Classifications

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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/10—Spiro-condensed systems
  • C07D491/107—Spiro-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/336—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having three-membered rings, e.g. oxirane, fumagillin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/397—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having four-membered rings, e.g. azetidine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/438—The ring being spiro-condensed with carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring systems
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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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  • C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
  • C07D303/04—Compounds containing oxirane rings containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring oxygen atoms
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D407/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00
  • C07D407/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D407/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/10—Spiro-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/10—Spiro-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
  • C07D491/044—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
  • C07D491/048—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring the oxygen-containing ring being five-membered
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/08—Bridged systems
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D495/10—Spiro-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00

Definitions

• MetAP2 encodes a protein that functions at least in part by enzymatically removing the amino terminal methionine residue from certain newly translated proteins such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Warder et al. (2008) J. Proteome Res. 7:4807). Increased expression of the MetAP2 gene has been historically associated with various forms of cancer. Molecules inhibiting the enzymatic activity of MetAP2 have been identified and have been explored for their utility in the treatment of various tumor types (Wang et al. (2003) Cancer Res. 63:7861) and infectious diseases such as microsporidiosis, leishmaniasis, and malaria (Zhang et al. (2002) J. Biomed. Sci. 9:34).
• MetAP2 activity in obese and obese-diabetic animals leads to a reduction in body weight in part by increasing the oxidation of fat and in part by reducing the consumption of food (Rupnick et al. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:10730).
• MetAP2 inhibitors may be useful as well for patients with excess adiposity and conditions related to adiposity including type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and cardiovascular disease (via e.g. ameliorating insulin resistance, reducing hepatic lipid content, and reducing cardiac workload). Accordingly, compounds capable of modulating MetAP2 are needed to address the treatment of obesity and related diseases as well as other ailments favorably responsive to MetAP2 modulator treatment.
• the present disclosure provides, for example, compounds which may be modulators of MetAP2, and their use as medicinal agents, processes for their preparation, and pharmaceutical compositions containing them as an active ingredient both alone or in combination with other agents, as well as provides for their use as medicaments and/or in the manufacture of medicaments for the inhibition of MetAP2 activity in warm-blooded animals such as humans.
• this disclosure relates to compounds useful for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other obesity-associated conditions.
• pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one disclosed compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• composition comprising a disclosed compound (e.g., of Formula I or Ia) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• Methods of treating and/or controlling obesity comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a disclosed compound (e.g., of Formula I or Ia).
• a method of inducing weight loss in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a disclosed compound (e.g., of Formula I or Ia).
• a method of substantially preventing weight gain in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a disclosed compound (e.g., of Formula I or Ia).
• Treating includes any effect, e.g., lessening, reducing, modulating, or eliminating, that results in the improvement of the condition, disease, disorder and the like.
• alkenyl refers to an unsaturated straight or branched hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
• alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, a straight or branched group of 2-6 or 3-4 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 2-6 alkenyl, and C 3-4 alkenyl, respectively.
• alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, etc.
• alkoxy refers to a straight or branched alkyl group attached to oxygen (alkyl-O—).
• exemplary alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, alkoxy groups of 1-6 or 2-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 1-6 alkoxy, and C 2-6 alkoxy, respectively.
• Exemplary alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, etc.
• alkoxyalkyl refers to a straight or branched alkyl group attached to oxygen, attached to a second straight or branched alkyl group (alkyl-O-alkyl-).
• exemplary alkoxyalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkoxyalkyl groups in which each of the alkyl groups independently contains 1-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 1-6 alkoxy-C 1-6 alkyl.
• Exemplary alkoxyalkyl groups include, but are not limited to methoxymethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 1-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxypropyl, ethoxymethyl, 2-isopropoxyethyl etc.
• alkoxycarbonyl refers to a straight or branched alkyl group attached to oxygen, attached to a carbonyl group (alkyl-O—C(O)—).
• alkoxycarbonyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkoxycarbonyl groups of 1-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyl.
• alkoxycarbonyl groups include, but are not limited to, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, etc.
• alkenyloxy refers to a straight or branched alkenyl group attached to oxygen (alkenyl-O—).
• exemplary alkenyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, groups with an alkenyl group of 3-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 3-6 alkenyloxy.
• exemplary “alkenyloxy” groups include, but are not limited to allyloxy, butenyloxy, etc.
• alkynyloxy refers to a straight or branched alkynyl group attached to oxygen (alkynyl-O).
• exemplary alkynyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, groups with an alkynyl group of 3-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 3-6 alkynyloxy.
• exemplary alkynyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, propynyloxy, butynyloxy, etc.
• alkyl refers to a saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon.
• exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, straight or branched hydrocarbons of 1-6, 1-4, or 1-3 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, and C 1-3 alkyl, respectively.
• Exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, etc.
• alkylcarbonyl refers to a straight or branched alkyl group attached to a carbonyl group (alkyl-C(O)—).
• exemplary alkylcarbonyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkylcarbonyl groups of 1-6 atoms, referred to herein as C 1-6 alkylcarbonyl groups.
• Exemplary alkylcarbonyl groups include, but are not limited to, acetyl, propanoyl, isopropanoyl, butanoyl, etc.
• alkynyl refers to an unsaturated straight or branched hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
• exemplary alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, straight or branched groups of 2-6, or 3-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 2-6 alkynyl, and C 3-6 alkynyl, respectively.
• exemplary alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, methylpropynyl, etc.
• carbonyl refers to the radical —C(O)—.
• cyano refers to the radical —CN.
• cycloalkoxy refers to a cycloalkyl group attached to oxygen (cycloalkyl-O—).
• exemplary cycloalkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, cycloalkoxy groups of 3-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 3-6 cycloalkoxy groups.
• Exemplary cycloalkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy, cyclohexyloxy, etc
• cycloalkyl or a “carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbon group of, for example, 3-6, or 4-6 carbons, referred to herein as C 3-6 cycloalkyl or C 4-6 cycloalkyl, respectively.
• exemplary cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclobutyl or cyclopropyl.
• halo or halogen as used herein refer to F, Cl, Br, or I.
• heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic group” are art-recognized and refer to e.g. saturated or partially unsaturated, 4-10 membered ring structures, or e.g. 4-6 membered saturated ring structures, including bridged or fused rings, and whose ring structures include one to three heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Where possible, heterocyclyl rings may be linked to the adjacent radical through carbon or nitrogen.
• heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperazine, oxetane, azetidine, tetrahydrofuran or dihydrofuran etc.
• heterocyclyloxy refers to a heterocyclyl group attached to oxygen (heterocyclyl-O—).
• hydroxy and “hydroxyl” as used herein refers to the radical —OH.
• oxo refers to the radical ⁇ O.
• “Pharmaceutically or pharmacologically acceptable” include molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic or other untoward reaction when administered to an animal, or a human, as appropriate.
• preparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, and general safety and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biologics standards.
• compositions may also contain other active compounds providing supplemental, additional, or enhanced therapeutic functions.
• composition refers to a composition comprising at least one compound as disclosed herein formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• “Individual,” “patient,” or “subject” are used interchangeably and include any animal, including mammals, preferably mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, and most preferably humans.
• the compounds of the present disclosure can be administered to a mammal, such as a human, but can also be administered to other mammals such as an animal in need of veterinary treatment, e.g., domestic animals (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses, and the like) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like).
• the mammal treated in the methods of the present disclosure is desirably a mammal in which treatment of obesity or weight loss is desired.
• “Modulation” includes antagonism (e.g., inhibition), agonism, partial antagonism and/or partial agonism.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) refers to salts of acidic or basic groups that may be present in compounds used in the compositions.
• Compounds included in the present compositions that are basic in nature are capable of forming a wide variety of salts with various inorganic and organic acids.
• the acids that may be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of such basic compounds are those that form non-toxic acid addition salts, i.e., salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions, including, but not limited to, malate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, acetate, lactate, salicylate, citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate and pamoate (i.e., 1,1′-methylene-
• Compounds included in the present compositions that are acidic in nature are capable of forming base salts with various pharmacologically acceptable cations.
• Examples of such salts include alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, particularly calcium, magnesium, sodium, lithium, zinc, potassium, and iron salts.
• Compounds included in the present compositions that include a basic or acidic moiety may also form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with various amino acids.
• the compounds of the disclosure may contain both acidic and basic groups; for example, one amino and one carboxylic acid group. In such a case, the compound can exist as an acid addition salt, a zwitterion, or a base salt.
• the compounds of the disclosure may contain one or more chiral centers and, therefore, exist as stereoisomers.
• stereoisomers when used herein consist of all enantiomers or diastereomers. These compounds may be designated by the symbols “(+),” “( ⁇ ),” “R” or “S,” depending on the configuration of substituents around the stereogenic carbon atom, but the skilled artisan will recognize that a structure may denote a chiral center implicitly.
• the present disclosure encompasses various stereoisomers of these compounds and mixtures thereof. Mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers may be designated “( ⁇ )” in nomenclature, but the skilled artisan will recognize that a structure may denote a chiral center implicitly.
• the compounds of the disclosure may contain one or more double bonds and, therefore, exist as geometric isomers resulting from the arrangement of substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond.
• the symbol denotes a bond that may be a single, double or triple bond as described herein.
• Substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond are designated as being in the “Z” or “E” configuration wherein the terms “Z” and “E” are used in accordance with IUPAC standards. Unless otherwise specified, structures depicting double bonds encompass both the “E” and “Z” isomers.
• Substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond alternatively can be referred to as “cis” or “trans,” where “cis” represents substituents on the same side of the double bond and “trans” represents substituents on opposite sides of the double bond.
• Compounds of the disclosure may contain a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring and therefore, exist as geometric isomers resulting from the arrangement of substituents around the ring.
• the arrangement of substituents around a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring are designated as being in the “Z” or “E” configuration wherein the terms “Z” and “E” are used in accordance with IUPAC standards.
• structures depicting carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings encompass both “Z” and “E” isomers.
• Substituents around a carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings may also be referred to as “cis” or “trans”, where the term “cis” represents substituents on the same side of the plane of the ring and the term “trans” represents substituents on opposite sides of the plane of the ring. Mixtures of compounds wherein the substituents are disposed on both the same and opposite sides of plane of the ring are designated “cis/trans.”
• Individual enantiomers and diasteriomers of compounds of the present disclosure can be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials that contain asymmetric or stereogenic centers, or by preparation of racemic mixtures followed by resolution methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These methods of resolution are exemplified by (1) attachment of a mixture of enantiomers to a chiral auxiliary, separation of the resulting mixture of diastereomers by recrystallization or chromatography and liberation of the optically pure product from the auxiliary, (2) salt formation employing an optically active resolving agent, (3) direct separation of the mixture of optical enantiomers on chiral liquid chromatographic columns or (4) kinetic resolution using stereoselective chemical or enzymatic reagents.
• Racemic mixtures can also be resolved into their component enantiomers by well known methods, such as chiral-phase liquid chromatography or crystallizing the compound in a chiral solvent.
• Stereoselective syntheses a chemical or enzymatic reaction in which a single reactant forms an unequal mixture of stereoisomers during the creation of a new stereocenter or during the transformation of a pre-existing one, are well known in the art.
• Stereoselective syntheses encompass both enantio- and diastereoselective transformations, and may involve the use of chiral auxiliaries. For examples, see Carreira and Kvaerno, Classics in Stereoselective Synthesis , Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2009.
• the compounds disclosed herein can exist in solvated as well as unsolvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the present disclosure embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.
• the compound is amorphous.
• the compound is a single polymorph.
• the compound is a mixture of polymorphs.
• the compound is in a crystalline form.
• the present disclosure also embraces isotopically labeled compounds of the disclosure which are identical to those recited herein, except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the present disclosure include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, and 36 Cl, respectively.
• a compound of the disclosure may have one or more H atom replaced with deuterium.
• isotopically-labeled disclosed compounds are useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated (i.e., 3 H) and carbon-14 (i.e., 14 C) isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
• Isotopically labeled compounds of the present disclosure can generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to those disclosed in the examples herein by substituting an isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
• prodrug refers to compounds that are transformed in vivo to yield a disclosed compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate of the compound. The transformation may occur by various mechanisms (such as by esterase, amidase, phosphatase, oxidative and or reductive metabolism) in various locations (such as in the intestinal lumen or upon transit of the intestine, blood or liver). Prodrugs are well known in the art (for example, see Rautio, Kumpulainen, et al, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2008, 7, 255).
• a prodrug can comprise an ester formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the acid group with a group such as (C 1-8 )alkyl, (C 2-12 )alkylcarbonyloxymethyl, 1-(alkylcarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-methyl-1-(alkylcarbonyloxy)-ethyl having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 7 carbon atoms, 1-methyl-1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, N-(alkoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-(N-(alkoxycarbonyl)amino)e
• a group such as (C 1-8 )alkyl, (C 2-12 )alkylcarbonyloxymethyl, 1-(alkylcarbon
• a prodrug can be formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the alcohol group with a group such as (C 1-6 )alkylcarbonyloxymethyl, 1-((C 1-6 )alkylcarbonyloxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-((C 1-6 )alkylcarbonyloxy)ethyl (C 1-6 )alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl, N—(C 1-6 )alkoxycarbonylaminomethyl, succinoyl, (C 1-6 )alkylcarbonyl, ⁇ -amino(C 1-4 )alkylcarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl and ⁇ -aminoalkylcarbonyl, or ⁇ -aminoalkylcarbonyl- ⁇ -aminoalkylcarbonyl, where each ⁇ -aminoalkylcarbonyl group is independently selected from the naturally occurring L-amino acids, P(O)(OH)
• a prodrug can be formed, for example, by creation of an amide or carbamate, an N-alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl derivative, an (oxodioxolenyl)methyl derivative, an N-Mannich base, imine or enamine.
• a secondary amine can be metabolically cleaved to generate a bioactive primary amine, or a tertiary amine can metabolically cleaved to generate a bioactive primary or secondary amine.
• the present disclosure provides compounds of Formula I or Ia:
• Y is a bond or NR a ;
• X is N or CR N ; wherein X is N when Y is a bond and X is CR N when Y is NR a ;
• n 1 or 2;
• Ring A may be optionally substituted by one or two substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, C 1-3 alkyl and C 1-3 alkoxy, wherein C 1-3 alkyl and C 1-3 alkoxy may optionally be substituted by one or more fluorine atoms or a substituent selected from the group consisting of cyano, hydroxyl, and N(R a R b );
• R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon or carbons to which they are attached, form a 4-6 membered saturated heterocyclic ring B having one or two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S(O) w (wherein w is 0, 1 or 2) and NR h or form a 3-6 membered saturated carbocyclic ring B; wherein the heterocyclic or carbocyclic ring B may optionally be substituted on a free carbon by one or two substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, C 1-3 alkyl, C 1-3 alkoxy, —C(O)—NR i R j , —C(O)—N(R a )—C 1-6 alkylene-NR i R j , —C 1-6 alkylene-NR i R j , —C 1-6 alkylene-O—C(O)—NR i R j , and —O—C(O)—NR
• R i and R j are selected independently for each occurrence from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclylcarbonyl; wherein C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl and C 3-6 cycloalkyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of fluorine, hydroxyl, cyano, R a R b N—, R a R b N-carbonyl- and C 1-3 alkoxy; and wherein heterocyclyl and heterocyclylcarbonyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, halo-C 1-6 -alkyl, hydroxyl-C 1-6 -alkyl, R a
• R i and R j taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4-9 membered heterocyclic ring, which may have an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S(O) w (wherein w is 0, 1 or 2); wherein the heterocyclic ring may be optionally substituted on carbon by one, two, or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, cyano, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, R a R b N—, R a R b N—SO 2 — and R a R b N-carbonyl-; wherein said C 1-6 alkyl and C 1-6 alkoxy may optionally be substituted the group consisting of fluorine, hydroxyl, and cyano; and wherein if said heterocyclic ring contains a —NH moiety that nitrogen may be optionally substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl,
• R P is independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, C 1-6 alkoxy, R i R j N—, R i R j N-carbonyl-, R i R j N—SO 2 —, and R i R j N-carbonyl-N(R a )—;
• R N is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, and C 1-6 alkyl;
• R a and R b are independently selected, for each occurrence, from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl; wherein C 1-4 alkyl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, oxo, and hydroxyl;
• X may be N and Y may be a bond.
• X may be CR N and Y may be NR a .
• X may be CH and Y may be NH.
• R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon or carbons to which they are attached, may form a 4, 5, or 6-membered saturated heterocyclic ring B having one oxygen.
• R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon or carbons to which they are attached, may form a 4, 5, or 6-membered saturated heterocyclic ring B having one S(O) 2 .
• R 1 and R 2 together with the carbon or carbons to which they are attached, may form a 4, 5, or 6-membered saturated carbocyclic ring B.
• a disclosed compound may represented by Formula I.
• n may be 0 and m may be 1. In another embodiment, n may be 1 and m may be 1. In a further embodiment, n may be 1 and m may be 2.
• a disclosed compound may represented by Formula Ia.
• m may be 1.
• a disclosed compound may be represented by:
• a and B may be selected from the group consisting of:
• X 11 is selected from the group consisting of C(R 11 R 22 ), NR h , O, and S(O) 2 ;
• R 11 and R 22 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —C(O)—NR i R j , —C(O)—N(R a )—C 1-6 alkylene-NR i R j , —C 1-6 alkylene-NR i R j , —C 1-6 alkylene-O—C(O)—NR i R j , and —O—C(O)—NR i R j .
• R h may be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-3 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more fluorine atoms, —C(O)—O—C 1-3 alkyl, —C(O)—NR i R j , —C(O)—C 1-3 alkyl, and —C 1-3 alkylene-C(O)—NR i R j .
• R i and R j may be independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-3 alkyl; or R i and R j taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached may form a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring, which may have an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of NH, O, and S(O) w (wherein w is 0, 1 or 2).
• R 11 and R 22 may be hydrogen. In certain other embodiments, R 11 and R 22 may be fluorine atoms.
• one of R 11 or R 22 may be hydrogen and the other may be selected from the group consisting of —C(O)—NR i R j , —C(O)—NH—CH 2 —CH 2 —NR i R j , —C(O)—NMe-CH 2 —CH 2 — NR i R j , —CH 2 —NR i R j , —CH 2 —O—C(O)—NR i R j , and —O—C(O)—NR i R j .
• R i and R j may be independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-3 alkyl, or R i and R j taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached may form a 4-6 membered heterocyclic ring, which may have an additional heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N and O; wherein the heterocyclic ring may be optionally substituted on carbon by one, two, or more fluorine atoms; and wherein if said heterocyclic ring contains a —NH moiety that nitrogen may be optionally substituted by C 1-3 alkyl; wherein C 1-3 alkyl may optionally be substituted by one or more fluorine atoms.
• Compounds of Formula I or Ia, or any of the intermediates described herein can be further derivatised by using one or more standard synthetic methods known to those skilled in the art. Such methods can involve substitution, oxidation or reduction reactions. These methods can also be used to obtain or modify compounds of Formula I or Ia or any preceding intermediates by modifying, introducing or removing appropriate functional groups. Particular substitution approaches include alkylation, arylation, heteroarylation, acylation, thioacylation, halogenation, sulfonylation, nitration, formylation, hydrolysis and coupling procedures.
• hydroxy groups can be converted into leaving groups, such as halogen atoms or sulfonyloxy groups (such as alkylsulfonyloxy, for example trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy, or aryl sulfonyloxy, for example p-toluenesulfonyloxy) using conditions known to those skilled in the art.
• leaving groups such as halogen atoms or sulfonyloxy groups (such as alkylsulfonyloxy, for example trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy, or aryl sulfonyloxy, for example p-toluenesulfonyloxy)
• alkylsulfonyloxy for example trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy
• aryl sulfonyloxy for example p-toluenesulfonyloxy
• an aliphatic alcohol can be reacted with
• ester groups can be converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid by acid- or base-catalysed hydrolysis depending on the nature of the ester group.
• Acid catalysed hydrolysis can be achieved by treatment with an organic or inorganic acid (such as trifluoroacetic acid in an aqueous solvent, or a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid in a solvent such as dioxane).
• Base catalysed hydrolysis can be achieved by treatment with an alkali metal hydroxide (such as lithium hydroxide in an aqueous alcohol, for example methanol).
• an aryl, or heteroaryl ring substituted with an appropriate leaving group can undergo a palladium catalysed coupling reaction with a wide variety of substrates to form a carbon-carbon bond.
• an appropriate leaving group such as a halogen or sulfonyl ester, for example a triflate
• a Heck reaction can be used to couple such a ring system to an alkene (which may, or may not, be further substituted) by treatment with an organopalladium complex (such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), palladium (II) acetate or palladium (II) chloride) in the presence of a ligand (such as a phosphine, for example triphenylphosphine) in the presence of a base (such as potassium carbonate or a tertiary amine, for example, triethylamine), in an appropriate solvent (such as tetrahydrofuran or DMF), under appropriate conditions (such as heating to, for example, 50-120° C.).
• organopalladium complex such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), palladium (II) acetate or palladium (II) chloride
• a ligand such as a
• a Sonogashira reaction can be used to couple such a ring system to an alkyne (which may, or may not be further substituted) by treatment with a palladium complex (such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)) and a halide salt of copper (I) (such as copper (I) iodide), in the presence of a base (such as a potassium carbonate or a tertiary amine, for example, triethylamine), in an appropriate solvent (such as tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide), under appropriate conditions (such as heating to, for example, 50-120° C.).
• a palladium complex such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)
• a halide salt of copper (I) such as copper (I) iodide
• a base such as a potassium carbonate or a tertiary amine, for example, trieth
• a Stille reaction can be used to couple such a ring system to an alkene, by treatment with an organotin compound (such as an alkynyltin or alkenyltin reagent, for example an alkenyltributylstannane) in the presence of a palladium complex (such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)), with, or without the presence of a salt (such as a copper (I) halide), in an appropriate solvent (such as dioxane or dimethylformamide), under appropriate conditions (such as heating to, for example, 50-120° C.).
• organotin compound such as an alkynyltin or alkenyltin reagent, for example an alkenyltributylstannane
• a palladium complex such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)
• a salt such as a copper (I) halide
• aldehyde groups can be prepared by oxidation of the corresponding alcohol using conditions well known to those skilled in the art.
• an alcohol can be treated with an oxidising agent (such as Dess-Martin periodinane) in a solvent (such as a halogenated hydrocarbon, for example dichloromethane).
• oxidising agents such as Dess-Martin periodinane
• solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon, for example dichloromethane
• Alternative oxidising conditions can be used, such as treatment with oxalyl chloride and an activating amount of dimethylsulfoxide and subsequent quenching by the addition of an amine (such as triethylamine).
• Such a reaction can be carried out in an appropriate solvent (such as a halogenated hydrocarbon, for example dichloromethane) and under appropriate conditions (such as cooling below room temperature, for example to ⁇ 78° C. followed by warming to room temperature).
• an appropriate solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon, for example dichloromethane
• sulfur atoms can be oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide or sulfone using an oxidising agent (such as a peroxy acid, for example 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid) in an inert solvent (such as a halogenated hydrocarbon, for example dichloromethane) at around ambient temperature.
• an oxidising agent such as a peroxy acid, for example 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid
• an inert solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon, for example dichloromethane
• Particular reduction approaches include the removal of oxygen atoms from particular functional groups or saturation (or partial saturation) of unsaturated compounds including aromatic or heteroaromatic rings.
• primary alcohols can be generated from the corresponding ester or aldehyde by reduction, using a metal hydride (such as lithium aluminium hydride or sodium borohydride in a solvent such as methanol).
• a metal hydride such as lithium aluminium hydride or sodium borohydride in a solvent such as methanol
• —CH 2 OH groups can be generated from the corresponding carboxylic acid by reduction, using a metal hydride (such as lithium aluminium hydride in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran).
• a nitro group may be reduced to an amine by catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of a metal catalyst (such as palladium on a solid support such as carbon) in a solvent (such as an ether, for example tetrahydrofuran, or an alcohol, such as methanol), or by chemical reduction using a metal (such as zinc, tin or iron) in the presence of an acid (such as acetic acid or hydrochloric acid).
• a metal catalyst such as palladium on a solid support such as carbon
• a solvent such as an ether, for example tetrahydrofuran, or an alcohol, such as methanol
• an acid such as acetic acid or hydrochloric acid
• an amine can be obtained by reduction of a nitrile, for example by catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of a metal catalyst (such as palladium on a solid support such as carbon), or Raney nickel in a solvent (such as tetrahydrofuran) and under suitable conditions (such as cooling to below room temperature, for example to ⁇ 78° C., or heating, for example to reflux).
• a metal catalyst such as palladium on a solid support such as carbon
• Raney nickel in a solvent (such as tetrahydrofuran) and under suitable conditions (such as cooling to below room temperature, for example to ⁇ 78° C., or heating, for example to reflux).
• Salts of compounds of Formula I or Ia can be prepared by the reaction of a compound of Formula I or Ia with an appropriate acid or base in a suitable solvent, or mixture of solvents (such as an ether, for example, diethyl ether, or an alcohol, for example ethanol, or an aqueous solvent) using conventional procedures. Salts of compound of Formula I or Ia can be exchanged for other salts by treatment using conventional ion-exchange chromatography procedures.
• a suitable solvent such as an ether, for example, diethyl ether, or an alcohol, for example ethanol, or an aqueous solvent
• enantiomer of a compound of Formula I or Ia this may be produced from a corresponding mixture of enantiomers by employing any suitable conventional procedure for resolving enantiomers.
• diastereomeric derivatives such as salts
• diastereomeric derivatives can be produced by reaction of a mixture of enantiomers of a compound of Formula I or Ia (such a racemate) and an appropriate chiral compound (such as a chiral base).
• the diastereomers can then be separated by any conventional means such as crystallisation, and the desired enantiomer recovered (such as by treatment with an acid in the instance where the diastereomer is a salt).
• a racemic mixture of esters can be resolved by kinetic hydrolysis using a variety of biocatalysts (for example, see Patel Steroselective Biocatalysts, Marcel Decker; New York 2000).
• a racemate of compounds of Formula I or Ia can be separated using chiral High Performance Liquid Chromatography.
• a particular enantiomer can be obtained by using an appropriate chiral intermediate in one of the processes described above. Chromatography, recrystallisation and other conventional separation procedures may also be used with intermediates or final products where it is desired to obtain a particular geometric isomer of the present disclosure.
• Another aspect of the present disclosure provides methods of modulating the activity of MetAP2. Such methods comprise exposing said receptor to a compound described herein.
• the compound utilized by one or more of the foregoing methods is one of the generic, subgeneric, or specific compounds described herein, such as a compound of Formula I or Ia.
• the ability of compounds described herein to modulate or inhibit MetAP2 can be evaluated by procedures known in the art and/or described herein.
• Another aspect of the present disclosure provides methods of treating a disease associated with expression or activity of MetAP2 in a patient.
• the present disclosure provides a method of treating and/or controlling obesity, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a disclosed compound.
• the present disclosure provides a method of inducing weight loss in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a disclosed compound.
• the present disclosure provides a method of substantially preventing weight gain in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a disclosed compound.
• the patient is a human.
• the patient is a cat or dog.
• the patient has a body mass index greater than or equal to about 30 kg/m 2 before the administration.
• administering a disclosed compound may comprise subcutaneous administration. In certain embodiments, administering a disclosed compound may comprise intravenous administration.
• Provided methods of treatment may include administering a disclosed compound once, twice, or three times daily; about every other day (e.g. every 2 days); twice weekly (e.g. every 3 days, every 4 days, every 5 days, every 6 days, or e.g. administered with an interval of about 2 to about 3 days between doses); once weekly; three times weekly; every other week; twice monthly; once a month; every other month; or even less often.
• a disclosed compound once, twice, or three times daily; about every other day (e.g. every 2 days); twice weekly (e.g. every 3 days, every 4 days, every 5 days, every 6 days, or e.g. administered with an interval of about 2 to about 3 days between doses); once weekly; three times weekly; every other week; twice monthly; once a month; every other month; or even less often.
• a method disclosed herein further comprises administering said compound in an amount sufficient to establish inhibition of intracellular MetAP2 effective to increase thioredoxin production in the patient and to induce multi organ stimulation of anti-obesity processes in the subject.
• the method comprises administering said compound in an amount insufficient to reduce angiogenesis in the patient.
• contemplated methods of treatment include method of treating or ameliorating an obesity-related condition or co-morbidity, by administering a compound disclosed herein to a subject.
• contemplated herein are methods for treating type 2 diabetes in a patient in need thereof.
• Exemplary co-morbidities include cardiac disorders, endocrine disorders, respiratory disorders, hepatic disorders, skeletal disorders, psychiatric disorders, metabolic disorders, and reproductive disorders.
• Exemplary cardiac disorders include hypertension, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, cardiac infarction, stroke, venous thromboembolic disease and pulmonary hypertension.
• Exemplary endocrine disorders include type 2 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.
• Exemplary respiratory disorders include obesity-hypoventilation syndrome, asthma, and obstructive sleep apnea.
• An exemplary hepatic disorder is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
• Exemplary skeletal disorders include back pain and osteoarthritis of weight-bearing joints.
• Exemplary metabolic disorders include Prader-Willi Syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome.
• Exemplary reproductive disorders include sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, infertility, obstetric complications, and fetal abnormalities.
• Exemplary psychiatric disorders include weight-associated depression and anxiety.
• the present disclosure provides a method of treating one of more of the above medical indications comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, such as a compound of Formula I or Ia.
• Obesity or reference to “overweight” refers to an excess of fat in proportion to lean body mass. Excess fat accumulation is associated with increase in size (hypertrophy) as well as number (hyperplasia) of adipose tissue cells. Obesity is variously measured in terms of absolute weight, weight:height ratio, distribution of subcutaneous fat, and societal and esthetic norms.
• a common measure of body fat is Body Mass Index (BMI).
• the BMI refers to the ratio of body weight (expressed in kilograms) to the square of height (expressed in meters). Body mass index may be accurately calculated using either of the formulas: weight (kg)/height 2 (m 2 ) (SI) or 703 ⁇ weight (lb)/height 2 (in 2 ) (US).
• an overweight adult has a BMI of 25 kg/m 2 to 29.9 kg/m 2
• an obese adult has a BMI of 30 kg/m 2 or greater.
• a BMI of 40 kg/m 2 or greater is indicative of morbid obesity or extreme obesity.
• Obesity can also refer to patients with a waist circumference of about 102 cm for males and about 88 cm for females.
• the definitions of overweight and obese take into account age and gender effects on body fat. Patients with differing genetic background may be considered “obese” at a level differing from the general guidelines, above.
• the compounds of the present disclosure also are useful for reducing the risk of secondary outcomes of obesity, such as reducing the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy.
• Methods for treating patients at risk of obesity such as those patients who are overweight, but not obese, e.g. with a BMI of between about 25 and 30 kg/m 2 , are also contemplated.
• a patient is a human.
• BMI does not account for the fact that excess adipose can occur selectively in different parts of the body, and development of adipose tissue can be more dangerous to health in some parts of the body rather than in other parts of the body.
• “central obesity”, typically associated with an “apple-shaped” body results from excess adiposity especially in the abdominal region, including belly fat and visceral fat, and carries higher risk of co-morbidity than “peripheral obesity”, which is typically associated with a “pear-shaped” body resulting from excess adiposity especially on the hips.
• Measurement of waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR) can be used as an indicator of central obesity.
• a minimum WHR indicative of central obesity has been variously set, and a centrally obese adult typically has a WHR of about 0.85 or greater if female and about 0.9 or greater if male.
• Body composition can be obtained by measuring the thickness of subcutaneous fat in multiple places on the body, such as the abdominal area, the subscapular region, arms, buttocks and thighs. These measurements are then used to estimate total body fat with a margin of error of approximately four percentage points.
• Another method is bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), which uses the resistance of electrical flow through the body to estimate body fat.
• BIOA bioelectrical impedance analysis
• Another method is using a large tank of water to measure body buoyancy. Increased body fat will result in greater buoyancy, while greater muscle mass will result in a tendency to sink.
• the present disclosure provides methods for treating an overweight or obese subject involving determining a level of at least one biomarker related to being overweight or obese in the subject, and administering an effective amount of a disclosed compound to achieve a target level in the subject.
• biomarkers include body weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist/Hip ratio WHR, plasma adipokines, and a combination of two or more thereof.
• the compound utilized by one or more of the foregoing methods is one of the generic, subgeneric, or specific compounds described herein, such as a compound of Formula I or Ia.
• the compounds of the present disclosure may be administered to patients (animals and humans) in need of such treatment in dosages that will provide optimal pharmaceutical efficacy. It will be appreciated that the dose required for use in any particular application will vary from patient to patient, not only with the particular compound or composition selected, but also with the route of administration, the nature of the condition being treated, the age and condition of the patient, concurrent medication or special diets then being followed by the patient, and other factors which those skilled in the art will recognize, with the appropriate dosage ultimately being at the discretion of the attendant physician.
• a compound of this present disclosure may be administered orally, subcutaneously, topically, parenterally, by inhalation spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles.
• Parenteral administration may include subcutaneous injections, intravenous or intramuscular injections or infusion techniques.
• Treatment can be continued for as long or as short a period as desired.
• a suitable treatment period can be, for example, at least about one week, at least about two weeks, at least about one month, at least about six months, at least about 1 year, or indefinitely.
• a treatment period can terminate when a desired result, for example a weight loss target, is achieved.
• a treatment regimen can include a corrective phase, during which dose sufficient to provide reduction of weight is administered, and can be followed by a maintenance phase, during which a e.g. a lower dose sufficient to prevent weight gain is administered.
• a suitable maintenance dose is likely to be found in the lower parts of the dose ranges provided herein, but corrective and maintenance doses can readily be established for individual subjects by those of skill in the art without undue experimentation, based on the disclosure herein.
• Maintenance doses can be employed to maintain body weight in subjects whose body weight has been previously controlled by other means, including diet and exercise, bariatric procedures such as bypass or banding surgeries, or treatments employing other pharmacological agents.
• compositions comprising compounds as disclosed herein formulated together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds as disclosed herein formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• These formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, topical, buccal, parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, or intravenous) rectal, vaginal, or aerosol administration, although the most suitable form of administration in any given case will depend on the degree and severity of the condition being treated and on the nature of the particular compound being used.
• disclosed compositions may be formulated as a unit dose, and/or may be formulated for oral or subcutaneous administration.
• Exemplary pharmaceutical compositions of this disclosure may be used in the form of a pharmaceutical preparation, for example, in solid, semisolid or liquid form, which contains one or more disclosed compounds, as an active ingredient, in admixture with an organic or inorganic carrier or excipient suitable for external, enteral or parenteral applications.
• the active ingredient may be compounded, for example, with the usual non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for tablets, pellets, capsules, suppositories, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and any other form suitable for use.
• the active object compound is included in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the process or condition of the disease.
• the principal active ingredient may be mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier, e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g., water, to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a disclosed compound, or a non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a pharmaceutical carrier e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g., water
• a pharmaceutical carrier e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate,
• the subject composition is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, acetyl
• compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
• Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
• a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent.
• Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the subject composition moistened with an inert liquid diluent. Tablets, and other solid dosage forms, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art.
• compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, cyclodextrins and mixtures thereof.
• inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate
• Suspensions in addition to the subject composition, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• Formulations for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing a subject composition with one or more suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the body cavity and release the active agent.
• suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the body cavity and release the active agent.
• Dosage forms for transdermal administration of a subject composition include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants.
• the active component may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required.
• the ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to a subject composition, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
• Powders and sprays may contain, in addition to a subject composition, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.
• Sprays may additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
• compositions and compounds of the present disclosure may alternatively be administered by aerosol. This is accomplished by preparing an aqueous aerosol, liposomal preparation or solid particles containing the compound.
• a non-aqueous (e.g., fluorocarbon propellant) suspension could be used.
• Sonic nebulizers may be used because they minimize exposing the agent to shear, which may result in degradation of the compounds contained in the subject compositions.
• an aqueous aerosol is made by formulating an aqueous solution or suspension of a subject composition together with conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and stabilizers.
• the carriers and stabilizers vary with the requirements of the particular subject composition, but typically include non-ionic surfactants (Tweens, Pluronics, or polyethylene glycol), innocuous proteins like serum albumin, sorbitan esters, oleic acid, lecithin, amino acids such as glycine, buffers, salts, sugars or sugar alcohols. Aerosols generally are prepared from isotonic solutions.
• compositions of this disclosure suitable for parenteral administration comprise a subject composition in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
• aqueous and non-aqueous carriers examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate and cyclodextrins.
• polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like
• vegetable oils such as olive oil
• injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate and cyclodextrins.
• Proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants
• enteral pharmaceutical formulations including a disclosed compound and an enteric material; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient thereof.
• Enteric materials refer to polymers that are substantially insoluble in the acidic environment of the stomach, and that are predominantly soluble in intestinal fluids at specific pHs.
• the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine, and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
• the pH of the duodenum is about 5.5
• the pH of the jejunum is about 6.5
• the pH of the distal ileum is about 7.5.
• enteric materials are not soluble, for example, until a pH of about 5.0, of about 5.2, of about 5.4, of about 5.6, of about 5.8, of about 6.0, of about 6.2, of about 6.4, of about 6.6, of about 6.8, of about 7.0, of about 7.2, of about 7.4, of about 7.6, of about 7.8, of about 8.0, of about 8.2, of about 8.4, of about 8.6, of about 8.8, of about 9.0, of about 9.2, of about 9.4, of about 9.6, of about 9.8, or of about 10.0.
• Exemplary enteric materials include cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), cellulose acetate trimellitate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose succinate, cellulose acetate succinate, cellulose acetate hexahydrophthalate, cellulose propionate phthalate, cellulose acetate maleate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, copolymer of methylmethacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate, copolymer of methyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid, copolymer of methylvinyl ether and maleic anhydride (Gantrez ES series), ethyl methyacrylate-methylmethacrylate-chlorotrimethylammonium ethyl acrylate copolymer, natural resins
• kits for use by e.g. a consumer in need of weight loss.
• kits include a suitable dosage form such as those described above and instructions describing the method of using such dosage form to mediate, reduce or prevent inflammation.
• the instructions would direct the consumer or medical personnel to administer the dosage form according to administration modes known to those skilled in the art.
• kits could advantageously be packaged and sold in single or multiple kit units.
• An example of such a kit is a so-called blister pack.
• Blister packs are well known in the packaging industry and are being widely used for the packaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage forms (tablets, capsules, and the like). Blister packs generally consist of a sheet of relatively stiff material covered with a foil of a preferably transparent plastic material.
• the packaging process recesses are formed in the plastic foil.
• the recesses have the size and shape of the tablets or capsules to be packed.
• the tablets or capsules are placed in the recesses and the sheet of relatively stiff material is sealed against the plastic foil at the face of the foil which is opposite from the direction in which the recesses were formed.
• the tablets or capsules are sealed in the recesses between the plastic foil and the sheet.
• the strength of the sheet is such that the tablets or capsules can be removed from the blister pack by manually applying pressure on the recesses whereby an opening is formed in the sheet at the place of the recess. The tablet or capsule can then be removed via said opening.
• a memory aid on the kit, e.g., in the form of numbers next to the tablets or capsules whereby the numbers correspond with the days of the regimen which the tablets or capsules so specified should be ingested.
• a memory aid is a calendar printed on the card, e.g., as follows “First Week, Monday, Tuesday, . . . etc. . . . Second Week, Monday, Tuesday, . . . ” etc.
• a “daily dose” can be a single tablet or capsule or several pills or capsules to be taken on a given day.
• a daily dose of a first compound can consist of one tablet or capsule while a daily dose of the second compound can consist of several tablets or capsules and vice versa.
• the memory aid should reflect this.
• compositions that include a second active agent, or administering a second active agent.
• a subject or patient can further have overweight- or obesity-related co-morbidities, i.e., diseases and other adverse health conditions associated with, exacerbated by, or precipitated by being overweight or obese.
• Contemplated herein are disclosed compounds in combination with at least one other agent that has previously been shown to treat these overweight- or obesity-related conditions.
• Type II diabetes has been associated with obesity. Certain complications of Type II diabetes, e.g., disability and premature death, can be prevented, ameliorated, or eliminated by sustained weight loss (Astrup, A. Pub Health Nutr (2001) 4:499-5 15).
• Agents administered to treat Type II diabetes include sulfonylureas (e.g., Chlorpropamide, Glipizide, Glyburide, Glimepiride); meglitinides (e.g., Repaglinide and Nateglinide); biguanides (e.g., Metformin); thiazolidinediones (Rosiglitazone, Troglitazone, and Pioglitazone); dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors (e.g., Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, and Saxagliptin); glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetics (e.g., Exenatide and Liraglutide); and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., Acarbose and Miglitol.
• sulfonylureas e.g., Chlorpropamide, Glipizide, Glyburide, Glimepiride
• Agents administered to treat hypertension include Chlorthalidone; Hydrochlorothiazide; Indapamide, Metolazone; loop diuretics (e.g., Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid, Furosemide, Lasix, Torsemide); potassium-sparing agents (e.g., Amiloride hydrochloride, benzamil, Spironolactone, and Triamterene); peripheral agents (e.g., Reserpine); central alpha-agonists (e.g., Clonidine hydrochloride, Guanabenz acetate, Guanfacine hydrochloride, and Methyldopa); alpha-blockers (e.g., Doxazosin mesylate, Prazosin hydrochloride, and Terazosin hydrochloride); beta-blockers (e.g., Acebutolol, Atenolol, Betaxolol, Bisoprolol fumarate, Carteo
• Statins include mevastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, velostatin, dihydrocompactin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, dalvastatin, carvastatin, crilvastatin, bevastatin, cefvastatin, rosuvastatin, pitavastatin, and glenvastatin. These compounds are administered in regimens and at dosages known in the art. Eckel (Circulation (1997) 96:3248-3250) discusses a link between being overweight or obese and ischemic heart disease.
• Agents administered to treat ischemic heart disease include statins, nitrates (e.g., Isosorbide Dinitrate and Isosorbide Mononitrate), beta-blockers, and calcium channel antagonists. These compounds are administered in regimens and at dosages known in the art.
• Wong et al. discusses a link between being overweight or obese and cardiomyopathy.
• Agents administered to treat cardiomyopathy include inotropic agents (e.g., Digoxin), diuretics (e.g., Furosemide), ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, anti-arrhythmic agents (e.g., Sotolol, Amiodarone and Disopyramide), and beta-blockers. These compounds are administered in regimens and at dosages known in the art. Yusef et al. (Lancet (2005) 366(9497):1640-1649) discusses a link between being overweight or obese and cardiac infarction.
• inotropic agents e.g., Digoxin
• diuretics e.g., Furosemide
• ACE inhibitors e.g., ACE inhibitors
• calcium antagonists e.g., anti-arrhythmic agents (e.g., Sotolol, Amiodarone and Disopyramide), and beta-blockers
• Suk et al. discusses a link between being overweight or obese and strokes.
• Agents administered to treat strokes include anti-platelet agents (e.g., Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Dipyridamole, and Ticlopidine), anticoagulant agents (e.g., Heparin), and thrombolytic agents.
• Stein et al. discusses a link between being overweight or obese and venous thromboembolic disease.
• Agents administered to treat venous thromboembolic disease include anti-platelet agents, anticoagulant agents, and thrombolytic agents. Sztrymf et al.
• Agents administered to treat pulmonary hypertension include inotropic agents, anticoagulant agents, diuretics, potassium (e.g., K-dur), vasodilators (e.g., Nifedipine and Diltiazem), Bosentan, Epoprostenol, and Sildenafil.
• Respiratory disorders and conditions such as obesity-hypoventilation syndrome, asthma, and obstructive sleep apnea, have been linked to being overweight or obese.
• Elamin Chest (2004) 125:1972-1974) discusses a link between being overweight or obese and asthma.
• Agents administered to treat asthma include bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents, leukotriene blockers, and anti-Ige agents.
• Particular asthma agents include Zafirlukast, Flunisolide, Triamcinolone, Beclomethasone, Terbutaline, Fluticasone, Formoterol, Beclomethasone, Salmeterol, Theophylline, and Xopenex.
• Kessler et al. discusses a link between being overweight or obese and obstructive sleep apnea.
• Agents administered to treat sleep apnea include Modafinil and amphetamines.
• Hepatic disorders and conditions have been linked to being overweight or obese.
• Tolman et al. discusses a link between being overweight or obese and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
• Agents administered to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease include antioxidants (e.g., Vitamins E and C), insulin sensitizers (Metformin, Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone, and Betaine), hepatoprotectants, and lipid-lowering agents.
• Prader-Willi Syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome have been linked to being overweight or obese.
• Agents administered to treat Prader-Willi Syndrome include human growth hormone (HGH), somatropin, and weight loss agents (e.g., Orlistat, Sibutramine, Methamphetamine, lonamin, Phentermine, Bupropion, Diethylpropion, Phendimetrazine, Benzphetermine, and Topamax).
• HGH human growth hormone
• somatropin somatropin
• weight loss agents e.g., Orlistat, Sibutramine, Methamphetamine, lonamin, Phentermine, Bupropion, Diethylpropion, Phendimetrazine, Benzphetermine, and Topamax.
• Agents administered to treat infertility include Clomiphene, Clomiphene citrate, Bromocriptine, Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH), GnRH agonist, GnRH antagonist, Tamoxifen/nolvadex, gonadotropins, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (HmG), progesterone, recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Urofollitropin, Heparin, Follitropin alfa, and Follitropin beta.
• GnRH Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone
• GnRH agonist GnRH agonist
• GnRH antagonist Tamoxifen/nolvadex
• gonadotropins gonadotropins
• HCG Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
• HmG Human Menopausal Gonadotropin
• FSH recombinant follicle stimulating hormone
• Urofollitropin
• Agents administered to treat obstetric complications include Bupivacaine hydrochloride, Dinoprostone PGE2, Meperidine HCl, Ferro-folic-500/iberet-folic-500, Meperidine, Methylergonovine maleate, Ropivacaine HCl, Nalbuphine HCl, Oxymorphone HCl, Oxytocin, Dinoprostone, Ritodrine, Scopolamine hydrobromide, Sufentanil citrate, and Oxytocic.
• Psychiatric disorders and conditions for example, weight-associated depression and anxiety, have been linked to being overweight or obese.
• Dixson et al. discusses a link between being overweight or obese and depression.
• Agents administered to treat depression include serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., Fluoxetine, Escitalopram, Citalopram, Paroxetine, Sertraline, and Venlafaxine); tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Clomipramine, Desipramine, Dosulepin hydrochloride, Doxepin, Imipramine, Iprindole, Lofepramine, Nortriptyline, Opipramol, Protriptyline, and Trimipramine); monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., Isocarboxazid, Moclobemide, Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine, Selegiline, Rasagiline, Nialamide, Iproniazid, Iproclozide, Toloxatone, Linezolid, Dienolide kavapyrone desmethoxyyangonin, and Dextroamphetamine); psycho
• Simon et al. discusses a link between being overweight or obese and anxiety.
• Agents administered to treat anxiety include serotonin reuptake inhibitors, mood stabilizers, benzodiazepines (e.g., Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Diazepam, and Lorazepam), tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and beta-blockers.
• Weight loss agents include serotonin and noradrenergic re-uptake inhibitors; noradrenergic re-uptake inhibitors; selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors; and intestinal lipase inhibitors.
• Particular weight loss agents include orlistat, sibutramine, methamphetamine, ionamin, phentermine, bupropion, diethylpropion, phendimetrazine, benzphetermine, bromocriptine, lorcaserin, topiramate, or agents acting to modulate food intake by blocking ghrelin action, inhibiting diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) activity, inhibiting stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) activity, inhibiting neuropeptide Y receptor 1 function, activating neuropeptide Y receptor 2 or 4 function, or inhibiting activity of sodium-glucose cotransporters 1 or 2. These compounds are administered in regimens and at dosages known in the art.
• DGAT1 diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1
• SCD1 stearoyl CoA desaturase 1
• the compounds described herein can be prepared in a number of ways based on the teachings contained herein and synthetic procedures known in the art.
• synthetic procedures known in the art.
• all proposed reaction conditions including choice of solvent, reaction atmosphere, reaction temperature, duration of the experiment and workup procedures, can be chosen to be the conditions standard for that reaction, unless otherwise indicated.
• the functionality present on various portions of the molecule should be compatible with the reagents and reactions proposed.
• Substituents not compatible with the reaction conditions will be apparent to one skilled in the art, and alternate methods are therefore indicated.
• the starting materials for the examples are either commercially available or are readily prepared by standard methods from known materials.
• Reactions were monitored by TLC on silica gel 60 HSGF254 percolated plates (0.15-0.2 mm SiO 2 ) and visualized using UV light (254 nm or 365 nm) and/or staining with phosphomolybdic acid ethanol solution (10 g in 100 mL ethanol) and subsequent heating or monitored by LCMS.
• Step 1 tert-butyl 2-(benzylamino)-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxylate
• Step 1 tert-butyl 3-(2-morpholinoethyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate
• Step 1 tert-butyl 7-(2,2-difluoroacetyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-2-carboxylate
• Step 2 tert-butyl 7-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-2-carboxylate
• Step 1 tert-butyl 2-((methylsulfonyl)oxy)-6-azaspiro[3.4]octane-6-carboxylate
• Step 2 tert-butyl 2-azido-6-azaspiro[3.4]octane-6-carboxylate
• Step 3 tert-butyl 2-amino-6-azaspiro[3.4]octane-6-carboxylate
• Step 1 tert-butyl 6-benzyl-7-oxo-2,6-diazaspiro[3.4]octane-2-carboxylate
• Step 1 ethyl 5-benzyl-4,6-dioxo-1,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole-3-carboxylate
• Step 1 ((1R,5S,6r)-3-benzyl-6-((3,3-difluoroazetidin-1-yl)methyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane
• Step 2 1-((3aR,6aS)-hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)-2-methylpropan-1-one
• Step 4 N,N-diethyl-2-((3aR,6aS)-hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)acetamide
• Step 3 ((1R,5S,6r)-3-benzyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-6-yl)methyl methylcarbamate
• Step 2 (3,3-dimethoxycyclobutane-1,1-diyl)bis(methylene) dimethanesulfonate
• Example 1 A general procedure for preparation of compounds of the present disclosure is provided below using Example 1 as an illustration.
• the plate was sealed with a TopSeal A cover and mixed briefly on an orbital mixer at 900 rpm. The plate was incubated for a further 25 minutes at 25° C.
• a 5 ⁇ stock of Amplex buffer was prepared (0.25M sodium phosphate, pH 7.4) and stored at 4° C. When preparing for use the stock was diluted with distilled water.
• Amplex Ultraread stock solution was prepared at 2.57 mg/ml in 100% DMSO and stored in 50 ⁇ l aliquots at ⁇ 20° C. 20 ⁇ l of 505 U/ml.
• Horse radish peroxidase was diluted in 990 ml of Amplex buffer, 100 ⁇ l of this was combined with 50 ⁇ l of Amplex Ultrared in 4850 ml of 1 ⁇ Amplex buffer to generate sufficient detection reagent for a 384 well plate. 25 ⁇ l detection reagent was added to each well of the test plate, which was re-sealed and mixed briefly on an orbital shaker. The plate was transferred to an Envision Multi-label reader and RFU measured corresponding to excitation 531 nm and emission 595 nm. At the end of the MetAP2 incubation 25 ⁇ l Amplex/HRP mixture per well was added and the plate read plate on a plate reader.
• the IC 50 is defined as the concentration at which a given compound achieves 50% inhibition of control.
• the objective of this study design was to investigate the efficacy of disclosed compounds in a 10 day DIO mouse model. Effects on body weight, food intake, hematology and blood chemistry were the primary readouts of this study design.
• mice were received and housed in the facility for approximately two weeks prior to the start of test article administration. On Day ⁇ 4 or ⁇ 3, mice were randomized into study groups based on body weight and body weights were continued to be recorded daily for the duration of the study. Daily food intake was assessed starting on Study Day ⁇ 2 by weighing of the food with hopper together to avoid loss of food in transfer.
• the objective of this study design is to investigate the efficacy of disclosed compounds in an 11 day rat DIO model used to screen compounds for pharmacologic efficacy on endpoints related to obesity and metabolism. Effects on body weight, food intake, hematology and blood chemistries were the primary readouts of this study design.
• Rats were received and housed in the facility for at least two or three weeks prior to start of test article administration. On Day ⁇ 4 or ⁇ 3, rats were randomized into study groups based on body weight and body weights were continued to be recorded daily for the duration of the study. Daily food intake was assessed starting on Study Day ⁇ 2 by weighing the hopper including the food to avoid loss of food in transfer.
• the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 were grown to almost complete confluence in T75 tissue culture flasks in preparation for the experiment.
• the cells were trypsinised and re-suspended in complete medium using DMEM plus 9% FBS including penicillin/streptomycin supplements.
• 500 cells in a total volume of 25 ⁇ l were seeded into black walled 384 well plates and returned to a CO2 incubator over-night.
• Compounds and standards were prepared at 333.3 ⁇ actual test concentration in neat DMSO. 10 point dose response curves of test compounds were generated by 1:3 serial dilutions, 2 ⁇ l of DMSO stock was transferred to 109 ⁇ l complete medium.
• the objective of this study design was to evaluate the potential effects of disclosed compounds on embryo/fetal development when given subcutaneously to pregnant rats once every three days during the critical period of organogenesis (Gestation Days 6-18).
• the dams were examined visually for external abnormalities including palpable masses.
• the abdominal, thoracic, and cranial cavities and their contents were examined for abnormalities and findings will be recorded.
• the reproductive tract were examined to record the number of ovarian corpora lutea, the number and location of uterine implantation sites noting the position of the cervix, and the number of early resorptions, late resorptions, live fetuses, and dead fetuses.
• crown-to-rump length and weight were recorded, if possible, and the fetus was discarded.
• For viable fetuses, weight, sex, and grossly visible external abnormalities were recorded. Fetuses with external findings involving the head had a fresh visceral evaluation performed on the head to confirm the external finding, if applicable.

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