US20190076784A1 - Desalination processes and fertilizer production methods - Google Patents

Desalination processes and fertilizer production methods Download PDF

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US20190076784A1
US20190076784A1 US15/915,504 US201815915504A US2019076784A1 US 20190076784 A1 US20190076784 A1 US 20190076784A1 US 201815915504 A US201815915504 A US 201815915504A US 2019076784 A1 US2019076784 A1 US 2019076784A1
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seawater
salt wastewater
mixture
solids
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Mark O. Bublitz
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    • B01D61/022—
    • B01D61/142—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
    • B01D61/147—Microfiltration
    • B01D61/1471—Microfiltration comprising multiple microfiltration steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/58—Multistep processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D5/00—Fertilisers containing magnesium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F7/00—Fertilisers from waste water, sewage sludge, sea slime, ooze or similar masses
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
    • C02F1/004—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance using large scale industrial sized filters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/442—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by nanofiltration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/444—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by ultrafiltration or microfiltration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
    • C02F1/5236—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using inorganic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
    • C02F1/74—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with air
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
    • C02F2001/5218—Crystallization
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/124—Water desalination
    • Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/20—Fertilizers of biological origin, e.g. guano or fertilizers made from animal corpses

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to multistage desalination processes having ordered impurity removal without addition of harsh chemicals. Further, the invention includes production of a useful byproduct (fertilizer) during descaling of seawater.
  • a useful byproduct fertilizer
  • Desalination of seawater is increasingly important for production of potable water in many areas of the world. Disposal of salt wastewater is also a problem.
  • desalination processes and desalination plants utilize reverse osmosis technologies (seawater reverse osmosis, SWRO).
  • SWRO reverse osmosis
  • the mineral content, organic material content and pollutant content of seawater varies by location, it can be difficult to adjust any particular process for alternative locations or to utilize a single method in multiple areas having varied organic and mineral components.
  • high impurity content can cause plugging or scaling of the membranes utilized during reverse osmosis processing and can result in the need to use high pressure for the reverse osmosis process.
  • the invention encompasses seawater and salt wastewater treatment processes that produce potable or otherwise usable water and additionally produce fertilizer material.
  • a desalination process includes four major stages wherein:
  • a first stage involves performing a phosphate precipitation process, the phosphate precipitation process including adding a first mixture comprising ammonium phosphate and sodium phosphate to seawater or salt wastewater and mixing the first mixture and the seawater or salt wastewater. After mixing the first mixture and the seawater or salt wastewater, adding a second mixture comprising ammonia and a water-based charged solvent to the seawater or salt wastewater and mixing to produce a seawater or salt wastewater mixture having a pH of greater than or equal to about 8.5.
  • the precipitated solids are collected from the seawater or salt wastewater mixture.
  • the solids collection process comprises centrifugal flow.
  • the collected solids include one or more of divalent mineral oxides, monovalent mineral oxides and magnesium ammonium phosphate.
  • a third stage involves subjecting the cleaned seawater or salt wastewater to an oxidation process comprising aeration of the cleaned seawater, followed by filtration removal of solids produced during the oxidation process.
  • a fourth and last stage involves performing a final filtration process comprising microfiltration followed by nano-filtration of the oxidized cleaned seawater or salt wastewater to produce potable or otherwise usable water.
  • the cleaned seawater or salt wastewater is filtered after the solids collection process before it is oxidized.
  • the solids collected in stage 2 containing magnesium ammonium phosphate are an excellent fertilizer.
  • the magnesium ammonium phosphate can additionally serve as a carrier for organic matter and minor elements beneficial or essential to plant growth.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a stage one precipitation phase of an inline desalination process
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a stage two separation phase
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustration a stage three aeration phase
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a stage four final filtration phase
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a circular basin clarifier for separating the “solids fertilzer” from the “cleaned seawater or salt wastewater”;
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a rectangular basin clarifier
  • FIG. 7 is a mass spectrograph of “solids fertilizer” sample ID 1402101.
  • FIG. 8 is a micrograph taken at 2 kx (2,000 ⁇ ) of “solids fertilizer” sample ID 1402101.
  • the desalination processes of the invention comprise multiple process steps that can overcome many or all of the problems encountered utilizing conventional SWRO methods.
  • seawater from any location can be processed by the methodology of the invention with little or no process variation, even if the impurity content and concentrations differ between locations.
  • Salt wastewater resulting from various industrial processes may also be processed by the methodology of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 an initial processing stage with seawater is depicted.
  • seawater is treated to precipitate scaling minerals as phosphates.
  • the seawater is descaled utilizing a sequence of mixture additions and mixing of those mixture additions with the seawater.
  • a first mixture that is added to the seawater contains ammonium phosphate and sodium phosphate.
  • An example amount for addition can be about 1.0 g ammonium phosphate for every 250 mg/l of magnesium present in the seawater; and about 1.0 g sodium phosphate for every 150 mg of calcium present in the seawater.
  • the first mixture can preferably be a water solution that is added to the seawater, simultaneously with or followed by mixing of the first mixture with the seawater. The addition and mixing can be performed, for example, utilizing an inline injection system.
  • an aqueous mixture of ammonium phosphate and sodium phosphate is formed in a tank 10 .
  • a pneumatic injection pump 12 connected to an air or gas supply 14 injects the mixture through a prill 16 into a pipeline 18 though which seawater is flowed.
  • the phosphate and seawater mixture is then passed through a static mixer 20 to mix the seawater and phosphate addition thoroughly.
  • Stage 1 then continues as described below.
  • a second chemical mixture is added to produce a “seawater mixture”.
  • the second chemical mixture comprises an ammonia and a water-based charged (electromagnetic) solvent.
  • the water-based charged solvent can be the charged solvent as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,475,757 which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the water based charged solvent comprises water, alcohol and sodium hydride.
  • an example seawater mixture can contain 40 ml of a 7% ammonia solution and 0.25 ml of charged solvent per liter of seawater. At that ratio, the resulting seawater mixture may have a pH of greater than 8.5.
  • the charged solvent is formed by adding solid NaOH to solid silicon in a reaction vessel. With vigorous mixing, a first water ammonium mix is added at a concentration of two parts water ammonium mix per one part NaOH with the ammonium mix being 5% ammonium by weight. The mixture is reacted for from about 1 hour to about 2 hours at a temperature less than or equal to about 195° F. A second water ammonium mix is then added, the second water ammonium mix being 10% ammonium by weight, to maintain the temperature at or below about 195° F. until the final water ratio is 4 parts water to 1 part sodium silicate.
  • This second mixture is reacted for from about 6 hours to about 8 hours and water is added until the density reaches about 1.3 specific gravity and then allowed to stand for about 24 hours. Alcohol is added and mixed vigorously, the reactants allowed to settle and the uppermost fraction collected for use in the subject desalination and fertilizer production methods as the water-based charged solvent.
  • the formation of the seawater mixture in the second stage can utilize a second inline injection system although such inline methodology is not mandatory.
  • the second chemical mixture is held in a tank 22 and is injected with a pneumatic injection pump 24 connected to an air or gas supply into pipeline 18 through which the phosphate and seawater mixture is flowed.
  • the seawater mixture may be passed through a static mixer 28 that creates an electric shock resulting in an increased pH.
  • some or all divalent minerals are removed in their oxide form and magnesium ammonium phosphate precipitates in a crystal form carrying along potassium, calcium and other mineral salts. Due to the high pH of the seawater mixture, the surface tension is decreased and the oxidative corrosion is decreased. Organic and humic matter also falls out of the mixture and are included in the solids collected in a second stage, an example of which is shown in FIG. 2 .
  • a separation process is perform in the second stage to collect solids that have precipitated from the seawater mixture.
  • the separation can preferably be conducted utilizing an inline system.
  • a preferred separation method can include an inline centrifugal flow system, representative ones of which are shown in FIGS. 5 and FIG. 6 .
  • An underflow removal system can be beneficial for large-scale separation.
  • the seawater mixture is pumped 30 into a clarifier 32 .
  • a solids fraction 34 is collected and the supernate may be passed through a sand filter 36 designed with a back flush to the clarifier.
  • the water may then passed through an activated carbon filter, clinoptilolite filter or the like 38 to remove any hydrocarbon and free ammonia that is still carried with the seawater to produce a “cleaned seawater” that does not clog, scale or cake and is non-corrosive.
  • the solids fraction 34 is useful as a fertilizer and the “cleaned seawater” may be further processed. Larger amounts of fertilizer may be harvested by increasing (e.g., doubling) the amount of ammonium phosphate to 2.0 g for every 250 mg/l magnesium present in the seawater and the amount of sodium phosphate to 2.0 g for every 150 mg/l of calcium present in the seawater.
  • the “solids fertilizer” collected in stage 2 is a slow release fertilizer, the release of which can be further controlled by granular size unlike conventional water soluble fertilizers.
  • the “solids fertilizer” does not leach from sandy or porous soils even with over watering or heavy rain. Because of this property, several years supply of fertilizer may be applied when planting reducing labor costs. Further benefits include placing the “solids fertilizer” adjacent to the bare roots of plants without danger of burning or damaging the plants. Accurate placement of the fertilizer next to the roots also encourages rapid growth of the plants without fertilizing the weeds. Past testing has also shown that there is less need for herbicides and insecticides.
  • Stage 3 of the desalination process involves subsequent processing of the cleaned seawater as depicted in FIG. 3 .
  • an aeration/oxidation treatment is performed in a tank 40 preferably with an open top with air lifts 42 for circulation and oxidation of impurities within the cleaned seawater with air or an inert gas.
  • the carbon oxygen demand (COD), volatile oxygen compounds (VOCs) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) may be reduced, as well as oxidizing out any iron, manganese, arsenic or other oxidizable contaminant.
  • carbon dioxide or hydrogen peroxide may be injected if needed for further removal of troublesome contaminants.
  • the oxidized contaminants may be removed from the cleaned seawater utilizing one or both a second carbon filter and a Chaff filter (not shown).
  • the cleaned seawater may then be filtered as shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the filtration process can include micro-filtration followed by nano-filtration of the cleaning seawater to produce purified (potable) water.
  • the entire filtration processing is conducted at a pressure of less than or equal to 250 psi.
  • the micro-filtration can utilize one or more filtration media.
  • the micro-filtration may utilize a first “dual media” micro-filtration process through a first micro-filter 44 followed by a sand filtration media 46 through a second micro-filter (not shown), and a subsequent carbon filtration media 48 through a third micro-filter (not shown).
  • the three micro-filters can preferably be inline with filtration waste from each of the micro-filters being recycled back into the aeration tank 40 .
  • the micro-filtered water can then be passed through a nano-filtration system.
  • the micro-filtered water is correctly charged for ion removal during nano-filtration, has no suspended solids or scaling components that can clog the nano-filter(s), and contains no components that can chemically damage the nano-filter(s). Further, the surface tension of the micro-filtered water has been reduced (relative to the original seawater) and has no corrosive properties. Accordingly, in contrast with conventional desalination processes, the nano-filtration process of the present invention can be conducted under low pressure (less than or equal to about 250 psi.)
  • the nano-filtration processing can utilize one or more nano-filtration units each comprising one or more nano-filters (same or differing pore sizes, materials, etc.).
  • the resulting nano-filtered water can be purified to total dissolved solids (TDS) content of less than or equal to 800 ppm.
  • TDS total dissolved solids
  • the resulting product is potable and the methodology is streamlined and cost effective due to the decreased pressurization relative to conventional methodology and non-utilization of expensive reverse osmosis membranes. Further, the amount of brine (waste) from the system (collected from the nano-filtration processing) is dramatically decreased relative to alternative technologies and is therefore relatively inexpensive to dispose of. Accordingly the methodology of the invention is much more efficient and cost effective than alternative systems.
  • a fertilizer was extracted from seawater from the Yellow Sea as follows:
  • a premix of 950 ml distilled water with 30 ml of 30% ammonium hydroxide was formed to which 20 ml of a water-based charged solvent as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,475,757 was added.
  • the solids were rinsed with water and dried for use as a fertilizer.
  • the “solids fertilizer” (1402101), “seawater before sample” (1402099) and the “seawater after sample” (1402100) were subjected to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the results of which are shown in Table I.
  • ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
  • a mass spectrometry analysis of the “solids fertilizer” ID 1402101 is shown in FIG. 7 and a micrograph of the “solids fertilizer” showing its crystalline structure is shown in FIG. 8 .
  • Example 2 The same procedure as described in Example 1 was done with seawater from the Pacific Ocean off the shores of southern Canada.
  • the “seawater before sample” (4030973-01), “seawater after sample” (4030973-02) and “solids fertilizer” (4030973-03) were subjected to analysis:
  • the agronomic properties of the “solids fertilizer” collected in examples 1 and 2 are remarkable. It contains an average of 8-10% magnesium or higher depending on the magnesium content of the seawater. Magnesium is involved in chlorophyll production and the extra magnesium in the fertilizer helps plants produce chlorophyll in lower light situations (both intensity and duration) which boosts plant growth.
  • the “solids fertilizer” is a carrier for other minor elements beneficial or essential to plant growth such as potassium.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
  • Removal Of Specific Substances (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
US15/915,504 2015-09-09 2018-03-08 Desalination processes and fertilizer production methods Abandoned US20190076784A1 (en)

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PCT/US2016/050921 WO2017044727A1 (fr) 2015-09-09 2016-09-09 Procédés de dessalement et procédés de production d'engrais
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CN112225383A (zh) * 2020-11-06 2021-01-15 程晓凌 一种水合电子基液、制备方法及其在高盐废水处理中的应用
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US20190160430A1 (en) 2019-05-30
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