US20190062272A1 - Small molecules for immunogenic treatment of cancer - Google Patents

Small molecules for immunogenic treatment of cancer Download PDF

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US20190062272A1
US20190062272A1 US16/093,294 US201716093294A US2019062272A1 US 20190062272 A1 US20190062272 A1 US 20190062272A1 US 201716093294 A US201716093294 A US 201716093294A US 2019062272 A1 US2019062272 A1 US 2019062272A1
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alkyl
cancer
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Dinesh Chimmanamada
Weiwen Ying
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Capten Therapeutics Inc
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    • C07C323/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups
    • C07C323/23—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/24—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/25—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C323/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups
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    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C323/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups
    • C07C323/23—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/39—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton at least one of the nitrogen atoms being part of any of the groups, X being a hetero atom, Y being any atom
    • C07C323/40—Y being a hydrogen or a carbon atom
    • C07C323/41—Y being a hydrogen or an acyclic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C39/00—Compounds having at least one hydroxy or O-metal group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C39/02—Compounds having at least one hydroxy or O-metal group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring monocyclic with no unsaturation outside the aromatic ring
    • C07C39/08—Dihydroxy benzenes; Alkylated derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C39/00—Compounds having at least one hydroxy or O-metal group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C39/18—Compounds having at least one hydroxy or O-metal group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring monocyclic with unsaturation outside the aromatic ring
    • C07C39/19—Compounds having at least one hydroxy or O-metal group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring monocyclic with unsaturation outside the aromatic ring containing carbon-to-carbon double bonds but no carbon-to-carbon triple bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C50/00—Quinones
    • C07C50/02—Quinones with monocyclic quinoid structure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
    • A61K47/6883—Polymer-drug antibody conjugates, e.g. mitomycin-dextran-Ab; DNA-polylysine-antibody complex or conjugate used for therapy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
    • C07C2601/06—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring
    • C07C2601/08—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring the ring being saturated

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to new compounds for immunogenic treatment of cancer.
  • the compounds can be administered as a single agent or in combination with an anticancer drug including modulators of other immune pathways, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors that target CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 proteins.
  • the compounds can produce neoantigens through irreversible protein binding in cancer cells and generate immune response.
  • Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a breakthrough therapeutic area for the treatment of cancer.
  • a significant population of melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients have been proven to have benefited from antibody therapies to immune checkpoints such as cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) (Hodi et al. N Engl J Med, 2010, 363, 711-723; Topalian et al. N Engl J Med, 2012, 366, 2443-2454).
  • CTLA-4 and two PD-1 inhibitors approved by FDA for melanoma and NSCLC patients and recent reports of their successful application to other cancer types in trials, the future of cancer immune therapy looks brighter than ever.
  • ORR all response rate
  • a report/review discusses about four different nodes of inducing or enhancing antitumor immunity (Smyth et al., Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol, 2015, 24 Nov. 2015 online) namely; 1. Elimination of immune suppression; 2. Immunogenic cancer dell death; 3. Enhanced antigen presenting cell function; and 4. Enhanced T/macrophage effector activity.
  • immune suppression category multiple pathways/targets are currently being pursued such as IDO, Arginase-1, LAG-3, TIM-3, VISTA etc.
  • APC function enhancement category CD40, TLR agonists are being considered.
  • Enhancing T or macrophage effector activity through modulation of tumor microenvironment is another emerging area with multiple targets such as proteins involved in adenosine pathway (A2AR, CD73), OX-40 and selective delivery of IL-2 are also being developed.
  • A2AR, CD73 proteins involved in adenosine pathway
  • OX-40 selective delivery of IL-2 are also being developed.
  • the node 2 described by authors which is immunogenic cancer cell death, offers unique opportunity to utilize various methodologies to generate artificial immunity at the tumor site.
  • Vaccines to generate infiltration of cytotoxic lymphocytes (Melero et al., Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol, 2014, 11, 509-524) are already underway or induction of chemokines to attract CTL are being conceived.
  • Chemically reactive small molecule drugs can be immunogenic, where hapten specific neoantigens are presented by MHC molecules to attract T cells leading to hypersensitivity or inflammation.
  • hapten specific neoantigens are presented by MHC molecules to attract T cells leading to hypersensitivity or inflammation.
  • antigen presentations have been proposed (Pichler, Toxicology, 2002, 181-182, 49-54), irreversible binding of drugs/metabolites to intracellular proteins in targets organs generating antigens to attract T cells, direct binding to different T cell clones etc.
  • Haptens are small molecules that are too small to be recognized by the immune system, hence are not immunogenic. However, these reactive chemicals irreversibly bind to proteins creating antigenic epitopes, which in turn attract immune cells.
  • the immunogenicity is determined by the reactivity of the hapten, hydrophobicity of the molecules and bioavailability (Chipinda et al., Journal of Allergy , vol. 2011, Article ID 839682, 11 pages, 2011.)
  • Antigen presentation also depends on whether the irreversibly modified proteins are on the cell surface and cross presented through MHC-1 to cytotoxic CD8+ cells (Ortmann et al., The Journal of Immunology, 1992, 148, 1445-1450). And presentation of antigens to na ⁇ ve T cells leads to the formation of hapten specific memory T cells that has the capability to become hapten specific effector T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) eliciting the damage at the site of action.
  • CD4+ and CD8+ hapten specific memory
  • Erkes et al. classify all the attempts that has been done so far in the area of hapten-mediated antitumor immunity into 4 types (Erkes et al., Journal of Immunological Research, 2014, Article ID 175265, 28 pages): 1. Ex-vivo haptenation of the excised tumor and injecting the cells back to the animal (Hamoaka, et al., J. Exp. Medicine, 1979, 149, 185-189; Flood et al., J. of Immunol, 1987, 138, 3573-3579); 2.
  • Urushiols the chemicals that are found in plants such as poison oak, Lacquer Tree, poison ivy, poison sumac etc. are known to cause contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in people through the generation of immune response. It has been proposed that these catechol derivatives undergo oxidation to produce the quinones, which are highly reactive and bind to proteins irreversibly to generate neoantigens that attract immune response (Kalish et al., Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1999, 103, 192-199; Ishii-Osai et al., Journal Dermatol Sci. 2012, 67, 51-60).
  • neoantigen generating small molecules can either be used as a single agent or in combination with existing anticancer drugs, including modulators of other immune pathways, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors that target CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 proteins.
  • the present invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, conjugate, or prodrug thereof, wherein said compound is represented by Formula 1
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, conjugate, or prodrug thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, and excipients.
  • the present invention provides a method for treating cancer, the method comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, conjugate, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to a subject in need thereof, wherein the compound of the invention generates an immune response in situ at the tumor through a formation of neoantigen.
  • the compound of the invention as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, conjugate, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered in combination with an anticancer drug, wherein said anticancer drug is a cytotoxic drug selected from alkylating agents, antimitotic drugs, antimetabolites, topoisomerase 1 and 2 inhibitors, platinum drugs, anti-microtubule agents, and hormones, or derivatives thereof, a molecularly targeted agent, cell cycle signaling agent, modulators of tumor microenvironment, an antibody drug conjugate (ADC), radiation, an immunosuppressant, an enhancer of antigen presenting functions, an enhancer of T/macrophage effector, a drug that influences the purine metabolism, an agonist or antagonist of adenosine receptors, a proteasome inhibitor, a HDAC inhibitor, a TRAIL-R agonist, a chimeric antigen receptor t-cell therapy (CAR-T), an antitumor vaccine, or an immunomodul
  • the compound of the invention as described herein is administered in the form of:
  • FIG. 1 depicts the effect of test compounds of the invention on IFN- ⁇ production by mouse splenocytes.
  • FIG. 2 depicts the tumor growth inhibition by Compound 10 and synergy with PD-1 mAb in CT26 mouse syngeneic model.
  • FIG. 3 depicts the % Body weight change of animals treated with Compound 10 and PD-1 mAb in CT26 mouse syngeneic model.
  • FIG. 4 depicts % BW changes of the animals treated with vehicle and compound 10.
  • FIG. 5 depicts the frequency of T-cells.
  • FIG. 6 depicts the frequency of CD8 positive cells.
  • FIG. 7 depicts the frequency of CD4 positive T-Cells.
  • FIG. 8 depicts an immune response of Compound 10 as assessed by mouse ear swelling test (MEST).
  • FIG. 9 depicts the covalent bond formation of Compound 10 with cysteine in open air conditions.
  • the present invention provides new compounds for immunogenic treatment of cancer.
  • the present invention provides a compound represented by Formula 1
  • the present invention provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a conjugate, or a prodrug thereof, wherein said compound is represented by Formula 1
  • the 4, 5, 6, or 7-membered ring formed by R 7 and R 7′ or R 9 and R 9′ is
  • the targeting moiety (TM) is an antibody, a folate receptor binding moiety, a peptide, a nanoparticle based delivery vehicle, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, or an Hsp90 inhibitor.
  • the targeting moiety (TM) is a targeting moiety connected through a nitrogen atom (—N(TM)) or an oxygen atom (—O(TM)) of the targeting moiety.
  • —N(TM) is defined as below:
  • connecting nitrogen atom is either used as a link between the two fragment or part of the targeting moiety; and wherein Z is H, alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —OH, or —O— alkyl.
  • the linker includes, but is not limited to, a cathepsin cleavable valine-citruline linker with or without a spacer, or a disulfide linker, a phosphor-SPDB linker, a thioether linker, or a hydrazone/hydrazide linker.
  • the targeting moiety includes (1) antibodies that are used in antibody drug conjugates including trastuzumab, gemtuzumab, inotuzumab, pinatuzumab, milatuzumab, lorvotuzumab, glembatumomab, labestuzumab, brentuximab, denintuzumab, anti-TROP-2; (2) folate receptor binding moieties such as folate and its derivatives; (3) peptides that used in targeted delivery such as LRP-1; (4) nanoparticle based delivery vehicles such as liposomes, polymer (such as polyethylene glycol) based delivery vehicles, hyaluronic acid based delivery vehicles.
  • antibodies that are used in antibody drug conjugates including trastuzumab, gemtuzumab, inotuzumab, pinatuzumab, milatuzumab, lorvotuzumab, glembatumomab, labestuzumab, brentuxima
  • the targeting moiety can be a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
  • the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor can include a core structure of gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, canertinib, dacomitinib, neratinib, pelitinib, vandetanib, varlitinib, ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, ONO-4059, or spebrutinib.
  • the PDG group in the compound of the invention as described herein is connected to the group to which it is attached through a carbamate bond, an ester bond, or an ether bond with an additional linker. In other embodiments, the PDG group in the compound of the invention is connected to the group to which it is attached through a carbamate bond, an ester bond, or an ether bond without an additional linker.
  • PDG is represented by Formula 2, Formula 3, or Formula 4
  • the compound of Formula 1 is represented by Formula 5a or its oxidized quinone form of Formula 5b
  • the compound of Formula 1 is represented by Formula 6a or its oxidized quinone form of Formula 6b
  • the compound of Formula 1b is represented by Formula 7a or its oxidized quinone form of Formula 7b
  • the compound of Formula 1 is represented by Formula 8a or its oxidized quinone form of Formula 8b
  • the 4, 5, 6, or 7-membered ring formed by R 7 and R 7′ or R 9 and R 9′ or R m and R n is
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , and R 5 are H.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , and R 6 are H.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are H.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are H.
  • R 2 is —CH 2 —N(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 —N(Et) 2 , or —CH 2 -Het.
  • R 3 is OH.
  • R 6 is OH.
  • R 6 is —S(CH 2 ) p NR 9 R 9′ or —S—(CH 2 ) p OR 10 .
  • p is an integer from 2 to 6. In certain embodiments, p is 2.
  • one of R 9 and R 9′ is —SO 2 -alkyl, —SO 2 -cycloalkyl, —SO 2 -aryl, or —SO 2 -heterocycloalkyl.
  • one of R 9 and R 9′ is —CO-alkyl, —CO-cycloalkyl, —CO-aryl, or —CO-heteroaryl.
  • one of R 9 and R 9′ is —CO-alkyl or —CO— cycloalkyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 4 and R 5 are H and R 3 is OH.
  • R 6 is alkenyl.
  • R 6 is alkyl, —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(H)—C(O)-alkyl, or —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(H)—C(O)-cycloalkyl.
  • the alkyl group including the alkyl group from —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(H)—C(O)-alkyl, is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, or n-decyl.
  • the alkyl group is methyl.
  • the alkyl group is ethyl.
  • the cycloalkyl group including the cycloalkyl group from —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(H)—C(O)-cycloalkyl, is -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, or -cycloheptyl.
  • alkyl is optionally substituted with halogen. In some embodiments, the optionally substituted alkyl is trifluoromethyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 4 and R 6 are H and R 3 is OH.
  • R 5 is alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, wherein each of alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl is a linear hydrocarbon group containing 2-20 carbon atoms. In other embodiments, R 5 is cycloalkyl.
  • R 5 is —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(H)—C(O)-alkyl or —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(H)—C(O)-cycloalkyl.
  • the alkyl group, including the alkyl group from —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(H)—C(O)-alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, or n-decyl.
  • the alkyl group is methyl. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is ethyl. In other embodiments, the cycloalkyl group, including the cycloalkyl group from —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(H)—C(O)-cycloalkyl, is -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, or -cycloheptyl. In certain embodiments, alkyl is optionally substituted with halogen. In some embodiments, the optionally substituted alkyl is trifluoromethyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are H and R 6 is OH.
  • R 5 is alkenyl.
  • R 5 is alkyl, cycloalkyl, —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(H)—C(O)-alkyl, or —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(H)—C(O)-cycloalkyl.
  • the alkyl group including the alkyl group from —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(H)—C(O)-alkyl, is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, or n-decyl.
  • the alkyl group is methyl.
  • the alkyl group is ethyl.
  • the cycloalkyl group including the cycloalkyl group from —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(H)—C(O)-cycloalkyl, is -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, or -cycloheptyl.
  • alkyl is optionally substituted with halogen. In some embodiments, the optionally substituted alkyl is trifluoromethyl.
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are H.
  • R 2 is —CH 2 —N(CH 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 —N(Et) 2 , or —CH 2 -Het.
  • Het is azitidine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, piperidine, N-methylpiperazine, N-ethylpiperazine connected through nitrogen.
  • R 6 is 7-chloroquinolin-4-amine, 7-methylquinolin-4-amine, or 7-trifluoromethylquinoline-4-amine. In certain embodiments, R 6 is connected to other groups through the amino group at the 4′ position of optionally substituted pyridine or quinoline fragments.
  • R 1 is —PO 3 H 2 , —SO 2 —NH 2 , —SO 2 —N(CH 3 ) 2 , —SO 2 —N(Et) 2 , —SO 2 -Het, -acetyl, —CO—N(CH 3 ) 2 , —CO—N(Et) 2 , —CO—N(iPr) 2 , —CO—N(nPr) 2 , and —CO-Het.
  • Het is azitidine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, piperidine, N-methylpiperazine, or N-ethylpiperazine. In certain embodiments, Het is connected to other groups through its nitrogen atom.
  • R 3 is —O—PO 3 H 2 , —O—SO 2 —NH 2 , —O—SO 2 —N(CH 3 ) 2 , —O—SO 2 —N(Et) 2 —O—SO 2 -Het, —OAc, —O—CO—N(CH 3 ) 2 , —O—CO—N(Et) 2 , —O—CO—N(iPr) 2 , —O—CO—N(nPr) 2 , or —O—CO-Het.
  • Het is azitidine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, piperidine, N-methylpiperazine, or N-ethylpiperazine.
  • Het is connected to other groups through its nitrogen atom
  • R 6 is —O—PO 3 H 2 , —O—SO 2 —NH 2 , —O—SO 2 —N(CH 3 ) 2 , —O—SO 2 —N(Et) 2 —O—SO 2 -Het, —OAc, —O—CO—N(CH 3 ) 2 , —O—CO—N(Et) 2 , —O—CO—N(iPr) 2 , —O—CO—N(nPr) 2 , or —O—CO-Het.
  • Het is azitidine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, piperidine, N-methylpiperazine, or N-ethylpiperazine.
  • Het is connected to other groups through its nitrogen atom
  • a compound of Formulae 1-4, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, and 8b, R 1 and R 3 together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • the 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring is a cyclic sulfite, a cyclic sulfate, a cyclic phosphate, a cyclic carbonate, a cyclic imidate, or a cyclic oxalate.
  • conjugate refers to a product of the covalent attachment of a compound of the invention as described herein, for example, a compound of formula 1, to an antibody, a folate receptor binding moiety, a peptide, a nanoparticle based delivery vehicle, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, or an Hsp90 inhibitor.
  • the conjugate of a compound of the invention as described herein is an antibody drug conjugate (ADC), a folate receptor drug conjugate (FRDC), a peptide drug conjugate, a nanoparticle containing liposomes, a polymer based vehicle, a hyaluronic acid based delivery vehicle, a conjugate with a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor; or a conjugate with an Hsp90 inhibitor thereof.
  • ADC antibody drug conjugate
  • FRDC folate receptor drug conjugate
  • a peptide drug conjugate a nanoparticle containing liposomes
  • polymer based vehicle a polymer based vehicle
  • FRDC hyaluronic acid based delivery vehicle
  • conjugate with a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor or a conjugate with an Hsp90 inhibitor thereof.
  • the compound of the invention is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
  • alkyl refers to a saturated, straight or branched, noncyclic hydrocarbon having 1-25 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group contains 1-20 carbon atoms.
  • an alkyl group can contain from 1 to 25, from 1 to 20, from 2 to 20, from 1 to 10, from 1 to 8, from 1 to 6, from 1 to 4, or from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.
  • exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, hexyl, and c-hexyl.
  • cycloalkyl refers to non-aromatic carbocycles including cyclized alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups.
  • Cycloalkyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) ring systems, including spirocycles.
  • cycloalkyl groups can have from 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, 3 to about 14 carbon atoms, 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, or 3 to 7 carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups can further have 0, 1, 2, or 3 double bonds and/or 0, 1, or 2 triple bonds.
  • cycloalkyl moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the cycloalkyl ring, for example, benzo derivatives of cyclopentane, cyclopentene, cyclohexane, and the like.
  • a cycloalkyl group having one or more fused aromatic rings can be attached through either the aromatic or non-aromatic portion.
  • One or more ring-forming carbon atoms of a cycloalkyl group can be oxidized, for example, having an oxo or sulfido substituent.
  • Example cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcarnyl, adamantyl, and the like.
  • alkenyl refers to an unsaturated, straight or branched, cyclic or noncyclic hydrocarbon group having 2-20 carbon atoms.
  • exemplary groups include, but are not limited to, —(CH 2 ) 7 CH ⁇ CH(CH 2 )SCH 3 , —(CH 2 ) 7 CH ⁇ CHCH 2 CH ⁇ CH(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , (CH 2 ) 7 CH ⁇ CHCH 2 CH ⁇ CHCH ⁇ CHCH 3 , (CH 2 ) 7 CH ⁇ CHCH 2 CH ⁇ CHCH 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 , or —(CH 2 ) 9 CH ⁇ CH(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 [(Z)-3-(10-Pentadecenyl)-1,2-benzenediol].
  • alkynyl refers to an unsaturated, straight or branched, noncyclic hydrocarbon group having 2-10 carbon atoms and containing one or more triple bonds.
  • halo or “halogen” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group functionalized with one or more halo groups.
  • the halo group is a fluoro group, or a chloro group, or a bromo group.
  • the halo group is a fluoro group.
  • exemplary haloalkyl includes, is not limited to, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , —CH 3 —CF 3 , and —CF 2 —CF 3 .
  • heterocycloalkyl or “heterocylic group” or “heterocyclic ring” or “Het” refers to a non-aromatic heterocycle where one or more of the ring-forming atoms is a heteroatom such as an O, N, and/or S atom.
  • Heterocycloalkyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) ring systems as well as spirocycles.
  • Example heterocycloalkyl groups include morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperazinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl, 1,3-benzodioxole, benzo-1,4-dioxane, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, and the like.
  • heterocycloalkyl moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the nonaromatic heterocyclic ring, for example phthalimidyl, naphthalimidyl, and benzo derivatives of heterocycles.
  • the heterocycloalkyl group refers to piperidine, morpholine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, azetidine, or tetrahydrofuran.
  • the heterocycloalkyl group refers to
  • A2′ is H, —CH 3 , -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.
  • halo or “halogen” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
  • aryl refers to monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) aromatic hydrocarbons such as, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, and the like. In some embodiments, an aryl group has from 6 to about 20 carbon atoms. In other embodiments, an aryl group has from 6 to 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the aryl group refers to phenyl or naphthyl.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic heterocycle having at least one heteroatom ring member such as sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen.
  • Heteroaryl groups include monocyclic and polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) systems.
  • the heteroaryl group has from about 3 to about 20 carbon atoms.
  • the heteroaryl group contains 3 to 14, 3 to 7, or 5 to 6 ring-forming atoms.
  • the heteroaryl group has 1 to 4, 1 to 3, or 1 to 2 heteroatoms.
  • heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, imidazole, pyrimidine, triazine, pyrazole, triazole, oxazole, indole, indazole, imidazole, indolizine, purine, indolizine, phthalazine, quinolone, isoquinoline, quinazoline, triazine, pyridazine, benzofuran, benzimidazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, isothiazole, tetrazole, and the like.
  • the heteroaryl group refers to pyrrole, furan, thiophene, thiazole, oxazole, pyrazole, imidazole, isoxazole, triazole, pyrimidine, pyridine, triazine, or pyrazine
  • the term “compound,” as used herein, is meant to include all stereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, and isotopomers of the structures depicted. All compounds are also meant to include solvated, or hydrated forms.
  • the compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one or more stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated.
  • Compounds of the present invention that contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Methods on how to prepare optically active forms from optically active starting materials are known in the art, such as by resolution of racemic mixtures or by stereoselective synthesis. Many geometric isomers of olefins, C ⁇ N double bonds, and the like can also be present in the compounds described herein, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present invention. Cis and trans geometric isomers of the compounds of the present invention are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms.
  • the invention relates to the D form, the L form, and D/L mixtures and also, where more than one asymmetric carbon atom is present, to the diastereomeric forms.
  • Those compounds of the invention which contain asymmetric carbon atoms, and which as a rule accrue as racemates, can be separated into the optically active isomers in a known manner, for example using an optically active acid.
  • the compounds of the invention also include tautomeric forms.
  • Tautomeric forms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent double bond together with the concomitant migration of a proton.
  • Tautomeric forms include prototropic tautomers which are isomeric protonation states having the same empirical formula and total charge.
  • Example prototropic tautomers include ketone—enol pairs, amide—imidic acid pairs, lactam—lactim pairs, amide—imidic acid pairs, enamine—imine pairs, and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, for example, 1H- and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1H- and 2H-isoindole, and 1H- and 2H-pyrazole.
  • Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution.
  • the compounds described herein may contain one or more chiral centers, or may otherwise be capable of existing as multiple stereoisomers. It is to be understood that in one embodiment, the invention described herein is not limited to any particular stereochemical requirement, and that the compounds, and compositions, methods, uses, and medicaments that include them may be optically pure, or may be any of a variety of stereoisomeric mixtures, including racemic and other mixtures of enantiomers, other mixtures of diastereomers, and the like. It is also to be understood that such mixtures of stereoisomers may include a single stereochemical configuration at one or more chiral centers, while including mixtures of stereochemical configuration at one or more other chiral centers.
  • the compounds described herein may include geometric centers, such as cis, trans, E, and Z double bonds. It is to be understood that in another embodiment, the invention described herein is not limited to any particular geometric isomer requirement, and that the compounds, and compositions, methods, uses, and medicaments that include them may be pure, or may be any of a variety of geometric isomer mixtures. It is also to be understood that such mixtures of geometric isomers may include a single configuration at one or more double bonds, while including mixtures of geometry at one or more other double bonds.
  • Compounds of the invention can also include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the intermediates or final compounds.
  • Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
  • isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium.
  • the compound of the invention as described herein can be in different isotope variation, for example, isotopes of hydrogen can be tritium or deuterium.
  • the compound of the invention as described herein can be in different polymorph forms.
  • polymorph refers to a specific form of a compound of the invention.
  • polymorphs may represent crystalline forms that can vary in pharmaceutically relevant physical properties between one form and another, e.g., under different crystallization conditions, environmental conditions, hygroscopic activity of the compounds.
  • hydrate includes, but is not limited to, hemi-hydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate and the like. Hydrates of a compound of the invention may be prepared by contacting the compound with water under suitable conditions to produce the hydrate of choice.
  • the present invention includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compounds described herein.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by converting an existing acid or base moiety to its salt form.
  • examples of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the present invention includes the conventional non-toxic salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods.
  • Such salt can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two.
  • nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are used.
  • the physiologically acceptable salt may be obtained by neutralizing the bases with inorganic or organic acids or by neutralizing the acids with inorganic or organic bases.
  • suitable inorganic acids are hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, or hydrobromic acid
  • suitable organic acids are carboxylic acid, sulpho acid, or sulphonic acid, such as acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tannic acid, succinic acid, alginic acid, benzoic acid, 2-phenoxybenzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, salicylic acid, 3-aminosalicylic acid, ascorbic acid, embonic acid, nicotinic acid, isonicotinic acid, oxalic acid, gluconic acid, amino acids, methanesulphonic acid, ethane
  • suitable inorganic bases are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and ammonia
  • suitable organic bases are amines, e.g., tertiary amines, such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, quinoline, isoquinoline, ⁇ -picoline, ⁇ -picoline, ⁇ -picoline, quinaldine, or pyrimidine.
  • a physiologically acceptable salt of the compounds of the present invention can be obtained by converting derivatives which possess tertiary amino groups into the corresponding quaternary ammonium salts in a manner known per se using quaternizing agents.
  • suitable quaternizing agents are alkyl halides, such as methyl iodide, ethyl bromide, and n-propyl chloride, and also arylalkyl halides, such as benzyl chloride or 2-phenylethyl bromide.
  • the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to the amount which provides a therapeutic effect for a given condition and administration regimen.
  • the “subject” is used here to refer to an animal or a human. In some embodiment, the term “subject” refers to a human.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention, e.g., a compound of Formulae 1-4, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, and 8b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, conjugate, or prodrug thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, and excipients.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include solvents, dispersion media, buffers, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, wetting agents, preservatives, buffers, chelating agents, antioxidants, isotonic agents and absorption delaying agents.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include water; saline; phosphate buffered saline; dextrose; glycerol; alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol; phosphate, citrate and other organic acids; ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; EDTA; salt forming counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEEN, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURONICS; isotonic agents such as sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol, and sodium chloride; as well as combinations thereof.
  • compositions of the invention may be formulated in a variety of ways, including for example, solid, semi-solid (e.g., cream, ointment, and gel), and liquid dosage forms, such as liquid solutions (e.g., topical lotion or spray), dispersions or suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles and suppositories.
  • the compositions are in the form of injectable or infusible solutions.
  • the composition is in a form suitable for oral, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, transmucosal, transdermal, or topical administration.
  • the composition may be formulated as an immediate, controlled, extended or delayed release composition.
  • compositions suitable for use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile solutions or dispersions. It should be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and will preferably be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • a coating such as lecithin
  • surfactants Suitable formulations for use in the therapeutic methods disclosed herein are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., 16th ed. (1980).
  • the composition includes isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols, such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile solutions can be prepared by incorporating the molecule, by itself or in combination with other active agents, in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated herein, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle, which contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions one method of preparation is vacuum drying and freeze-drying, which yields a powder of an active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • the preparations for injections are processed, filled into containers such as ampoules, bags, bottles, syringes or vials, and sealed under aseptic conditions according to methods known in the art. Further, the preparations may be packaged and sold in the form of a kit such as those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0102208 A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Effective doses of the compositions of the present invention vary depending upon many different factors, including means of administration, target site, physiological state of the subject, whether the subject is human or an animal, other medications administered, and whether treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic.
  • the patient is a human but non-human mammals (e.g., domestic animals) can also be diagnosed or treated.
  • the methods of treatment described herein can be used to treat any suitable mammal, including primates, such as monkeys and humans, horses, cows, cats, dogs, rabbits, and rodents such as rats and mice. Diagnostic of treatment dosages may be titrated using routine methods known to those of skill in the art to optimize safety and efficacy.
  • compositions of the invention may include a “therapeutically effective amount” or a “diagnostically effective amount.”
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” or a “diagnostically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic or diagnostic result, respectively.
  • An effective amount may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the compound to elicit a desired response in the individual.
  • An effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the compound are outweighed by the therapeutically or diagnostically beneficial effects.
  • administering is not limited to any particular delivery system and may include, without limitation, oral (for example, in capsules, suspensions or tablets), parenteral (including subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary, intraarticular, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal injection), rectal, topical, and transdermal.
  • Administration to a subject may occur in a single dose or in repeat administrations, and in any of a variety of physiologically acceptable salt forms, and/or with an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier and/or additive as part of a pharmaceutical composition (described earlier).
  • physiologically acceptable salt forms and standard pharmaceutical formulation techniques are well known to persons skilled in the art (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co.).
  • the dose of the active compound of the invention can vary depending on the route of administration, the age and weight of the patient, the nature and severity of the diseases to be treated, and similar factors.
  • the daily dose can be given as a single dose, which is to be administered once, or be subdivided into two or more daily doses, and is as a rule 0.001-2000 mg. Particular preference is given to administering daily doses of 0.1-500 mg, e.g. 0.1-100 mg.
  • Suitable administration forms are oral, parenteral, intravenous, transdermal, topical, inhalative, intranasal and sublingual preparations.
  • administration forms are by parenteral, e.g. intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intramuscular.
  • the compound of the invention may be administered as a combination therapy with further active agents, e.g. therapeutically active compounds useful in the treatment of cancer, for example, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, or breast cancer.
  • the active ingredients may be formulated as compositions containing several active ingredients in a single dose form and/or as kits containing individual active ingredients in separate dose forms.
  • the active ingredients used in combination therapy may be coadministered or administered separately.
  • the present invention provides a method of selective tumor delivery and in situ generation of molecules that react with proteins to generate neoantigens at tumor, that attract specific immune cells such as CD8+, CD4+ cells.
  • immune response generating chemicals through neoantigen formation can be used as single agents or their combination with other anticancer agents, especially modulators of other immune pathways including immune checkpoint inhibitors that target CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1.
  • the present invention provides a method for treating cancer, the method comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, for example, a compound of Formulae 1-4, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, and 8b, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, conjugate, or prodrug thereof. It is an embodiment of the invention that the compound of the invention generates an immune response in situ at the tumor through a formation of neoantigen.
  • the compound of the invention can be used for the treatment of cancer, for example, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, head and neck cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, bladder cancer, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
  • cancer for example, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, head and neck cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, bladder cancer, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
  • the compound of the invention that are represented by Formulae 1-4, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, and 8b are specifically used for treating cancers that express elevated levels of reactive oxygen species.
  • cancers include, but are not limited to, lung cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, leukemia, uroepithelial cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, esophageal cancer, glioblastoma, prostate cancer, oral cancer, bladder cancer, gastric cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, and others.
  • Such applications are envisioned based on the idea that selective conversion of prohapten to hapten is feasible by reactive oxygen species within tumor microenvironment of the cancers.
  • the compound of the invention such as a compound of Formulae 1-4, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, and 8b is administered in combination with an anticancer drug
  • the anticancer drug is a cytotoxic drug selected from alkylating agents, antimitotic drugs, antimetabolites, topoisomerase 1 and 2 inhibitors, platinum drugs, anti-microtubule agents, and hormones, or derivatives thereof, a molecularly targeted agent, cell cycle signaling agent, modulators of tumor microenvironment, an antibody drug conjugate (ADC), radiation, an immunosuppressant, an enhancer of antigen presenting functions, an enhancer of T/macrophage effector, a drug that influences the purine metabolism, an agonist or antagonist of adenosine receptors, a proteasome inhibitor, a HDAC inhibitor, a TRAIL-R agonist, a chimeric antigen receptor t-cell therapy (CAR-T), an antitumor
  • the anticancer drug used in combination with the compound of the invention for the treatment of cancer can be an immunomodulatory agent targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, or PD-L1.
  • the cytotoxic drug can be anthracyclines, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, taxanes, or radiotherapy.
  • the enhancer of an antigen presenting function can be a SIRPa antagonist, a TLR agonist, or a CD40 agonist.
  • the enhancer of a T/macrophage effector can be a drug that agonizes a receptor such as CD28, CD28H, CD30, CD137, CD27, DNAM-1, HVEM, GITR, OX40, or ICOS.
  • the drug that influences the purine metabolism can be CD73 or CD39.
  • the agonist and antagonist of adenosine receptors can be A1AR, A2AR, A2BR, or A3AR.
  • prodrug refers to a molecule that includes an active drug and in addition carries a moiety intended for a specific purpose.
  • the specific purpose can be, a moiety added for making the compound or active drug soluble for administration, for selective cleavage at the site of action, to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of the parent drug.
  • simple chemical fragments, antibodies (ADC), Folic acid derivatives (FRDC), Hsp90 inhibitors and polymer such as PEG (PDC) can be part of the prodrug moieties.
  • the term “modulators of other immune pathways” refer to drugs that eliminate immune suppression targeting, PD-1, PD-L1, NKG2A, KIR, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIM-3, BTLA, VISTA, PD-1H, TIGIT, CD96, STAT3, Arginase-1, HIF-1a, VEGF, CCL2, IDO, Tie2, CSF1, IL-10, IL-13, IL-23; those drugs that induce immunogenic cancer death including; proteasome inhibitors, HDAC inhibitors, TRAIL-R agonists, cytotoxic drugs such as anthracyclines, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, taxanes, radiotherapy; enhancers of antigen presenting functions including SIRPa antagonists, TLR agonists, CD40 agonists; enhancers of T/macrophage effector activities including drugs that agonize receptors such as CD28, CD28H, CD30, CD137, CD27, DNAM-1, HVEM,
  • the present invention further provides a method for treating cancer, the method comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, fluorescein, penicillin, flucloxacillin, trimethoprim, abacavir, lamotrigine, clozapine, and isoniazid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, conjugate, or prodrug, or composition thereof.
  • a compound of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, fluorescein, penicillin, flucloxacillin, trimethoprim, abacavir, lamotrigine, clozapine, and/or isoniazid generates an immune response in situ at the tumor through a formation of neoantigen.
  • ADC antibody drug conjugate
  • the compound is administered systemically, topically, intratumorally, intrathecally, cutaneously, interstitially, intradermally, intraperidermally, intralesionally, intravesically, or transdermally.
  • the compound is administered orally, intravenously, intraperitoneally, or intramuscularly.
  • the compound is administered in the form of cream or gel.
  • the compound is administered by injecting to the tumor.
  • the route of administration of neoantigen producing drugs are systemic (oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, etc), topical (cream, gel, and other formulations), intratumoral (injecting to the tumor), intrathecal, cutaneous, interstitial, intradermal, intraperidermal, intralesional, intravesical, or transdermal etc.
  • the neoantigen producing drugs are dosed intratumorally. These drugs are dosed intratumorally in various forms; hapten (protein reactive form), prohapten (requiring intracellular chemical transformation), prodrugs of hapten or prohapten (requiring multiple intracellular transformation).
  • the neoantigen producing drugs are dosed intratumorally in prohapten form.
  • the prohapten molecules include chemical entities that require one or more chemical transformation to generate reactive hapten molecules.
  • the chemical transformations include but not limit to: oxidation, enzymatic hydrolysis, pH-mediated hydrolysis, glutathione-mediated disulfide bond cleavage.
  • the prohapten molecules are designed to have a broad range of membrane permeability. Cell membrane permeability of prohapten has great impact on the formation of endogenous antigens and/or exogenous antigens and therefore immunogenic responses produced can be adjusted to antigen presentation mediated by MHC Class I or MHC Class II.
  • these neoantigen producing molecules are dosed intratumorally in various formulations.
  • the formulations are intended for quick or slow release of the drug from the formulation to the tissue.
  • Those are, but not limited to; aqueous formulations, oleaginous solutions, suspensions or colloids in aqueous and oleaginous solvents, solutions/suspensions/colloids in organic medium using solvents such as, but not limited to; DMSO, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, salt forms, larger particles in oil phase of oil-in-water emulsion etc.
  • the formulation acts as a depot of the drug in the tumor tissue for the intended release of the drug over several days.
  • the formulations also include water and soluble excipients/co-solvents including, but not limited to, dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, glycerin, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), PEG 300, PEG 400, Poloxamer 407, Propylene glycol, Hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, (Captisol®), ⁇ -cyclodextrin, Phospholipids such as hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), distearoylphosphatidylglycerol (DSPG), L- ⁇ -dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), L- ⁇ -dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG).
  • DMA dimethylacetamide
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • NMP N-methyl
  • Water insoluble co-solvents include; but are not limited to, beeswax, oleic acid, soy fatty acids, d- ⁇ -tocopherol (Vitamin E), Corn oil mono-di-tridiglycerides, medium chain (C8/C10) mono- and diglycerides, long-chain triglycerides such as castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, peppermint oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oils, medium-chain triglycerides such as caprylic/capric triglycerides, derived from coconut oil or palm seed oil.
  • Surfactants include, but are not limited to, polyoxyl 35 castor oil (cremophor EL), polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil (cremophor RH 40), polyoxyl 60 hydrogenated castor oil (cremophor RH 60), polysorbate 20 (Tween 20), polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), d- ⁇ -tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), solutol HS-15, sorbitan monooleate (Span 20), PEG 300 caprylic/capric glycerides (Softigen 767), PEG 400 caprylic/capric glycerides (Labrasol), PEG 300 oleic glycerides (Labrafil M-1944CS), PEG 300 linoleic glycerides (Labrafil M-2125CS), polyoxyl 8 stearate (PEG 400 monosterate), and polyoxyl 40 stearate (PEG 1750 monosterate).
  • polyoxyl 35 castor oil cremophor EL
  • aqueous part was neutralized by adding 6N HCl, stirred at RT for 1 hour and extracted with dichloromethane (3 ⁇ 100 mL). The combined organics was washed with water (3 times) and brine respectively. The organic part was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to get desired product 3 as colorless liquid (7.0 g, Yield: 60%).
  • This compound was synthesized according to the Method A mentioned above. This product was isolated as an off-white solid.
  • the compound 20 was synthesized using the Method A mentioned above.
  • Product 20 was isolated as a solid powder.
  • Compound 21 was obtained from compound 20 using the general method described for compound 15.
  • the compound 23 was synthesized from compound 5 using the Method A descried above.
  • the compound 24 was obtained from compound 23 using the demethylation protocol described for compound 15.
  • the compound 34 was synthesized using the protocol described in the patent WO 2009/146131 A2, however slightly modified. For the conversion of compound 32 to compound 34, double hydrogenation steps were performed that led to the isolation of the intermediate 33. Compound 34 was obtained as off-white powder and analytical parameters (NMR and LCMS) agree with the description made in the above-mentioned patent.
  • Compound S2 is synthesized from 3-pentadecylbenzene-1,2-diol using oxidation.
  • the oxidation is achieved using several conditions using enzymes such as myeloperoxidases, CYP enzymes, organic and inorganic oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, Pb(OAc) 4 , O 2 etc.
  • compound S1 is oxidized with Pb(OAc)4 in dichloromethane to afford compound S2 using the protocol from the literature (Knapp et al., Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1985, 50, 4996-4998)
  • the compound 370 was hydrogenated in ethyl acetate using 5% Pd—BaSO 4 catalyst and the reaction was monitored for completion. Filtration of the catalyst followed by evaporation of the solvents and brief chromatography on silica afforded compound 363 as thick oil.
  • the compound S8 was synthesized from compound S7 by the lithium aluminum hydride reduction according to literature (Assimomytis et al., Synlett, 2009, 2777-2782).
  • Splenocytes from mice were collected and prepared following standard procedure.
  • Results are provided in FIG. 1 .
  • Concentration range of drug to be tested 50 nM to 50 uM
  • Cells were plated in a 96 well plate and when they are about 50% confluent the drug was added in DMSO so that the final concentration of DMSO is 0.1% (v/v) of less and incubated for 72 hours. The cell viability is then determined using Cell Titer GLO.
  • CT26 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 cell culture medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. The cells were harvested by trypsinization, when they reached 70-80% confluence. Balb/c female mice were inoculated with these CT26 cells subcutaneously on the dorsal right flank. Prior to inoculation, the skin on the injection site was swabbed with 70% ethanol. Hair around the area of cell inoculation was removed using a standard clipper (Andis AGR+4.8).
  • CT26 cells (P14) in serum free medium 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 /50 ⁇ L were mixed with matrigel at 1:1 and a total volume of 100 ⁇ L was injected to each animal with a 1 mL BD syringe attached to a 23 1/2 gauge needle.
  • CT26 allografts were measured after 7 days of cell inoculation when the average tumor volume ( ⁇ SEM) reached approximately 140 ⁇ 10 mm 3 . Thirty two mice based on tumor volume were randomized into 4 groups (shown in the Table 2) with 8 mice in each group by maintaining the average tumor size as specified above.
  • TGI Tumor growth inhibition
  • Results are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 .
  • CT26 mouse colon cancer cells were cultured in complete RPMI 1640 (10% FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin) in culture treated, canted, vented flasks. When the cells were ⁇ 70% confluent, they were harvested by rinsing with sterile PBS and detached from the flasks with 0.25% Trypsin EDTA solution, washed in C-RPMI, and resuspended in sterile PBS. Viable cell concentration was determined using a hemocytometer and trypan blue staining. Cells were suspended in sterile PBS at a concentration of 2 ⁇ 107 cells/mL. Cell viability before injections was >95%.
  • mice Female BALB/c mice that were ⁇ 8-9 weeks old were inoculated with 50 uL of the CT26 cell suspension (1 ⁇ 106 cells) by injecting into the subcutaneous space on the left flank using a 27-gauge needle. Tumors were allowed to develop and when tumors were ⁇ 100 mm 3 (average), they were randomized across two groups.
  • the group 1 was treated with vehicle (PEG300) by injecting 50 uL directly into the tumor (intratumoral dose) on day 1 to 5 (qd) while group 2 was treated with compound 10 (1 mg/mouse/day) as a solution in PEG300 (50 uL) on day 1 to 5 (qd).
  • Clinical observations including the body weight change and tumor volumes were recorded.
  • Tumors were harvested on day 14 (from the first dose) and weighed. Tumors were then minced with a sterile scalpel to pieces ⁇ 1 mm in diameter, homogenized against a 70 um nylon filter, and digested in HBSS containing: collagenase at 28 units/mil and DNaseI at 2 mg/ml for 45 minutes at 37° C. The tumor single cell suspensions were washed, filtered, prepped and stained for multicolor FACS analysis on a MACSQuant flow cytometer using the two marker panels; namely CD8 cells and CD4 cells. Cell suspensions were stained with fluorochrome conjugated antibodies and a dead cell marker and examined with flow cytometry. CD4 T-cells, CD8 ⁇ T cells, and total CD3+ cells are displayed for each group. Values are expressed as a frequency (percentage of total infiltrating CD45+ cells)+SEM.
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WO2023241632A1 (fr) * 2022-06-16 2023-12-21 亚飞（上海）生物医药科技有限公司 Conjugué d'anticorps anti-ctla-4 activé par un micro-environnement tumoral et son utilisation

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