity counting showing biodistribution of 89 Zr-mTOR-HDL in tissues of interest (kidney, liver, spleen, blood, bone, skin, and muscle) 24 hours post injection. The radioactivity content was expressed as percentage of
  • FIG. 1F are graphical representations of flow cytometry gating strategy to distinguish myeloid cells in blood, spleen and the transplanted heart. Grey histograms show immune cell distribution in the mice injected with DiO-labeled mTOR-HDL compared to control (black histogram).
  • FIG. 2A-C are images and graphs showing that mTOR-HDL nanoimmunotherapy rebalances the innate immune system.
  • FIG. 2A are graphs showing total numbers of graft-infiltrating leukocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells. Flow cytometric analysis of different cell subsets in the transplanted heart of placebo, Oral-Ra and mTOR-HDL-treated recipients at day 6 post-transplantation is shown (ANOVA *P ⁇ 0.05; **P ⁇ 0.01).
  • FIG. 2B are graphical representations showing frequency of Ly-6C hi vs. Ly-6C lo macrophages in the transplanted heart from placebo, Oral-Ra and mTOR-HDL-treated recipients are shown.
  • FIG. 3A-G are diagrams and graphs showing that HDL nanoimmunotherapy induces accumulation of regulatory macrophages and promotes graft acceptance.
  • FIG. 3A are images showing functional characterization of graft-infiltrating Ly-6C lo and Ly-6C hi M ⁇ and Ly-6 G neutrophils from placebo and mTOR-HDL treated mice 6 days post-transplantation. Representative and quantitative flow cytometry results for Ly-6C and Ly-6 G expression in CD45 + CD11b + allografts, myeloid cell subsets from the placebo and mTOR-HDL-treated allograft recipients (top). In vitro suppressive capacity of graft-infiltrating Ly-6C lo M ⁇ from placebo and mTOR-HDL-treated mice was measured.
  • FIG. 3B are images showing percentage of graft-infiltrating CD4 + CD25 + vs. CD4 + CD25 ⁇ T-cells from placebo and mTOR-HDL-treated allograft recipients.
  • FIG. 3C are scatter plots and graphs showing phenotypic characterization of graft-infiltrating Ly-6C lo and Ly-6C hi M ⁇ and Ly-6 G neutrophils, at day 6 post-transplantation, from mTOR-HDL-treated mice following Ly-6Clo M ⁇ depletion.
  • FIG. 4 is a transmission electron micrograph showing the discoidal morphology of mTOR-HDL.
  • FIGS. 5A-C are graphs and images showing physiological biodistribution and mTOR-HDL targeting in C57/B16 wild type mice.
  • FIG. 5A shows representative near infrared fluorescence images (NIRF) of organs injected with either PBS control (first row of organs) or DiR-labeled mTOR-HDL 24 hours before transplantation show accumulation in liver, spleen, lung, kidney, heart and muscle.
  • the right panel is a graph with bars representing the control to mTOR-HDL-DiR accumulation ratio in each organ, calculated by dividing the total signal of each organ in the control and mTOR-HDL-DiR groups.
  • FIG. 5B is a graph showing myeloid cell distribution in blood and spleen. Grey histograms (right) show distribution in mice injected with DiO-labeled mTOR-HDL compared to distribution in control animals (black histogram).
  • FIGS. 7A-B are graphs and flow cytometry images showing mTOR-HDL nanoimmunotherapy does not target T lymphocytes.
  • FIG. 7A is scatter plot showing flow cytometry gating strategy to distinguish T cells in blood and the transplanted heart. Grey histograms (right) show the T cell distribution in mice injected with DiO-labeled mTOR-HDL compared to distribution in control animals (black histogram).
  • FIGS. 9A-B are diagrams and graphs relating to the frequency of Ly-6C hi vs. Ly-6C lo monocytes in the blood and spleen from placebo, Oral-Ra and mTOR-HDL-treated allograft recipients.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing TNF- ⁇ secretion 6 days post-transplantation in sera from placebo, Oral-Ra and mTOR-HDL-treated allograft recipients, as analyzed by ELISA.
  • FIGS. 11A-B are transmission electron micrographs showing the discoidal morphology of TRAF6i-HDL.
  • the nanoparticles had a mean hydrodynamic radius of 19.2 ⁇ 3.1 nm and a drug incorporation efficiency of 84.6 ⁇ 8.6%, as determined by DLS and HPLC respectively.
  • FIG. 11B shows that the disc shape of the TRAF6i-HDL particles can be appreciated when particles are in stacked formation, while the size of the nanoparticles can be evaluated when observing particles from a top down perspective.
  • FIGS. 12A-B are images and a Kaplan-Meier curve showing that mTOR-HDL nanoimmunotherapy dramatically prolongs skin allograft survival.
  • FIG. 12A are images showing skin allograft rejection in control and mTOR-HDL-treated mice at different time points post-transplantation, as documented by a microscope with a digital camera.
  • FIGS. 13A-B are graphs showing kidney and liver images ( FIG. 13A ) and heart immunohistochemistry (IHC) ( FIG. 13B ) for toxicity evaluation.
  • the kidney and liver representative images of IHC for hematoxylin/eosin (H&E), Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Masson's Trichrome (Masson) show no signs of toxicity.
  • the representative images of IHC for H&E and Sirius Red show no signs of chronic allograph vasculopathy (CAV).
  • CAV chronic allograph vasculopathy
  • FIG. 13B the chronic allograft vasculopathy analysis, the sections show mild cicumferential inflammation without arteritis and no signs of intimal hyperplasia. Mouse aortic segments did not exhibit any histological alteration with no intimal thickening, and no signs of CAV.
  • FIGS. 14A-G are images, schematics and graphs showing TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticle biodistribution and uptake.
  • Eight week old Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks and then received an IV injection with either 89Zr-, DiR- or DiO-labeled TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticles. Twenty-four hours later, mice were used for PET/CT imaging or sacrificed for ex vivo NIRF imaging or flow cytometry analysis.
  • FIG. 14A is a schematic representation of TRAF6i-HDL, which was created by combining human apoA-I, lipids (DMPC and MHPC) and a small molecule inhibitor of the CD40-TRAF6 interaction.
  • FIG. 14A is a schematic representation of TRAF6i-HDL, which was created by combining human apoA-I, lipids (DMPC and MHPC) and a small molecule inhibitor of the CD40-TRAF6 interaction.
  • FIG. 14B is a study overview showing the subsequent steps that were taken to investigate TRAF6i-HDL.
  • FIG. 14C is a graph showing pharmacokinetics of 89 Zr-labeled TRAF6i-HDL in Apoe ⁇ mice, showing the blood decay curve (left panel) and whole body 3D-rendered PET/CT fusion image at 24 hours post administration (right panel) showing the highest uptake in the liver, spleen and kidneys.
  • FIG. 14D is a graph of gamma counting of the distribution of 89 Zr-labeled TRAF6i-HDL at 24 hours post administration.
  • 14G are images of flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow, blood, spleen and aorta cells, showing that Ly6C hi monocytes and macrophages took up DiO labeled TRAF6i-HDL. Neutrophils, Ly6C lo monocytes and dendritic cells also took up DiO-TRAF6i-HDL, while lineage positive cells (all non-myeloid cells) did not. Bars represent the standard error of the mean.
  • FIGS. 15A-B are images and graphs illustrating that TRAF6i-HDL therapy decreased plaque macrophage content as assessed by histology.
  • FIG. 15A are images and graphs of aortic roots showing no difference in plaque size (H&E), collagen content (Sirius Red), or number of proliferating cells (Ki67 staining) between the treatment groups.
  • FIG. 15B are images and graphs showing Mac3 staining of aortic roots illustrating a marked decrease in macrophage positive area and a lower macrophage to collagen ratio. ** p ⁇ 0.01, and *** p ⁇ 0.001.
  • FIGS. 16A-E are images and graphs showing that TRAF6i-HDL decreases plaque inflammation due to impaired Ly6C hi monocyte recruitment.
  • FIG. 16C are images and graphs of flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow, blood and spleen showed that the decrease in plaque Ly6C hi monocyte content could not be attributed to systemic decreases in Ly6C hi monocytes. ( FIG.
  • FIG. 16D are images of in vivo BrdU incorporation experiments showing no effect of TRAF6i-HDL on plaque macrophage proliferation.
  • FIGS. 17A-D are graphs and diagrams reflecting data from whole transcriptome analysis of plaque monocytes/macrophages illustrating the effect of TRAF6i treatment on cell migration, among other affected processes.
  • FIG. 17A is a Volcano plot, showing the distribution of differentially expressed (DE) genes in plaque monocytes/macrophages.
  • FIG. 17B is a graph showing the total number of significantly up- and down-regulated genes, according to cut-off values of an FDR threshold of 0.2.
  • the FDR ⁇ 0.2 corresponds to a p-value ⁇ 0.009.
  • FIG. 17C shows the gene enrichment analysis of the DE gene set within the gene ontology (GO) database, showing 15 GO terms that are significantly enriched with DE genes.
  • FIG. 17D is a schematic representation of a macrophage showing two significantly altered pathways (focal adhesion and endocytosis) identified by mapping the 416 DE genes with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway tool. Also depicted are the 8 most significant DE genes with FDR ⁇ 0.05 and their location inside the cell (darker black genes are up-regulated, lighter gray genes are down-regulated, the genes are listing in FIGS. 23-24 ).
  • FIGS. 18A-C are graphs and images illustrating that TRAF6i-HDL therapy shows no toxic effects in non-human primates.
  • FIG. 18 A are graphs of complete blood counts showing no effects of TRAF6i-HDL therapy on lymphocytes, erythrocytes and platelets.
  • FIG. 18B are graphs of extensive blood chemistry analysis showing no toxic effects of TRAF6i-HDL infusion on hepatic, renal, pancreatic or muscle cell biomarkers.
  • FIG. 18C are images of specimens from liver, kidneys and spleen that were sectioned and stained (H&E) for histological analysis and evaluated by a pathologist. No signs of tissue damage or disturbances in tissue architecture were found in any of the tissues.
  • FIGS. 19A-D are images and graphs showing TRAF6i-HDL biodistribution in non-human primates.
  • Six non-human primates were infused with either 89 Zr-labeled TRAF6i-HDL (1.25 mg/kg).
  • Dynamic PET images were acquired within 60 minutes after infusion. Static PET/MRI scans were performed at 24, 48 and 72 hours. NHP were sacrificed after 72 hours. Organs were collected for ex vivo analysis.
  • FIG. 19A are dynamic PET images at 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes. Images are split up to visualize liver and other organs separately. The graph shows the quantified uptake in the represented organs at the different time points. The rotating image on the right shows a 3D representation of the distribution at 60 min.
  • FIG. 19A are dynamic PET images at 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes. Images are split up to visualize liver and other organs separately. The graph shows the quantified uptake in the represented organs at the different time points. The rotating image on the right shows a 3D representation of the distribution
  • FIG. 19B are additional static PET/MR images at 24, 48 and 72 hours show the distribution and accumulation of TRAF6i-HDL.
  • the graph shows the quantified uptake in the represented organs at the different time points.
  • FIG. 19C includes graphs and images reflecting gamma counting distribution in NHPs at 24 and 72 hours post administration of 89 Zr-TRAF6i-HDL.
  • FIG. 19D is a graph showing blood time-activity curve for 89 Zr-TRAF6i-HDL in NHPs.
  • FIG. 20 is a table showing complete blood count values of placebo, HDL and TRAF6i-HDL treated Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice. P-values were calculated with Kruskal Wallis tests.
  • FIG. 21 is a table showing blood chemistry values of placebo and TRAF6i-HDL treated Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice. P-values were calculated by Mann Whitney U tests. No significant differences between any of the groups were observed, except for a minor increase in alkaline phosphatase.
  • FIG. 22 is a table showing differential expression of genes in Gene Ontology terms.
  • CD68 positive cells from aortic sinus plaques of Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice were isolated by laser capture microdissection. 15 GO terms showed enrichment with differential expressed genes. P-values are shown as adjusted p-values.
  • FIG. 23 is a table showing differential expression of genes in two main identified KEGG pathways.
  • CD68 positive cells from aortic sinus plaques of Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice were isolated by laser capture microdissection.
  • FIG. 24 is a table showing differential expression of genes with FDR ⁇ 0.05.
  • CD68 positive cells from aortic sinus plaques of Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice were isolated by laser capture microdissection. Differential expression of genes between placebo and TRAF6i-HDL treated Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice are shown. P-values are shown as adjusted p-values.
  • FIG. 25 is a table showing differential expression of genes involved in proliferation, apoptosis and migratory egress.
  • CD68 positive cells from aortic sinus plaques of Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice were isolated by laser capture microdissection. Differential expression of genes between placebo and TRAF6i-HDL treated Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice are shown. Unadjusted p values are shown.
  • Encompassed by the present disclosure is a method for prolonging allograft survival in a patient, the method comprising administering an effective amount of the present composition to a patient in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides for a method for decreasing dendritic cell stimulatory capacity in a patient, comprising administering an effective amount of the present composition to a patient in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides for a method for promoting the development of regulatory macrophages in a patient, comprising administering an effective amount of the present composition to a patient in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides for a method of inducing transplant tolerance in a patient comprising administering an effective amount of the present composition to a patient in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides for a method of targeting myeloid cells in a patient comprising administering an effective amount of the present composition to a patient in need thereof, wherein the mTOR-HDL reduces Mo/M ⁇ numbers in the circulation of the patient.
  • the present composition specifically targets myeloid cells.
  • the patient has undergone a transplant and the transplanted tissue is lung tissue, heart tissue, kidney tissue, liver tissue, retinal tissue, corneal tissue, skin tissue, pancreatic tissue, intestinal tissue, genital tissue, ovary tissue, bone tissue, tendon tissue, bone marrow, or vascular tissue.
  • the transplanted tissue is an intact organ.
  • the patient has received an allogeneic tissue or organ transplant.
  • the present method is performed prior to performance of an allogeneic tissue or organ transplant.
  • the method is performed in conjunction with an allogeneic tissue or organ transplant.
  • the method is performed within at least two weeks after an allogeneic tissue or organ transplant.
  • the subject or patient is human.
  • the composition is administered intravenously or intra-arterially.
  • the present method further comprises administering to the patient one or more immunosuppressant agents, such as cyclosporine A or FK506.
  • immunosuppressant agents such as cyclosporine A or FK506.
  • the present disclosure provides for a method of inducing immune tolerance comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of (i) a composition comprising a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an mTOR inhibitor, and optionally (ii) a composition comprising a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor.
  • the mTOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL).
  • the CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor is 6877002 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticle.
  • the administration promotes Ly-6C lo Mo/M ⁇ development.
  • the patient has an autoimmune condition selected from the group consisting of coeliac disease, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, thyroiditis, Grave's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, psoriasis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, alopecia greata, ankylosing spondylitis, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, Behcet's disease, Crohn's disease, dermatomyositis, glomerulonephritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, irritable bowel disease (IBD), lupus nephritis, myasthenia gravis, myocarditis, pemphigus/pemphigoid, pernicious anemia, polyarteritis nodosa , polymyositis, primary biliary cirrhosis, rheumatic
  • the patient is susceptible to or has an atherosclerotic condition including: coronary atherosclerosis, diabetic atherosclerosis, a sequela of atherosclerosis, such as acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, intermittent claudication, myocardial ischemia, stroke, heart failure and combinations thereof.
  • an atherosclerotic condition including: coronary atherosclerosis, diabetic atherosclerosis, a sequela of atherosclerosis, such as acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, intermittent claudication, myocardial ischemia, stroke, heart failure and combinations thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides for a method of treating atherosclerosis, the method comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a composition comprising a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor.
  • the CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor is 6877002 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticle.
  • the present method further comprises administering to the patient an effective amount of a composition comprising a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an mTOR inhibitor.
  • the mTOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL).
  • the HDL comprises 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (MHPC) and further comprises ApoA-1.
  • Atherosclerosis includes: coronary atherosclerosis, diabetic atherosclerosis, a sequela of atherosclerosis, such as acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, intermittent claudication, myocardial ischemia, stroke, heart failure and combinations thereof.
  • a sequela of atherosclerosis such as acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, intermittent claudication, myocardial ischemia, stroke, heart failure and combinations thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides for a method of targeting macrophages and/or monocytes in a plaque or a vascular inflammatory site, the method comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of a composition comprising a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor.
  • the CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor is 6877002 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticle.
  • the present method further comprises administering to the patient an effective amount of a composition comprising a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an mTOR inhibitor.
  • the mTOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL).
  • the HDL comprises 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (MHPC) and further comprises ApoA-1.
  • the present disclosure provides for a method for prophylaxis of organ or tissue rejection, the method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an mTOR inhibitor.
  • the mTOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL).
  • the HDL comprises 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (MHPC) and further comprises ApoA-1.
  • DMPC 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine
  • MHPC 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine
  • the patient has undergone an organ or tissue transplant and the transplanted tissue is lung tissue, heart tissue, kidney tissue, liver tissue, retinal tissue, corneal tissue, skin tissue, pancreatic tissue, intestinal tissue, genital tissue, ovary tissue, bone tissue, tendon tissue, bone marrow, or vascular tissue.
  • transplanted tissue is lung tissue, heart tissue, kidney tissue, liver tissue, retinal tissue, corneal tissue, skin tissue, pancreatic tissue, intestinal tissue, genital tissue, ovary tissue, bone tissue, tendon tissue, bone marrow, or vascular tissue.
  • the composition is administered intravenously or intra-arterially.
  • the present method further comprises administering to the patient one or more immunosuppressant agents.
  • a method for slowing the progression of atherosclerosis comprising the step of administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor.
  • the CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor is 6877002 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticle.
  • the HDL comprises 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (MHPC) and further comprises ApoA-1.
  • DMPC 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine
  • MHPC 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine
  • the present disclosure provides for a composition comprising a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor.
  • the HDL comprises 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (MHPC) and further comprises ApoA-1.
  • DMPC 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine
  • MHPC 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine
  • the weight ratio of DMPC to MHPC is about 3:1.
  • the mTOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL or rapamycin-HDL).
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more immunosuppressive agents or anti-inflammatory agent.
  • the immunosuppressant agent is cyclosporine A or FK506.
  • compositions comprising a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • the HDL comprises 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (MHPC) and further comprises ApoA-1.
  • the weight ratio of DMPC to MHPC ranges from about 8:1 to about 9:1.
  • the CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor is 6877002, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticle.
  • the present disclosure also provides for a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a) pharmaceutically effective amount of the present composition, and b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, excipient and/or adjuvant.
  • the present disclosure provides for a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a) a composition comprising a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, and b) a composition comprising a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor.
  • the present disclosure provides for a kit comprising the present composition.
  • the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin.
  • the kit further comprises one or more immunosuppressive agents, such as cyclosporine A, FK506 or rapamycin.
  • the CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor is 6877002.
  • the present disclosure provides for use of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an mTOR inhibitor, and optionally (ii) a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor, in the preparation of a composition for inducing immune tolerance.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor
  • the present disclosure provides for use of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor, in the preparation of a composition for treating atherosclerosis.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • the present disclosure provides for use of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor, in the preparation of a composition for targeting macrophages and/or monocytes in a plaque or a vascular inflammatory site.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • the present disclosure provides for use of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an mTOR inhibitor, in the preparation of a composition for prophylaxis of organ or tissue rejection.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • the present disclosure provides for use of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor, in the preparation of a composition for slowing the progression of atherosclerosis.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • the present disclosure provides for use of the present nanoparticles in the preparation of a composition for prolonging allograft survival in a patient in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides for use of the present nanoparticles in the preparation of a composition for decreasing dendritic cell stimulatory capacity in a patient in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides for use of the present nanoparticles in the preparation of a composition for promoting the development of regulatory macrophages in a patient in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides for use of the present nanoparticles in the preparation of a composition for inducing transplant tolerance in a patient in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides for use of the present nanoparticles in the preparation of a composition for targeting myeloid cells in a patient in need thereof.
  • the mTOR-HDL reduces Mo/M ⁇ numbers in the circulation of the patient.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • Rapamycin-HDL an exemplary mTOR-HDL
  • APOA1 apolipoprotein A-I
  • HDL-nanoparticles contain APOA1, which efficiently bind to macrophages cells through the scavenger receptor type B-1 (sr-b1) and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) 21,22.
  • mTOR-HDL nanoparticles specifically deliver rapamycin to innate immune cells in vivo.
  • mTOR-HDL nanoparticles —15 nm in diameter, had a high rapamycin encapsulation efficiency of ⁇ 65%.
  • Radiolabeled mTOR-HDL was observed to specifically accumulate in the transplanted heart and to be mainly associated with myeloid cells. The results demonstrate a significant reduction of Ly-6C hi /Ly-6C low as well as CD25 ⁇ /CD25 + cells in the transplanted heart. This treatment also resulted in a dramatic enhancement of allograft survival.
  • TRAF6i-HDL an HDL nanobiologic that incorporates a small molecule inhibitor (TRAF-STOP) directed against the binding domain of CD40 on TRAF6
  • TRAF6i-HDL The 6877002 inhibitor was used for the development of this TRAF6i-HDL (the 6877002 inhibitor is described in Chatzigeorgiou et al. 2014, and also U.S. Pat. No. 9,408,829, as well as other inhibitors).
  • the TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticles had a mean hydrodynamic radius of 19.2 ⁇ 3.1 nm and a drug incorporation efficiency of 84.6 ⁇ 8.6%.
  • the TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticles can be used alone or in combination with the mTOR-HDL nanoparticles described herein.
  • CD40-TRAF6 inhibitors such as SMI 6860766 (described in Van der Berg et al. 2015) can be used to form alternative TRAF6i-HDLs. These inhibitors can be used alone or in combination with any of the other nanobiologics as described herein. Additional suitable compounds for blocking the CD40-TRAF6 interaction are described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,408,829.
  • mTOR-HDL restricts dendritic cells' potent stimulatory capacity, promotes the development of regulatory macrophages, and prolongs heart allograft survival indefinitely.
  • the regimen comprised only three intravenous tail vein injections of 5 mg/kg equivalent rapamycin during the first week after transplantation.
  • PET-CT computed tomography
  • the present data demonstrate that a short-term therapeutic treatment with mTOR-HDL in combination with an inhibitory CD40-TRAF6 specific nanoimmunotherapy (TRAF6i-HDL) synergistically promote organ transplant acceptance leading to indefinite allograft survival.
  • TRAF6i-HDL inhibitory CD40-TRAF6 specific nanoimmunotherapy
  • HDL-based nanotherapy represents an effective treatment paradigm for the induction of transplantation tolerance.
  • This study provides the foundation for developing novel therapeutic nanomedicinal compounds and treatments that generate tolerance-inducing immune regulatory macrophages.
  • the TRAF6i-HDL treatment has been shown to resolve macrophage accumulation in atherosclerosis and to exhibit a desirable safety and efficacy profile in non-human primates.
  • compositions of the present invention include a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor (indicated as mTOR-inhibitor-HDL), wherein an example of such as m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (an exemplary mTOR-HDL).
  • the composition may comprise one or more rapamycin derivatives and potential targets of the rapamycin signaling cascade (S6K).
  • composition may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, excipient and/or adjuvant.
  • the HDL composition can be administered in combination with one or more additional immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporine A, FK506, or azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and any analogues thereof (e.g., everolimus, ABT-578, CCI-779, and AP23573).
  • additional immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporine A, FK506, or azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and any analogues thereof (e.g., everolimus, ABT-578, CCI-779, and AP23573).
  • patient or “subject” refers to mammals and includes human and veterinary subjects. In an embodiment, the subject is mammalian.
  • the compound is administered in a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention relates to a method of the treatment or prophylaxis of a disorder or disease mediated by allograft rejection, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), or the pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the subject is at risk for allograft rejection and the method is for preventing (i.e., prophylaxis) or inhibiting allograft rejection.
  • embodiments include adjuvant therapy using any of the methods or compositions described herein to prevent any transplant rejection.
  • Diseases mediated by allograft rejection include, but are not limited to heart transplant, skin transplant, liver transplant, lung transplant, bronchiolitis-obliterans syndrome (BOS), kidney transplant, pancreas transplant, pancreatic islets transplant, intestinal transplant, bone transplant, retinal transplant, bone marrow transplant, islet transplantation and corneal transplant.
  • treatments are facilitated by administering mTOR-HDL.
  • treatments are facilitated by administering a combination of mTOR-HDL and TRAF6i-HDL, either in a single HDL or in two separate HDL compositions.
  • the invention relates to a method of the treatment or prophylaxis of a disorder or disease mediated by allograft rejection, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a (i) high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), or the pharmaceutical composition thereof and optionally (ii) TRAFi-HDL nanoparticles which comprise a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor, wherein the CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor is 6877002, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as an HDL nanoparticle (TRAFi-HDL), or the pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle which comprises
  • the mTOR-HDL and TRAFi-HDL nanoparticles are administered in combination, or in sequence to a patient in need thereof.
  • the subject is at risk for allograft rejection and the method is for preventing (i.e., prophylaxis) or inhibiting allograft rejection.
  • Diseases mediated by allograft rejection include, but are not limited to heart transplant, skin transplant, liver transplant, lung transplant, bronchiolitis-obliterans syndrome (BOS), kidney transplant, pancreas transplant, pancreatic islets transplant, intestinal transplant, bone transplant, retinal transplant, and corneal transplant.
  • the invention relates to a method of treatment or prophylaxis of an autoimmune disease.
  • autoimmune disease include coeliac disease, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, thyroiditis, Grave's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, psoriasis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, alopecia greata, ankylosing spondylitis, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, Behcet's disease, Crohn's disease, dermatomyositis, glomerulonephritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, IBD, lupus nephritis, myasthenia gravis, myocarditis, pemphigus/pemphigoid, pernicious anemia, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis, primary biliary cirrhosis
  • Conditions that may also be treated using the present compositions and methods include diseases which are associated with increased inflammation. Schwarz et al., Identification of differentially expressed genes induced by transient ischemic stroke, Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2002; 101(1-2):12-22.
  • compositions and methods may be used to treat or prevent a cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, stenosis, restenosis, hypertension, heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, transient ischemic attack, impaired circulation, heart disease, cholesterol and plaque formation, ischemia, ischemia reperfusion injury, peripheral vascular disease, myocardial infection, cardiac disease (e.g, risk stratification of chest pain and interventional procedures), cardiopulmonary resuscitation, kidney failure, thrombosis (e.g., venous thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, portal vein thrombosis, renal vein thrombosis, jugular vein thrombosis, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, etc.), thrombus formation, thrombotic event or complication, Budd-Chiari syndrome, Paget-Schroetter disease, coronary heart disease, coronary artery disease,
  • Atherosclerotic lesion may be treated, such as coronary atherosclerosis, diabetic atherosclerosis, atherosclerosis and its sequelae (e.g., acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, intermittent claudication, myocardial ischemia, stroke, heart failure, etc.).
  • sequelae e.g., acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, intermittent claudication, myocardial ischemia, stroke, heart failure, etc.
  • hydrophobicity of a compound can be modified by adding a long alkyl chain to the molecule.
  • the compounds used in the methods of the present invention include all hydrates, solvates, and complexes of the compounds used by this invention. If a chiral center or another form of an isomeric center is present in a compound of the present invention, all forms of such isomer or isomers, including enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended to be covered herein.
  • Compounds containing a chiral center may be used as a racemic mixture, an enantiomerically enriched mixture, or the racemic mixture may be separated using well-known techniques and an individual enantiomer may be used alone.
  • the compounds described in the present invention are in racemic form or as individual enantiomers.
  • enantiomers can be separated using known techniques, such as those described in Pure and Applied Chemistry 69, 1469-1474, (1997) IUPAC. In cases in which compounds have unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds, both the cis (Z) and trans (E) isomers are within the scope of this invention. In cases wherein compounds may exist in tautomeric forms, such as keto-enol tautomers, each tautomeric form is contemplated as being included within this invention whether existing in equilibrium or predominantly in one form.
  • the structure of the compounds used in this invention includes an asymmetric carbon atom such compound can occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, and isolated single enantiomers. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly included in this invention.
  • Each stereogenic carbon may be of the R or S configuration.
  • isomers arising from such asymmetry e.g., all enantiomers and diastereomers
  • Such isomers can be obtained in substantially pure form by classical separation techniques and by stereochemically controlled synthesis, such as those described in “ Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions ” by J. Jacques, A. Collet and S. Wilen, Pub. John Wiley & Sons, N Y, 1981.
  • the resolution may be carried out by preparative chromatography on a chiral column.
  • the subject invention is also intended to include use of all isotopes of atoms occurring on the compounds disclosed herein.
  • Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
  • isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium.
  • isotopes of carbon include carbon-13 and carbon-14.
  • any notation of a carbon in structures throughout this application when used without further notation, are intended to represent all isotopes of carbon, such as 12 C, 13 C, or 14 C.
  • any compounds containing 13 C or 14 C may specifically have the structure of any of the compounds disclosed herein.
  • any notation of a hydrogen in structures throughout this application when used without further notation, are intended to represent all isotopes of hydrogen, such as 1 H, 2 H, or 3 H.
  • any compounds containing 2 H or 3 H may specifically have the structure of any of the compounds disclosed herein.
  • Isotopically-labeled compounds can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Examples disclosed herein using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagents in place of the non-labeled reagents employed.
  • the compounds of the instant invention may be in a salt form.
  • a “salt” is salt of the instant compounds which has been modified by making acid or base, salts of the compounds.
  • the salt is pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as phenols.
  • the salts can be made using an organic or inorganic acid.
  • Such acid salts are chlorides, bromides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, sulfonates, formates, tartrates, maleates, malates, citrates, benzoates, salicylates, ascorbates, and the like.
  • Phenolate salts are the alkaline earth metal salts, sodium, potassium or lithium.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt in this respect, refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid or base addition salts of compounds of the present invention.
  • salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or by separately treating a purified compound of the invention in its free base or free acid form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid or base, and isolating the salt thus formed.
  • Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. (See, e.g., Berge et al. (1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19).
  • alkyl includes both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms and may be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • the Alkyls are C1-C10 alkyls, or a subset or individual thereof.
  • the alkyl is C1-05 as in “C1-C5 alkyl”
  • it is defined to include groups having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 carbons in a linear or branched arrangement and specifically includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, and pentyl.
  • Alkyl may optionally be substituted with phenyl or substituted phenyl to provide substituted or unsubstituted benzyl.
  • Heterocyclyl means a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic radical containing 3 to 8 ring atoms and preferably 5 to 6 ring atoms selected from carbon or nitrogen but not limited to pyrrolidine.
  • aryl refers to aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic groups containing from 5 to 15 carbon atoms.
  • Aryl groups include, but are not limited to groups such as unsubstituted or substituted phenyl. When referring to said aryl being substituted, said substitution may be at any position on the ring, other than the point of attachment to the other ring system of a compound of the invention. Therefore, any hydrogen atom on the aryl ring may be substituted with a substituent defined by the invention. In embodiments where the aryl is a phenyl ring, said substitution may be at the meta- and/or ortho- and/or para-position relative to the point of attachment.
  • Aryl may optionally be substituted with a heterocyclyl-C(O)— moiety which includes a pyrrolidinyl-C(O)— moiety.
  • heteroaryl represents a stable monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic ring of up to 10 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms or particularly 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S.
  • Bicyclic aromatic heteroaryl groups include phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine or pyridazine rings that are (a) fused to a 6-membered aromatic (unsaturated) heterocyclic ring having one nitrogen atom; (b) fused to a 5- or 6-membered aromatic (unsaturated) heterocyclic ring having two nitrogen atoms; (c) fused to a 5-membered aromatic (unsaturated) heterocyclic ring having one nitrogen atom together with either one oxygen or one sulfur atom; or (d) fused to a 5-membered aromatic (unsaturated) heterocyclic ring having one heteroatom. selected from 0, N or S.
  • Heteroaryl groups within the scope of this definition include but are not limited to: benzoimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthpyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxazoline, isoxazoline, oxetanyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridopyridinyl , pyridazinyl, pyridyl,
  • heteroaryl substituent is bicyclic and one ring is non-aromatic or contains no heteroatoms, it is understood that attachment is via the aromatic ring or via the heteroatom containing ring, respectively. If the heteroaryl contains nitrogen atoms, it is understood that the corresponding N-oxides thereof are also encompassed by this definition.
  • the alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl groups can be further substituted by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms be alternative non-hydrogen groups.
  • these include, but are not limited to, 1-4 groups selected from alkyl, alkoxy, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, amino, carboxy, cyano and carbamoyl.
  • substituted refers to a functional group as described above in which one or more bonds to a hydrogen atom contained therein are replaced by a bond to non-hydrogen or non-carbon atoms, provided that normal valencies are maintained and that the substitution results in a stable compound.
  • Substituted groups also include groups in which one or more bonds to a carbon (s) or hydrogen (s) atom are replaced by one or more bonds, including double or triple bonds, to a heteroatom.
  • substituent groups include the functional groups described above, and, in particular, halogens (i.e., F, Cl, Br, and I); alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropryl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, and trifluoromethyl; hydroxyl; alkoxy groups, such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, and isopropoxy; aryloxy groups, such as phenoxy; arylalkyloxy, such as benzyloxy (phenylmethoxy) and p-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy (4-trifluoromethylphenylmethoxy); heteroaryloxy groups; sulfonyl groups, such as trifluoromethanesulfonyl, methanesulfonyl, and p-toluenesulfonyl; nitro, nitrosyl; mercapto; sulfany
  • substituted compound can be independently substituted by one or more of the disclosed or claimed substituent moieties, singly or plurally.
  • independently substituted it is meant that the (two or more) substituents can be the same or different.
  • substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of the instant invention can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art, as well as those methods set forth below, from readily available starting materials. If a substituent is itself substituted with more than one group, it is understood that these multiple groups may be on the same carbon or on different carbons, so long as a stable structure results.
  • the compounds of the instant invention may be in a salt form.
  • a “salt” is salt of the instant compounds which has been modified by making acid or base, salts of the compounds.
  • the salt is pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as phenols.
  • the salts can be made using an organic or inorganic acid.
  • Such acid salts are chlorides, bromides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, sulfonates, formates, tartrates, maleates, malates, citrates, benzoates, salicylates, ascorbates, and the like.
  • Phenolate salts are the alkaline earth metal salts, sodium, potassium or lithium.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt in this respect, refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid or base addition salts of compounds of the present invention.
  • salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base or free acid form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid or base, and isolating the salt thus formed.
  • Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. (See, e.g., Berge et al. (1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J′′. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19).
  • C1-C10 alkyl includes the subset of alkyls which are 1-3 carbon atoms, the subset of alkyls which are 2-5 carbon atoms etc. as well as an alkyl which has 1 carbon atom, an alkyl which has 3 carbon atoms, an alkyl which has 10 carbon atom, etc.
  • the purines discussed herein are one or more of adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, or adenine.
  • “determining” as used herein means experimentally determining.
  • composition as in pharmaceutical composition, is intended to encompass a product comprising the active ingredient(s), and the inert ingredient(s) (pharmaceutically acceptable excipients) that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients.
  • compositions of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) compound which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • the term “optionally” means that the subsequently described event(s) may or may not occur, and includes both event(s), which occur, and events that do not occur.
  • substituted with one or more groups refers to substitution with the named substituent or substituents, multiple degrees of substitution, up to replacing all hydrogen atoms with the same or different substituents, being allowed unless the number of substituents is explicitly stated. Where the number of substituents is not explicitly stated, one or more is intended.
  • a compound of the invention means a compound of formula or a salt, solvate or physiologically functional derivative thereof.
  • solvate refers to a complex of variable stoichiometry formed by a solute (e.g., a compound of formula I, or a salt thereof) and a solvent.
  • solvents for the purpose of the invention may not interfere with the biological activity of the solute.
  • suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, acetone, methanol, ethanol and acetic acid.
  • the solvent used is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable solvents include water, ethanol and acetic acid. Most preferably the solvent is water.
  • the term “physiologically functional derivative” refers to a compound (e.g., a drug precursor) that is transformed in vivo to yield a compound of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate of the compound.
  • the transformation may occur by various mechanisms (e.g., by metabolic or chemical processes), such as, for example, through hydrolysis in blood.
  • Prodrugs are such derivatives, and a discussion of the use of prodrugs is provided by T. Higuchi and W. Stella, “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987. Additionally, the term may encompass a compound (e.g., a drug precursor) that is transformed in vivo to yield a compound of HDL which encompasses a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor, e.g. TRAF6i-HDL.
  • a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor e.g. TRAF6i-HDL.
  • this invention also includes those compounds in which several or each embodiment for compounds of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), selected from each of the embodiments listed above. Therefore, this invention is intended to include all combinations of embodiments for each variable.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • the present invention also includes compounds which further comprise a TRAF6i-HDL (also called CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor), wherein the inhibitor is 6877002 (described in Zarzycka, T. et al, J. Chem. Inf. Model. 55:294-307 (2015) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticle (TRAF6i-HDL), selected from any of the embodiments listed above. Therefore, all combinations of embodiments for each variable are contemplated herein.
  • TRAF6i-HDL also called CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor
  • the high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) compound which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), and salts, solvates and physiologically functional derivatives thereof are believed to be useful for treating a subject at risk for allograft rejection and the method is for preventing (i.e., prophylaxis) or inhibiting allograft rejection. It is noted that any transplant is at risk for allograft rejection, and thus the compositions and methods described herein are contemplated for therapeutic use for any transplant condition. Furthermore, combining TRAF6i-HDL composition with the mTOR-HDL treatment regimen provides synergistic effects in preventing (i.e., prophylaxis) or inhibiting allograft rejection.
  • the present invention provides for the use of a compound of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a physiologically functional derivative thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder mediated by certain levels of immune reactants that indicate a likelihood of immune intolerance.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • the invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition, which comprises a compound of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), and salts, solvates and physiological functional derivatives thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • the compounds of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), and salts, solvates and physiological functional derivatives thereof, are as described above.
  • the carrier(s), diluent(s) or excipient(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition including admixing a compound of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), or salts, solvates and physiological functional derivatives thereof, with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • the invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition, which comprises a compound of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor, wherein the CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor is 6877002, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as CD40-TRAF6 nanoparticle (TRAF6i-HDL), and salts, solvates and physiological functional derivatives thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • TRAF6i-HDL CD40-TRAF6 nanoparticle
  • the compounds of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle which comprises a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor, wherein the CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor is 6877002 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as CD40-TRAF6 nanoparticle (TRAF6i-HDL), and salts, solvates and physiological functional derivatives thereof, are as described above.
  • the carrier(s), diluent(s) or excipient(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition including admixing a compound of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises a CD40-TRAF inhibitor, wherein the CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor is 6877002 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as CD40-TRAF6 nanoparticle (TRAF6i-HDL), or salts, solvates and physiological functional derivatives thereof, with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • TRAF6i-HDL CD40-TRAF6 nanoparticle
  • a combination composition comprising both the CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor and m-TOR inhibitor formulated as a combined HDL nanoparticle formulation is contemplated.
  • the active agent/compound can be as described above, but any suitably charged CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor or m-TOR inhibitor can be formulated as a combined HDL nanoparticle formulation.
  • compositions of the present invention may be presented in unit dose forms containing a predetermined amount of active ingredient per unit dose.
  • a unit may contain, for example, 5 ⁇ g to 1 g, preferably 1 mg to 700 mg, more preferably 5 mg to 100 mg of a compound of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), depending on the condition being treated, the route of administration and the age, weight and condition of the patient.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • mTOR-HDL rapamycin nanoparticle
  • Preferred unit dosage compositions are those containing a daily dose or sub-dose (for administration more than once a day), as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an active ingredient. Furthermore, such pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the pharmacy art. Exemplary dosage includes 5 mg/kg in mice.
  • compositions of the present invention may be adapted for administration by any appropriate route, for example by the oral (including buccal or sublingual), inhaled, nasal, ocular, or parenteral (including intravenous and intramuscular) route.
  • Such compositions may be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy, for example by bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier(s) or excipient(s).
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention will depend upon a number of factors including, for example, the age and weight of the animal, the precise condition requiring treatment and its severity, the nature of the formulation, and the route of administration, and will ultimately be at the discretion of the attendant physician or veterinarian
  • An effective amount of a salt or solvate, thereof may be determined as a proportion of the effective amount of the compound of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), per se.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • Compounds of the present invention may be employed alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases and conditions related to allograft rejection—including heart transplant, skin transplant, liver transplant, lung transplant, bronchiolitis-obliterans syndrome (BOS), kidney transplant, pancreas transplant, pancreatic islets transplant, intestinal transplant, bone transplant, retinal transplant, and corneal transplant.
  • diseases and conditions related to allograft rejection including heart transplant, skin transplant, liver transplant, lung transplant, bronchiolitis-obliterans syndrome (BOS), kidney transplant, pancreas transplant, pancreatic islets transplant, intestinal transplant, bone transplant, retinal transplant, and corneal transplant.
  • Combination therapies according to the present invention thus comprise the administration of at least one compound of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or a physiologically functional derivative thereof, and the use of at least one other pharmaceutically active agent.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • the compound(s) of compound of a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL) and the other pharmaceutically active agent(s) may be administered together or separately and, when administered separately this may occur simultaneously or sequentially in any order.
  • a high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL) and the other pharmaceutically active agent(s) and the relative timings of administration will be selected in order to achieve the desired combined therapeutic effect.
  • combination therapies according to the present invention thus comprise the administration of (i) high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle (HDL) which comprises an m-TOR inhibitor, wherein the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as rapamycin nanoparticle (mTOR-HDL), or the pharmaceutical composition thereof and (ii) TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticles which comprises CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor, wherein the CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor is 6877002, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or prodrug thereof, formulated as TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticle (also referred to generally as CD40-HDL), or the pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein-derived nanoparticle
  • the m-TOR inhibitor is rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, poly-morph, tautomer or pro
  • the other therapeutic ingredient(s) may be used in the form of salts, for example as alkali metal or amine salts or as acid addition salts, or prodrugs, or as esters, for example lower alkyl esters, or as solvates, for example hydrates, to optimize the activity and/or stability and/or physical characteristics, such as solubility, of the therapeutic ingredient. It will be clear also that, where appropriate, the therapeutic ingredients may be used in optically pure form.
  • compositions comprising a combination as defined above together with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier represent a further aspect of the invention.
  • the individual compounds of such combinations may be administered either sequentially or simultaneously in separate or combined pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the individual compounds will be administered simultaneously in a combined pharmaceutical composition.
  • Appropriate doses of known therapeutic agents will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
  • the compounds of this invention may be made by a variety of methods, including standard chemistry. Any previously defined variable will continue to have the previously defined meaning unless otherwise indicated. Illustrative general synthetic methods are set out below and then specific compounds of the invention are prepared in the Working Examples.
  • the present invention includes all possible stereoisomers and includes not only mixtures of stereoisomers (such as racemic compounds) but the individual stereoisomers as well.
  • a compound When a compound is desired as a single enantiomer, it may be obtained by stereospecific synthesis or by resolution of the final product or any convenient intermediate. Resolution of the final product, an intermediate, or a starting material may be effected by any suitable method known in the art. See, for example, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds by E. L. Eliel, S. H. Wilen, and L. N. Mander (Wiley-Interscience, 1994).
  • a “transplantable graft” refers to a biological material, such as cells, tissues and organs (in whole or in part) that can be administered to a subject.
  • Transplantable grafts may be autografts, allografts, or xenografts of, for example, a biological material such as an organ, tissue, skin, bone, nerves, tendon, neurons, blood vessels, fat, cornea, pluripotent cells, differentiated cells (obtained or derived in vivo or in vitro), etc.
  • a transplantable graft is formed, for example, from cartilage, bone, extracellular matrix, or collagen matrices.
  • Transplantable grafts may also be single cells, suspensions of cells and cells in tissues and organs that can be transplanted.
  • Transplantable cells typically have a therapeutic function, for example, a function that is lacking or diminished in a recipient subject.
  • Some non-limiting examples of transplantable cells are islet cells, beta.-cells, hepatocytes, hematopoietic stem cells, neuronal stem cells, neurons, glial cells, or myelinating cells.
  • Transplantable cells can be cells that are unmodified, for example, cells obtained from a donor subject and usable in transplantation without any genetic or epigenetic modifications.
  • transplantable cells can be modified cells, for example, cells obtained from a subject having a genetic defect, in which the genetic defect has been corrected, or cells that are derived from reprogrammed cells, for example, differentiated cells derived from cells obtained from a subject.
  • Transplantation refers to the process of transferring (moving) a transplantable graft into a recipient subject (e.g., from a donor subject, from an in vitro source (e.g., differentiated autologous or heterologous native or induced pluripotent cells)) and/or from one bodily location to another bodily location in the same subject.
  • a recipient subject e.g., from a donor subject, from an in vitro source (e.g., differentiated autologous or heterologous native or induced pluripotent cells)
  • an in vitro source e.g., differentiated autologous or heterologous native or induced pluripotent cells
  • Undesired immune response refers to any undesired immune response that results from exposure to an antigen, promotes or exacerbates a disease, disorder or condition provided herein (or a symptom thereof), or is symptomatic of a disease, disorder or condition provided herein. Such immune responses generally have a negative impact on a subject's health or is symptomatic of a negative impact on a subject's health.
  • the transplanted tissue is lung tissue, heart tissue, kidney tissue, liver tissue, retinal tissue, corneal tissue, skin tissue, pancreatic tissue, intestinal tissue, genital tissue, ovary tissue, bone tissue, tendon tissue, or vascular tissue.
  • the transplanted tissue is transplanted as an intact organ.
  • a “recipient subject” is a subject who is to receive, or who has received, a transplanted cell, tissue or organ from another subject.
  • a “donor subject” is a subject from whom a cell, tissue or organ to be transplanted is removed before transplantation of that cell, tissue or organ to a recipient subject.
  • the donor subject is a primate. In a further embodiment the donor subject is a human. In an embodiment the recipient subject is a primate. In an embodiment the recipient subject is a human. In an embodiment both the donor and recipient subjects are human. Accordingly, the subject invention includes the embodiment of xenotransplantation.
  • rejection by an immune system describes the event of hyperacute, acute and/or chronic response of a recipient subject's immune system recognizing a transplanted cell, tissue or organ from a donor as non-self and the consequent immune response.
  • allogeneic refers to any material derived from a different animal of the same species as the individual to whom the material is introduced. Two or more individuals are said to be allogeneic to one another when the genes at one or more loci are not identical.
  • autologous refers to any material derived from the same individual to whom it is later to be re-introduced into the same individual.
  • an “immunosuppressant pharmaceutical” is a pharmaceutically-acceptable drug used to suppress a recipient subject's immune response.
  • Non-limiting examples include cyclosporine A, FK506 and rapamycin.
  • a “prophylactically effective” amount is an amount of a substance effective to prevent or to delay the onset of a given pathological condition in a subject to which the substance is to be administered.
  • a prophylactically effective amount refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result.
  • the prophylactically effective amount will be less than the therapeutically effective amount.
  • a “therapeutically effective” amount is an amount of a substance effective to treat, ameliorate or lessen a symptom or cause of a given pathological condition in a subject suffering therefrom to which the substance is to be administered.
  • the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount is from about 1 mg of agent/kg subject to about 1 g of agent/kg subject per dosing. In another embodiment, the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount is from about 10 mg of agent/kg subject to 500 mg of agent/subject. In a further embodiment, the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount is from about 50 mg of agent/kg subject to 200 mg of agent/kg subject. In a further embodiment, the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount is about 100 mg of agent/kg subject.
  • the therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount is selected from 50 mg of agent/kg subject, 100 mg of agent/kg subject, 150 mg of agent/kg subject, 200 mg of agent/kg subject, 250 mg of agent/kg subject, 300 mg of agent/kg subject, 400 mg of agent/kg subject and 500 mg of agent/kg subject.
  • Treating” or “treatment” of a state, disorder or condition includes:
  • the benefit to a subject to be treated is either statistically significant or at least perceptible to the patient or to the physician.
  • prophylactically effective amount refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typically, since a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, the prophylactically effective amount will be less than the therapeutically effective amount.
  • Acceptable excipients, diluents, and carriers for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and are described, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (A. R. Gennaro edit. 2005). The choice of pharmaceutical excipient, diluent, and carrier can be selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
  • the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to molecular entities and compositions that are “generally regarded as safe”, e.g., that are physiologically tolerable and do not typically produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction, such as gastric upset, dizziness and the like, when administered to a human.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeias for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.
  • “Patient” or “subject” refers to mammals and includes human and veterinary subjects. Certain veterinary subjects may include avian species.
  • Rapamycin is a known macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus .
  • Suitable derivatives of rapamycin include e.g. compounds of formula I wherein R.sub.1 is CH.sub.3 or C.sub.3-6alkynyl, R.sub.2 is H or —CH.sub.2-CH.sub.2-OH, and X is .dbd.O, (H,H) or (H 2 OH) provided that R.sub.2 is other than H when X is .dbd.O and R.sub.1 is CH.sub.3.
  • the structure of rapamycin is shown below:
  • Preferred compounds are 32-deoxorapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32-deoxorapambycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32(S)-dihydro-rapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32(S)-dihydro-40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin and, more preferably, 40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin (referred thereafter as Compound A), disclosed as Example 8 in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,665,772 and 6,440,990.
  • Compounds of formula I have, on the basis of observed activity, e.g. binding to macrophilin-12 (also known as FK-506 binding protein or FKBP-12), e.g. as described in WO 94/09010, WO 95/16691 or WO 96/41807, been found to be useful e.g. as immunosuppressant, e.g. in the treatment of acute allograft rejection.
  • macrophilin-12 also known as FK-506 binding protein or FKBP-12
  • Embodiments also include nanoparticles comprising rapamycin derivatives with improved hydrophobicity and/or miscibility.
  • rapamycin may be conjugated with an alkyl chain as described in Zhao et al., Augmenting drug-carrier compatibility improves tumour nanotherapy efficacy, Nature Communications 7, Article number: 11221 (2016) doi:10.1038/ncomms11221.
  • the addition of cholesterol has stabilized the formulation as well as improved entrapment efficiency.
  • the weight percentage of cholesterol ranges from about 0% to about 10% (w/w), from about 1% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w), from about 2% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w), from about 3% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w), from about 4% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w), from about 5% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w), from about 6% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w), from about 7% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w), from about 8% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w), from about 1% (w/w) to about 9% (w/w), from about 1% (w/w) to about 8% (w/w), from about 1% (w/w) to about 7% (w/w), or from about 1% (w/w) to about 6% (w/w/w), from about
  • Delivery vehicles such as liposomes, nanocapsules, microparticles, microspheres, lipid particles, vesicles, and the like, may be used for the introduction of the compositions of the present invention targeting the innate immune system, e.g. targeting macrophages to induce transplantation tolerance.
  • the compounds targeting macrophages may be formulated for delivery in a number of different forms and methods including either encapsulated in a lipid particle, a liposome, a vesicle, a nanosphere, or a nanoparticle or the like.
  • liposomes The formation and use of liposomes is generally known to those of skill in the art. Recently, liposomes were developed with improved serum stability and circulation half-times (U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,516). Further, various methods of liposome and liposome like preparations as potential drug carriers have been described (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,567,434; 5,552,157; 5,565,213; 5,738,868 and 5,795,587).
  • Liposomes have been used successfully with a number of cell types that are normally resistant to transfection by other procedures. In addition, liposomes are free of the DNA length constraints that are typical of viral-based delivery systems. Liposomes have been used effectively to introduce genes, drugs, radiotherapeutic agents, viruses, transcription factors and allosteric effectors into a variety of cultured cell lines and animals. In addition, several successful clinical trials examining the effectiveness of liposome-mediated drug delivery have been completed.
  • Liposomes are formed from phospholipids that are dispersed in an aqueous medium and spontaneously form multilamellar concentric bilayer vesicles (also termed multilamellar vesicles (MLVs).
  • MLVs generally have diameters of from 25 nm to 4 ⁇ m. Sonication of MLVs results in the formation of small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) with diameters in the range of 200 to 500 ⁇ , containing an aqueous solution in the core.
  • SUVs small unilamellar vesicles
  • Nanocapsule formulations of the compositions of the present invention targeting the innate immune system may be used.
  • Nanocapsules can generally entrap substances in a stable and reproducible way.
  • ultrafine particles sized around 0.1 ⁇ m
  • Biodegradable polyalkyl-cyanoacrylate nanoparticles that meet these requirements are contemplated for use.
  • “Synthetic nanocarrier(s)” means a discrete object that is not found in nature, and that possesses at least one dimension that is less than or equal to 5 microns in size.
  • Albumin nanoparticles are generally included as synthetic nanocarriers, however in certain embodiments the synthetic nanocarriers do not comprise albumin nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, synthetic nanocarriers do not comprise chitosan. In other embodiments, inventive synthetic nanocarriers are not lipid-based nanoparticles. In further embodiments, synthetic nanocarriers do not comprise a phospholipid.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier can be, but is not limited to, one or a plurality of lipid-based nanoparticles (also referred to herein as lipid nanoparticles, i.e., nanoparticles where the majority of the material that makes up their structure are lipids), polymeric nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, surfactant-based emulsions, dendrimers, buckyballs, nanowires, virus-like particles (i.e., particles that are primarily made up of viral structural proteins but that are not infectious or have low infectivity), peptide or protein-based particles (also referred to herein as protein particles, i.e., particles where the majority of the material that makes up their structure are peptides or proteins) (such as albumin nanoparticles) and/or nanoparticles that are developed using a combination of nanomaterials such as lipid-polymer nanoparticles.
  • lipid-based nanoparticles also referred to herein as lipid nanoparticles, i
  • Synthetic nanocarriers may be a variety of different shapes, including but not limited to spheroidal, cuboidal, pyramidal, oblong, cylindrical, toroidal, and the like. Synthetic nanocarriers according to the invention comprise one or more surfaces. Exemplary synthetic nanocarriers that can be adapted for use in the practice of the present invention comprise: (1) the biodegradable nanoparticles disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • synthetic nanocarriers may possess an aspect ratio greater than 1:1, 1:1.2, 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, or greater than 1:10.
  • Synthetic nanocarriers may have a minimum dimension of equal to or less than about 100 nm, preferably equal to or less than 100 nm, do not comprise a surface with hydroxyl groups that activate complement or alternatively comprise a surface that consists essentially of moieties that are not hydroxyl groups that activate complement.
  • synthetic nanocarriers may have a minimum dimension of equal to or less than about 100 nm, preferably equal to or less than 100 nm, do not comprise a surface that substantially activates complement or alternatively comprise a surface that consists essentially of moieties that do not substantially activate complement.
  • Synthetic nanocarriers in some embodiments have a minimum dimension of equal to or less than about 100 nm, preferably equal to or less than 100 nm, do not comprise a surface that activates complement or alternatively comprise a surface that consists essentially of moieties that do not activate complement.
  • synthetic nanocarriers exclude virus-like particles.
  • synthetic nanocarriers may possess an aspect ratio greater than 1:1, 1:1.2, 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, or greater than 1:10.
  • the present composition comprises (consists essentially of, or consists of) one or more types of phospholipids.
  • Suitable phospholipids include, without limitation, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserines, sphingomyelin or other ceramides, as well as phospholipid-containing oils such as lecithin oils. Combinations of phospholipids, or mixtures of a phospholipid(s) and other substance(s), may be used.
  • Non-limiting examples of the phospholipids that may be used in the present composition include, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), soy lecithin, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dilaurylolyphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dilaurylolylphosphatidylglycerol (DLPG), dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), distearoylphosphatidylglycerol (DSPG), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dimyristoyl phosphatidic acid (DMPA), dimyristoyl phosphatidic acid (DMPA), dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid (DPPA), dipalmitoy
  • the weight ratio of two types of phospholipids may range from about 1:10 to about 10:1, from about 2:1 to about 4:1, from about 1:1 to about 5:1, from about 2:1 to about 5:1, from about 6:1 to about 10:1, from about 7:1 to about 10:1, from about 8:1 to about 10:1, from about 7:1 to about 9:1, or from about 8:1 to about 9:1.
  • the present high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-derived nanoparticle comprises (consists essentially of, or consists of) 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), and 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (MHPC).
  • the weight ratio of DMPC to MHPC may range from about 1:10 to about 10:1, from about 2:1 to about 4:1, from about 1:1 to about 5:1, from about 2:1 to about 5:1, from about 6:1 to about 10:1, from about 7:1 to about 10:1, from about 8:1 to about 10:1, from about 7:1 to about 9:1, or from about 8:1 to about 9:1.
  • the weight ratio of DMPC to MHPC may be about 1:10, about 1:9, about 1:8, about 1:7, about 1:6, about 1:5, about 1:4, about 1:3, about 1:2, about 1:1, about 2:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, about 5:1, about 6:1, about 7:1, about 8:1, about 9:1, or about 10:1.
  • mTOR inhibitors include rapamycin and analogs thereof (e.g., CCL-779, RAD001, AP23573, C20-methallylrapamycin (C20-Marap), C16-(S)-butylsulfonamidorapamycin (C16-BSrap), C16-(S)-3-methylindolerapamycin (C16-iRap) (Bayle et al.
  • rapamycin and analogs thereof e.g., CCL-779, RAD001, AP23573, C20-methallylrapamycin (C20-Marap), C16-(S)-butylsulfonamidorapamycin (C16-BSrap), C16-(S)-3-methylindolerapamycin (C16-iRap) (Bayle et al.
  • one or more additional or alternative active ingredients targeting PIRb+ macrophages and promoting allograft survival may be utilized in combination. Any one or more of these active ingredients may be formulated in one dosage unit, or in a combination of forms such as an mTOR-HDL nanoparticle could be administered in combination with a lipid particle, a liposome, a vesicle, a nanosphere comprising a second or third active ingredient.
  • Other suitable active agents include one or more immunosuppressive agents.
  • the mTOR-HDL can be used in combination with other induction therapies that target the adaptive immune response such as T and B cell depletion.
  • transplant recipients can be treated before and shortly after transplantation.
  • Patients under current immunosuppressive therapy can be switched to the mTOR-HDL therapy, or combination mTOR-HDL/TRAF6i-HDL therapy.
  • mTOR-HDL treatment is administered to the patient prior to and shortly after transplantation, which can be repeated every 6 or 12 months, with the goal to eliminate or strongly reduce immunosuppressive therapy.
  • patients are administered the mTOR-HDL therapy, or combination mTOR-HDL/TRAF6i-HDL therapy without any additional immunosuppressive therapy.
  • immunosuppressants include, but are not limited to, statins; mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin or a rapamycin analog; TGF-.beta. signaling agents; TGF-.beta. receptor agonists; histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors; corticosteroids; inhibitors of mitochondrial function, such as rotenone; P38 inhibitors; NF-.kappa.beta.
  • inhibitors include adenosine receptor agonists; prostaglandin E2 agonists; phosphodiesterase inhibitors, such as phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; proteasome inhibitors; kinase inhibitors; G-protein coupled receptor agonists; G-protein coupled receptor antagonists; glucocorticoids; retinoids; cytokine inhibitors; cytokine receptor inhibitors; cytokine receptor activators; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor antagonists; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists; histone deacetylase inhibitors; calcineurin inhibitors; phosphatase inhibitors and oxidized ATPs.
  • Immunosuppressants also include IDO, vitamin D3, cyclosporine A, aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitors, resveratrol, azathiopurine, 6-mercaptopurine, aspirin, niflumic acid, estriol, tripolide, interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-10), cyclosporine A, siRNAs targeting cytokines or cytokine receptors and the like.
  • statins examples include atorvastatin (LIPITOR®, TORVAST®), cerivastatin, fluvastatin (LESCOL®, LESCOL® XL), lovastatin (MEVACOR®, ALTOCOR®, ALTOPREV®), mevastatin (COMPACTIN®), pitavastatin (LIVALO®, PIAVA®), rosuvastatin (PRAVACHOL®, SELEKTINE®, LIPOSTAT®), rosuvastatin (CRESTOR®), and simvastatin (ZOCOR®, LIPEX®).
  • atorvastatin LIPITOR®, TORVAST®
  • cerivastatin fluvastatin
  • fluvastatin LESCOL®, LESCOL® XL
  • lovastatin MEVACOR®, ALTOCOR®, ALTOPREV®
  • mevastatin COMPACTIN®
  • pitavastatin LIVALO®, PIAVA®
  • rosuvastatin
  • the mTOR-HDL nanotherapy was tested in an allogeneic heart transplantation mouse model.
  • the regimen comprised only three intravenous tail vein injections of 5 mg/kg equivalent rapamycin during the first week after transplantation.
  • PET-CT computed tomography
  • the heart allograft targeting and cellular specificity were evaluated.
  • the innate immune response was analyzed along with allograft survival and therapeutic mechanisms.
  • mTOR-HDL nanoparticles (see FIG. 1A ) were synthesized by hydrating a lipid film, containing rapamycin and phospholipids, with APOA1 in PBS. Subsequently, and after vigorous homogenization, the sample was sonicated to generate mTOR-HDL nanoparticles with 62 ⁇ 11% rapamycin encapsulation efficiency and a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 12.7 ⁇ 4.4 nm, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography and dynamic light scattering, respectively.
  • the size of the nanoparticles can vary, but will typically be from about 10 nm to about 250 nm.
  • the mTOR-HDL had the discoidal structure that is typical of HDL-based nanoparticles 16 .
  • the biodistribution and cellular specificity of 1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-Tetramethylindotricarbocyanine Iodide (DiR)-labeled mTOR-HDLs were evaluated in C57Bl/6 wild type mice using ex vivo near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging and flow cytometry.
  • NIRF near infrared fluorescence
  • FIG. 5A while displaying a higher affinity for monocytes than either dendritic cells (DC) or neutrophils in the blood and spleen ( FIG. 5 B, C) (respectively, P ⁇ 0.001, P ⁇ 0.01 and P ⁇ 0.01, P ⁇ 0.01).
  • mTOR-HDL treatment was utilized in a heart transplant mouse model ( FIG. 1B ).
  • mTOR-HDL's biodistribution, allograft targeting, and cellular specificity were determined using in vivo PET-CT imaging ( FIG. 1B ) and ex vivo techniques.
  • an array of immunological readouts, including flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and mixed lymphocyte reaction were utilized, to evaluate the effects of a short-term mTOR-HDL nanotherapy regimen ( FIG. 1B ).
  • mTOR-HDL nanoparticles were radiolabeled with 89Zr ( 89 Zr-mTOR-HDL).
  • 89 Zr-mTOR-HDL 89 Zr-mTOR-HDL
  • mice received 89 Zr-mTOR-HDL intravenously.
  • the nanoparticles were allowed to circulate and distribute for 24 hours before mice underwent in vivo PET-CT imaging. Marked 89 Zr-mTOR-HDL presence was observed in the heart allografts ( FIG. 1C ).
  • mice were sacrificed, and the organs were collected for 89 Zr-mTOR-HDL quantification by ex vivo autoradiography.
  • Allograft heart (Tx) activity (25.2 ⁇ 2.4 ⁇ 10 3 counts/unit area) was determined to be 2.3 fold higher than in native hearts (N) (11.1 ⁇ 1.9 ⁇ 10 3 count/unit area) ( FIG. 1F ).
  • Gamma counting assessed 89 Zr-mTOR-HDL's full biodistribution.
  • the ex vivo autoradiography indicates that 89 Zr-mTOR-HDL target many tissues ( FIG. 1D ), suggesting a systemic biodistribution of the drug, consistent with the typical pattern of distribution for drug-loaded HDL nanoparticles 17 .
  • mTOR-HDL nanoparticles were labeled with the fluorescent dye 3,3′-Dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate (DiO), intravenously administered and allowed to circulate for 24 hours.
  • DiO 3,3′-Dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate
  • myeloid cells were extracted, including neutrophils; the monocyte/macrophage (Mo/M ⁇ ) pool, including Ly-6C lo and Ly-6C hi monocytes, DCs, and T cells for analysis by flow cytometry.
  • FIGS. 1F and 1G Myeloid cell targeting was observed in the heart allograft, blood and spleen ( FIGS. 1F and 1G ).
  • the inventors observed cellular specificity towards the Mo/M ⁇ pool and neutrophils, with significantly higher mTOR-HDL uptake by the Mo/M ⁇ pool than either DC or neutrophils in the heart, blood and spleen (respectively: P ⁇ 0.01, P ⁇ 0.01, P ⁇ 0.05 and P ⁇ 0.01, P ⁇ 0.01, P ⁇ 0.05).
  • the DiO-labeled mTOR-HDL uptake by T cells was virtually absent ( FIG. 1F, 1G ), indicative for the nanotherapy's innate immune cell specificity.
  • the data demonstrate that mTOR-HDL exhibits high specificity for inflamed sites, such as the heart allograft, and is avidly taken up by myeloid cells including monocytes, DC and neutrophils.
  • mTOR-HDL treatment lowered neutrophil levels in the blood, spleen and allograft, as compared to both placebo (P ⁇ 0.05, P ⁇ 0.05 and P ⁇ 0.05) and Oral-Ra-treated recipients (P ⁇ 0.05).
  • mTOR-HDL treatment dramatically reduced Mo/M ⁇ numbers in the circulation, spleen and heart allografts, as compared to placebo (P ⁇ 0.05, P ⁇ 0.01 and P ⁇ 0.05) or Oral-Ra-treated recipients (P ⁇ 0.05).
  • mTOR-HDL treatment dramatically decreased DC in the circulation, spleen and allograft, as compared to placebo (P ⁇ 0.05, P ⁇ 0.01 and P ⁇ 0.05) or Oral-Ra-treated recipients (P ⁇ 0.05). All together, these results demonstrate that mTOR-HDL treatment limits the alloreactive immune response by interfering with myeloid cell accumulation in the transplanted allograft.
  • Mo/M ⁇ comprise two different subsets (Ly-6C hi and) Ly-6C lo with district migratory properties 23 .
  • mTOR-HDL recipients accumulated significantly more Ly-6C lo monocytes than placebo and Oral-Ra-treated animals in blood (60% vs.
  • FIG. 2B , FIG. 9A notably fewer circulating Ly-6C hi monocytes were identified in the mTOR-HDL-treated group than in either the placebo or the Oral-Ra-treated recipients (P ⁇ 0.05 and P ⁇ 0.05, respectively).
  • the Mo/M ⁇ subset proportions in the spleen and transplanted organs reflected the levels in peripheral blood ( FIG. 1E ).
  • the data indicate that while Ly-6C hi monocytes dominate the myeloid response in transplant rejection, Ly-6C lo monocytes dominate the myeloid response during tolerance. This suggests mTOR-HDL treatment promotes the accumulation of regulatory Ly-6C lo M ⁇ , and can rebalance the myeloid compartment in favor of homeostasis.
  • GSEA Gene Set Enrichment Analysis
  • Ly-6C lo M ⁇ 's regulatory suppressive function was assessed by the capacity to inhibit in vitro proliferation of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled CD8 + T cells.
  • CFSE carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester
  • Ly-6C lo M ⁇ obtained from the allografts of placebo recipient mice Ly-6C lo M ⁇ obtained from the allografts of mTOR-HDL treated recipients expand immunosuppressive Foxp3-expressing T-regs ( FIG. 3A ).
  • the inventors observed a significant increase in the number of allograft CD4 + CD25 + T-cells ( FIG. 3B ; FIG. 10 ). This suggests that mTOR-HDL treatment may favor the induction of transplantation tolerance by promoting the development of regulatory Ly-6C lo M ⁇ .
  • FIGS. 1F-G Since dendritic cells (DC) take up mTOR-HDL nanoparticles ( FIGS. 1F-G ), the effects of mTOR-HDL on immune cell activation, antigen presentation and DC-mediated T cell stimulation were investigated.
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • TNF- ⁇ tumor necrosis factor alpha
  • mAb Y-Ae monoclonal antibody
  • mTOR-HDL's effects on antigen presentation were evaluated.
  • Significantly fewer antigen-presenting Y-Ae + cells were observed in the para-aortic lymph nodes and spleens of mTOR-HDL-treated recipients than those from either placebo or Oral-Ra.
  • CD11c + MHC-II + DC extracted from the spleens of placebo and mTOR-HDL-treated mice were used as initiators to stimulate a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in vitro.
  • MLR mixed lymphocyte reaction
  • Antigen-specific TEa CD4 + T cells were isolated as responders, as these T cells recognize the same I-E d -I-A b complex of peptide and MHC as do Y-Ae mAb, labeled the cells with carboxyfluoroscein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and cultured with CD11c + MHC-II + splenic DC as previously described 27 .
  • CFSE carboxyfluoroscein succinimidyl ester
  • the stimulatory properties of CD11c + MHC-II + splenic DC were tested by measuring CFSE dilution in T cells by flow cytometry. These data indicate that DC from mTOR-HDL recipients are significantly less capable of stimulating na ⁇ ve T cell proliferation in vitro than DC obtained from control mice. Next, the proliferative capabilities of T cells obtained from transplanted mice were tested. These data indicate that T cells from mTOR-HDL recipients are able to mount in vitro immune responses similar to T cells obtained from placebo rejecting mice. Overall, these results illustrate that mTOR-HDL nanoparticle treatment prevents DC-mediated graft-reactive T cell immune responses.
  • CD40-HDL a CD40-TRAF6 inhibitory HDL
  • FIG. 11A-B The small molecule inhibitor CD40-TRAF6 is directed against the binding domain of CD40 on TRAF6 and blocks CD40 signaling, resulting in Ly6C hi inflammatory macrophage polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype.
  • FIGS. 13A-B we evaluated the histology of the allografts 100 days after combined treatment.
  • FIG. 13B shows mild circumferential inflammation without arteritis and no signs of intimal hyperplasia.
  • Mouse aortic segments did not exhibit any histological alteration with no intimal thickening and no signs of chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV).
  • CAV chronic allograft vasculopathy
  • the inventors evaluated a combined treatment regimen involving three injections of both mTOR-HDL and TRAF6i-HDL within the first five days post transplantation using the heart allograft model. As shown in FIG.
  • the timing of treatment can vary and can commence either before the transplantation, concomitant with the transplantation, or following transplantation.
  • the mTOR-HDL or combined mTOR-HDL/TRAF6i-HDL treatment is initiated 1-2 days before organ transplantation.
  • mTOR-HDL nanotherapy described here was applied to a fully allogeneic skin transplant model in which rejection was macroscopically monitored ( FIGS. 12A AND 12B ).
  • the mTOR-HDL nanomedicine treatment dramatically enhanced graft survival.
  • P ⁇ 0.01 100% rejection rate
  • FIGS. 13A-B are graphs showing toxicity associated with Oral-Ra compared with mTOR-HD treatment.
  • mTOR-HDL has no significant effects on blood urea nitrogen (BUN, shown in FIG. 13A ) or serum creatinine (shown in FIG. 13B ), but kidney toxicity parameters show statistical differences between Oral-Ra and mTOR-HDL, while no differences between syngeneic and mTOR-HDL recipients 30 days after infusion were observed (ANOVA *P ⁇ 0.05,**P ⁇ 0.01).
  • FIG. 13A Histology sections from kidneys, stained by H&E, PAS and Masson Trichrome and examined by a renal pathologist show no significant changes in the three compartments of kidney parenchyma ( FIG. 13A ). There is normal appearing glomeruli, with no evidence of glomerulosclerosis. The tubules show no significant atrophy or any evidence of epithelial cell injury including vacuolization, loss of brush border or mitosis. Arteries and arterioles show no evidence of intimal fibrosis or arteriolar hyalinosis, respectively. Liver sections stained by H&E, PAS and Masson Trichrome and examined by a liver pathologist demonstrate normal acinar and lobular architecture.
  • FIG. 13A There is no evidence of inflammation or fibrosis in the portal tract and hepatic parenchyma. Hepatocytes are normal with no evidence of cholestasis, inclusions or apoptosis ( FIG. 13A ). In FIG. 13B the section shows mild circumferential inflammation without arteritis and no signs of intimal hyperplasia. Mouse aortic segments did not exhibit any histological alteration with no intimal thickening, and no signs of chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV).
  • CAV chronic allograft vasculopathy
  • Transplant patients are treated with immunosuppressive drugs to avoid organ rejection 30 .
  • Immunosuppressants target the adaptive immune system and have serious side effects 31,32 .
  • Current transplant immunology research seeks to develop novel tolerogenic protocols using different experimental transplantation models. Combining basic immunology with innovative nanomedicine is a promising new approach to encourage immune tolerance. The use of animal models plays an essential role in this research.
  • Some experimental tolerogenic protocols can induce indefinite allograft survival in mice and primates 33,34 , thromboembolic complications have prevented these methods from being translated into clinical treatments 35 . Consequently, there is an ongoing need for alternative approaches to immune regulation, such as targeting the innate immune system, to prevent transplant rejection 11,12,36 .
  • the data demonstrate that conservatively-dosed HDL-encapsulated rapamycin prolongs graft survival. This indicates that only encapsulated rapamycin—i.e. not the free form—may be used to induce immunological tolerance, as recently described 37 .
  • the data also mechanistically show that mTOR-HDL decreases leukocytes in the blood, spleen and allograft. Reduced leukocyte adhesion and migration is associated with better graft survival, in agreement with previous studies 38-41 . More specifically, significantly lower Mo/M ⁇ and neutrophil counts accompanied by less myeloid cell infiltration in allografts were observed.
  • the present nanotherapy delivery strategy presents an innovative way to dramatically increase the drug's bioavailability.
  • the present data illustrate that mTOR-HDL treatment mediates the accumulation of suppressive macrophages that inhibit cytotoxic T cell responses.
  • Ly-6C lo macrophages from HDL-treated recipients expand Foxp3 + Treg in vitro and correlate with intra-graft Foxp3 + Treg accumulation in vivo.
  • Regulatory Ly-6C lo macrophage accumulation in the transplanted organ appears to be critical to prolonged allograft survival as mediated by TOR-HDL, since depleting Ly-6C lo macrophages prevents tolerance induction despite mTOR-HDL treatment.
  • HDL nanoparticle technology effectively delivers immunosuppressive drugs to the innate immune system.
  • mTOR-HDL prevents DC activation, promotes the regulatory macrophage development and induces indefinite allograft survival.
  • the mTOR-HDL technology is an innovative, effective, and a potentially translational therapeutic approach that targets innate immune cells to induce long-term allograft survival.
  • Clinical testing and implementation of an optimized GMP protocol will confirm long-term safety and efficacy.
  • mTOR-HDL combines existing FDA approved agents, its development—or the development of HDL nanoparticles systems that release other FDA-approved immunosuppressive agents—may have an immediate path to translation.
  • DMPC 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine
  • MHPC 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine
  • Selleckchem rapamycin
  • mTOR-HDL was washed and concentrated by centrifugal filtration using 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) filter tubes. Aggregates were removed using centrifugation and filtration (0.22 ⁇ m).
  • MWCO molecular weight cut-off
  • Oral rapamycin solution (Oral-Ra) consisted of 4% ethanol, 5% PEG300 and 5% TWEEN80 in PBS, while intravenous rapamycin solution (i.v.-Ra) included 4% ethanol and 5% TWEEN80 in PBS.
  • the animals received oral doses or intravenous tail injections (for mTOR-HDL or i.v.-Ra) at a rapamycin dose of 5 mg/kg on the day of transplantation as well as days two and five posttransplantation.
  • CD40-HDL nanoparticles were synthesized according to a similar procedure as described above.
  • DMPC, MHPC and the TRAF6-inhibitor (2E)-1-phenyl-3-(2,5-dimethylanilino)-2-propen-lone1 were dissolved in a chloroform/methanol mixture (10:1 v/v) at a 8.7:1:0.6 weight ratio, and then dried under vacuum to create a thin lipid film.
  • PBS containing APOA1 was added to the lipid film, in a phospholipid to APOA1 9.5:1 weight ratio, and left to incubate on ice for 3 hours until the film was hydrated and a homogenous solution was formed.
  • the solution was then sonicated for 1 hour to form CD40-HDL nanoparticles. Subsequently, the solution was purified by multiple centrifugation and filtration steps.
  • mice Female C57BL/6J (B6 WT, H-2b), BALB/c (H-2d) mice were purchased from the Taconic Laboratory. 8 week old C57BL/6J (Foxp3tm1Flv/J) mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory. The C57BL/6J CD169 DTR mice were from Masato Tanaka (Kawaguchi, Japan). C57BL/6J CD4 + transgenic TEa mice that recognize a peptide representing residues 52 to 68 of the I-E ⁇ chain (E ⁇ peptide) bound to class II I-A b molecules were from Alexander Rudensky (New York, USA). Animals were enrolled at 8 to 10 weeks of age (body weight, 20-25 g). All experiments were performed with 8 to 12 week old female matched mice in accordance with protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Utilization Committee.
  • BALB/c hearts were transplanted as fully vascularized heterotopic grafts into C57BL/6 mice as previously described 45 .
  • Hearts were transplanted into recipients' peritoneal cavities by establishing end-to-side anastomosis between the donor and recipient aortae and end-to-side anastomosis between the donor pulmonary trunk and the recipient inferior vena cava.
  • Cardiac allograft survival was subsequently assessed through daily palpation. Rejection was defined as the complete cessation of cardiac contraction and was confirmed by direct visualization at laparotomy. Graft survival was compared among groups using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.
  • animals were anesthetized with isoflurane (Baxter Healthcare, Deerfield, Ill., USA)/oxygen gas mixture (2% for induction, 1% for maintenance), and a scan was then performed using an Inveon PET/CT scanner (Siemens Healthcare Global, Er Weg, Germany). Whole body PET static scans, recording a minimum of 30 million coincident events, were performed for 15 min.
  • the energy and coincidence timing windows were 350-700 keV and 6 ns, respectively.
  • the image data were normalized to correct for PET response non-uniformity, dead-time count losses, positron branching ratio and physical decay to the time of injection, but no attenuation, scatter or partial-volume averaging correction was applied.
  • the counting rates in the reconstructed images were converted to activity concentrations (percentage injected dose [% ID] per gram of tissue) using a system calibration factor derived from imaging a mouse-sized water-equivalent phantom containing 89 Zr. Images were analyzed using ASIPro VMTM software (Concorde Microsystems, Knoxville, Tenn., USA).
  • the native and grafted specimens were placed in a film cassette against a phosphorimaging plate (BASMS-2325, Fujifilm, Valhalla, N.Y.) for 4 hours at ⁇ 20° C.
  • the plate was read at a pixel resolution of 25 ⁇ m with a Typhoon 7000IP plate reader (GE Healthcare, Pittsburgh, Pa.). The images were analyzed using ImageJ software.
  • fluorochrome-conjugated mAbs specific to mouse CD45 (clone 30-F11), CD11b (clone M1/70), CD11c (clone N418), F4/80 (clone CI:A3.1), Ly-6C (clone HK1.4) and corresponding isotype controls were purchased from eBioscience. Ly-6 G (clone 1A8) mAb was purchased from Biolegend. F4/80 (clone CI:A3.1) was purchased from AbD Serotec.
  • CD45 antibodies against CD45 (clone 30-F11), CD3 (clone 2C11), CD4 (clone GK1.5), CD8 (clone 53-6.7), CD25 (clone PC61.5), CD40 (clone 1C10) and CD54 (clone YN1/1.7.4) were purchased from eBioscience.
  • the absolute cell counting was performed using countbright beads (Invitrogen).
  • the Y-Ae mAb was purchased from eBioscience.
  • Flow cytometric analysis was performed on LSR II (BD Biosciences) and analyzed with FlowJo software (Tree Star, Inc.). Results are expressed as percentage of cells staining or cells counting (cells per milliliter) above background.
  • mAbs were titered at regular intervals during the course of these studies to ensure the use of saturating concentrations.
  • donor heart single cell suspensions were sorted with an InFlux cell sorter (BD) to achieve >96% purity at the Flow Cytometry Shared Resource Facility at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.
  • BD InFlux cell sorter
  • Spleens of antigen-specific TE ⁇ (H-2 b ) mice were gently dissociated into single-cell suspensions, and red blood cells were removed using hypotonic ACK lysis buffer.
  • Splenocytes were labeled with CFSE cell proliferation marker at 5 ⁇ M concentration (molecular probes from Invitrogen) followed by staining with anti-CD4 mAb for 30 minutes on ice.
  • Responder CFSE + CD4 + T cells were sorted using FACS Aria II sorter (BD Biosciences) with a purity of >98%.
  • Splenocytes from mTOR-HDL- and placebo-treated recipients were enriched for CD11c + cells using the EasySep Mouse CD11c positive selection Kit (StemCell).
  • CD11c + splenocytes were stained with anti-mouse CD11c mAb for 30 minutes on ice.
  • CD11c + cells were sorted using FACS Aria II sorter (BD Biosciences) and then used to stimulate responder CFSE + CD4 + T cells.
  • Cells were cultured for 4 days at 37° C. in a 5% CO 2 incubator, and CFSE + CD4 + T cells proliferation was measured by flow cytometric analysis of CFSE dilution on CD4 + T cells.
  • Spleens of C57BL/6 (H-2 b ) mice were gently dissociated into single-cell suspensions, and red blood cells were removed using hypotonic ACK lysis buffer. Splenocytes were labeled with CFSE at 5 ⁇ M concentration (molecular probes from Invitrogen) followed by staining with anti-CD8 mAb for 30 minutes on ice. Responder CFSE + CD8 + T cells were sorted using FACS Aria II (BD Biosciences) with >98% purity. CFSE + CD8 + T cells were used together with anti-CD3/CD28 microbeads as stimulators.
  • Stimulated CFSE + CD8 + T cells were cultured with graft-infiltrating Ly-6C lo macrophages, mTOR-HDL or placebo for 72 hours at 37° C. in a 5% CO 2 incubator. T cell proliferation was measured by flow cytometric analysis of CFSE dilution on CD8 + T cells.
  • the log 2 normalized and filtered data (adjusted P ⁇ 0.05) was used for further analysis.
  • Gene signature comparisons were performed between intra-graft Ly6C lo macrophages from mTOR-HDL and placebo treated recipients.
  • GSEA was performed using GSEA version 17 from Gene pattern version 3.9.6. Parameters used for the analysis were as follows.
  • CD169-expressing Ly-6C lo macrophages To deplete CD169-expressing Ly-6C lo macrophages, heterozygous CD169-DTR recipients were injected intraperitoneally with 10 ng/g body weight of DT (Sigma-Aldrich) 24, 48 and 72 hours after transplantation 46 .
  • DT Sigma-Aldrich
  • Results are expressed as mean ⁇ SEM. Statistical comparisons between 2 groups were evaluated using the Mann Whitney tests. Kaplan-Meier survival graphs were performed, and a log-rank comparison of the groups calculated P values. A value of P ⁇ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. IBM SPSS statistics 22 were utilized for statistical analysis.
  • C57/B6 wild type mice received a single intravenous injection of 5 mg/kg mTOR-HDL labeled with either DiR dye or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After 24 hours, the mice were sacrificed and perfused with PBS. Liver, spleen, lung, kidney, heart and muscle tissues were collected for NIRF imaging. Fluorescent images were acquired with the IVIS 200 system (Xenogen) with a 2 second exposure time using a 745 nm excitation filter and a 820 nm emission filter. Both the average radiant efficiency within each tissue and the ratio to control have been quantified.
  • mice were sacrificed and tissues of interest (blood, heart, kidneys, lungs, liver, spleen, bone, skin, muscle and graft) harvested, blotted and weighed before radioactivity counting on a Wizard2 2480 automatic gamma counter (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, Mass., USA). The radioactivity content was then converted to radioactivity concentration and expressed as percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g).
  • tissues of interest blood, heart, kidneys, lungs, liver, spleen, bone, skin, muscle and graft
  • the radioactivity content was then converted to radioactivity concentration and expressed as percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g).
  • Cardiac allograft transplant rate (beats per minute, BPM) was monitored using a short axis cross sectional B-Mode image of the transplanted heart, with M-mode cursor line through its largest dimension and tracing of the left ventricular wall.
  • Full-thickness trunk skin allografts were placed as previously described [42]. Skin was harvested from BALB/C, cut into 0.5-cm pieces and placed in C57BL/6 recipients. The skin allograft was placed in a slightly larger graft bed prepared over the chest of the recipient and secured using Vaseline, gauze and a bandage. The grafts were visually scored daily for evidence of rejection. Skin allograft rejection was monitored by digital microscope photography and was considered fully rejected when it was >90% necrotic. Graft survival was compared among groups using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.
  • CD40-TRAF6 Inhibition Resolves Macrophage Accumulation in Atherosclerosis
  • CD40-CD40L CD40-CD40 ligand
  • TRAF6 tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6
  • TRAFs are adaptor proteins that can bind the cytoplasmic domain of CD40 and couple the receptor complex to several different signal transduction pathways [8].
  • deficiency of CD40-TRAF6 interactions in myeloid cells has been shown to decrease monocyte recruitment to plaques and abolish atherosclerotic plaque formation in Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice [7].
  • CD40-TRAF6 interaction provides a promising therapeutic target, major limitations are associated with its inhibition.
  • CD40-TRAF6 interaction's role in myeloid cells it partly controls the maturation of B-lymphocytes and generation of long-lived plasma cells [9]. Therefore, long-term inhibition of the CD40-TRAF6 interaction will likely cause immune deficiencies, rendering it an unfeasible therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis.
  • TRAF6i-HDL high density lipoprotein
  • the aim of the study was to decrease plaque inflammation by specifically inhibiting the CD40-TRAF6 interaction in monocytes/macrophages via targeted nanoimmunotherapy (TRAF6i-HDL).
  • the TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticle was constructed from human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), and the phospholipids 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (MHPC) and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), in which a lipophilic small molecule inhibitor of CD40-TRAF6 interaction (SMI 6877002) was encapsulated [8, 11].
  • apoA-I human apolipoprotein A-I
  • MHPC phospholipids 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine
  • DMPC 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine
  • TRAF6i-HDL variants incorporating fluorescent dyes (DiO or DiR) or Zirconium-89 ( 89 Zr) radiolabeled phospholipids, were synthesized to allow detection by fluorescence techniques, positron emission tomography (PET), gamma counting and autoradiography.
  • FIG. 14B A schematic overview of the study design is shown in FIG. 14B .
  • the first part of the study was performed in mice with atherosclerosis (Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice on a high cholesterol diet).
  • mice with atherosclerosis Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice on a high cholesterol diet.
  • TRAF6i-HDL's toxicity, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and atherosclerotic plaque monocyte/macrophage targeting efficiency were assessed plaque regression efficacy of a one-week TRAF6i-HDL regimen involving four intravenous infusions.
  • TRAF6i-HDL nanoimmunotherapy The second part of the study focused on the translatability of TRAF6i-HDL nanoimmunotherapy.
  • TRAF6i-HDL's toxicity and pharmacokinetics we investigated TRAF6i-HDL's toxicity and pharmacokinetics, while in vivo positron emission tomography with magnetic resonance (PET/MRI) was performed to longitudinally study biodistribution and vessel wall targeting in non-human primates.
  • PET/MRI positron emission tomography with magnetic resonance
  • TRAF6i-HDL treatment had no effect on erythrocytes, platelets or leucocyte levels ( FIG. 20 ).
  • the number of reticulocytes and lymphocytes was somewhat increased when compared to placebo.
  • the numbers of T cells and B cells in bone marrow blood and spleen were not affected by TRAF6i-HDL therapy.
  • No toxic effects were observed on kidney and hepatic function, although alkaline phosphatase was somewhat increased ( FIG. 21 ). Lipids, glucose, protein and electrolytes were unaffected.
  • TRAF6i-HDL uptake in aortic plaque was assessed by flow cytometry. We found that 86% of macrophages and 81% of Ly6Chi monocytes had taken up DiO-TRAF6i-HDL, while lineage positive cells (all non-myeloid cells) had taken up virtually none ( FIG. 14F ). Furthermore, the majority of neutrophils (64%) and dendritic cells (61%) in the aortic plaque were found to contain labeled nanoparticles ( FIG. 14G ).
  • TRAF6i-HDL To assess the therapeutic efficacy of TRAF6i-HDL, we used 20 week old Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice that had been on a high cholesterol diet for 12 weeks in order to develop atherosclerotic lesions. While all mice remained on a high-cholesterol diet, they received four intravenous infusions of placebo, control HDL nanoparticles without payload, or TRAF6i-HDL over a period of 7 days. The CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor dose administered per infusion was 5 mg/kg. To limit a dominant therapeutic effect of apoA-I itself, we used a low apoA-I dose of 9 mg/kg. All mice were sacrificed 24 hours after the final infusion.
  • the number of proliferating macrophages was similar in all groups ( FIG. 15A ), indicating that the observed decrease in plaque macrophages was not caused by a decrease in local proliferation of macrophages.
  • Previous studies showed that in addition to monocyte recruitment, local macrophage proliferation plays a pivotal role in fueling plaque inflammation [12].
  • FIG. 16D shows that the percentage of plaque macrophages that had incorporated BrdU was not decreased by TRAF6i-HDL therapy. This result is in line with the histology observation on Ki67 expression.
  • FIG. 16E In an in vitro experiment with RAW 264.7 cell line of murine macrophages, characterized by a high proliferation rate [15], incubation with the CD40-TRAF6 inhibiting compound or TRAF6i-HDL did not affect the proliferation rate ( FIG. 16E ).
  • TRAF6i-HDL therapy indicates that plaque macrophage content as well as protease activity was decreased by TRAF6i-HDL therapy.
  • the mechanism of action by which TRAF6i-HDL decreases plaque inflammation is likely mediated through the abatement of monocyte recruitment, while local macrophage proliferation is not affected.
  • CD68 positive cells from aortic sinus plaques by laser capture microdissection of mice either treated with placebo or TRAF6i-HDL. Whole RNA of these cells was isolated for sequencing.
  • Focal adhesion is a dynamic process in which protein complexes connect to the extracellular matrix, and plays a central role in monocyte/macrophage migration [16].
  • KEGG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
  • TRAF6i-HDL treated non-human primates 6 NHPs were used for complete haematological analyses and post mortem histological analysis and another six for biodistribution imaging (PET/MRI) and blood chemistry analysis.
  • the NHPs were injected with either placebo or a single dose of TRAF6i-HDL (1.25 mg/kg) and either sacrificed after 72 hours or imaged at multiple time points and then sacrificed.
  • tissue gamma counting showed that the largest amount of the injected dose (% ID/g) could be traced back to the liver and spleen, followed by the kidneys, which corroborates the findings of the PET/MRI imaging ( FIG. 19C ).
  • Blood was collected at different time points and the data were fitted using a two-phase decay non-linear regression.
  • the t1/2-fast was 14.2 min and the Ph-slow was 513 min, resulting in a weighted blood half-life (t1/2) of 272 min ( FIG. 19D ).
  • the CD40-CD40L signaling axis has long been recognized to play an imperative role in eliciting immune responses in atherosclerosis [2-5]. While its identification gave rise to high anticipation, therapeutic targeting of this costimulatory receptor-ligand pair proved cumbersome.
  • An anti-CD40L antibody was effective in diminishing atherosclerosis development in mice [3-5], but thromboembolic complications due to CD40 expressed on platelets prohibited its application in humans [21, 22].
  • CD40 is expressed on B lymphocytes, and prolonged blocking would impair their maturation causing immunodeficiency [9]. In the current study, we addressed these issues by targeting TRAF6's interaction with the cytoplasmic domain of CD40 specifically in monocytes/macrophages.
  • HDL as a nanoparticle carrier loaded with a small molecule inhibitor of CD40-TRAF6 interaction.
  • plaque macrophage content is determined by a balance of monocyte recruitment as well as macrophage proliferation, apoptosis and migratory egress.
  • the first two processes are considered the most important determinants [25-28].
  • Our data did not reveal an effect on macrophage proliferation, apoptosis or migratory egress, while we did observe a decrease in plaque Ly6Chi monocyte content, suggestive of decreased monocyte recruitment.
  • plaque Ly6Chi monocyte content suggestive of decreased monocyte recruitment.
  • TRAF6i-HDL affects various biological processes in plaque monocytes/macrophages, including impairment of monocyte/macrophage migration.
  • the extensive experiments on pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and safety in non-human primates (NHPs) illustrate the translatability of this treatment.
  • the use of reconstituted HDL has previously proved to be safe in humans with apoA-I doses of 40 mg/kg [24]. Since we used 9 mg/kg apoA-I, this poses no safety issues.
  • the TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticles will also be useful in conditions associated with or related to obesity and insulin resistance. Such conditions and complications include: insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. It is expected that blocking the CD40-TRAF pathway will lead to a lack of insulin resistance and a reduction in both adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and hepatosteatosis in diet-induced obesity, and similar conditions. It will further be expected that the TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticles of the present invention will be able to protect against AT inflammation and metabolic complications associated with obesity. Thus, administering the TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticles, alone or in combination with other standard of care treatments, may improve patient outcomes and prevent or reverse damage associated with these conditions.
  • AT adipose tissue
  • TRAF6i-HDL The synthesis of TRAF6i-HDL was based on a previously published method [34, 23].
  • the CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor 6877002 [10] was combined with 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxysn-glycero-phosphocholine (MHPC) and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) (Avanti Polar Lipids) in a chloroform/methanol mixture (9:1 by volume) and then dried in a vacuum, yielding a thin lipid film.
  • a PBS solution of human apolipoprotein A1 (apoA-I) was added to the lipid film.
  • TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticles
  • analogs of TRAF6i-HDL were prepared through incorporation of the fluorescent dyes DiR or DiO (Invitrogen), or the phospholipid chelator DSPE-DFO (1 mol % at the expense of DMPC), which allows radiolabeling with 89 Zr [35].
  • HCD high-cholesterol diet
  • mice were randomly assigned to either placebo (saline), empty rHDL or TRAF6i-HDL (5 mg/kg) groups. Mice were treated with 4 intravenous injections over 7 days, while kept on a HCD during treatment. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection.
  • Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice were euthanized and perfused with PBS, after which the aorta from the aortic root to the iliac bifurcation was gently cleaned from fat and collected.
  • Whole aortas were put in an enzymatic digestion solution containing liberase TH (4 U/mL) (Roche), deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I (40 U/ml) (Sigma-Aldrich) and hyaluronidase (60 U/mL) (Sigma-Aldrich), minced and placed in a 37° C. incubator for 60 min. Cells were run through a 70 ⁇ m strainer, and twice spun down and resuspended in serum containing media.
  • Spleens were weighed and pushed through a 70 ⁇ m cell-strainer, spun down, resuspended in red cell lysis buffer for 4 minutes, and then inactivated using serum containing media, spun down and resuspended in 1000 ⁇ L serum containing media per 100 mg of spleen tissue.
  • EDTA treated blood was spun down, resuspended in red cell lysis buffer for 4 minutes, and then inactivated using serum containing media, spun down and resuspended in 100 ⁇ l of serum containing media.
  • Bone marrow was obtained from a single femur. The intact femurs were rinsed with 70% ethanol followed by three subsequent washes in ice-cold sterile PBS.
  • the epiphyses were cut off and the bone marrow was flushed out with PBS.
  • Cells were run through a 70 ⁇ m strainer, spun down and resuspended in red cell lysis buffer for 30 seconds, and then inactivated using serum containing media, spun down and resuspended in 1000 ⁇ L of serum containing media.
  • F4/80-PE-Cy7 (clone BM8, BioLegend); CD11b-PerCP/Cy5.5 (clone M1/70, BioLegend); CD11c-APC (clone N418, BioLegend); CD45-brilliant violet 510 (clone 30-F11, BioLegend); Ly-6C-PE (clone AL-21, BD Biosciences); Ly6CFITC (clone AL-21), BD Biosciences); CD90.2-eFluor 450 (clone 53-2.1, eBioscience); CD90.2-PE (clone 53-2.1, BD Biosciences); Ter119-eFluor 450 (clone TER-119, eBioscience); NK1.1-eFluor 450 (clone PK136, eBioscience); NK1.1-PE (clone PK136, BD Biosciences); CD49b-eFluor 450 (clone DX5,
  • the antibody dilutions ranged from 1:200 to 1:100. Contribution of newly made cells to different populations was determined by in vivo labeling with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Incorporation was measured using APC-conjugated anti-BrdU antibodies according to the manufacturer's protocol (BD APC-BrdU Kit, 552598). Monocytes and macrophages were identified using a method similar to one described previously [28].
  • Ly6C hi monocytes were identified as CD11b hi , CD11c low , Lin ⁇ /low (with Lin defined as CD90.2+, CD45R+, CD49b+, NK1.1+, Ly-6 G+, Ter119+ or CD90.2+, NK1.1+, Ly-6 G+, CD19+, CD3+) F4/80 low that were also Ly-6C hi .
  • Macrophages were identified as CD11b hi , CD11c low , Lin ⁇ /low , F4/80 hi , CD11 ⁇ /low . Data were acquired on an LSRII flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and analyzed with FlowJo v10.0.7 (Tree Star, Inc.).
  • Tissues for histological analysis were collected and fixed overnight in formalin and embedded in paraffin. Aortic roots were sectioned into 4 ⁇ m slices, generating a total of 90-100 cross-sections per root. Eight cross-sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and used for atherosclerotic plaque size measurement. Other sections were deparaffinized, blocked, incubated in 95° C. antigen-retrieval solution (DAKO), and immunolabeled with either MAC-3 rat monoclonal antibody (1:30; BD Biosciences) or anti-Ki67 rabbit polyclonal antibody (1:200, Abcam). Sirius red staining was used for analysis of collagen content.
  • HE hematoxylin and eosin
  • Antibody staining was visualized by either Immpact AMEC red (Vectorlabs) or diaminobenzidine (DAB). Sections were analyzed using a Leica DM6000 microscope (Leica Microsystems) or the VENTANA iScan HT slide scanner (Ventana).
  • LCM was performed on 24 aortic root sections (6 ⁇ m) as previously described (20). In short, frozen sections were dehydrated in graded ethanol solutions (70% twice, 95% twice, 100% once), washed with DEPC treated water, stained with Mayer's hematoxylin, eosin and cleared in xylene. For every 8 sections, 1 section was used for CD68 staining (Abdserotec, 1:250 dilution) which was used to guide the LCM. CD68 rich areas within the plaques were identified and cut out using the ArcturusXT LCM System.
  • the collected CD68 positive cells were used for RNA isolation (PicoPure RNA Isolation Kit, Arcturus) and subsequent RNA amplification and cDNA preparation according to the manufacturers protocols (Ovation Pico WTA System, NuGEN). Quality and concentration of the collected samples were measured with the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer.
  • Pair-end libraries were prepared and validated. The purity, fragment size, yield and concentration were determined.
  • the library molecules were hybridized onto an Illumina flow cell. Subsequently, the hybridized molecules were amplified using bridge amplification, resulting in a heterogeneous population of clusters. The data set was obtained using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencer.
  • the pair-ended sequencing reads were aligned to human genome hg19 using tophat aligner (bowtie2) [36]. Following read alignment, HTSeq [37] was used to quantify gene expression at the gene level based on GENCODE gene model release 22 [38]. Gene expression raw read counts were normalized as counts per million using trimmed mean of M-values normalization method to adjust for sequencing library size difference among samples [39]. Differential expressed genes between drug treatments and placebo were identified using the Bioconductor package limma [40]. In order to correct the multiple testing problem, limma was used to calculate statistics and p-values in random samples after a permutation of labels.
  • Five nanomoles of pancathepsin protease sensor (ProSense 680, PerkinElmer, Cat no. NEV10003) was intravenously administered 24 hours prior to imaging.
  • CT computed tomography
  • Inveon PET-CT Siemens
  • FMT scanner PerkinElmer
  • the CT X-ray source with an exposure time of 370-400 ms was operated at 80kVp and 500 mA.
  • Contrast-enhanced high-resolution CT images were used to localize the aortic root, which was used to guide the placement of the volume of interest for the quantitative FMT protease activity map.
  • Image fusion relied on fiducial markers. Image fusion and analysis was performed with OsiriX v.6.5.2 (The Osirix Foundation, Geneva).
  • Ready-to-label HDL nanoparticles were prepared by including 1 mol % the phospholipidchelat or DSPE-DFO (35) in the formulation mix at the expense of DMPC.
  • mice fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks were injected with 89 Zr-TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticles (183 ⁇ 16 ⁇ Ci, 5 mg TRAF6i-HDL/kg).
  • 89 Zr-TRAF6i-HDL nanoparticles 183 ⁇ 16 ⁇ Ci, 5 mg TRAF6i-HDL/kg.
  • blood samples were taken, weighed and measured for radioactivity content using a 2470 Wizard automatic gamma counter (Perkin Elmer). Data were converted to percentage of injected dose per gram tissue [% ID/g], plotted in a time-activity curve and fitted using a non-linear two phase decay regression in Prism GraphPad (GraphPad Software inc, USA). A weighted blood radioactivity half-life (t1/2) was finally calculated.
  • the counting rates in the reconstructed images were converted to activity concentrations (% ID/g) by use of a system calibration factor derived from the imaging of a mouse-sized water-equivalent phantom containing 89 Zr. Images were analyzed using ASIPro VMTM (Concorde Microsystems) and Inveon Research software (Siemens Healthcare Global). Quantification of activity concentration was done by averaging the maximum values in at least 5 ROIs drawn on adjacent slices of the tissue of interest. Whole body standard low magnification CT scans were performed with the X-ray tube setup at a voltage of 80 kV and current of 500 ⁇ A.
  • the CT scan was acquired using 120 rotational steps for a total of 220 degrees yielding and estimated scan time of 120 s with an exposure of 145 ms per frame.
  • animals were sacrificed and perfused with PBS.
  • Tissues of interest liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, muscle, heart, aorta, bone and brain
  • Radioactivity was measured by gamma counting and radioactivity concentration expressed as percentage of injected dose per gram [% ID/g].
  • aortas were placed in a film cassette against a phosphorimaging plate (BASMS-2325, Fujifilm, Valhalla, N.Y.) for 24 hours at ⁇ 20° C. in order to determine radioactivity distribution.
  • the plates were read at a pixel resolution of 25 ⁇ m with a Typhoon 70001P plate reader (GE Healthcare, Pittsburgh, Pa.).
  • NIRF Near Infrared Fluorescence Imaging
  • Mice were sacrificed 24 hours after the injection and perfused with 60 mL PBS.
  • Liver, spleen, lung, kidneys, heart and muscle tissue were collected for NIRF imaging. Fluorescent images were acquired with the IVIS 200 system (Xenogen), with a 2 second exposure time, using a 745 nm excitation filter and a 820 nm emission filter. ROIs were drawn on each tissue with software provided by the vendor, after which a quantitative analysis was done with the average radiant efficiency within these ROIs.
  • monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine (5 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (0.0075-0.015 mg/kg), and blood was collected from the femoral vein. The monkeys were then injected IV via the saphaneous vein with either vehicle (PBS, USP grade) or TRAF6i-HDL such that the dose of CD40-TRAF6 inhibitor 6877002 was 1.25 mg/kg. Blood was collected 15 minutes, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours postinjection. Following the blood draw anesthesia was reversed with atipamezole (0.075-0.15 mg/kg).
  • anatomical vessel wall MR images were acquired using a proton density (PD) weighted Sampling Perfection with Application optimized Contrasts using different flip angle Evolution (SPACE) sequence.
  • MR imaging parameters were: acquisition plane, coronal; repetition time (TR), 1000 ms; echo time (TE), 79 ms; field of view (FOV), 300 ⁇ 187 mm2; number of slices, 144; number of averages, 4; bandwidth, 601 Hz/pixel; turbo factor (TF), 51; echo trains per slice, 4; echo train length, 192 ms; echo spacing, 3.7 ms; acquisition duration, 33 minutes and 36 seconds.

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